English in Canada, Australia, New Zealand Thuyết trình môn Đa dạng tiếng anh

GROUP 4 Members 1) Đào Thị Thanh Kim 2) Mai Hà Xuân Ngân 3) Lữ Thị Trúc Mai 4) Phạm Quốc Nhiên 5) Trần Thanh Phúc Table of contents 1 English in Canada 2 English in Australia 3 English in New Zealand.

GROUP 4

1) Đào Thị Thanh Kim

2) Mai Hà Xuân Ngân

3) Lữ Thị Trúc Mai

4) Phạm Quốc Nhiên

5) Trần Thanh Phúc

Table of contents

1 English in

Canada 2 English in Australia New Zealand 3 English in

1 English in

Canada

A shortlist of particularly salient features:

● The use of the tag eh – another well-known Canadian stereotype

● The occurrence of EngE-type lexical-distributional pronunciations

● The unique use of certain lexical items, often ‘recycled’ English words and French borrowings

shone (with a short vowel), corollary, capillary with the stress on the first syllable

The distinction between prime minister (federal chief minister) and premier (provincial chief minister)

For example

The british form is given as the first

alternative, that is it has been found

to be most commonly used, for

example colour (also color)

The headword entry for color is

followed by ‘var of colour’

The British form is generally given

as the first alternative: centre,

theatre, meagre, metre, and -er

forms are, like -or ones, listed as

acceptable variants, without further specification

The headword entry calibre

The American form is always given as the first alternative, with the exception

of advertise which has no acceptable variant -ise forms are given as variants

but usually labelled ‘esp Brit’

As for phonetic

realisation, phonotactic

distribution and

phonemic systems, on the

other hand, CanE is in

almost total agreement

with GA

A great number of Canadians, especially in parts of the Atlantic provinces, do not produce this feature, but if used, it constitutes a very interesting linguistic variable

in the study of social variation

and change in CanE

Most Canadian accents have a

single merged vowel phoneme for the sets THOUGHT, CLOTH, LOT, PALM and START The quality of the vowel is open, back and variably – but never more than lightly – rounded

An interesting sociolinguistic study (Clarke et al 1995) shows that back vowels in CanE,that is [u υ o ɑ], are undergoing a shift to the effect that they are fronted (in contrast withthe Northern Cities shift in the USA (4.5.6.1))

Example

CanE prosody does not appear to be

distinctive in any way As in some other

varieties, high rising terminals have

been widely used during the last 30

years

PHONOLOGY

In CanE grammar, it tends to be more

morphological than syntax or relate to

discourse and the lexicon

Some English structures still exist

Example:

By expertise, no specific grammar of Canadian Standard English

Has the plumber been yet? rather than been here yet

Have you got ? rather than Do you have ?

Morphological characteristics include certain forms in the strong verb system, of which some have been subject to sociolinguistic studies

In the Dialect Topography project, an apparent-time study

demonstrates a rapid increase in the past tense forms dove and snuck,

as also found in AmE, instead of dived and sneaked A stable British form, on the other hand, is found in the past tense of shine, always

realised as /ʃɑn/ not US /ʃoun/.

GRAMMAR

The following exemplifies some lexical categories:LEXICON

Extension of meaning is found in names for ‘similar-looking’ plants and types of vegetation:

and in a number of ‘revived’ words, as exemplified among the salient features.

crocus ‘a type of prairie

Ice hockey (or hockey in CanE) terms represent Canadianisms which have been adopted

in General English

boarding, blue line, icing whereas others are true foreignisms (cf 3.2.4.1)

Borrowings from Indian languages include: pemmican (a meat dish), saskatoon

(a shrub with edible berries), thousands of place-names

Including the name of the nation, as already mentioned, and Toronto, whose etymology is disputed but sometimes given as ‘meeting-place

2 English in Australia

An overview

 AusE began to diverge from British English soon after the foundation of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788 The British convicts sent to Australia were mostly people from large English cities, such as Cockneys from London 

 The first Australian gold rushes in the 1850s brought linguistic influences from many parts of the world including English to Australia

 From the 1950s onwards, the US’s TV programs and other mass content appeared a lot and impacted on AusE

a History

b Social variation

 Varieties determined by pronunciation of vowels and vocabulary

 Three main varieties of Australian English: Broad AusE, General AusE, Cultivated AusE

Broad AusE General AusE Cultivated AusE

10%

55%

34%

 The most important and probably also best researched ethnic variety

of AusE is Aboriginal English

 Used both as a first and as a second language in Australia

 There are more than 250 Indigenous languages including 800

dialects Each language is specific to a particular place and people

c Aboriginal languages

A descriptive

account

E.g.: BrE and AusE: analyse, organise

AmE: analyze, organize

 Australian English uses ‘our’ and American English ‘or’

E.g.: BrE and AusE: col our , hon our

AmE: color, honor

b Phonology

 Vowels: can be separate by its length:

_ The long vowels, which include monophthongs

and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its

centering diphthongs

b Phonology

 Most varieties of Australian English exhibit only a

partial trap – bath split: a vowel split in which the phoneme /æ/, as pronounced in other varieties of English, is

pronounced in some words as /ɑː/

E.g.: AmE : - bath /bæθ/

- grass /ɡræs/

AusE: - bath /bɑːθ/

- grass /ɡrɑːs/

 pronounced with the short /æ/

 pronounced with the long /aː/

• Australians often drop the /l/ or the /h/ out words

E.g.: Australia: Austray’a

House: ‘ouse

c Grammar

 In AmE, collective nouns nearly always take singular verb forms But in AusE, collective noun as a group of individuals determines the choice of verb form.

E.g.: AmE: The team has won the match

AusE: The team have won the match

d Lexicon

 AusE borrowed several words denoting animals, plants, etc.: kangaroo, wallaby, koala, kookaburra, dingo, budgerigar, coolabah, billabong

AusE has a lot of diminutives

Australian

bickiechockiebarbiearvochook

British

biscuitschocolatebarbequeafternoonchicken

d Lexicon

 Australians also use to shorten terms or even sentences

E.g.: “Wanna cuppa?” means “Do you want a cup of tea?”

Deadset means “That’s true” or “True!”

 Aboriginal languages have had an impact on AusE formation pattern known as reduplication

word-E.g.: “never-never” used for the desert regions in AusE

3 English in New Zealand

o The English language was established in New Zealand

by colonists during the 19th century It has developed and become distinctive only in the at 150 years

History

- + Shifted (dipthongised) long vowels

- + Raised front vowels

- Vowels:

+ NZE centralized pronunciation /ɪ/ of as the phoneme schwa /ə/

Ex: finish / f ə n ə sh/

+ front vowels are raised as in Australian English

/ɛ/ even higher to [ɪ] not jus [6e] ; e.g : “neck” as [n ɪ k]

+ Extreme rounding of /ɜː/

Ex: “turn” as [th æːn]

+ NZE is mostly non-rothic

+ The /l/ is dark in all position

+ l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic merged of vowels before the vocalized /l/

PHONOLOGY

Generally similar to Australian English

+ Avoidance of “shall”/”should” almost as in Scottish English ( “ will I close the window”

+ The form of “ he usedn’t to go “ is common

+ The auxilary verb “ do” is not used in tag questions instead “should or

“ought” are used (“shouldn’t he? , Oughtn’t he?”)

+ The use of have in expressing possession as in “ I have a new car” is less usual than the use of got “I have got new car”

+ “joker” (guy, blocke)

+”domain” (recreation area)

+ “to uplift” (to collect, to pick up) +”to go crook at” (be angry with) +”bach” (cabin, cottage)

Shared with Australian English:

Adoptions from Maori and other Polynesian languages:

+ ”mana” (prestige, power)

+ “haere mai” (a greeting)

+ “pakeha” (white New Zealander)

+ “tapu” (sacred)

LEXICON

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