Những cách tiếp cận nhân học về hiện đại và động thái truyền thống ở Việt Nam (Quyển 1): Phần 1

Hiện đại và động thái của truyền thống ở Việt Nam: Những cách tiếp cận nhân học gồm những bài tham luận trong Hội thảo quốc tế Nhân học về Việt Nam tại Bình Châu trong 4 ngày vào tháng 12 năm 2007. Phần 1 của cuốn sách Hiện đại và động thái truyền thống ở Việt Nam: Những cách tiếp cận nhân học (Quyển 1) tập hợp các bài viết về chủ đề môi trường và kinh tế, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

BANBIENT!P

1 GS.TS LUONG VANHY

3 PGS.TS NGUYEN VAN TI~~P

4 PGS.TS PHAN THl YEN TUYET

A' ? XUAT BAN

"' Nhieu tac ghi

1 GS.TS LUONG V AN HY

2 GS.TS NGO VAN L:E:

3 PGS.TS NGUYEN VAN TI:E:P

4 PGS.TS PHAN THl YEN TUYET

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THANH PHO HO CHI MINH - 2010

SA.CH GOM NHIEU BA.I TU HQI THAo NHAN HQC Quac TE

Quac GIA THANH PHa HO 'CHI MINH, VIET NAM

DONGTOCHUC

CO QUAN TAl TRQ:

SUPPORTED BY THE FORD AND WENNER-GREN FOUNDATIONS

LClITUA •

Trang hai th~p kY vua qua, Vi~t Narn hQc da phat tri~n rn~nh 6 B~c My, Dc Chau, Nh~t B~m,

va vai nuac 6 Au Chau Trang Vi~t Nam hQc 6 nhCing nm nay, Nhan hQc la nganh hQc dong gop r~t 100, vai s6 luqng cong trlnh nghien Clm thuQc hang d~u, nha vi~c cac nha nhan hQc nuac ngohl

co di~u ki~n thvc dia nghien Clm 6 Vi~t Narn, du la di~u ki~n thvc dia con g?P nhi~u tr6 ng~i so vOi r~t nhi~u nm khac tren thS giOi Trong tMp kY tu 1996 dSn 2006, 6 cac nm tren thS giffi khOng k~ Vi~t Narn, 48 lu~n an tiSn sl nhan hQc v~ Vi~t Narn da duQ'c bao v~ (5 6 Nh~t, 3 6 Phap, 4 6 Ha Lan, 6 6 nhCing nuac khac 6 Chau Au va 6 Israel, 6 6 Dc, 3 6 Canada, va 21 6 My) 11 trang s6

48 lu~n an nay la do nhfrng nghien Clm sinh Vi~t Narn di hQc 6 nuac ngoai viSt Nhi~u nha nhan hQc tharn nien hon cung da cong b6 nhfrng cong trlnh quan trQng dVa VaG nghien Clm thvc dia 6

Vi~t Narn Nhi~u nha nhan hQc va dan tQc hQc trong nuac cung dli co nhfrng nghien Clm quan trQng v~ Vi~t Nam Nhfrng nghien Clm cua cac nha nhan hQc trang va ngohl nuac da dong gop dang k~ vao vi~c soi sang nhfrng dQng thai thay d6i van hoa xa hQi, kinh tS, rnoi twang, va qu~m

ly a Vi~t Narn duong d~i, g6rn ca v~ nhfrng v~n d~ phat tri~n nhu v~n d~ di dan, do thi, giai, suc khoe, lao dQng, tac dQng cua toan du hoa Nhfrng dong gop nay phan anh mQt chi~u 'huang quan trQng cua nhan hQc thS giOi ill g~n rnQt thS kY nay: chi~u huang nghien Clm nhfrng v~n d~ phat tri~n 6 nhfrng nuac dang phat tri~n, nhfrng v~n d~ 6 nhfrng n~n van hoa xli hQi cong nghi~p va Mu cong nghi~p, v~n d~ toan du hoa, C\1 th~ hon la rnQt chi~u huOOg nghien Clm di vao nhfrng vdn d~

nhu di dan tu nang than ra do thi va xuyen qu6c gia, van hoa quan tri 6 nhfrng t6 chuc kinh tS,

truy~n thong hi~n d~i va quang cao, suc khoe (nhu khfa c~nh van hoa xa hQi cua b~nh SIDA hay AIDS), v.v

Trang b6i canh n6 r9 cac nghien cuu nhan h9C v~ Vi~t Nam & nhi~u nm tren thS giffi, cac nha nhan hQc 6 nhfrng nuac khac nhau va siX d\1ng cac ngon ngfr khac nhau trong cac cong trlnh in dn cua mlnh nhi~u khi khong biSt v~ nhfrng cong trlnh cua nhau du la cung mQt chuyen d~ nghien Clm Vi~c nay mN ph~n b~t ngu6n tu vi~c cac nha nghien Clm nuac ngoai cong b6 kSt qua nghien Clm cua mlnh b~ng nhfrng ngon ngfr khac nhau, va ft khi co nhfrng cong trlnh viSt b~ng tiSng Vi~t

C\1 th~ hon, mQt thu rn\1c co chu giai v~ nhfrng cong trlnh cua cac hQc gia NMt v~ Vi~t Nam do Giao su Michio Suenari chu bien la mQt thu rn\1c rdt day rna ft nha nghien Clm iulac 6 ngohl nuac Nh~t biSt r5

Trang b6i canh tren, HQi thao qu6c tS Nhan hQc v~ Vi~t Nam da duQ'C twang D~ hQc Khoa hQc Xa hQi va Nhan van thuQc D~i hQc Qu6c gia TP H6 Chf Minh va D~i hQC Toronto (Canada) d6ng t6 chuc 6 Blnh Chau trong 4 ngay VaG thang 12 nam 2007 HQi thao quy t\1 hon 150 nha nhan hQc va dan tQc hQc, trong do co khoang 706 trong nuac va 80 618 nuac va lanh th6 khac, g6m My, Canada, Anh, Ha Lan, Phap, Duc, Tay Ban Nha, Th\1Y f)i~n, Ba Lan, Hungary, Nga, Israel, Nh~t, H~m Qu6c, Dai Loan, Singapore, Thai Lan va Dc HQi thao co 81 tharn lu~n dUQ'c s~p

xSp thanh 9 ti~u ban Day la hQi thao nhan hQc qu6c tS 100 nh~t v~ Vi~t Nam tu twac dSn nay va

la rnQt CCY hQi quy gia cho vi~c trao d6i khoa hQc trong nganh nhan hQc v~ nhfrng aong gop cua nhan hQc cho vi~c soi sang nhfrng v~n d~ van hoa, xa hQi, kinh tS, rnoi twang trong b5i canh toan

du hoa hi~n nay Cac tham lu~n siX d\1ng nhi~u phuong phap nghien Clm nhan hQc cung nhu

nhi~u ngu6n dfr li~u khac nhau, ill nhfrng dfr li~u siX hQc, nhfrng tu li~u di~n anh, truy~n thong, tri~n lam bao tang, am nh~c, va van hoa dan gian duong d~i, dSn nhfrng dfr li~u tu cUQc di~u tra dinh luqng, ph6ng vdn sau, va quan sat tharn dv V~ rn?t chu d~, tm ngohl nhfrng chu d~ nhu IS nghi, ton giao, quan h~ dan tQc la nhfrng chu d~ truy~n th5ng cua dan tQc h9C Vi~t Nam, hQi thao

Qa di VaG nhi~u vdn d~ cua cUQc s5ng do thi nhu v~n d~ lao dQng giup vi~c nM, cong nhan nfr;

v

h' h~ vAn d~ g~n li~n vm to~tn du hoa nhu nh~g ySu t6 tac dQng dSn ph~ng cach tieu thl,l

.' 'cong nhan Viet Nam a nuac ngoaI va I ve nuac, on n an xuyen quoc gla, c ung vo

mang nhfrng goe nhln mm HQi thao nhan hQc quoc te ? B~nh Chau dli cho thay nghien Clm nhan

hoc duang dai cvc kY da d~ng va phong phu ve chu de, ve phuang phap, va co dong gop to 16'11

vio vi~c lam 'sang t6 nhi6u vAn d6 trong cUQC s6ng duang d~i va trong b6i canh toan du hoa

VI nhi6u 19 do khac nhau, hai tuySn t~p tu HQi thao Binh Chau chi co thS in 60 bai trong t6ng

s6 81 tham lu~n t~i hQi thao Hai tuySn t~p nay khong phai la kY ySu hQi thao, rna bao g6m nhfrng

bill dli dugc cac tac gia tu sua nhi6u dva vao nhfrng trao dbi khoa hQc t~i hQi thao va thea nhfrng

yeu du Cl,l thS cua ban chu bien v6 nQi dung khoa hQc

Ban chu bien va t~p thS cac tac gia xin chan thanh cam an Quy Ford dli tai trq cho hQi thao va

cho vi~c in An hai tuySn t~p nay dS dong gop cho sv phat triSn cua nganh nhan hQc t~i Vi~t Nam

va v6 Vi~t Nam Quy Wenner-Gren cho nghien Clm nhan hQc cling dli tai trg them cho HQi thao a

Binh Chau Ban chu bien cling xin cam an PGS TS Phan Xuan Bien, nguyen Twemg ban tu

tuemg van hoa Thanh uy TP HCM, va PGS TS VO Van Sen, Hi~u twemg twemg D~i hQc Khoa

hQc Xli hQi va Nhan van,- DHQG ri HCM dli chi d~o va h6 trg nhi~t tlnh cho HQi thao a Binh

Chau Chung Wi cling xin cam an cac nha khoa hQc lam t6ng lu~n a 9 tiSu ban cling nhu cac nha

khoa hQc khac dli dong gop nhi6u cho nhfrng cUQc thao lu~n t~i hQi thao qu6c tS, va tu do dli dong

gop vao vi~c tang cuemg chAt lm;mg cac bai viSt trong hai quySn sach nay Cac nha lam t6ng lu~n

g6m ca nhfrng nha khoa hQc ngoai nganh nhan hQc, cling nhu nhi6u nha nhan hQc ten tu6i qu6c tS

khong chuyen v6 Vi~t Nam, dli mang dSn hQi thao nhfrng cai nhln so sanh d6i chiSu va qu6c tS v6

nhfrng vAn dS rna cac nha nhan hQc chuyen vS Vi~t Nam dli quan tam Cac nha khoa hQc lam t6ng

lu~n g6m co: GS TS Richard Lee (D~i hQc Toronto, Canada), GS TS Katherine Verdery (f)~i

hQc TP New York, My), PGS TS Xin Liu (D~i hQc California a Berkeley, My), GS TS Mary

Beth Mills (D~ hQc Colby, My), GS TS Robert Weller (f)~i hQc Boston, My), GS TS Charles

Keyes (D~i hQc Washington, My), GS TS Janet Hoskins (D~i hQc Nam California, My), GS TS

Roxana Waterson (D~i hQc Qu6c gia Singapore), GS TS Ngo Duc Thinh (Vi~n nghien Clm Van

hoa), PGS TS Phan Xuan Bien (Vi~n nghien Clm xli hQi TP H6 Chi Minh), PGS TS Bui ThS

Cuemg, PGS TS Phan An va TS I.e Thanh Sang (Vi~n Phat triSn b6n vfrng vung Nam BQ),

PGS TS Nguyen Chf B6n (Vi~n nghien Clm van hoa ngh~ thu~t), PGS TS Twang Thi Kim

Chuyen va PGS TS TrAn Thi Kim XuySn (twemg D~i hQc Khoa hQc Xli hQi va Nhan van,

DHQG TP H6 Chf Minh)

Chung toi cling xin chan thanh cam an cac d6ng nghi~p trong va ngoill nuac dli dong gop rAt

nhi6u cho hQi thao va cho hai t~p sach nay qua vi~c dich va hi~u dfnh cac bai nguyen ban b~ng

tiSng nuac ngoai Vi~c dich va hi~u dfnh cvc ky vAt va VI nhi6u tlr chuyen mon chua dugc su

dl,lng hay chu&n hoa trong tiSng Vi~t Ten cac d6ng nghi~p dli giup dich ·va hi~u dfnh cac bai

nguyen ban tiSng nuac ngoai n~m a dum cac tva bai trong hai quySn sach nay Chung tai cling

xin chan thanh cam an cac can bQ Khoa Nhan hQC va Phong Hqp tac qu6c tS cua twemg D~i hQc

Khoa hQc Xli hQi va Nhan van - DHQG TP H6 Chf Minh, dli dong gop hfruhi~u vao vi~c t6 chuc

hQi thao qu6c tS a Binh Chau, d~c bi~t la ThS Ngo Phuang Lan va TS Huynh NgQc Thu dli dong

mQt vai tro rAt quan trQng trong vi~c t6 chuc hQi thao va vi~c in An hai quySn sach nay

Ph§n 1: MOl TRUONG VA KINH TE

1 Vi~t Nam co "td thue ban dia" khong? " : 1

Pam McElwee

2 Phan tieh hie dQng ella di dan de'n sri suy giam ali nguyen moi tru'dng d Tay Nguyen 28

Nguyln Van Ti?p

Phfin 2: TO CHUC XA H(n

9 Quy~n hlc d Vi~t Nam nhin tll' trong ra: Nhung chuyin djch qua khong gian

va thai gian va khai ni~m clla ngll'O'i Vi~t v~ "Noi" va "Ngo "

Erik Harms ~l 167

10 Van hoa Iuy~n t~p thi d\lc thftm my: Gioi, Co thi va va'n d~ thll'ong mai hoa

t~i mQt cau I~c bQ thi d\lc va thftm my d thanh pho' H6 Chi Minh

Ann Marie Leshkowich 184

11 XtY If di~u ca'm kj: Cac tie'p c~n phll'ong phap Iu~n khi nghien cuu hie'p dam

tai Viet Nam " 210

Nguyln Thu Huang

12 "Khong gi co thi thay the'dll'Q'c com, nhll'ng khi chan com, b~n nen an phd":

MQt each tie'p c~n If thuye't di hiiu v~ nguy co lay truy~n HIV trong hon nhan

d H' N'" a 01

Harriet At Phinney ··· ··· 236

13 St;i thach thuc do'i v6'i nhUng mo hlnh thufin nhfft v~ nuoi d~y tre: Tie'n trinh giao duc

14 "Bie't di~u" va "TtY t"'" Nh" h' 1I • • ,,'

" , ? " e ~n t dc ve Glal cap trong Quan h~ giua ngll'oi giup

N VH~C :aK~hu ~~ue? (Nghien cuu trll'ang hQ'p d Ha NQi, Vi~t Nam) 272

guyen 1m lla

15 Tinh lien tt,lc clla nong thon - thanh thj: CUQc so'ng clla cong nhan may di cll'

t~i Ha Noi Viet Nam ' 289

Nghiem Lien Huang

16 Cac t6 chuc phi quan phll'ong trong lang - xii vung chau th6 B~c Bo

I 18 "Giup do" va tll'ong trQ' trong cQng d6ng lang que d mi~n B~c Vi~t Nam:

Quan h~ giUa tinh doan ke't ~a sri ph\l thuQc ;\ 347

ua va von xa Ql u aI cQng ong nong on l~ am

Luang Van Hy (Hy V Luong)

Phan 3: TOAN CA U HOA VA XUYEN QUOC GIA

21 Chuyin djch trong the' gioi Xii hQi Chll nghla: Xua't khftu lao dQng va nhung

t rao d01 ~· xuyen quoc gm glua " ,." ~ V'''t N l~ am va ong uC cu 'D" D'~ N • 427

24 Dfch chuyin xuyen quo'c gia va b~o lrlc giOi: Dinh vi nhung di~n ngon v~

b~o hanh gia dinh d Vi~t Nam 477

Lynn Kwiatkowski

25 Kie'n t~o HIV t~i Vi~t Nam , 501

Stephen McNally

26 Tranh lu~n voi quan ni~m v~ hi~n tll'Q'ng xuyen quo'c gia: MQt vai nh~n xet ban d~u

v~ nhfi'ng nu di dan ngll'oi Vi~t Iffy ch6ng d Dai Loan va mi~n Nam Vi~t Nam 521

C Julia Huang va Kuang-ting Chuang

27 Bang d~ ml,lc (Index) 535

IX

TOM TAT VE cAc TAc GIA 1

BAYLY, Susan (Ti~n sl, Cambridge University, nam 1980) hi~n Ia Reader v~ Nhfm hQc Lich su cua Khoa Nhan hQc Xa hQi, D~i hQc Camblidge, Anh Qu6c Ba khOi nghi~p a mOt chuyen gia v~ An DO, nhung nghien Clm hi~n thai cua ba la v~ ti~n trlnh dinh hlnh nen dc hlnh thai

hi~n d~i da d~ng trong thai leY th\Tc dan, h~u th\Tc dan va xa hOi chu ngma t~i Vi~t Nam, t~p

trung chu y~u vao cac dong gop cua cac gia dinh trf thuc vao dm s6ng van hoa xa hOi cua phong trao giai phong dan tQc va dm s6ng van hoa duang d~i cua dAt nuac Ba la tac gia cua ba quy~n sach, g6m ca quy~n Asian Voices in a Postcolonial Age: Vietnam, India and Beyond (Cambridge University Press 2007) Ba cling da cong b6 rAt nhi~u bai viSt va cac chuang sach, di~n hinh nhu bai 'Vietnamese Intellectuals in Revolutionary and Postcolonial Times', trong t~p chi Critique of Anthropology (24,3) 2004; va 'French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina', dang tren t~p chi Modem Asian Studies (34,3)

2000

CHAE, Suhong (Ti~n sl, City University of New York, nam 2003) hi~n Ia Assistant Professor vS Nhan hQc t~i D~i hQc QU6c gia Chonbuk, Han Qu6c Quan tam nghien Clm cua anh la vS nhan hQc lao dOng (vAn d~ lao dOng cua cong nhan dc nha may), nhi'in h9C do thi (kinh tS chinh tri cua cac do thi), chinh tri hQc v~ tOc ngum va hi~n tUQ'ng xuyen qu6c gia (di dan qu6c t~ va xung dOt tQc nguai) Tac ph~m chu y~u cua anh vi~t vS Vi~t Nam la bai vi~t

"Contemporary Ho Chi Minh' city in numerous contradictions: Reform policy, foreign capital, and the working class", dang trong sach Wounded Cities, bien so~n bOi J Schneider

va I Susser (Berg: New York, 2003); "The political process of a multinational corporation

in Ho Chi Minh city", dang tren t~p chi Korean Anthropological Study 36(2), (KAS: Seoul, 2003); va bai "The social economic differentiation and the politics of identity in the Korean society ofHo Chi Minh city", tren t~p chi Cross Cultural Studies 9(1) (ICCS: Seoul, 2005)

CHAUVET, Claire (Ti~n sr, Universite de Paris X-Nanterre, nam 2004) Ia thanh vien cua Centre Asie du Sud-Est (Trung tam Dong Nam A) trong Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Trung tam nghien Clm Khoa hQc qu6c gia cua Phap Co quan tam d~n ton giao, nh~p h6n, nghi IS, cling nhu v~ suc khoe, b~nh t~t va thu6c thang a Vi~t Nam Ba cong trlnh chinh cua co la "Une femme medium d'esprits de Ha Noi : un destin pas comme les autres", trong quy~n Vietnam au Filninin, do Gisele Bousquet et Nora Taylor bien so~n, trang 253-

265 (Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2005); "Ho Chi Minh et Ie culte des Quatre Palais Contradiction ou continuite d'une relation au pouvoir", dang tren t~p chi Aseanie 17: 95-111

1 Chung toi khong djch cac chuc danh khoa h9C cila cac h9C gifl lam vi~c t;;ti cac nuac kMc Trong h~ th5ng d;;ti h9C t;;ti Anh Qu5c, cac chuc danh chfnh tiT cao d~n th~p la Professor, Reader, Senior Lecturer, va Lecturer 6 UC, thl c6 nai theo dung h~ th5ng cila Anh, c6 nai thay Reader b~ng Associate Professor Trong h~ th5ng d;;ti h9C cila Phap, cac ch(rc danh chfnh la Professeur va Maitre de conferences hay Maitre-Assistant, tuy r~ng m9t s5 Truang Ian (grandes ecoles) theo h~ th5ng ch(rc danh cila My Trong h~ th5ng cila My, Canada, Nh~t, f)ai Loan, Thai Lan, va Singapore, cac chuc danh chfnh la Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, Senior Lecturer va Lecturer Senior lecturer va Lecturer trong h~ th5ng Clla My va Canada c6 chuc nang giflng d;;ty la chfnh, trong khi trong cac d;;ti h9C nghien cuu (research universities) c6 uy Un t;;ti nhfrng qU5C gia nay, thl tiT dp Assistant Professor tra len, thl ch(rc nang nghien cuu

cOng quan tr9ng it fa la ngang b~ng vai chUc nang giflng d;;tY

xi

(2006); va Du commerce avec les esprits des Quatre Palais Etude d'un culte de possession

nghien CUu t~i National Tsing Hua University Quan tam dSn gi6i, ton giao, tiSn trlnh toan

du hoa, va da nghien Clm sau t~i dao Kim Man (Quemoy)

Nhan h9c t~i Research Institute on Comtemporary South-East Asia (IRA SEC - Bangkok),

mQt don vi tllJC thuQc Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) cua Phap Qu6c,

d6ng thOi con la giang vien chuyen v€ Nhan h9C t~i the Universite de Provence

(Aix-en-Provence) Gng quan tam nghien cuu nhan h9C chfnh tri va ton giao, rihan h9C phat triSn

(m~ng lu6i xa hQi, du Itch van hoa tQc nguOi, san phAm thu cong ml ngh~) va nMn thuc

lu~n co tfnh Ung d\mg v€ nhan h9C Ba cong trlnh nghien cUu chfnh cua ong la Le

du CNRS, 2005); The Hmong/Miao in Asia Today (do Christian Culas, Gary Yia Lee, Jean

Michaud & Nicholas Tapp bien t~p, Chiang Mai, Silkworm Books Edition, 2004); va d6ng

chu bien (cung vai Bui Quang Dung) Phuong phap ili€u tra th1;fc ilia nganh xii h9i h9c va

nhan chung h9c Ha NQi, NXB Khoa h9C xii h9i

la can bQ t~i Phan vi~n Nghien cUu Van hoa Thong tin t~i TP H6 Chf Minh, quan tam

nghien cUu ton giao ban dia va tfn ngu5ng dan gian Nam BQ MQt s6 tac phAm nhu: fJ(lo tu

Ba Ria-Vung Tau (2 t~p), NXB Chfnh tri Qu6c gia, 2000 (viSt chung v6i NguySn HCru

Nguyen, Cao Thai Binh, NguySn Dinh Th6ng) Li h9i dan gian cua ngu dan Ba Ria- Vung

cua khoa Nhan h9c, University of Freiburg, Duc Qu6c Lu~n an tiSn sl cua co va cac nghien

cuu sau do t~p trung vao S\l' chuySn dbi cua cac IS hQi lang nguOi Vi~t a pilla B~c Vi~t Nam

kS ill nam 1945 trong m6i tuang quan gifra cac cQng d6ng dia phuong va Nha nuac D\l' an

nghien CUu dang con tiSp t\lC cua co khao cuu nghi IS len d6ng a phfa B~c Vi~t Nam Co

g~n day da cong b6 bai viSt "Fate, Memory, and the Postcolonial Construction of the Self:

The Life-Narrative of a Vietnamese Spirit Medium", tren t~p chf Journal of Vietnamese

Studies 111(2): 34-65 (2008); bai "NhUng khfa c~nh tieu 'c\l'C va tfch C\l'C cua h~u bong qua

cai nWn cua bao chf va nhan h9C", T(lp chi Dan t9c h9c 6, p 23-31, 70 (2006); va chuong

"SpiIit Performance and the Ritual Construction of Personal Identity in Modem Vietnam",

trong sach Possessed by the Spirits: Mediul11ship in Contemporary Vietnamese

Communities, do K Fjelstad & NguySn Thi Hi€n bien so~n(Ithaca, New York, SEAP,

2006)

man Lich sir t~i College of the Holy Cross, bang Massachusetts, Hoa Ky Ba quan tam

nghien cUu v€ tUOng thu~t, ranh gi6i gifra nhfrng khai ni~m, va h~u qua lau dai cua chiSn

tranh Ba da xu At ban cac bill viSt "Speaking with Vietnamese Women on the Consequences

of War, Writing Against Silence and Forgetting", trong sach Le Vietnam au Feminin, do

Gisele Bousquet and Nora Taylor bien so~n (Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2005); va

"Chemical Politics and the Hazards of Modem Warfare: Agent Orange", trong quySn

xii

h Planet· Chemical Politics and the Hazards of Modem Life, bien so~n bm Monica

tai Yale UniversIty, Anh chuyen g h S' Edge' Time Space, and Power on Ho Chz

ifra nang thon-t an 1· ,~' f" b' bm the University of Minneso a res

~inh City's Rural-Urban Margm, se duqc xuat an A ' " , ,

, ' ~ 1984) la Professor ve Nhan h9C t~I Umverslty

of Southern California, oa , ~ h / , ~ hoa thi giac Nhfrng sach cua a ao tri xoay quanh van hoa, s\l' gIaO luu van,?a ~a ; n v~ D6ng Nam A h9C nam 1996),

, ' ' ~m 2001) la Associate Professor cu~ Instltut.e 0

Anthropology, Nationa smg ' f i Taiwan (Harvard UniversIty ress,

2009) Ba con la bien t~p chfnh cua s~ c uyen er mal of East Asian Studies, vol 2,

RelI'gious Transnationalism," cua t~~ ChI E;lroPhean .JOL!ch cu' a ba (d6ng tac gia v6i Robert

no 2 (Autumn) Trang so cac at, VIe v 'Relief Movement in Taiwan, the Umte Weller) co bai "Charisma in M~tlOn: com~ahssiConl'tl'es Z'/1 Motion, bien so~n bm Sherman

M 1 ," m trong sac States, Japan, and a aysta k' 1 I titute of East Asian Studies, 2007)

" ~ 1981) la mot hoc gia tv do Ong ng~l1en

, , , ' K h ' thS ki xx van c uong ~n ' " f

cuu van hoa cU,a ng~m ,m A va~~ A b6 bao g6m Understanding Vietnam (Umver~~ty ~

vung cao Cac an pham cua on~ a cong

d A' Ethnl'c Minorities and Development , VIet

California Press, 1993); bat VIe , h postw~r Vietnam: Dynamics of a Transfonnmg

cung v6i A Terry Rm::bo, trong sac n and Littlefield, 2003); va "Some T~ings Poet~y

Can Tell Us About the Proce~s of SOCIal Ch~nge I

~ 2006) hien la mot thanh vien cua

P ) 'la mot thanh Vien ng len , A f" ( "

Scientifique, CNRS- ans va A , hA hoc ton giao cac nhom thieu so ve

m~t ton giao :va t9~ ngum , A ~ ,/ h' A "A ky tiSn trlnh th\l'c dan hoa, m~n~ lum ~~ ?~' d6ng, thi~n dinh, han du~g, t~n gl~O t Ie::nme~a 'lua~ lich suo Anh da cong bo cac bat VIet truy~n giao giai ngma van ban, va phu g p P d" Pham Cong Tac (1890-1959) -''The Caod~st Holy See of Tay Ninh and the ~eCIU~, china" dang tren t~p chf Dutre-

Millenarianism, prose ytism an b (2006)' bai "The Ben Tre Branc 0 /

Mers - Revue d'Histoire N° 352-353, Decem d~r tic ~ractice in question" tren t~p ChI Cao Dai movement after 1975: or~~~~~/~~ ;,~r;~bolism and representation of At he body~

a view on the weaved pieces of the E e pa m

-JELLEMA, Katrin (TiSn sl, University of Michigan, nam 2007) hi~n la giang vien thinh giang t~i

Marlboro College, bang Vermont, Hoa Ky Dinh hu6ng nghien Clm cua co la v€ kf uc, y

thuc v€ lich sir, S\X g~n kSt xii hQi va chu ngh1a xii h<)i so sanh Co dii cong b6 cac bill viSt

"Returning Home: Ancestor Veneration and the Nationalism of Doi moi Vietnam", trong

sach Modemity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam, do Philip

Taylor bien so~n (Institute of' Southeast Asian Studies, 2007); bai "Everywhere Incense

Burning: Remembering Ancestors in Doi moi Vietnam", tren t~p chi The loumal of

Southeast Asian Studies 38, no 3 (2007): 467-492; va bai "Peace Dividends: Market

Socialism and the Transformation of Morality in Postwar Vietnam," trong t~p chi The

Asia-Pacific loumal of Anthropology 6, no 3 (2005): 231-248

Department of Social Research, National Museum of Ethnology, Nh?t Ban Anh dil nghien

Clm di€n dii sau t~i cac ngoi lang Thai Den (y phfa Tay B~c Vi~t Nam, t?P trung vao tim hi~u

m6i quan h~ giUa kinh tS thi truOng va sinh ho~t dia phuO'ng v6n duQ'c nguai dia phuang

xem la 'co tlnh truy€n th6ng' hay 'van hoa' Tac ph~m chlnh cua anh g6m co: The World of

the Chronicles in Southeast Asia: "Quam To Muang" ofTai Dam (Tokyo: Fukyosha, 2007)

Dam in Vietnam (Senri Ethnological Report 70) (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology,

2007) [b~ng ti~ng Nh?t va tiSng Thai Den]; va (d6ng tac gia v&i C~m Tn;mg) Danh sach t6

tien /U) Lo cam (Mai Son - Son La) (Ha N<)i:NXB Th~ gi&i, 2003) [b~ng ti~ng Vi~t va ti~ng

Thai Den]

thanh ph6 Nagoya, Nh?t Ban Quan tam hi~n thCri cua anh la nghien cuu nhan h9C v€ van hoa

t\X quan t~i Vi~t Nam Tac ph~m chlnh cua anh la bai vi~t "On the remains of mobilization

and solidarity: Discourse of governmentality in a village of Vietnam in the age of

self-governance", dang trong quy~n Anthropology of Post-Utopia, do Ishizuka Michiko va cac

c<)ng S\X bien so~n, trang 113-134 Kyoto: Jinbun Shoin, 2008 (b~ng ti~ng Nh?t)

Nhan h9c t~i University of Amsterdam (y Ha Lan Quan tam nghien Clm cua ong bao g6m

lich sir (moi truOng) va nhan h9c Dong Nam A va C\1 th~ la Vi~t Nam, cac dQng thai th~ chS

trong vi~c banh tru6ng thuQc dia cua Phap, th\Xc hanh ton giao va nhan h9C thi giac Ba tac

aquaculture in Nam Dinh, Vietnam", trong quy~n Institutional Dynamics and Stasis: How

crises alter the way common pool resources are perceived, used and govemed, do Louis

Lebel, Xu Jianchu, Antonio Contreras bien so~n (Chiang Mai: Regional Centre for Social

Science and Sustainable Development (RCSD), 2005); "Tropicality and topicality; Pierre

Gourou and the genealogy of French colonial scholarship on rural Vietnam", trong t~p chi

Singapore loumal of Tropical Geography 26 (2005): 339-58; va chuyen khao Facing the

future, reviving the past A study of social change in a Northem Vietnamese village

(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999) [ban dich sang tiSng Vi~t do T~p chi

Trung tam Dong Nam A (CASE) thuQc Trung tam Qu6c gia Nghien Clm Khoa h9c (CNRS,

Phap) Chuyen nghien cuu v€ ~m th\Xc va gia dinh (y Vi~t Nam Chu bien: Autour du riz: Ie

repas chez quelques populations d'Asie du Sud-Est continentale (paris 1993) Tac gia nhi€u

xiv

A ' d' 'hai chuang vS than tQc va gia dinh trong Mong Phu: un

cong trlnh nghlen CUll, trong u 0 ecodo N u Sn Tung chu bien, pp 109-160, 257-268 (paris:

village du delta du fleuve ~o g ' h h gl Yd l'n the Red River Delta: the Case of Ta Thanh

L'Harmattan, ' va I Cit Hanoi", trong Gender, Household, State: DOl 11101

Oai, on the Outskirts of the Cap:ta y h' b' A P 73-88 (New York, Cornell University

Southeast Asia Program, 2002)

B k I Vm 1994) la Assistant

T' ~ I University of Cahfornla at er e ey, na

Professor, Department o~ An~hrOP~I~gy; ~.o~a hanh suc kh6e qu6c t~ va pMt trien, doi nghien Clm nhan h9C y te, Chl~~ sac ve ~lO'plh' 'l'~o s 'Tac ph~m cua ba g6m co bill vi~t

' d' h d - g VIet Nam va llppme

ngheo va suy m uan,: ' d V I bility of Battered Women in Northern

"Political Economy and the He~1th an u ~e~~ logy vol 26; "Fear and Empathy in Vietnam" trong t~p chi Resea~ch zn EC01d1Os7nhl~ft' n vrol,'Peows of New People's Army Soldiers

' C fl' t, AmbIvalent an I mg RevolutlOnary on lC 'T " t g sac h B ro ermg a k ' Revolutz'on' Relational Dynamics of a ,

among Ifugao CIvllans , ron b' A (Quezon City Philippines, Ateneo de

Phlllppzne Insurgency, 0" ~", ~n Stru ling with Development: The Pohucs

Manila University Press, sap xua~ ~a~), va qUY

ld C~~ Westview Press, 1998; and Quezon

of Hunger and Gender in the Plll11ppzn~s (B~u er,

' W t bang Massachusetts, Roa y glen h9C t~i College of the Holy Cro~s 0' r- ~~es, ~~' h ;l, dich kinh te, to~m du hoa, va thCri cua co t~i Vi~t Na~ t?R trung vao ;an he,~lm" c uYm,~nve) ·nhan con nuoi qu6c teo Ba cong

, A d b Vt dA mot du an ng len cuu m

tr~ng, v~ co ~ng A a ,~u :n Ghosts of Late Socialism: Conflict, Metaphor, a~d

tnnh chmh cua co la ~anden gM k t I " dang tren tap chi loumal of Asian Studzes

Memory in a Southern VIetnamese ar e pace M rai Values and Class Anxiety in 67(1)' bai "Woman, Buddhist, Entrepreneur: Gender, .0 S' d' 1(1-2)' 277-313 ' , " t chi loumal of Vletnamese tu les

Late Socialis,t VIetnam, tron? ~~ h R o· t' Fashion: TIw Globalization of Asian

(2006), va dong bien t?P quyen sac e- nen lng Dress cung v&i Niessen and Jones (Berg, 2003)

, A h A) h' A r PhO Giao su va Pho vien

LUONG HONG QUANG (Tien SI Lic~ sir Van ~oa N~?: t ~~t a~Y~Ana dS pMt triSn van hoa c<)~g

truang Vi~n Van hoa Thong, tm., Q~an t~m n~ A l~; ~~U~ot s6 tac ph~m nhu: DOi st5ng van

d6ng lang va chfnh sach, qu.~n ly .~an hoa ng Y uy'an hoa Thong tin, 2005 Van h6a cua h6a do thi va khu cong nghu!p (VIet c~u~~~, ~~NXB Van hoa Thong tin, 2001 Viin h6a nh6m ngheo a Vi¢tNam, ,th1!c ~n;mg;a gza~ p tap, ' h Blnh Phu, Cai I4y, Ti€n c(Jng d6ng lang vung don~ ba~lg song Cuu Long (truong 9'P

Giang) NXB Van hoa Thong tm 1997

, v 1981) h' An la Professor vS Nhan h9C t~i

LUONG Hy V (Ti~n S1, Harvard Uni:ers~ty, nam An n hi~~ Clm thuc dia thuOng xuyen vS CCY University of Toronto, C~na~a T~ ~am ~~8?, 0 ~ ~lr va kinh t~ chfnh tri (y Vi~t N~, va

du xa hQi, gi&i, dong qua t~ng va v?n

h

x~ 91, hn~odn) ~ay Ba quySn sach g~n day nhat la ' ) A ' h At ban ve n ung c u e n

Postwar Vietnam: Dynamics o! a ~ransfonmng Socle~ (e Vietnamese 'Metro~olis (edit~d

Littlefield), Migration, Urba11lZa~lOn, an~ Poverty pm a) va Tradition, Revolution, and

xv

,

v~ Phat triSn Qu6c t~ va Thay d6i xii hQi, Clark University, Hoa Ky Quan Him nghien Clm

cua anh la v~ b~o Ivc, di dOi, cong nghi~p khai kh6ang, nha nuac va cac t6 chuc xuyen qu6c

gia, qufm 19 va ngh~ thu~t qmin 19, xii hQi chu ngh1a, cac ch~ dQ phap 19, nMn hQc va lich

SU, nghien Clm khoa hQC va k1 thu~t, ban d6 hQc Tac ph~m dii cong b6 cua anh bao g6m

"Manifest Socialism: The Labor of Representation in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

(1956-1959)", dang tren t~p chf loumal of Vietnamese Studies 2(1): 27-79 (2007); "Spaces

of Extraction: Actually Existing Governance along the Riverine Networks of Nyaunglebin

District", trong sach Myanmar: the State, Community and the Environment, do Monique

Skidmore and Trevor Wilson chu bien, pp 246-267 (Asia-Pacific Press, Australian

National University, 2007); va bill "Sovereignty after the Entrepreneurial Tum: Mosaics of

Control, Commodified Spaces, and Regulated Violence in Contemporary Burma", in trong

quySn Taking Southeast Asia to Market: Commodification in a Neoliberal Age, do Nancy

Peluso va Joe Nevins bien so~n (Cornell University Press, 2008)

Global Studies, Arizona State ~niversity, Hoa Ky Quan tam nghien cuu hi~n nay cua co la

v~ toan cAu h6a vi~c quan 19 cac ngu6n tai nguyen thien nhien, C\1 thS la a CMu A, t~p trung

vao cac khu vvc duQ'c bao t6n va Cong uac v~ da d~ng sinh' hQc; nghien Clm v~ moi tWOng

va phat triSn, va m6i quan h~ giua d6i ngheo va moi twemg; cac tQc nguOi thiSu s6 va vung

cao a Dong Nam A I\1C dia; phi t~p trung h6a quan 19 moi twang va sv tham gia cua cQng

d6ng dia phuong t~i ch6; va h~u qua v~ m~t moi twang cua chi~n tranh, C\1 thS la ch~t dQc

Da Cam a Vi~t Nam An ph~m g&n day cua co g6m c6 ""Blood Relatives" or Uneasy

Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the TWOng Son Mountains",

dang tren t~p chf loumal of Vietnamese Studies III(3): 81-116 (2008); bai "From the Moral

Economy to the World Economy: Revisiting Vietnamese Peasants in a Globalizing

Era", tren t~p chf loumal of Vietnamese Studies 2(2): 57-107 (2007); va bai "Of Rice,

Mammals, and Men: The Politics of Wild and Domesticated Species in Vietnam", in trong

quYSn Where the Wild Things are Now: Domestication Reconsidered, do Molly Mullin va

Rebecca Cassidy bien so~n (London: Berg, pp 249-276, 2007)

Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, trvc thuQc La Trobe University,

Melbourne, Australia Anh chu y~u nghien cuu Hnh vvc van h6a va cac lo~i vi rut kf sinh

trong mau nguOi (vi em gan va HIV) a Australia va Dong Nam A, t~p trung vao vi~c ngan

ngua va ti~p c~n tri li~u G&n day anh dii hoan t~t vi~c nghien Clm dinh tfnh v~ dQng thai

van h6a xii hQi va b6i canh nam gi6'i quan h~ tinh d\1c v6'i nam gi6'i va 9 ngh1a cua n6 d6i

v6'i vi~c ngan ngua HIV a Indonesia va Thai Lan Anh dii cong b6 mN s6 cong trlnh sau

day: (d6ng tac gia v6'i M Temple-Smith, W Sievert, va M Pitts) 'Now, later or never?

Challenges associated with hepatitis C treatment' dang tren t~p chf Australian and New

Zealand loumal of Public Health, vol XXX No.5 pp 422-427 (2006); 'Bia Om and

Karaoke: HIV and Everyday Life in Urban Vietnam', trong quySn Consuming Urban

Culture in Contemporary Vietnam, do Lisa Drummond va Mandy Thomas chu bien

(London: Curzon Press, 2003); va bill vi~t (d6ng tac gia v6'i S Schech) 'Interpreting gender

policy: the challenges of negotiating difference in Australian development projects in

Vietnam', tren t~p chf Canadian loumal of Development Studies, vol XXII, No.3 (2001)

xvi

I

I

T':" N Columbia University, nam 2007) hi~n la Assistant Pr~fessor vS Nha~

' h' h t vS van h6a ban sac quoc gia va dla phuong, am n ~c va nn l~n

khoa hQc sau c m q , 'h'A hoc h'lnh a'nh D6ng tac gia chuong "Tu bai hat ra den

h~ Ra: Nl1~~:':~o ~n ~a ::~~; ~~ia~~~ :~! bai "How Much' for a Song? Local and National

Vietnamese Studies 5(1):125-161 (2010)

, N ' " '1 ~ 1995) la Associate Professor vS Nhan hQc

t~i Universite Laval, Canada OnlS quan Atam ng len c Q:'" hA hoc vS nguOi H'mong;

dQng cua du lC 01 vm c tl lic Missions on the Tonkin-Yunnan Fro1J.tier, 'Incidental' Ethnographers: Fren~h ca'd IO , P bl' hers 2007)' "Contending Visions of

O (Le'd & B ston' Bnll Aca erruc u I S , ,

1880-193 ,I en 0" .~ , " , S rah Turner) dang tren t~p chfAnnals of

a Hill-Station m VIetnam, (dong tac gIa vm a, , (d~ h' bien 1 33(3)' 785-808 (2006); va quyen H'monglMzao zn Asza ong c u

v6'i Nicholas Tapp, C Culas, G

MUKDAWIJITRA Yukti (Tien sr, UniverSIty of Wisconsm, nam , : ~ ~ A , ' h' N

t~i Thammasat University, :ha1 ~and'A Qu~n tadn:cngta' ldeAan toc hoc Viet Nam,' Thai Lan, va , : A N kf tu hoc van hoa an gtan, ~ " "

VIet, ngon ng:u, , ' _ " : , h b g6m "Tai Indigenous LIteracy m

Dong am ,0; A Feasibility of Indigenous Initiatives and ImplementatlOns of

Contemporar~ :'Ie nam A ki : hA' thao MMSEA 4th international conference, Sa Pa,

V · M 16 19 2005' Reading 'Community Culture Sc 00 0 ,eve opn k'

Politics and Poetics of the Community Culture s Ethno~rap ,IY ,an

v

g, t am' Knowledge of 5) 'b" "The Revival of Black Tal Scnpt m le n

Fadiawkan, 200 i, va f a~ 1 dge" (b&ng ti~ng Thai) trong tac phAm Phumpanya Thai-·

Locality and Loca Ity 0 °hw ~ h Chakkri Sirindhorn Anthropology Center, 2005)

A' , 'h A t d Ha Lan nam 2006) hi~n

la Giang vien Nhan hQc t~1 D~I hQc ~oa ~oh': xha ~Qt\ chu' c MoAt s6 tac ph~m nhu: "Female

tam nghlen CUll 0 t loa" , V' t 'Modernization" trong sach Soczal

garment workers: The New Volunteers m ~e nam s hili Ta lor chu bien (Singapore:

Inequality in Vietnam G1~d t~e ~!Wll~~~~~.t~s~;~a7~:nd F~veriin Hanoi: Ruralization of

' " ' I movements?" Intemational Review ofSocwl Hlstory, Vo ,

J P h T' A Kh~c nam 1999), Giao SU

NGO VAN L~ (TiSn sl Dan tQc hQc t~i ~~i hQc TOnghhQ'Px_rahA~' ,lyNP han v~n Dai hoc Qu6c gia

va nguyen IDyu twong I , hN ': d~ t" nguOi van h6a toc ngum va ton

gia? ~ot s8 tac ph~m ~hu; T(j~ nfJU'Oi va van hoa t(jc ngU'Oi, NXB D~i h9c Qu8c gia TP.H6

ChI Mi~h, 2004; Mqt so van tie ve van hoa t(jc ngU'ai 6' Nam B(j va Dong Nam A, NXB Dai

h9C Quoc gia TP.Ho Chf Minh, 2003; Van hoa cac dtuz t(jc thidu s66' Vi¢t Nam, NXB Giio

dl,lc, 1997

Bao tan~ ~a~ "t9? h?~ Vlyt ,N~m Quan ta~ nghien Clm di dan va biSn d6i van hoa: TruOng

h)yp ngu~l,VlY~,O',haI,ngo~ va cac cong dong cu dan thuy cu & Vi~t Nam; Nghien Clm so

sa~h n~uO'l" ThaI ~.~I~t Nam vOi nguCri Thai & Lao va nguCri Lao Mot s8 tac ph~m nhu:

Cc:.u truc t(Jc ngU'O'l 0' UlO, NXB Khoa h9C Xa hoi, Ha NOi, 1996; C(jng tl6ng ngu dan 6'

Dan t9c, Ha NOI, 1997

ve van ~: da ,d~ng va hOI nh:(ip xa hoi cua to, chuc YMCA, Toronto, Canada Nhilng lanh

Yl,l'C nghI~n ~uu chfn~ cu~ ba la gi0, phM trien, va phl,l nu di dan ill nong thon ra thanh thi

trong qua tnnh chu~e~,do~ kin.h te & Vi~t Nam La tac gia cua Lessons Leamedfrol1110

2001), "Mot so van de ve phl,l nu va nghien Clm di dan & Viet Nam" (Tap chf Khoa hoc v~

Phl;l nu, 2001); "Evaluation of Housework of Rural Wo~en" (Viet71~l11 Social Sci~nce

c;ru ,~n 0: p 1 v~t the, yi~n, Van hoa T~ong tin Quan tam nghien Clm: Van hoa dan gian,

ton glao, tm nguO'ng dan gIan, nghi Ie, Shaman giao Mot s8 tac ph~m nhu: "Then

Pe~Olmer of t~e Tay as a Folk Singer and Shaman", in trong t~p chf: Vietnam Social

S~lel1Ce (HanOl), No 4, 2000; Possessed by the Spirit: Mediumship in Contemporary

Vletl~am (Ith~ca, Com~ll South~~st Asia Program, 2006), (f)6ng chu bien); 'Seats for Spirits

to SIt Upon Becomm~ a Spmt Medium in Contemporary Vietnam, in trong t~p chf:

dan~" l~ VlyC ~~I;.: Vlyn :t;Tghi~n Clm Van hoa, Vi~n Khoa h9C xa hoi Vi~t Nam, Quan tam

nphI:n cu~ ng~Ile, sv: ~ie~ do~ van hoa & c,ac lang que hi~n nay Mot s8 tac ph~m nhu: Nghi

r oa

0' ~a~, a~g que ,~u~n, l1a~, NXB Van hoa Thong tin (200?); Truy~n th8ng va biSn d6i

tong Je h9~ cua nguO'l Kinh ~ V~n VI (Quang Tay, Trung Quoc), trong sach Gia tri va tfnh

tI~, ~«2'01g06cua folklore Chau A trong qua trlllh h(ji nlulP, Hoi Folklore CMu A, NXB ThS

gIO'l,

, " " len Sl an 9C ngon ngu, Truang f)~1 h9C Toronto, 2002) hien la

xviii

T~ang phong Ngon ngu h9c xa hOi t~i Vi~n Ngon ngfr h9c, thuoc Vien Khoa hoc Xff hoi

VIet Nam Quan , : ' , A am t" ~g h'" len CUll n an h9C ngon ngu, ngon ngu h9C xa hOi, ngon ngu va ' h " " ' "

~10'l, S\l' phat tnen ngon ngu & tn~ em va chfnh sach ngon ngu Mot s8 tac phaAm nhu'

' .u 1 mgua IS~ and the American War in Vietnam", trong Words, Worlds, and

p::at~n~l C;lzrls, dO,Bonme McElhinney chu bien, pp 349-367, Mouton de Gruyter 2007;

V ~,I, tro tlch C\l'C cua con nguCri trong ling xu ngon tu & mot cong d6ng da dan toc da ngo"n

, , C 1 gon gU', so 11,2003; Xung va g9i trong ho~t dong hanh chfnh & mot xa

thuoc d6ng b&ng B~c BO: Ton ti va binh d~ng", trong Ngon ngu hanh chfnh, NguySn van

Khang chu bien, NXB Van hO,a Thong tin, 2001

Nghien Clm Khoa h9C Xa h<)i, D~i h9C Amsterdam, Ha Lan Cac chu de' quan tam nghien Clm cua co la giOi, van hoa va tlnh dl,lc, nMn h9C tam ly, nMn h9C pMn tam: "Anthropology 'at home' through the lens of intersubjectivity: Counter transference while interviewing a 'vulnerable' Vietnamese woman" (Nhan h9C '& nha' qua lang kfnh lien chu thS: tr~li nghi~m

S\l' chuy~n di tac dong nghich huang khi phOng vfin mot phl,l nu Vi~t 'dS bi t6n thuang' ),

Medische Antropologie vol 19 (1), 23-38 (2007); "Rape in Vietnam from socio-cultural and historical perspectives" (HiSp dam & Vi~t Nam nhin tu goc do van hoa-xa hoi va lich su),

foumal of Asian History 40, 185 - 206 (2006); Cdm ky, va thl;fc tiln: Xal11 h«i tinh d1;lc t«i

nghien Clm if Trung tam Dong Nam A (CASE) thuoc Trung tam Qu8c gia Nghien cuu Khoa h9C (CNRS, Phap Qu8c) Chuyen nghien Clm v~ lang xa, van hoa va van h9C dan gian

Viet Nam Chu bien Mong Phu: un village du delta dufleuve Rouge, (paris, L'Harmattan,

1999), va d6ng chu bien Tt'c Dong sang Tay (f)a Ngng, NXB Da Ngng, 2005)~ ang da viet

nhi~u bai trong cac t~p chf khoa h9C va cac chuang sach, g6m ca chuang "Y,e khong ~ian

lang" trong Philippe Papin, Olivier Tessier (chu bien) Lang 6' vung chau tho song Hong: vdn tI€ dm bo ngo Le village en questions, pp 97-138 (Hanoi, EFEO, 2002)

BO mon Nhan h9C, TlUOng f)~i h9C Khoa h9C Xa hOi va Noon van, D~i h9C qu6c gia Ha Noi Quan tam nghien Clm nhan h9C kinh te va chfnh trio Cac chu d~ nhu t:(ip the hoa va phi t:(ip th~ hoa nong nghi~p, cai cach ruong dfit, sinh ke 'va phan hoa nong thon Mot s8 tac ph~m nhu: "Contending views and conflicts over land in Vietnam's, Red R~ver Delta"

foumal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol 38: 2,2007; "PMn hoa trong tiep c:(in dat dai & Vi~t

Nam", T«p chf Dan t(jc h(Jc, S8 3 (2006); ''The politics of land: Inequality in land access and local conflicts in the Red River Delta since decollectivization", trong sach Social

Inequality in Vietnam a~d the Challenges to Refonn, Philip Taylor chu bien, ISEAS Singapore, 2004

Hi~n la Pho giao su va Truang Khoa Nhan h9C, TruOng D~i h9C Khoa h9C Xa Mi va ,Nhan van, f)~i h9C Qu8cgia TP.H6 Chf Minh Quan tam nghien Clm nhan h9C ling dl,lng ve phat

tri~n vung cac dan toc thi~u s8 & Tay Nguyen va d6ng b&ng song Cl'ru Long Mot so tac

ph~m nhu: Thl;fc tr«ng kinh ti -xa h(ji va nhimg giid phap xoa d6i giil1n ngheo 6' nguCri

2001 (d6ng tac gia) Nhan lwc tI«i cU'ong, (d6ng tac gia) NXB f)~i h9C Qu8c gia TP.HCM,

2007

2000) hi~n la Senior Lecturer v~ Dan toc h9C am nh~c t~i Goldsmith College, thuQc truOng University of London, Anh Qu8c Anh da nghien Clm th\fc dia lau dai v~ cac lo~i hlnh am

nh~c Vi~t Nam khac nhau bao g6m lo~i hinh am nh~c thfnh phong ca trn va lo~i hlnh am

xix

nh~c ngh~ IS c~du van Tac pham da cong b6 cua anh g6m cO: Songs for the Spirits: Music

a~l~ ~e~~~ms m '!10d~m Vzetnam (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press 2009]);

bat vIet Effemmate Men and 'Hot-Tempered' Women: The Performance f M ' d

en er m letnamese Mediumship", in trong quySn Possessed by the Snin'ts' ~A' d' h'

17~A ontemporary Vzetnamese Communities, do Karen Fjelstad va NguySn Thi Hi€n chu

bIen, trang 55-75 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program 2006)' va' ba" h P ' , 1 VIe At "S' mgmg

t east: VIetnamese Ca Tm, Memory and Mode", dang tren tap chf Asian Musl'c 36(2)' 27

-PASHI~IAN, AMelissa J (TiSn S1, University of California in Los Angeles, nam 2002 Thac S1 Y tA

cQng dong, Harv.ard University, nam 1995) hi~n la Associate Professor trong Department 0;

~nthropolo?y t~l Bryn Mawr College, Hoa Ky Quan tam nghien CllU chfnh cua co la v€

h~h Vl)'C ,chm~ sacAh v~ chfnh tri co goc dQ gi6i v~ vi~c sinh san, vo sinh va suc kh6e sinh

S~?, so Asan~ c~c h5 th?ng y khoa, tac dQng qua l~i cua kiSn thuc v€ cO' thS, ban s~c va quan

n~~m ~e Vat ~ro xa h?1 ~~hien c~ c?a C? t~p tmng vao van d€ trai nghi~m v€ m~t xa hQi

~~l v~ s~ vo ,smh va ~Ol quan hy cua no doi v6i chfnh sach va chfnh tri xoay quanh van

o~ ve ~~nh ~an t.~l Vlyt Nam, cunp nhu so sanh vi~c dung thu6c Nam tmy€n th6ng va

nhun~ .dleu tq y sl~h Co ~~ cong bo mQt s6 tac pham nhu "Conceiving the Happy Famil :

InfeltllIty and Mantal PolItics in Northern Vietnam", trong tac phfrm do Mat·ci I h y,

~an: van Balen chu bi~n la Infertility Around the Globe: New Thinking on Ch~ld~e~~e;s:

en er, and Reproductlve Technologies, Berkeley: University of California Press 2002

134-151' "I ~ napplOpnate e atlOns: The Ban on Surrogacy with In Vitro Fertilization and ' R 1 , ,

the LlffiltS of Stat~ Renovation in Contemporary Vietnam", in trong quySn Assisting

R~productlOn, Tes:lll~ Gen~s: Global.!!ncounters with New Biotechnologies, Daphna

~lrenbaum-Carmel~ .va MarCIa Inhorn bIen so~n, New York: Berghahn Books; va bai viSt

T~e Womb, In~eltlhty, and the Vicissitudes of Kin-Relatedness in Vietnam", dang tren ta

PH~M ~UYNH ~Hlf~NG (TiSn S1 Nhan hQc t~i B~i hQc La Trobe, Dc, 2005) dang lam viec tai

Vl~n Ng~~~n ~uu Van hoa Quan tam nghien CUu dOi s6ng ton giao tfn ngu5ng van h6a d~i

chung, gl~ tre trong xa hQi hi~n d~i MQt s6 tac pham nhu: "Empowerment and Innovatio'n

among Samt Tran's female m d' "t ' h ~A' •

~1 :~st-Re:olutlOllary Vletnam, Philip Taylor chu bien, ISEAS, Institule of Southeast A~ian

tu les, Smgapore, 2007; "Tran Hung Dao and Mother Goddess religion" t ' h

Felstad , y Pl;ztS e l~mslll~ l~lA Contemporary Vietnamese, Communities Karen

PH~MCT~A~H THOI (Th~c S1 Nhan hQc t~i TruOng BH Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van TP HA

NhA ~' - " lang vlen Khoa Nhan hQc, TruOng Bai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va'

t rong b 01 A ' , ' h ' can do thi h' uoc gla 'A 0 ChI Minh Quan tam nghien cuu nhan hoc phM trie"n h' A , "

N A , " oa va cong ng lyp hoa t~l khu vuc cac cong dong toc ngum' 0" TaAy

, 0 1 m MQt so bai viet nhu: "Hoat dong "kinh tS via he' " , A

Xa~ dun B~~~an dffiln d? thl a TP.Ho Chf Minh," T(lp ch~ ChUye,l nganh Quy h~(lch _

doAng n' g: CQ'1 ~y yng, so 17 (5-2005); "Nhfrng chuyen doi kinh tS xa hoi trong cong

Anthro 010 200'''' A ' A uYyn ~ c A ucn;g, tmh Lam Bong," Hakusan Review of

'P gy ( 6), Nh~n dlyn nhung van de phat sinh trong qua trinh thuc hien c' ac

PHAN PHUdNG ANH (TiSn S1 Nhan hQc xa hQi t~i TruOng Cao cap khoa hQc Xa hQi va Nhan van Paris, 2005) Lu~n an TiSn s1 cua co nghien cuu v€ Chfr abc va bUt lOng Da van tl!,va thu phap 6' Vi?t Nam duang d(li Hi~n dang cong tac t~i Ban Di san Van hoa Phi v~t the, Vi~n Van hoa Thong tin (Ha NQi) Quan tam nghien cUu v~n d€ chu viSt cua cac dan,tQc a V,i~t

Nam, d~c bi~t la cac dan tQc vay mugn chu Mn (Kinh, Tay, Nung, Dao) MQt so tac phat;l nhu: "L'ecriture de la modernite dans Ie contexte vietnamien" ["Van hQc hi~n d~i trong boi cfmh Vi~t Nam"] , Annali [T9P san), volume 58(3-4), 463-494, Napoli: Instituto Universitario Orientale [Vi~n nghien cUu Phuang Bong], 1998; "Les bigraphes vietnatniens: quelques remarques sur les impacts de l'usage de l'ideogramm~ sur leurs ecrits

en alphabet" [Nhung nguOi dung hai van tl)' a Vi~t Nam: mQt vill nh~n xet ve anh huang cua

vi~c dung chu biSu y d6i v6i nhfmg van ban viSt b~ng qu6c ngu cua hQ] trong Annales de

la Fondation Fyssen [T~p san Quy Fyssen], nO 22, Paris, 2007

PHAN TH! YEN TUYET (TiSn S1 Dan tQc hQc t~i Vi~n Khoa hQc Xa hQi t~i TP H6 Chi Minh, nam 1992) hi~n la Pho Giao su t~i Khoa Vi~t Nam hQc, TruOng f)~i hQc Khoa hQc Xa hQi va Nhan van, B~i hQc Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minh Quan tam nghien CUu van hoa, ton giao ti~

ngu5ng cua cac tQc nguai t~i Nam BQ, nhan hQc biSn va van hoa biSn t~ Nam BQ MQt so tac phfrm nhu: Vdn d€ dan t(Jc 6' D6ng b6ng song Ciru Long, NXB Khoa hQ~ xa ~Qi, 1991 (Sach nhi€u tac gia); Nha 6', trang ph1,lc, an u6ng cua cac dan t(Jc viing dong, bang song Ciru Long, NXB Khba hQc xa hQi, 1993; X6m ngh€ va ngh€ thu cong truyJn thOng t(li Nam b(J, NXB Tre, 2002 (Chu bien, nhi€u tac gia khac)

PHINNEY, Harriet (TiSn S1, University of Washington, nam 2003) hi~n Ja Giang vien t~ Seattle University, va nghien CUu vien t~i University of Washington Co quan tam nghien cUu gi6i

va suc kh6e Nhfmg cong tanh da cong b6 g6m co "The Shifting yet Conventional Logic of Sex and Reproduction in NOlthern Vietnam: Postwar Refashioning of Single Women's Reproductive Space", Asia-Pacific loumal of Anthropology VI: 215-230 (2005); va bai

"Discursive Transformations: Maternal Desire among Older Single Women in Northern Vietnam", dang trong quySn Le Vietnam au feminine, do Gisele Bousquet va Nora Taylor chu bien (paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2005)

PROSCHAN, Frank (TiSn S1, University of Texas at Austin, nam 1989) Ja chuyen gia Chuang tanh Di san van hoa phi v~t thS cua UNESCO t~i Paris, Phap Qu6c Chuyen nganh ng~en

cUu cua ong la v€ van hoa dan gian, ngM thu~t ngon ngu, va nguOi Kh()" Mu Cac tac pha~

chinh da cong b6 cua ong gan day nhat g6m co "Vietnam's Ethnic Mosaic",.in trong~ quyen

Vietnam: loumeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit, Pp 53-69, do Laurel Kend~ll va Nguyen Van Huy chu bien (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); bill viet "Peoples of the

xxi

Gourd: Imagined Ethnicities in Highland Southeast A " A

Studies 60, 999-1032 (2001); va bai ""We A All sm ,tren t;;tp chf Joumal of Asian

Ethnic Identities, and Ethnic Groups" dV t ;-e ~mu, J~st the Same": Ethnonyms,

h9i va TruOng Khoa man hoc Jan h6~:~e~~a~:.na~ 1999).la Professor v~ Nhan hQc Xa

Quan tam nghien Clru gkn dfry cua A l~) a QI:~:'U ~mversiteit Amsterdam, Ha Lan

N~ A trong b6i canh xuyen qu6c g~~g ,a hV: Sh\l' tat ~mh cua ~ac ton ghlo bim xu a Dong

p am a cong bo g~n day la cac quy€n Colonial'S a con ngum Nhfrng tac

of Anthropology (dong chu bI'e"n , P P ubJects Essays on the Practical History

VOl eter els - 1999)' Th E h

so chuyen d~ d~c bi~t cua ta 'chf J: remem rance m con.tempor~y Vi~tnam', trong m9t

Michael DiGregorio _ 2007): p umal of Southeast Aszan StudIes (dong chu bien vai

Professor ve Nhan hQc t;;ti University of C l'-D a 1 m~t at Irvme, nam 2004) la Assistant

t~p trung yao cac v~n d~ v~ su giao tho ,a Ih?:ma, verslde, H~a Ky Nghien Clru cua co

k" 1" , a cua len tuang xuyen q" v h'

y uc lch su trong boi ca' nh xa- h'" m c u ng Ia h' h-" a V' "t N uoc gIa, van oa thl giac va' '

theo huang xa h9i chu nghIa gifr~ V'':'t N ,I~ a~; s\l'_tra? doi qua l;;ti da phuang va

c u ng Ia trong viec dinh mnh h " " ' 1 san cua cac d\l' an xa hoi

d- " , " c uang tnnh thl truang tan t d h' "

a va sap xwlt bim cua co g6m c6 "Exhibitin ~ 0 I((n t;;tl Nhfrng cong trlnh

of Representation and Transnation 1 C g W~, R.econcIlmg Pasts: Journalistic Modes

;;tp c 1 Joumal of Vietnamese Studies 2008' " emporary Ietnam", in trong

Practices of Memory and Kn 1 d P d( )' Recombmant History: Transnational

C U I tural Anthropology (2006)" ow e ge ro uctIOn m Con temp A , mary Ietnam tren tap chf V· "A

e an epresentatlOn (2009)

dI((n van phong Dai hoc Q f • K y' f 004), hI((n la ASSIstant Professor va dai

nguoi Cham va cac toc nguOl' vu' ng A ' ) c uyen nghlen cuu ve lich Slr toc

bo cua anh c6 cac bill viet f • (d6~g ta'c , , Ph cao nguyen 1ll1en Tl ung I((t V''' N am Tac pham da cong '

propertIes m Hue, Vietnam", dang tren ta h" 1 e preservatIOn of cultural

Bunko, Tokyo, 1999)' "Resettlem t p c 1 A~zan Research Trends, No 10 (The Toyo

status and problem", dang tren ki yeu ho' h" e.~am s entral Highlands: Current

clla SOASITUFS do JustI'n Watki ' 'Ml t ao ~ua hQc Vlen sau d;;ti hoc 20-21 Febuary 2006

StudIes, Tokyo 2006)' va u A 'h rat len t;;tp (Tokyo Umversity of Foreign

Slr chfnh sach ctlnh cu ~ac din~~~ :tac ~~t~nva~l:u Shosu Minzoku-no Teiju Seisaku-shi (Lich

Department of Religious Studies S t M r y, n~m 2000) la ASSIstant Professor tai

xxii

cuu, cua anh la v~ cac chu d~ th ' h~nh A ary.~ Un~~~rSIty a Capada Dinh huang nghin

nhieu bill viet v~ Viet Nam bao\l'~ a~C ton gI~O, gim va toan cau h6a Anh la tac gia cua

symbohc capital in Vietnam" daVng t" t h' Q~ - cleatmg an: women, offerings and

at he problem with key informa t " t " S III e IglOn / Sciences Religieuses'

"Nationalism, Globalism and th R n s b ~en t;;tp chf Anthropological Forum; ~a chuan~

e e-esta hshment of the Truc Lam Thien Buddhist sect in

Northern Vietnam" trong quy€n Modemity and Re-enchantment: Religion in revolutionary Vietnam, do Philip Taylor.chu bien (Singapore, ISEAS, 2006)

hien Ia nha nghien Clru t;;ti Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, Nh~t Ban Quan tam nghien cuu cua ong la vs' bi~n d6i xa h9i the hi~n qua dm s6ng cua ngum dan blnh thUOng a Dong A Ba tac phim chfnh da cong b6 cua ong g6m c6 Taiwan Amizoku no Shakai Soshiki (T6 chuc xa hQi cua ngum Ami t;;ti duyen hai phfa Dong Dai Loan) (Tokyo University Press, 1883, b&ng ti~ng

Nh~t); Perspectives on Chinese Society: View from Japan (d6ng chu bien vrn J.S Eades &

C Daniels) (Center for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent at Canterbury, England, 1995); va Betonamu no Sosen saishi: Cho kyoku no Shakai Seikatsu

(Ther cling t6 tien a Vi~t Nam: Dm s6ng xa hQi trong mQt lang a ngo;;ti vi Ha NQi) (Fukyosha, 1998)

:Ecole fran<,;:aise d'Extreme-Orient a Hanoi, noi ong da phat tri€n mQt chuang trlnh nghien CUll vS m6i quan M giUa chfnh quy~n va xa hQi nong dan trong vi~c quan 19 ngufm' nuac Ong la d6ng chu bien vrn Philip Papin quy€n Le village en questions [Lang a vung chau th6 song H6ng: v~n dS con b6 ng6] (publication du centre de l'EFEO Hanoi, NXB Lao dQng-

Xa hQi, Ha NQi, 2002) Ong con xu~t ban nhiSu chuang sach va bai viet trong d6 c6

"Fondateurs, ancetres et migrants: mobilite et reformulation des espaces d' appartenance dans un village du Nord du Vietnam" in tren t;;tp chi Moussons, N° 6, Paris, pp 99-132 (2003); va chuang "Commuting from the village to the city: analyzing the patterns of migration of the people of the northern village of Hay to Hanoi" in trong quySn

Vietnam Expose: French scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society, do G L Bousquet and P, Brocheux chu bien, pp 387-420 (University of Michigan Press, 2002)

tQc hQc va Ph6 Giam d6c Trung tam Nghien cuu Vi~t Nam va Dong Nam A, TruOng D;;ti hQc KHXH va NY, D;;ti hQC Qu6c gia TP H6 Chf Minh Quan tam nghien cuu bao t6n va phat tri€n van h6a dan tQc thi€u s6 phia Nam Vi~t Nam MQt s6 tac phAm nhu: Tt"'r diJn Cham - Vi?t, NXB Khoa hQc xa hQi, TP H6 Chf Minh, 1995 Danh m1;lc thu tfch Cham 6'

Vi?t Nam, NXB Tn~, TP H6 Chi Minh, 2007 Coffee in Vietnam's central Historical, Anthropological and Economic Perspectives, NXB D;;ti hQc Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minh, 2007

Ph6 giao su t;;ti Vi~n Ph:it triSn b~n vfrng vung Nam BQ Quan tam nghien CUll: van h6a Ph~t

giao, ngum Hoa va cac ton giao a Vi~t Nam MQt s6 tac phAm nhu: Dqo Phgt trong c(Jng d6ng ngum Vi?t 6' Nam B(J Vi¢t Nam (tit tld kY 17 din nam 1975) NXB Khoa hQc xa hQi, nam 1995; Gop pluin tim hiiu Phgt giao Nam B(J NXB Khoa hQc xa hQi, 2004; Van h6a ngum Hoa 6' Ham B(J: Tfnnguong va ton giao, NXB Khoa hQc xa hQi, 2005

TRUITT, Allison

(Ti~n sI, Cornell University, nam 2005) hi~n la Assistant Professor vS Nhan hQc t;;ti Tulane University, bang Louisiana (Hoa KY) Quan tam nghien CUll cua co t~p trung vao cac v~n d~ van h6a v~t ch~t va tiSn t~; nhan hQc kinh te; nhilng khai ni~m nhi~u tranh cai vS quySn

xxiii

cong dan a New Orleans; va nhCing viSn tuqng do thi m6i Co da xu~t ban m9t s5 bai viSt

sau day: "New Money, Big Money, ATMs: The Value of Currency in Ho Chi Minh City",

dang tren t~p chf Research in Economic Anthropology 24:283-308 (2006); (d6ng chu bien

v&i Stedan Senders) quySn sach Money: Ethnographic Encounters (Oxford: Berg Press,

2007); va bill viSt "On the Back of a Motorbike: Middle-class mobility in Ho Chi Minh

City, Vietnam", tren t~p chf American Ethnologist 35 (1) (2008)

TRUONG HUYEN CHI (TiSn slNhan hQc Xa h9i - Van hoa t~i D~i hQc Toronto, 2001) quan tam vS

cac xa h9i ch~ySn d6i, ky lrC va tn'ti nghi~m xuyen qu5c gia trong thS ky 20, nhan hQc giao

d\lc M9t s5 tac phclm nhu: "A Home Divided: Work, Body, and Emotions in the Post-Doi

Moi Family", in Daniele Belanger and Magali Barbietl (eds.), Reconfiguring Family and

Gender in Transitional Vietnam, Stanford University Press (2009) "Winter Crop and

Spring Festival: The Contestations of Local Government in a Red River Delta Commune",

in Benedict Tria Kerkvliet and David Marr (eds.), Beyond Hanoi: Local Government in

Vietnam, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press, 2004

VANN, Elizabeth F (TiSn sl, University of Virginia, 2003) la Assistant Professor vS

Anthropology t~i Rice University (Houston, Texas, Hoa KY) Co quan tam nghien clm vS

phong each deu dung va quan h~ v&i nhfrng kiSu san xu~t, thuong hi~u va tiSp thi, va hang

gia, hang th~t, va quySn sa hUu tri tu~ Co da co nhfrng bai ''The Limits of Authenticity in

Vietnamese Consumer Markets", trong t~p chf American Anthropologist 108(2):286-296

(2006); "Domesticating Consumer Goods in the Global Economy: Examples from Russia

and Vietnam", trong t~p cm Ethnos 70(4):465-488 (2005); and "Production Matters:

Consumerism and Global Capitalism in Vietnam", trong t~p chf Research in Economic

Anthropology: Anthropological Perspectives on Economic Development and Integration,

Vol 22, pp 225-257 (2003)

VARGYAS, Gbor (TiSn sl, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary, nam 1981) hi~n la

nghien cUu vien chfnh t~i Vi~n Dan t9c hQc, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, va

d6ng th01 la Associate Professor ban th01 gian t~i University of Pecs, Hungary Quan tam

nghien cUu cua ong g6m co nMn hQc vS ton giao, van hoa dan gian, biSn d6i van hoa, ngh~

thu~t, am nh~c hQc, Dong Nam A, va CMu D~i Duong Cac cong trlnh cua ong bao g6m

"Intangible culture of the Bru: preservation, promotion and reassertion of values", in trong

quySn Viet Nam's Cultural Diversity: Approaches to Preservation, do O Salemink chu

bien, pp 199-204 (UNESCO Publishing/Memory of Peoples, 2001); qUYSn sach A la

recherche des Brou perdus, population montagnarde du Centre Indochinois (Les Cahiers de

PENINSULE No.5 Etudes Orientales, Olizane, 2000); (chu bien) quySn Paroles de

chamanes Paroles d' esprits ~n ban d~c bi~t cua Cahiers de Litterature Orale No.35 Paris,

INALCO, (1994) (bao g6m eli bill viSt cua ong la "Un chant brou a l'esprit auxiliaire", pp

122-176)

vO TH! THANH HUONG (TiSn Sl NMn hQc ngon ngu t~i D~i hQc Toronto, Canada, nam 1997)

hi~n la Pho giao su va Truang phong Ngon ngu hQc ling d\lng, Vi~n Ngon ngu hQc thu9c

Vi~n Khoa hQc Xa h9i Vi~t Nam Quan tam nghien cUu: lich S\l' trong ngon ngu, ngon ngu

va gi&i, van hoa; S\l' biSn d6i ngon ngu, giao tiSp n9i van hoa va xuyen van hoa, chfnh sach

va, kS ho~ch hoa ngon ngu trong giao d\lc M9t s5 tac phclm nhu: 'Lich S\l' va phuong thuc

bieu hi~p tfn~.lich S\l' trong 101 du khiSn tiSng Vi~t", Ngon tir, giOi va nh6m xii lu)i: Tit

thl!c tien tieng Vi?t (Luong Van Hy chu bien), NXB Khoa hQc xa h9i, 2000; "Til khai

xxiv

• • f "d~n v~n de day va hoc ti~ng Vi~t trong nha tlUbng ph6 thong

hi~n nay", T<,tp ch~ ~gon ,: g U, so, V At va nguOi Trung Qu5c hQc tH~ng Vi~t", N gon ngu

-b' to su khong hat long cua ngu01 ay H(

r 9 tr' 32-44 (nam 2009)

so -

't ~ 2006) la nghien cuu vien t~i National

YOSHIMOTO, Yasu 0 len ~l, Nh"t Ban Co quan tam nghien cUu ton giao, t~c ngu01, Museum of Ethnology m ,~ap~n,,, ~ d- " h' ~ ve thuc h~mh ton giao va b':m sac cua xa nghe d~t vai, ph\! n~, ~~U01 dl dan, ~a ~~: ~:~a cu~ co g6m co "Chamuzoku Bani, no h9i nguOi Cham t~l Vlt;:t Nar:n Ba ta~ p u ni t~uite" ~Viec san xu~t va su d\lng vai d~t bang sonraku ni okeru nuno no s~lsan ~o TIhO r B huye~ B~c Blnh, tinh Blnh Thu~n), dang tay t<,ti m9t }ang Cham Bam: T;r~ng B~~k:~~a il{5i vii Win h6a Vi?t Nam), Vol 05/6, pp

166-184, Fukyo-Sha (~O~); at, vIe, D'?;" d t ve nguai Cham a Vi~t Nam) tren t~p cm Soukangou" (ph~m tni tQc ng~01 sva :en f ~ocial Anthropology (2002); va bai "Ba~i no

POPLUS, No.1, pp 44-76, Ko ~ oc~e:: o(Nh- nhom gia dinh va than t9c va Ie h9i

seikatsusyuu an 0, ~ .) d~ t." tap chI Betonamu no Shakai to Bunka a 19 1

va van h6a Vi?t Nam), vo1.3,pp 139-157, Fukyo-Sha (2001)

xxv

Phinl

MOl TRUONG VA KINH TE

l'h6n 1: M6i truollg va killh ti

Cac y kien ling hQ cho IK nhu la mQt hinh thai chinh th6ng cua vi~c t~o ra tri thuc da tranh

v§.n dS nhu bao t6n moi truOng va giam ngheo trong the gi6i dang phat triSn, nhUng giai phap ky

tranh lu~ r5.ng, IK la "mQt ngu6n tM nguyen quan trQng c6 thS h6 trq qua trinh phat triSn rnQt cach co hi~u qua vS m~t chi phf, c6 sv tham gia va bSn vtrng, v.v IK la tri thuc dia phuang - tri thuc dQc nh~t d6i v6i rnQt nSn van h6a ho~c xa hQi v.v : N6la CO' sa cho vi~c dua ra quyet dinh a

dp dia phuang trong nong nghi~p, cham s6c suc kh6e, chuAn bi thuc an, giao d\lc, quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien va la Co' sa cho cac ho~t dQng khac trong cac cQng d6ng nong thon, v.v Tri thuc ban dia c6 gia tri khong nhUng d6i v6i nSn van h6a rna n6 hinh thanh trong d6, rna'con co gia tri d6i v6i cac nha khoa hQc va nhfmg nha l~p kS ho~ch dang het suc nang cao cac diSu ki~n t~i

cac dia phuang" (Warren 1991:1)

a Vi~t Nam, khai ni~m vS IK (tri thuc ban dia) dang ngay cang duQ'c dS c~p den, d~c bi~t khi

n6i vS quan ly moi truang Bai viSt nay se tim hiSu lich sir cac y tuang vS IK a Vi~t Narn, t~p

trung chu ySu van tri thuc truySn th5ng vS moi truang (TEK) Toi cho r&ng phan 100 cac nghien cUu vS IKfTEK chd den hi~n nay a Vi~t Nam chi sir d\lng mQt cach ch9n IQc khai ni~m vS IK nhu mQt ban ch~t [it thay d6i], t~p trung van vi~c gQi ten va phan lo~i [dQng thvc v~t] ho~c vao vi~c

quan ly cac thl nguyen thien nhien qua lu~t wc, rna khong co n6 Ivc dS hiSu the gi6i nh~n thuc lu~n rQng 100 han rna nm do tri thuc ban dia dUQ'c hinh thanh

Trong bhl viSt nay, d6i l~p v6i diSu do toi tIm hiSu rnQt vhl dan tQc thiSu s6 a day nui TruOng San dS chi ra 1a tri thuc ban dia din phai dUQ'c hiSu nhu 1a mQt h~ th6ng ho~c thS gi6i quan hoan chinh bao g6m cac khai ni~m khong chi vS ten dia phuO'ng d~t cho dQng thvc v~t va khong chi cac

h~ phan 1o~i, rna con dn hiSu biSt v6 ton giao, tfn nguang va 1~ nghi, cac khfa qnh cua tri thuc

2

Hi~n d?i va d9ng thai cua truYSn th6ng & Vi~t Nam: Nhfi'ng cach tiep c~n nhan hQc

ban dia truac do khong dmlc quan Him trong bao t6n moi truemg Toi de y d6n vi~c cac dg an bao

t5n thien nhien cua ti\ chirc phi chlnh phil phuong Tay va chfnh phu Viet Nam khOng sir dvng tri

thuc bim dia, dia phucmg va ki6n thuc truYSn th6ng vS moi truemg khi giai thi~u cac lu~t va cac

Mnh Slr mai vS bao t6n vai nguOi dan Truemg Scm trong nhling nam gan day Thay van do, hQ l?i

dga van cac quan diem clla ben ngoai vS cac t~p quan na~ clla cQng d6ng dia phucmg se duQ'c coi

la co thS ch~p nh~n duQ'C va ho?t dQng nao khong the ch~p nh~n duQ'c Vi~c t~p trung nhiSu hQat

d(lng bao t5n va~ mi~n Trung Viet Nam d\Ia tren cac phuong thuc ti€p c~ "khoa hQc", kh6ng

phai la cac phucmg thuc duQ'c xay d\IDg ill tri thuc ban dia

Nhling vi d\l xuyen su6t bill vi6t nay dSu tir cac nghien clru thgc dia duQ'c thgc hi~n tir nam

1996 (y cac dia diem khac nhau Cac dqt diSn da bao g6m gan 3 nam lam lu~n an ti6n s1 tir nam

1999 d€n nfun 2001 t?i cac tlnh Bile tic va Ha Tlnh v~ ca dan tilc thi~u sa vii nguai Kinh di cu,

va mQt dg an nghien clru sau ti6n sy tir nam 7004 d6n nam 2005 vS thay d6i moi truemg trong cac

vung Truemg Scm (Chll y6u (y Quang Tri, Thira Thien Hu6 va Quang Nam) Dg an nay xem xet

cac t~p quan vS moi truemg clla nguOi Kinh va cac ban clla cac dan tQc thieu s6 co moi truemg

rimg nhu nhau Con mQt dg an nua la dg an nghien cuu clla Ngan Mng Th6 giai vS phat trien clla

nguai dan tQc thieu s6 duQ'c thgc hi~n t?i cac tinh f)~c Uc, Ha Giang va Quang Tri vai cac cQng

d6ng dan tQc

1 Tri tlul'c ban dja 1ft gi?

IK, gi6ng nhu nhling c\lm tir "pMt trien bSn vling" ho~c "tang qUYSn clla cQng d6ng", la mQt

thu~t ngfr duQ'c Slr d\lng thuemg xuyen hcm la no duQ'c dinh ngh1a ro MQt dinh ngh1a chinh xac vS

IK la mQt thach thu~, nhung mQt vill nha nghien cuu da c6 g~ng lam diSu do MQt nhom duQ'c Uy

ban Qu6c t6 clla cac Hi~p hQi Khoa hQc, mQt ca quan khoa hQc toan du tri~u t~p, da noi r~ng:

Kiln tlnrc truyin tlu5ng la 1119t klu5i tfch liiy cac kiin thuc, hilu biit, cac t(ip quan va

cac cach diln tk;lt au(Yc duy trl va phat triin hOi nhung can nguOi c6 Itch su lau dai

trang tuang tac (interactian) v6i 1110i trnirllg tl! nhie,l Nhung cach hiiu, ly giid va

cac y nghfa tinh vi nay la 1119t phdn cua l1u)t phuc h? WIn h6a haa g6111 ngon ngi}, ten

i(Ji va cac h? tlu5ng phan l(Jai, cac th6i quen su dl,mg tai nguyen, llnghi, tfn nguong

va tlIi gioi quan v v Tri thuc truyin' tlu5ng t(la cO' sa cha vi?c ra quyit ainh cua

nguOi aia phuang vi nhiiu khfa c(lllh cO' him cua CU9c s6ng hang ngay: scm hdn,

aanh ca, hai IU(J'I11, nong nghi?p va chan nuoi; chudn hi thuc an, hiw t6n va phan

ph6i thue an, xac ainh vi tri, idy nuo'c va dl! tri1' nuac; adu tranh ch6ng l(li h?nh t(it

va thuang vang; giai nghza cac hi?n tu(yng theri tilt va khi tU91lg; san xudt cac cong

Cl,l va qudn aa; xtry dl,lng va haa duang nha a; ainh huang va ai l(li tren adt liin va

hiin; quan ly cac 1116i quan h? sinh thai cua xii h9i va tl! nhien; thich nghi vai cac

thaya6i vi 1110i truimgl xii h9i, v v (ICSU 2002:3)

Do do theo dinh ngma nay, IK b~o g6m mQt s6 100 cac Chll dS va nQi dung clla m6i quan tfun

C\l the trong IInh V\l'c nhan hQc, Chll dS clla hQi thao m\y

o Chilu Au va B~c My, trong IthUng nfun gfur day c6 rilt nhi~u bill vii\! mang tlnh hQc thu~t

v~ IK, NhUng nglllen cUn nay t~p tnmg van cac khia ciUlh kMc nhau ciIa IK, tir tri thuc v~ sinh

thai ap d\lllg cho bao t6n tai nguyen (Berkes & c.s 1998; Berkes & c.s 2000; Colding & Folke

2001; Hunn &c.s 2003), cho d6n cac h~ th6ng phan lo?i d~t (Zimmerer 1994; Winkler-Prins

1999; Barrera-Bassols & Zinck 2003), tri thuc vS thien van hQC va vii t111 hQc (Lewis 1974), cho

3

, k' I te

, A ' truong va III 1

- ) d' l' va dat ten e v A h vUng dat (Rundstrom 199, assn 0

'*) " thS danb cho cae ng , , nh') nha' hoc thuat da d~t van de ve

'A 1 IK co thS bao gom cac ye~ to ra " nhu thuat ngu IK (Agrawa119~?).: ly~

Tuy nhlen, v , A hi 1 hQ'P cua m ' oAt thuat ngfr mang tlnh bao , tral rong tren t~ A A kha~'p cae vling tren tra! dat, de mite dQ I, C1 " hire lruy~n thilng, <iia phua~g nay" 'ac lu6ng nuite Wn dl!i duong, tron~

cac h~ thong In,t , thiYi di<\m san gi\u cho den In~uc vehc l' mol thuill ngil' bi l;un d,!"g va cap den mQI t~u ~ chung khong, neu co? Hay hyu IK \ gc r~ atran'h lua~ r~ng IK co the duQ'c

thue te co , h' h SU Viec A cuNng chi gim han t ' 0 1 h " va ho cung , N ChI' ra rang nhieu n om , kha nang pIa! t IC, " khai niem nhu "tri thuc dla p u?TIg , vS tri thuc hiSu biet (Scott thay thB tot han ;~l c~ dan ioc billl dia, co rn(lt h~, thong quan tJ'Q~" iem IK iy day ca ban vl

' , ' A CUu da tim cach tra 1m cho cau !10~ tre~ [ve Clla cac he thfmg IK Nha

cac bal VIet ve Eli rna ho rfurg trong khi c6 nhiou dang IK ~ang It' nh ~hu quan khac nhau," ong nhan hoc Roy ' : , thuc en c a cac muc " d A khong hoan Chlnh va mang 0 1

tiSp do dua ra mQt so d?c tmh c g , , t A hll'n trid nghi¢m nhat

Tri thue bim ala c6 nguon ~~e tu cac ~:6n tai cac aia phuang aD 1! h~u J et ~

iiinh; chung ii<tllc sinh ra bm ,co" "'&~h6ng q:a' bilt chu:&c va hu&ng ~{jn; l~ ;:t ;;~

;u In mieng ha(ic au(Yc c~uyen graa" J hem ngay va au(Yc cung ca ~; a~

? J.' an he thuc tien trang cU(JC song" g "t 'h thong minh qua nlueu the

." , 16m' la san phdm cua Vl?C su ; ~ kh J

u a mot cht'rng m~re naa

a6 cim triY Sl! phat trzen fl I ,UC h' 'u' ng c6 cac quan J1l?m; tn t lUC an

." d Y trl flAI t uc va c J'l'" t c auac taa ra han aia giup cha Vl?C u , t' lien tuc thay aOl zen l,l , "

~J 'la' kdt qua cua qua flAznh tuang ac N " h hi' nu:it (]i mac dit chung

ci1ng nhu aU(J'c tai san sinh, ~u(Jc a~iX Chung aU(Jc chia S! 6' m9t ~1UC ar) a~

thuang aU(Jc trlnh hay nhu k~ong tha y , ~ nhtmg chUng van aU(Jc f(lP tnmg ~e

han rdt nhiJu sa wyi nga~h sl~h ~ge taan~~~~g tri thuc nay thuon~ na~n r:ang" ca: mat xii h(Ji trang m9 t q~an t~e dan c~'''" viec tach rm gii1'a cac yeu to kY th~9t va

~ th J g'van h6a r(Jng Ian han, Vl V9Y , '" J;1~ kh6 khan (Ellen 2004 truyen an , J J I' tr' va phi If; tri, la n19t van ue

3) .) um biSt dSn clla Arun Agrawa lep 1 t':" tuc tim cach neu b~t m9t so MQt bai t?P chi dUQ'c nhi~u ~~ , nhi).u dang IK khae nhau:

4 Hi~n d?i va d<)ng thai cua truySn th6ng & Viet Naill' Nh - , h ,( ~

" ung cac tIep C?ri nMn hoc

~ ,\gra~al ti~p 1\lc dua ra '1 ki~n dng IK c6 th~ man tinh "

mQt so diem lien quan d~n noi dung v' h I ? tuong phan Vat tn thuc "khoa hoc" a

A grawal va nhUng nguCri khac chUng ta co' th a p uong plap lua A t' t':; _ n Th~ Ol;g qua tranh lu?il cua Ellen

tn t uc "khoa h<;>c" trong bang 1 \I 01 ?P gma tri thuc ban dia va

Bang 1 SI)' d6i I~p giu'a Tri thue ban aja va Khoa hQc

IK

KhoahQc

Truy~n th6ng truyen mi~ng

Duqc tiSp thu thong qua quan sat v' th

hitnh d\Ia tren kinh nghie m a \IC Duqc d1;ly va h<;>c nhu cac khai niem t '

Mang tinh t6ng th~ (holistic)

Mang tinh tf\l'c giac

Dinh tinh

Mang tinh giim h6a (reductionist) Mang tinh phan tich va trim tuqng

Dinh luqng

f)uq~ t1;lo ra bai nhung nguai su dung t'

nguyen (duqc chia se) aI Duqc t1;lo bai cac chuyen gia va chuye~n v' ~

Lich dai

Moi truang la m<)t ph<ln cua xa: h<)iI tam Hnh

La kinh nghi~m t?P th~ va duqc tich lay

D6ng d?i Mang tinh d~ng c~p va duqc cach biet h6a C6 cac 1'1 thuy~t va quy lu?t chung

(Brodnig va Mayer-Schonberger 2000)

2 Nhan hQc voi IK

Cac nh' nh~ h

, , Aa an, QC cling da: tham gia tranh luan ) IK d~ ~ )

nao, lam the nao de "bao t6n" tn' th' b' d' " ve " 1;lC bIttt ve VI~C phan loai n6 nhu theA

an va chinh sach phat tri~n (Posey 1996' 199'9) Th h~ na? e fIch h@ tri thuc nay van cac du

h@I'1:nhanhQCfirlauda:taptrungV'a'oca" kh ,~1;lt.~ m t~ dua IK van trong nhan h<;>c c6 ve l~

Pr h uong M~ Qt bai bao gan day tron ta " h' C aI ruem ve" van oa, t1;lp quan va tri thuc dia ~ h'" ~

tat c~ ki~n thuc nhan hQc v~ ban C:~t'l~ c ~tCur~enht~1nthr~pof~gy (Nhan h(Jc hi?n t(li) da: cho r~g

.1 ",'a cac y thuyet va thuc hanh ' nh'~ h')." , VI an <;>c ve ban chat la d6i

trao doi da van h6a lau da'I:' ~ cua A an <;>c can duqc coi la san phfun nhan thuc luan~ ,

81) Tuy nhien, xem xet ky hon thl ~_ ~ cu~ cac y t uyet va cac tri thuc" (Strang 2006'

ca~ hinI: th~i ki~n thuc khac nhau tao n :g ~~g }hangA ~g~y ca ~en tron~ nhan hQc v~ vi~c t1;lO r~

phan chia gIua tri thuc khoa hoc ph' T~' ~ d~u mOl can thiet cho VI~C xem xct lai nhUng su

, ).' c p an chia gIua cac dang tri thuc huon T~ ,

gIaO la cac hUh Vl,fC c6 lien quan ' h Y en ,n~~len CUll cua MalmowskI coi khoa hoc va C

(Malinowski 1954 [1925]) S ~O'l ~ ~u ~u la fIen th~ cua cac tranh luan v~ tri thu' b' ;n

\I mau t uan cua hQc thuyet nhan hoc d6i v6i 'IK 'thA dC an la

thdy ro nh~t trong tac ph~m cua Levi-Strauss la Tu duy nguyen thuy [The Savage Mindj, tac ph~

nay da: c6 gfu1g giai nghi'a S\I khac hl;au giua cac cach suy nghi' "van, minh" va "nguyen thuy" (Levi-Strauss 1962) ~gay ca khi thuyet nhi nguy~n nhu V?y bi phan doi bai cac nha nhan hQc la nhung nguOi nhin thay duqc gia tri trong vi~c hieu va ghi chep l1;li suy nghi' va hanh d<)ng thai

"nguyen thuy", nhUng nghien cUu nay thuang mang n~ng tfnh dia phuong va it,duqc bi6t d6n ben ngoai buc tuang c\la nganh nhan hQc han lam "Cac nha nhan hQc thuang r~t thich nhin nh?il nhfmg nguai dan dia p~u~g nhu nhung nguCri t?O ra tri thuc ban dia nhu ve vi~c thu nghi~m

trong nong nghi~p, thuyet ve vii t1'\1, va cach chua b~nh, nhung it khi xay ra vi~c tri thuc d6 duqc danh gia cao ben ngoai ph?ro vi dia phuang , N6i m<)t cach khac, nhling nguCri dan dia phuong tao ra cac 1'1 thuy6t dia phuong va nhUng 1'1 thuy6t d6, h~u h6t qua dinh nghi'a, khong phai la nhfmg 1'1 thuy6t c6 tfnh so sanh" (Moore 1996:2) Cac nha nhan hQc ft khi rna r<)ng phan tich cua

hQ v6i cac hinh thai khac cua "tri thuc ban dia", nhu cac h01;lt dQng cua cac nha khoa hQc trong xa: hOi cua chinh ho

NhUng nghien CUu nhu V?y [trong chfnh xa hQi cua cac nha nhan h<;>c] hi~n nay dang'ngay cang duqc th\Ic hi~n bai cac nha nhan h<;>c phe phan cac nguyen t~c khoa hQc cua phuong Tay (Nader 1996; Rabinow 1996) Trong ti6n trlnh nay, trong nganh nhan h<;>c, nguCri ta cang ngay cang chAp nh?n khong chi tinh chinh th6ng cua tri thuc ban dia, rna con ca S\I quan tam d6n gia tri th\Ic

ti~n ella tri thuc nay Th\Ic V?y, m<)t trong nhung vai tro IOn nh~t d6i v6i cac nha nhan hQc ilng d\IDg trong nhUng nlli11 gk day la lam tu v~ ho~c chuyen gia cho cac d\I an phat tri~n, chiu trach nhi~rn trong vi~c tim ra cac cach d~ k6t h@ tri thuc ban dia vao cac n9i dung nhu ngheo d6i va pMt tri~n Ro rang rkg IK da: duqc ap d\illg rQng rai trong cac ph?ro vi pMt tri~n, diSu d6 duqc chUng minh qua vi~c Ngan hang Th6 gi6i da: xu~t ban cU6n sach d~u tien cua hQ v~ IK van nlli11

1998 Ngan hang ti6p 1\lc rna mQt we\Jsite vai kho du li~u v~ IK, bao g6m tri thuc thu th?p duqc vS cac v~ dS trai dai fir quan 1'1 d~t chan nuoi cho dSn thu6c ban dia (Ngan hang Th6 gi6i 2004)

Trong bai vi6t nay, toi d~c bi~t quan tam dSn vi~c su d\IDg IK trong quan 1'1 sinh thai Sv tharn gia cua cac nha nhan hQc trong cac dv an ve moi truang da: tra nen vo cimg ph6 bi6n trong mum nlli11 qua nhfun ap d\illg IK van vi~c bao t6n moi truang S\I quan tam ngay cang cao d6i v6i

-IK trong cac d\I an v~ moi truang thuang duqc g~n v6i S\I gia tang tuong t\I cua m6i quan tam d6n bao t6n d\Ia vao c<)ng d6ng va ldy con nguOi lam trung tam (Gadgil va nhilng tac gia khac 1993; Brosius va nhUng tac gia khac 1998; Dalle va Potvin 2004) IK duqc su d\illg trong vi~c bao t6n thuang duqc gQi la tri thuc sinh thai truySn th6ng (TEK), va nhi~u nha nhan h<;>c va nha khoa h<;>c da: neu ro "gia tri th\Ic tiSn" cua TEK d6i v6i h01;lt d<)ng bao t6n: "Trong mQt tinh hu6ng rna a d6, mQt m~t, du li~u n~n r~t c<ln d~ nang cao nghien CUu sinh thai va xay d\l'llg cac d\I an bao t6n h@ 1'1, m~t khac, du li~u khoa hQc l?i r~t it, TEK c6 th~ mang l?imQt ngu6n thOng tin co ngu6n g6c tir cac ho?t d<)ng quan sat sinh thai dai h?U [cua nguCri ban dia]" (Stave 2007:1472) Trong s6 cac nha nhan hQc moi truang nghien CUu v~ TEK, c6 mQt S\I cam nh?il sau s~c rkg vi

nguai dan dia phuong c6 Ie da: quan 1'1 t6t moi truang cua hQ tir nhi~u th6 ky, cac ca quan quan 1'1 dAt dai cua nha nuac va cac t6 chuc bao t6n cling c6 th~ su dVng TEK d~ quan 1'1 cac ngu6n tai nguyen t6t han va mang tinh bSn vUng hon cho tuang lai (Turner va nhUng tac gia kMc 2000) NhiSu phuang phap ti6p c?il nhan h<;>c d6i v6i TEK da: xudt hi~n truac tien trong cac llnh V\l'C nhu dan t<)c th\Ic V?t hQc (ethnobotany), t?P trung van ten va phan lo?i dia phuong d6i vai d~t dai, th\Ic v?t va dQng v~t (Berlin va nhUng tac gia khac 1973; Berlin 1992) Cac vi dv gk day v~ d?Ug nghien CUu dan t<)c sinh hQc (ethnobiologica1) nay bao g6m nghien CUu v~ cac mang d~t thvc v?t

de xac dinh s6 ten [trong ngon ngu] dia phuong cho cac 10M khac nhau (Stave va tac gia khac 2007), cling nhu cac nghien cUu nhfun xac dinh mQt s6 hQ cac 10m da duqc su dVng thS nao

6 Hi~n d~i va d9ng thai cua truySn th6ng 0' Vi~t Nam: NhU'ng each tiep c~n nMn h9C

(Luoga va nhUng mc gia khac 2000), Tuy nhien, mQt vai nha nhan hQc dff bay to m6i quan tam v€

cac phuong phap tiSp c?n phan lo~i nay d6i vai IK HQ l?p lu?n dl1g "h~u hSt cac ban ke dan tQc

sinh hQc, t?P trung v€ li~t ke, chi d\lng ch~ dSn mQt phk nho tri thuc ban dia v€ sv da d~g sinh

hQc, NhUng khao sat thvc V?t dan tQc hQc mang tinh mo ta thuk my vi~c cac loai thvc V?t duQ'c

su d\lng nhu thS nao cho chung ta biSt dt it v€ sv ho~t dQng cua thS giai tv nhien tir goc nhln ban

dia, co Ie vai gia dinh r~ng ngum ban dia noi chung khong quml tfull dSn cac m6i quan M giua

cac 10M ho~c cac qua trinh sinh thai, ma chi quan tam dSn cac loai hfru ich" (Nabhan 2000: 1288),

Nher co cac y kiSn phe binh nay, cac nghien cuu IK ngay cang kSt n6i cac M philn lo~i va

dan tQc thvc V?t hQc vai cac cau hoi mang tilm nh?il thuc lu?il sau han, ch~ng h~ Imu tri thuc v€

cac m6i quan h~ sinh thai ho~c cac qua trinh sinh thai dM h~ duQ'c san sinh fa nhu thS nao va

chung philn anh cac goc nhln thS giai quan dia phuong nhu thS nao (Mokuku va Mokuku 2004),

Cac nghien Clru nay dff c6 g~ng vuqt ra khoi trQng tfull phful lo~i cua dan tQc thvc V?t hQc, va nhin

nh?n TEK la mQt h~ th6ng tri thuc quy mo tbng th~, thay vi chi la mQt d~ng philn lo~i va d~t ten

[cho cac 10M trong] thS giai [thvc V?t]; cac vi d\I v€ cac nghien Clru tbng hQ'P hon v€ TEK dff t?P

trung vao cac chu d€ nlm xac dinh m6i quan h~ nhan qua trong thay dbi moi truang va tim hiSu tri

thuc v€ cac khai ni~m sinh thai din ban (Berkes va nhfrng tac gia khac 1998), Vi d\l, trong mQt

nghien Clru vai ngum Turkana t~i Kenya, tri thuc ban dia v€ sv pMt tan diy trong tiSn trinh tim an

cua loai voi dff dem l~i y tuong mai cho mQt nhom cac Ima tlwc V?t hQc la nhung ngum khong

biSt duQ'c hi~n tuQ'llg nay (Stave & c,s, 2007), MQt nghien Clru khac v€ nllung ngum chan gia suc

dan tQc Himba (y Nmnibia dff phcit hi~n ra tri thue cua hQ v€ cac ki~u mua va h~n han hoan toan

hung khap vai cac du li~u "khoa hQc" do cac tr~m klli tuQ'llg thu th?p duQ'c, di€u do chi ra r~ng

TEK co th~ dUQ'e su d\lng d~ thay thS mQt cach co hi~u qua va 1t t6n kem cho vi~c thea doi quan

tr~c ky thu?t v€ sv thay dbi cua moi truerng (Bollig va Schulte 1999),

Nhu cac vi d\l (y tren eho th&y, vi~e quang ba IK trong phcit tri~n va thvc hanh bao v~ moi

truang trong mQt v~i nam g~n day dff co mQt xu huang mang tinh thvc tS cao, t?P trung vao vi~c

lam thS nao d~ IKiTEK co th~ h6 trQ' cac tb chuc bao t6n ho~c cae dv an phat tri~n, Nhi€u nha

nghien Clru dff phe phan vi~c lam nay dff nh&n m~nh qua nhi€u vao ban eh&t [cua IK], tach IK ra

khoi b6i ccinh nh?il thuc dia phuang cua chUng va c6 g~ng chuy~n IK thanh mQt be> cac giai phap

co th~ duQ'c g~ vao vO'i ho~t dQng truy~n th6ng trong cong tac phcit tri~n (Nadasdy 1999, Nygren

1999; Briggs 2005), Vi~c "chQn Iva" tri thuc ban dia d~ ap d\lllg vao cac dv an C\l th~ thuang tach

IK ra khoi b6i canh [C\l th~ cua IK] va l&y di cua tri thuc ban dia cai phong phu v€ 9 nghI'a cua no,

Ngum ta dff nh&n m~nh vao kinh nghi~m Iu?n va tri thuc thvc ti~n thay vi vao nh?n thuc lu?ilva

h~ gia tri dia phuong (Briggs 2005), Vi~c tach IK ra khOi b6i canh C\l th~ cua no co th~ duQ'c th&y

ro trong website v€ IK cua Ngan hang ThS giO'i dff duQ'c d€ C?P (y tren, Nhfrng lo~i li~t ke va cac

ho~t dQng chuy~n giao cua Ngan hang ThS giO'i va nhfrng ca quan phat tri~n khac cling t~o nen

mQt cach nhln nh?n v€ IK nhu tri thuc mang HIm ch&t tInh chu khong phili la kiSn thuc duQ'c lien

tl;Ic san sinh va tai san sinh tuy thea cac nhu du va sv thay dbi cua cac nhu du nay trong cQng

d6ng, Vi~c bao t6n lo~i tri thuc thea ki~u tach no ra khoi moi truang cua no duQ'c xem nhu la co

v&n d€ (Semali & Kincheloe 1999; Agrawal 2002),

3 Bim luan v~ tri thrrc ban dia 0' Viet Nam

Khong ro r~ng thu?t ngu IK (thuang duQ'c dich ra la "tri thue him ilia", doi khi con gQi la "tri

thue truy§n th6ng") duQ'c su d\lllg lk d~u tien (y Vi~t Nmn khi nao, nhung mQt vai vi~n va nha

nghien Clru dff su d\lllg tlmang xuyen thu?t ngu nay vao giua nhfrng nam 90 (Le TrQng Cuc

1998), Tuy nhien, truac do, cac nha nhan hQc va dan tQc hQc (y Vi~t Nmn dff thmn gia vao cac

- ) nh h kho" ng' goi no la tri thuc ban dia, Cac h~ th6ng tri thuc duQ'c tim hi~u

ng len c , ' d " l' thanA thoai truyen tlmyet, truy((n truyen au, u~ \Ic, v,v ,

va t u twp 7< HA 'K' 1994' Ngo Duc Thinh 1996), Di nguQ'c sau on tra ~ qua u, Duc Thim: 1992~ Do, ~~g to~ chi c~a cac nha truy€n giao va bQ ph?n quan dQi trong c,ac thm ~y

chung ta cung thaI' cac han ; nhiA tho"ng tl'n veA IK mac dil chUng khong duQ'c gQl nhu , , h'''n tran co eu , , 'A v~y

thuQC dta va c Ie / 'A hien Clru cua Vien Ngon ngfr Mila He t~i khu V\l'C filen trung (Michaud 2004), VI dr nh~,n;~eu~f' t nh ch6ng My dff co chu Y to'i cac chu d€ thuQ~ IK, ba?

T~'UCrng, ~ml !rong ~u~t ~a~ruYh~c :nr~ia (Jennings 1980); thu?t ghi chep su va truyen thuyet gom, thie~ van hQc va 1976' 'c bb '1980)' va Iwit tuc va lu?t clUM thong (Gregerson 1980), truyen kh~u O?loo,d: c',S: A d~y ~ua~xu&t b~n dua 'va~ viec thu th?p cac lu?t tl,lc coua cac nho~

Co m"Qt so ~uon sac ~m~~e~': khi hoi'thao do Quy Ford va Vi~n Dan tQc hQc duQ'c to chuc ~ D~c dful tQc khac nhau, d~c h; dA , (N' "Du' c Thinh 1999b' a), Cac tap chi Vi~t Nam nhu Dan tQc

Lac vao nmn hoc Vietnam SocIal SCIences, va ong ng 11(( " , N" 1 '''p va Phat trien Nong thon cling xuat an cac a!

, ' " 1'" , ' g Hmg ve IK

" , ' / h f Sp can crunh chiSm uu the trong kllOi lUQ'ng un lyU ngay can ~ '" , "

Mot cach tiSp c?n t?P tlUng vao vi~c SUll tmn ca: ten, ta p ~an~~m dSn kSt wi Ii c~c d~ sach cay' sir dung lam thu6c va thuQc tfnh cua nhfrnl? cay nay, th~ong, T A Thq, " An 2005) Cac

" , " f , " t ' cu the (HuYlm Van Keo & ran l((n ' cua mQt so c~c ~ay ~~u~c a:nQ ~1~ d' h khac nhau va cac hinh thai da d~g gien do nghien Clru ve cac lOa! cay no~g n~ ll((~A ta l ~on~ _ _ I' mot chu d€ cua mot vai nghien Clru " d" d' h g va cac dan toc thleu so nanl gm cung a , , ' , , , , A, ngum ml ta p uon ,~ 7< Thi N Hue va nhfrng tac gta ' / " kh / 2005) trong do co cac nghien CUll ve cac ac , , gan day (Nptlyen ~Qc ~ " , A d ' ba v€ mat kinh tS nhu cM "Shan" ho~c "ga

lo~i san phfull nong 12gl11((P d~c ~an codt)h eN;?c qua~~" lru v~ cac hoat dong nong nghi~p ho~c

den Hmong" (Nguyen Hinh Mmh n, '~ "mng ng, ~en c A ," rfr coo la mot nhfrng giai phap ky thu?t dia phuang v~ nong n~hi((p MU7< ve ~uay v::; ;~~g Y g , chu d~ phb biSn (D6 Dinh Sfun 2002;' Tran Sy Hal & Nguyen Huu Th '

V 7< , 'nhun-g nghien Clru khac khong chi t?P trung vao tri thuc ban dia co th~ s~ d~ng

trong ~hat :ri~~~ nh~g ~~i t!p ,t~ng vao c~c : : I~h:,((~ :UJ~an~;:;hl~~cs6) (N'go D~c Thinh dem den mQt hieu blet ve the glOl,quan (phan h D~ Nh"t 1999) Tuy nhien nhieu trong 1996; 1998; Ngo Duc Thinh & Canl TrQng 19?9;,P an " an¥ '" ~ r h~ nao dS nhUng Iuat MU nhfrng nghien Clru nay khong cho chung ta mQt cam nh~n ;~ V~((C :mdteA duong dai nhu th~ nao,

V?y tiep ,tl;Ic thay doi qU~"t m, gl

IanK v~ c _~, nh~ Ia mot dm1h muc cac tan tich cua qua ~u,

Nguy hiem Ia nhung nghien CUll nay se t xe~, A' f :., ~ ck duac bao ton r&t it lien quan vo'i hi~n t~i ho~c bi xem nhd~ IHa ,~ac t~y~nnthghiO~e"gn tclUll~ c1~n;e th6ng hon v~ toan

, " h"' l' "I "n thay 01 Iem co cac , nguyen v((n chu khong p al a cm uo A ' , A f ~ , " " hien Clru ta trung vao

bo nhan thuc luan cua IK trong cac cQng dong thi~u so, d~c bl((~ ~a cac ng

h, , ,'Paf do" pha't

viec su dung tri thuc ban dia dang thay dOl trong ol can a ' M nh Q " 2006) Toi

tri~n kinh tS (y nhi€u vling cao nguyen (Bili Xuan ,!,ruang 1 ~99; Hoang ~ uan '

N1~un n hien Clru v€ IK khong giO'ih~ ~ moi tru~ng han.!, lfull (YA Vi~t ~mn, Thvc V?y,.~Qt ~o nhUng n6 file ~&m nh&t thllc dii~ quan, tam ;:hieu, han :~ ~~ ~i::g ~~"';,;~i=U::~~: ~:

t?P trung vao phat trien ho~c, cac" ~V, an ~ol truon:~c Lfull n hie (FSI), Mot trong nhUng dV an moi truang) thuQc DHQG Ha N,QI va Vl((n ??a " g ,.P "t thanh t6 uan trong cua ho~t

phcit tri~n duQ'c tai trQ' d~u tien de t?P trung ro rang vao IK ~u la ~? Clru pha~ triSn 'qu6c t~ cua dQng moi truerng l~i la mQt dy an, du?c I~Rd~ (T:u~~ ta~'tn;,l~nnong nghiep mi~n nm (y Vi~t

Canada) va Quy Ford tai trQ' ve ''Tn thuc ban ta va VI((C pane ,

8 Hi~n d~i va d9ng thai ella truy~n th6ng o· Vi~t Nam:,NhU'ng each tiSp e~n nban hQe

Nam" do TS Hoang Xuan Ty a FSI Utm chu nhi~m DV an nay nhfun tim hiSu "kh6i tri thuc ban

dia da dang dong vai tro quan tn;mg trong vi~c huOOg dfu1 cac ho~t dQng nong nghi~p va chi~n lu9'c

si~ t6n'cua hQ", va dS dua ra "cac khuy~n nghi lien quan d~n bao t6n va phat triSn tri thuc ban dia

hien tai va nang cao ung d\lng hqp ly cua chUng trong d6ng ruQng" (Hoang Xuan Ty 1998; To

Lhm &, Hoang Xuan Ty 2001) CQng d6ng cac nha tai tr9' ti~p wc phat triSn y wang v~ IK trong

cac dv an phat triSn Thvc v~y, phk Ion cac vi d\l v~ IK a Vi~t Nam du9'c tim th~y trong nhi~ucO'

sa du li~u Internet chinh do cac dv an du9'c tai trq dua len, nhu cac qui dinh v~ lam nghi~p cQng

d6ng cua ngum Thai du9'c tim hiSu bm dV an Phat triSn Lam nghi~p Xff hQi song 8a cua GTZ

(Anon n.d.) Nha t:ii trq ~p hung nhi~u vao IK nh~m dS hiSu du9'c cac qui diM va truy~n th6ng

("lu~t")·cua cQng d6ng rna ngum ta co thS thu tMp va Slr dl,lllg nhu la cac cong C\l dS l~p k~ ho~ch

trong lam nghi~p cQng d6ng dia phuang va cac k~ ho~ch Slr dl,lllg t:ii nguyen khac (86 8inh Sam

2002; Morris & c.s 2002) Ti~p c~n nay d6i v6i IK co thS du9'c xem chu y~u la mQt h~ phan lo~i,

vi no tham gia vao vi~c li~t ke cac qui dinh ho~c qui t~c rna du6ng nhu thich hqp v6i nhfrng gi rna

dv an tai tr9' dang ling hQ Nhu toi dff luu y a tren, trong gi6i hQc gia phuO'ng Tay, kiSu ti~p c~ li~t

ke nay d6i v6i IK bi phe phan vi da tach IK ra khoi b6i canh cua n6 (Briggs 2005)

Tuy nhien, nhfrng ti~p c~n nhu v~y co thS du9'c xem la ti~n bQ khi du9'c so saM v6i vi~c

nhi~u chinh sach cua chinh phu da coi nhy IK dia phuang Ta chi ck nhin vao cac chinh sach da

c6 tir Iau nh~m xoa bo nong nghi~p nuang r~y nhu la mQt vi d\l v~ vi~c thi~u sv ch~p nh~ thoi

quen, tri thuc va m6i quan tam dia phuang (McElwee 2004) MQt bfuIg chUng nua v~·vi~c thi~u

sv chu y cua chinh phu d6i v6i IK co thS th~y trong cac hanh dQng cua chinh phu Vi~t Nam trong

vi~c hoan thanh cac nghla V\l cua mQt qu6c gia kY vao Cong uac v~ da d~g sinh hye (CBD),

cong uac nay xac dinh IK phai du9'c xem nhu la mQt thanh t6 quan trQng cua vi~c bao t6n moi

tlU6ng a cac nuac ky k~t (8i~u 80) cua Cong uac) T~t ca cac nuac ky Cong uac phai trinh cac

bao cao thu6ng xuyen v~ vi~c thvc hi~n CBD cua hQ va tra 1m cac diu hoi v~ cac ph~n khac nhau

cua CBD du9'c thvc hi~n cho d~n hi~n nay nhu th~ nao Vi d\l, m~u bao cao hoi cac nuac v~ li~u

hQ Oa thvc hi~n cae bi~n phap dS nang cao va cung c6 nang lvc cua cQng d6ng ban dia va dia

phuang trong vi~c tham gia hi~u qua vao vi~c quy~t dinh c6 lien quan d~n Slr dl,lllg tri thuc truy~n

th6ng cua hQ, nhfrng d6i m6i va ho~t dQng c6 lien quan d~n vi~c bao t6n va Slr dl,lllg b~n vfrng da

d~g sinh hQc Bao cao mai nh~t cua Vi~t Nam v6i CBD khfuIg dinh rfuIg chi mQt vai nghien CUu

"nho, khong c6 tfnh M th6ng" v~ IK du9'c thvc hi~n, trich dfu1 cac nghien CUu du9'c tai tr9' nuac

ngoai nhu cua TS Hoang Xuan Ty va nhfrng ngm'yi khac Them vao do, ti~p c~ kiSu len danh

sach m\lc I\lc v~ IK chi~m uu th~, va vi~c thi~u hiSu bi~t v~ IK nhu la mQt ngu6n tri thuc co h~

th6ng, co thS du9'c th~y 1'5 rang trong vi~c tra 1m d.u hoi, "8~t nuac b~ co tr9' giup cac cQng

d6ng ban dia va dia phuang thvc hi~n cac nghien CUu thvc dia dS xac dinh tinh tr~g, xu hUOOg

va nhfrng m6i de dQa lien quan d~n tri thuc, nhfrng sang t~o va cac ho~t dQng cua cQng d6ng dia

phuang va dan tQc khong?"; va Vi~t Nam dff tra lai "Nhi~u nghien cUu du9'c thvc hi~n v6i cac

gi6ng lua, cac cay c6 cu; cac cay thu6c, cac city an qua c\l thS nhu cam, bum." (C\lC Bao v~ Moi

tlU6ng 2006) Vi~c nh~p IK vao ki~n thuc k5' thu~t va h~ phan lo~i thvc v~t la diSn hinh cho cach

phukhac

4 Sfr d\mg va sfr d\mg sai I~ trong vi~c bao tan 0' Vi~t Nam

Bay gia toi muf>n d~ c~p d~n cac vi d\l C\I thS v~ vi~c IK du9'c Slr dl,lllg va Slr dl,lllg sai nhu th~

nao, d~c bi~t trong ho~t dQng bao t6n moi tru6ng Khu Vl,l'C trQng tam cua toi la mi~n Trung

1: M6i

, , A/'" tam v~ bao t6n trong nhfrng nam gful day Sv chu y

SO'll, mQt la 1 " " h ' 'nhung nam 1990, mQt Val lOa! t u co vu mm rna

nay b~t nguon p an ; t' hu Sao 1a (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) MQt ,a! rong ~p ~A

trUac do khoa hQc chua m:eu "a, n nhfrng kham pM v6 cac Ioai, dua ra y kien Ia vimg mIen Nature [Thien nhien] li~t ke mQtd~ond~ A a~t sinh vat 1a nm rna cac 10ai nguyen sinh dff tuy~t

nui cua Vi~t am am , ' , h;( / " t d~n cu6i th~ k5' XX" (Groves va n ung ac gm

chung tU Iau a, :rug 200 trieu do-la giup dO' bao ton cac dQng v~t ?ru;g ~;ra cac , khac 1997) Tu nam 1995, han " " k~t giup Viet Nam va rat nhleu khu bao

d- d cac nha tal tra nuac ngoa! cam ' anh 1" , h A bao t6n (KBT) a ~~c 1" thuoc B6 Nong nghiep va Phat triSn Nong thon th', ~p, vm~.~

t6n m6i du9'c C\lc,Kie~ a.n: 'A' Tru6n 'San duO'c thanh l~p tir 1998 den ~oo~ }e~

Ian cac khu bao ton ~m t~l ml~n ~~g cac Ia! tlUang ~ua tinh va cac cong ty che, bien go co trong s6 cac khu bao ton ~o t:u ac

kh' bao t6n cling co nghla la se ~ong con cac

ho~t dong khai thac nao trong do, ke c,a ca~ ho~t

do~g c~a cQng d6ng dia ~huang nhu l~ kh~l th~c

x o"ng nghiep san ban va thu nh~t cac san

phfunrUng

Tuy nhien, khi cac khu bao t~n nay du?c thi~t l~p, nguai ta it ho~c kh~ng :~p, trung v~o " xem nhfrng nh6m dan nao da su dl,lllg cac Vlec An tai nguyen rung nay va Q co e., l h 'th;( b' aM

huang ra sao bm cac no lvc bao to~ e~ "

vuc cua mi6n Trung Truang ,San, ill xua la qu:

' " hi" "bao gom ca huang cua nhieu ~an tQc t eu so, , " ,

" BruNan Kieu Pa col Pa Hy/ Ta 01, ya

sir dl,lllg dS canh tac nuO'ng ray, clin~ nh~ bl ~~n

chS trong vi~c thu nh~t va Slr dl,lllg "cac s~n pham rung nhu g6, cui, la CQ, may, va dQng v~t h~~g

dff C\l thS a day toi se ban lu~ hai trong ~o c~c

khu bao t6n thien nhien m6i Ii Khu Bao ton thien nhien song Thanh a phia Tay Q~an~ Na:n

va Khu Bao t6n thien nhien Dakrong 0' phia Tay , Kh bao tBn Dakrong va song Thanh

hanh la vao nam 2000 va bao gom 93,249 a Khu Bao t6n thien nhien song T~anh ~u9'C : " p N Giang va Phuac San cua Quang vimg 15i va 108,398 ha VUng d~m, nat? t~en ~m ~U~y~ ; : nhu cha va chan do (Pygathrix

Nam Khu Bao t6n du9'c thanh l~p de bao Vy cac oat ~"b' ve luu vuc song Thu B6n va

Vu Gia d 9uang q, u a , hinh thanh lap khu bao t6n nay la vi~c tai phat hi~n o,at ~a

trinn vling dat rQng 40,526 ha Ly ~o c, ~ 6 lk nhin th~y cu6i cung loai chim nay la vao loi lam Edwm'ds (Lopl~ura e~Wa;dST! v~o n~ 19~A' b~ co dong song Dakrong (Th~ch Han) nam 1929 Khu Bao ton phan 100 la nmg vung ong ang

10

chay qua a ca hai Khu Bao t6n nay, t~t ca cac khu V\l'c co rung bao phu ~~m trong ranh gi&i cua

Khu Bao t6n dc3u khong con la vling dat rna nguOi dan dja phuang co the ra vao tv do ho~c hgp

phap, va can b<) kiem lam tang cuang ho?t d<)ng nh~m b~t tuan thea cac quy ch~ cua khu bao t6n

Cac t6 chuc bao t6n dugc nu&c ngoai tai trg co anh huang quan trQng trong vi~c l?p 1u?n vc3

nhu du dn bao v~ nhung Khu Bao t6n mm nay Nhfrng t6 chuc nay thi~t l?p nen cac d\I an bao

t6n trong khu V\l'c trong nhfrng nam gan day de giup dong gop vao vi~c quan 19 cac khu bao t6n

thien nhien mm va de dam bao ch~c' han k~t qua cua vi~c bao t6n da d?ng sinh hQc trong vung

Truang Son Quy Bao v~ d<)ng V?t hoang da (WWF), Quy Moi truang toan cau (GEF), T6 chuc

Chim qu&c t~ (Birdlife International), USAID, O,lc Kiem Lam My (US Fish and Wifelife

Service), va Quy MacArthur la nhfrng nha tai trg 100 nhfrt cho cac dl,1' an nay cho d~n nay Cac d\I

an nay bao g6m:

It Danh gia cac m&i de dQa a Khu Bao t6n Dakrong va Song Thanh dugc thl,1'c hi~n bai cac

nha tu vfrn chu y~u co ki~n thuc vc3 lam nghi~p va sinh hQc (Le Nh6 Nam & c.s 2003),

cu5i cimg aua ra cac ke ho~ch qruin Iy mm aGn niim 2010 cho eli hai khu boo tan (U

TrQng Trai & Richardson 1999; Le Nh6 Nam & c.s 2004);

It M<)t d\I an gQi la "Himh lang xanh: bao ton cac ml;Jc tieu bao ton toan cdu trong nu)t sinh

canh phong phu" do WWF thl,1'c hi~n (tai trg b6'i GEF) de bao v~ va duy tri cac khu rirng

giau tinh da d?ng sinh hQc cua Thira Thien - Hu~ thong qua cac k~ ho?ch khoanh vUng

bao t6n va gQi la "th6a thU?n bao t6n co S\I tham gia [cua nguOi dan]" (Averyanov & c.s

2006)

• M<)t d\I an vc3 "Bao t6n cac vUng chim quan trQng a Dong Duang: Cung c& cac nhom h6

trg hi~n truang de bao t6n da d?llg sinh hQc thi~t y~u" do t6 chuc Chim qu&c t~ (Birdlife

International) th\Ic hi~n vm Sl,1' tai trg cua Quy MacArthur T6 chuc nay da co m<)t vai bao

cao v~ cac mdi ae dQ' a5i vm khu boo tan fJakrong noi riling (Nguyen Thj Luang Duyen

va nhfrng tac gia khac 2003)

It D\I an "Sang ki~n Trung Truang Son" cua WWF thi~t l?p quy ho?ch vling sinh thai trong

khu V\l'c Truang San va "xay dl,1'llg m&i quan h~ h9P tac cua m<)t chu6i cac t6 chuc co

quan tam - ill cac c<)ng d6ng dja phuang tm cac t6 chuc qu&c t~ _ cUng lam vi~c vm nhau

ail darn bao boo t6n aa d?1lg sinh h9c va pMt triiln b~n vfrng" (Nguyen Lam Thanh 2003;

Tordoff va cac tac gia khac 2003; Villemain va cac tac gia khac 2003); dic3u nay dfu1 d~n

vi~c xay dl,1'llg Ki hO(lch hanh a(Jng bao t6n TruOng Son, m<)t k~ ho?ch dugc Chinh phu

thong qua vc3 m~t phap 19 de dic3u ph&i vi~c bao t6n trong khu V\l'c Truang Son;

It MQt dl,1' an vc3 Quan If; cac Khu Vl;J'C chiin ht(fc cho bao t6n tich h9P (MOSAIC) de "bao

v~cac khu rUng va con song co 9 nghi'a bao t6n toan du a tinh Quang Nam, de dugc

quan 19 thea cach gill' vfrng dugc cac gia trj vc3 moi truang, kinh t~ va xa h<)i cua da d?llg

sinh hQc cua vUng mic3n Trung Truang Son cho cac th~ h~ tuong lai" D\I an nay bao g6m

nang cao nang l\Ic cua cac c<)ng d6ng va chinh qUYc3n dja phuang de l?p k~ ho?ch, quan 19

va giam sat tai nguyen thien nhien nh~m dem l?i lqi fch cho bao t6n va phat trien bc3n

vfrng (Hardcastle 2002; Dudley 2006)

M(!c du c6 nhi~u d\l 00 bito tan au9'C t?O ra trong niim niim qua iJ miiln Trung TruOng San,

vim con thi~u m(lt cach aoog ng?c nhien vi~c cM y aen cac milu ki~n xii h(li mit cac d\lan bao t6n

nay aang ho~t a(lng va co rilt it fuong tin ve cac c(lng a6ng chju itnh huOng D\l 00 "Sang kien

Trung Truang Son" cua WWF la m<)t d\I an mang tinh t6ng quan da h9P d6ng de co m<)t vai bao

A ' va kinh d

'nh' h v vanf Aa- su dung nit it thm glan a c~c cQ

1hi ~n cac a lU U , 'nl ~ , ,

, A - hoi cua klm Vl,1'c; tuy 1 e ~,f l' ~ tir tinh va huyen ve kI 1 te va san

ve kinh te xa ; dua qua nhic3u vao vi~c tIm th~p cac ~~ I~Ut ' khu vuc ba~ t6n (Baker & C.s

11

!a , h' ~ C,'1'1l tan goc dm song cac , , " kh' 2003) Viec khM quat hoa trong

';'f h lang len uu • , , 'c tac gIa ac ' , XAat, on 'X Lam Thanh 2003; Villemam v~ cah l' f

t thOng thuang, vi dl,1, m<)t bao cao 1000; Ng~yen, khi dam luan v6 nguOi dan dla p uang a ra

~ h hap da dang, tuy vao n om , ,( , kh A h) co eidu Cae hO(lt d9 n g t(lO t ~ n " ,''(m tim mac, t~t' cLing t~t' cap, va ong e ~

ha)n lo'n cac hO(lt d9ng l(lz don gl, u' ~ t _ ;10"Z' h(mg hoa dU(Jc th~t'c hu;n qu~

l cila viec sim xuat hang oa , ;, 'h" 1 'va' he th6ng gia tucin theo U(lt a

sd- d~ng h? thOng tr~o ~l a~g ~o tieu nhitu han muc tim nhqp cua It? cho ,Plef'

thanh van Nguo'i dan co;u ~~ea~g, '~c thif cung Trit ca dieu nay gop phcrn vao

v • ~t la vao cac ngay Ie h9Z va vao VI?

aoc ~~ hilng nam, (Nguyin Lam Thanh 2003:36), , ,

' ' h ' I K duac th~ hi~n thong qua cac Ie hQI va t a cung Trong truang 9P nay, ,-

J f hat tri~n kinh te trong khu Vl,l'C

H nua ngay ca khi tri thuc ban dia ~,uqcc, chu ~ denkhitI.o~:c ~o~ dan t<)c thi~u s6 co the

an " ' h ' glac rang hong f ,~ , d g

WF va cac to chuc khac c 0 ~am " uan trong lien quan den VHtC su , ~

:~ W uii khu co tri thUc boo di~ va c:c qm ta,c dia ~'!~, cilng'nhu cac cbJ~h s~c~ x~ b~ c,":

" g g, fum kY hqp tAc x1i va guyet d!nh tu ~ap, , , ' doo toc !hieu so co 10 ho~c b!

~:pll!~~~~e tin", da iam cho ph~ Ion ~ac ~r,uYt ~n htho~~a~~~~:~~o t6n cac tac gia cua m<)t bao

suy thoM hoan toan va VI : f

~ ,( I' I' mot don vi xCi h(Ji quan tr9n~ n a _ , , , ,

Trong xCi h(Ji truyen thong, qng ~ ~' Hot d6ng lang, bao gam nh~mg ngum gz~

ban dia s6ng t1-on? cac ~hu, v~t'~ dz~~ ~:an ~a dU'a ra quyit dtnh v€ vi¢c lang s~u khz nhrit, co uy tin nhat va ~.o ~l thuc,,: a~n khitc Hoi a6ng nay ding se l(lp nen c~c ~~y

tham khao kY luang WII cac n~:l da h' ~ khd~ va nhfmg quy€n h;ri ra rang gan lze~ dinh truy€n th6ng vOi cac hinh p ,,(It, n~ z~n: anh tac nU'O'ng rdy, san bdn va lU(Jm l(lt

' " A h·A

cu the la ve Vlec c , h' I an vai tai nguyen thzen n zen, ' - _ ' ;1' h na'y duO'c tdt ca dan lang t ao u,

cac nhom dan t(Jc 6' wing Trung Tn:O'~~ O'~ , hoc duO'c tir nguifi Kinh, Val tro

h'uy€n thOng cila h9 cung VO'l m 9 " ~ tho,(ng dan biphai nh(lt do thleU tin

va tdm quan tr9y!g cila,( ca~ 9 Z ~~ cila lang va do Sl;t' hi¢l1 di¢n cila chinh quyen n a h9P phap khi giai q~yet c~c ;~Z?~ it nhfmg tac gia khac 2003:31)

nuac 6' trit ca cac cap (Huyn l lU a v ,

~ ' h trong hoat d(Jng bao ton Hi€u bilt co t(llh chon lac ve ala p l l a n g , , ' d ' r c hoc vB

' A A kinh te xa hoi cung nhu cac bao cao an Q A , B§.t chfrp viec thieu cac so 1i~u C\l th~ ve da'dan a vting Truang San, nhieu dV ~ , h tuc v~ van hoa cua cac c<)r:g dong dla phu~g h~l&n tir nam 2000 Du 1il cae dl,1' an

va t6 .~ chlr~ thl,1'c hi~n ~l,1' a~ co q~l n; h~n vao viec bao t6n da d?llg sinh hQc, c U yeu b'o ve~ khu bao ton va do do gop p

12 Hi~n d1;li va dong thai eua truy&n th6ng (] Vi~t N;lm: Nhfrng eaeh tiSp e~n nMn hQe

vi~c tim cac cach giam vi~c phv thu9C van rUng cua cac c9ng ?6ng dia p~uong va khuyen khi~h

ca.c c9ng d6ng ton trQng va d6ng g6p van vi~c bao v~ khu bao ton Cach tiep ~~ cO' ban cua nhieu

du an la lam cho ngmJi dan dia phuong tham gia van va "tin" van y wemg rang hQ khong can c6

thS S11 dung cac khu bao t6n dS san xu~t va san b~n nua Nhfun d?t duQ'c mvc tieu nay, cac t6 chuc

bao t6n ho?t d9ng dS "nang cao nh~ thuc" v€ bao t6n da d?Ug sinh hQc thong qua giao d\lc moi

truOng, ap phich, cac bu6i hQp c9ng d6ng va cac hinh thuc khac, cUng v61 m9t vai mo hinh don

gian giilp phat triSn kinh te h9 gia dinh nhfun thay the cho thu nh~p dff m~t do vi~c phan ranh gi61

khu bao t6n

M9t tiep c~n diSn hinh c6 thS nh~ th~y trong dV an MOSAIC t?i Quang Nam, dV an nay chu

y nhi€u tai khu bao t6n Song Thanh nhu la m9t diSm then ch6t cho bao t6n da d?ng sinh hQc

Trong vi~c "Dcinh gia nhu c&u bao t6n" vai nguo'i dan ban dia a khu V\!C song Thanh (chu yeu la

nguai Ka Tu), WWF dff luu y r~g c&n t~p trung VaD cac nhi~m V\l nhu thiet l~p "nh6m giao d\lc

bao ton va tiep c~n c9ng dong" t?i khu bao ton, thiet l~p "cac nh6m bao v~ thon ban" de loi cuon

cac c9ng d$ng dia phuong chu khong chi nhfrng can b9 kiSm Him van vi~c cling c6 cac dUOng

ranh gi61 cua khu bao t6n, tang vi~c giao d~t cho c9ng d6ng a vilng d~m (m~c du khong phai la

d&t rUng phong phil hi~n nay nfun trong khu bao t6n), va "thoa thu~n v€ huong uac cua c9

ng d6ng" (U Nho Nam va cac tac gia khac 2003; Dudley 2006) Ho?t d9ng cu6i nay c6 ve nhu la

m9t c6 g~ng b~t chuac huang u6'c cua ngum Kinh (khe uac lang/C9ng d6ng) dff duQ'c lu~t phap

nM nuac ung h9 trong nhfrng nam g~n day, rna khong dS y t61 lu~t t1,1c rieng cua ngmJi dan Ka Tu

-ho~c Van Ki€u va vi~c nhfrng lu~t t\lc d6 c6 thS khac v61 hinh thuc va n9i dung cua "huong uac"

DS thu tMp cac s6 li~u c~ thiet dS d€ xu~t cac "thoa thu{in c(ing tl6ng vi 'huang u6'c 'JJ, cac

nh6m kiSm lam dff duQ'c C11 den cac lang ban xung quanh khu bao t6n song Thanh dS thu th~p cac

thOng tin cO' ban v€ "m9t vai t~p quan chfnh" cua m6i m9t ban, c6 Ie dS xem li~u cac thoa thu~

kiSu "huang u6'c" c6 can t6n t?i va co thS hfru fch cho cac dv an bao t6n hay khong Cac nh6m

nay dff yeu c&u cac truemg ban li~t kS cac "t~p quan chfnh" Cac can b9 kiSm Him thvc hi~n phieu

di€u tra dff chia se "ai toi nhfrng cau tra lui cua cac ban Ka Tu nhu "t?i cac l~ cuai, chung toi c6

c6ng chi eng, thit bo va lqn" va "chung toi c61~ dam trau van V\l thu ho?ch lua" (thong tin thu tMp

duQ'c chi c6 the, vi ph~ dS ghi l?i "cac t~p quan chfnh" trong phieu di€u tra qua nho) Nh6m can

b9 kiSm lam sau d6 dff hoi truemg ban v€ vi~c "c6 b~t ky lu~t t\lc na~ can t6n t?i a trong ban

khong?" L?i m9t l~ nua, cac cau tra 1m r~t cO' ban, va bao g6m nhfrng di€u nhu: "ChUng toi c6

cac lu~t t\lc v€ lam my khong hon thu, thea lu~t d6 thi ban se tim hiSu ngum dan ong nao lam sai

va yeu c&u anh ~y phai cu61 co gai" Nhfrng cau hoi khac hoi v€ "lu~t t1,1c" dia phuong duQ'c ap

d\lllg v61 ai, duQ'c ap d\lng nhu the nao va n6 duQ'c truy€n l?i va bao t6n nhu the nao

Cac cau hoi sau d6 duQ'c chuYSn sang nhfrng chi tiet thvc ti~n cua cac lu~t t\lC khi duQ'c ap

d\lllg van bao v~ rUng, va day la m9t mvc tieu quan trQng d6i v61 dv an bao t6n Cac nh6m dff hoi

li~u c6 "cac khu V\!C trong ban ho~c trong rUng rna ill xua den nay duQ'c bao v~ va khong bi xam

ph?m?" Ph~ Ian ngum Ka Tu duQ'c hoi d€u tra lai la khong, m~c dli trong nghien ct'ru rieng cua

toi, toi dff ph<it hi~n ra r~g cac c9ng d6ng thvc ra c6 m9t vai khu V\!C trong rUng rna hQ chu d9

ng quan lyva bao v~ Ly do hQ dff tra 1m khong trong phieu di€u tra la vi cach himh van cua cau hoi

dff am chi r~g cac khu rUng duQ'c bao v~ khong thS duQ'c S11 d\lllg a b~t ky hinh thuc nao, nhung

khu rUng rna ngum Ka Tu bao v~ trong thvc te duQ'c S11 d\lllg cho vi~c mai tang, dS hill luQ'll m9

t s6 san phfun va dS cho cac S11 d\lllg khac Nhfrng cach S11 d\lng nay dff khong n~m trong n9i dung

wong duong v61 "cac khu bao t6n thien nhien" trong truy€n th6ng cua ngum Ka Tu

, A h' A "cac luat tuc lieu se tiep tvc ton t?l trong

At diu hoi CUOI cun& re , h,( ~ su khong tuO'ng thich glua cae €( ong MIQ· khoAng" va tai diem nay, chung ta at , ,( rAt k A bao ton va Su ~ a~ ro , ,'" dung va' thuc , t~ eua cae ho?t d9ng eua ,

l~ tu~lt Nam d6i v61 dan t9c t~eu?(so Irong nhung n=: toi phai b6 di t~p quan eu61 hoi,

;Ut~~ lai 'diu hoi: "Cac t~p q~an Ase v~ ~on t?~ ~:~~ va l;n khi chung toi c6 kha nang th\l'~

a cac IS dam trau, va chi ~6 Ie, C~~! c ~e~:a ~ruang ban, ch6ng ta c6 thS th~y S\l' ki~n ~mia ~al

." 1?( ay" Ngay ca trong cau tra 10'1 g , h' A dN bi chfnh phu ngan can trong nhung nam hiyn : n A' tuc ma du an MOSAIC dang tim leu ~ , b' nhfrng phk bi ehe trach cua IK

gan a'!, f hon nhan s~p d~t va hon nhan an , c ~ em ~ A nha nuac v€ hon nhan va bang

vi~c ngan c~ nh,g hi en ct'ru khae dft ghi chep 1?1

, A , A uan va truySn th6ng c6 the duQ'c ~u dVng c A

Du an bao t6n khong chi hOI :Ae c~~ t?~ ~ h ' a cac eong d6ng va niem tin ~ua hQ ~e

A h can c6 g~g danh gia S\l' hieu blet ve ?a QC ~~ , d~ an Phk eu6i cua dieu tra dla

cae 10ai hinh quan ly rim~ co A e p : A , A Thanh bao g6m m9t 10?t cau 01 un~ a~ ,

huO'~g do cae can b9 kiem lam thye hi~~ 0' s,ong m6i ban nhfun danh gia tri thuc ban dla v~

~hO cac truang ban va m9t ho~c hal ngu~ ~a~ ~~~~ bao t6n MUm diu hoi dft duQ'c dua ra de

su he; trq [eua ngum ,dia phuong] A cho ~ac ,~? Q " t ' 10'1' dap lai dong y hay khong dong y

o ~ • h ' N lam giam su tla dqng cua loai d(ing v{it song a o

1 Giam du~n tIC rung se ,

2 S6ng gan rUng mang lqi cho can nguOi ~lhieu}9'i :~h .' ,

LWlt biw v¢ rUng tlU'(fc tip d1;lng cong bang dOl vm nU;Jl ngum

3

o , • 0 , ' tai sinh sau khi bi chi;it

4 Can dm va 9hlm glup rung " v " " thz ho se khong pM rung

, 0 , h·:i duac cac van tie do clu;tt pha rung gay ra 0

Khong con lu5 a gan rimg vz chU~lg tlil rOi di noi khac A , "

6 , A I ' loai dong vat song a tlay

7 Giam di¢n tlch rung la gwm so u(1ng va ~ , o , " •

, , " hfa tloi vm gw dmh tal

8 Toi hi€u v€ lu(it baa v¢ rung va no co y ng A ~ tl,'ch kMc

" N hat tli va sir dung dat cho m9t m1;lc l

9 N€u toi sa huu m(it thira rung, tOl se c , ~o

10 Chung ta nen chuy€n rUng cua chung ta tMnh khu baa ton , , f h' , th

A

" hf A IK Chi co kien t ue co e

Nhfrng cau hoi nhu v~y su vng mQ A A d' A ,'la' quan trong trong bao ton mm, uQ'e

phli hQ'P v61 quan diem eu~ kho~ Q: p u tfun uan trong cua vi~e di cu cua chimJdO'1 01.~0'1

hOi d~n (vf dv, cae c9ng ,dong co nh?U ra ~uQ'e ,0 tq tim tdSm su th6ng nh~t giua cac quan d~em vi~c phat tan cac h?t giong .~ong?) ~o~~ nAg~: tcm (tuan thu 'cac lu~t lam nghi~t: va, dU,a r;~g

cua dia phuong va "quan dIem khoa, QC, ve A IK khon duac dS cap d~n trong bat cu e~c ,le~

van c~c khu bao t6n) C6 hangAlo?t c~c VI dv ,~enh_ Phfn lIZ dft duqe cac t6 chuc dinh san la se tra nhanh nay, boi vi chUng kh~ng phu,hQ'Ph~0'18U :;ae luat tuc (duQ'e dinh nghia http nhu huang

') , 'e khu run' g duO'e dia phuO'ng bao Vy

14

Hi~n d~i va dong thai clla truySn th6ng o· Vi~t.Nam: Nhu'ng each ti~p c?n nhan hQc

Tuy nhien, mQ.t vai khia c~mh quan tr9ng nhAt cua IK trong cac cQng dang dan tQc thi~u s6

khOng phai 1a nhung ph~n IK da duQ'c dinh s~n: thi d\l cac tin nguang va 1~ nghi vS th~ giai th§n

Iinh Mot vai mang tri thuc nay co th~ co cac 1Q'i ich thvc ti~n cho bao tan, va mQt vai mang khac

khOng ~o lqi ich 1'6 r~t Tuy nhien, vi nhung tin nguang vao cac th~n 1inh duemg nhu khong 1'6

n'mg va trvc ti~p huang vS bao tan b~ng "lu~t t\lc", cac nghien Clru vS IK khong chu y d~n cac

ho?t dQng ton giao va th~n linh Toi vi~t duai day vS cac niSm tin vao cac th~n linh lien quan d~n

dQng v~t va ho?t dQng san bfuJ sv hi~u bi~t vS cac th~ gi6'i th~ linh v6n cung tan t?i v6'i moi

truemg va giup hi~u them vS moi truong cua cac cQng dang thi~u s6 la dn thi~t cho vi~c th\l'c sv

hi~u vS lInh V\l'C IK

IK v€ tl9ng wjt va san bdn a Truong Son

San b~n va thu 1u9'ffi cac san phfun rung tu Hiu da dong vai tro quan tr9ng trong dOl s6ng cua

tAt eft cac dan tQc thi~u s6 a Truong San Vi d\l, trong cQng dang Ka Tu, san bfuJ dong InQt vai tro

quan tr9ng khong chi trong vi~c cung cAp thit cho chAt protein, rna can la mQt cach th~ hi~n long

dUng Canl va nam tinh cua mQt ngum (Hickey 1993:133) Cac chi~n tich san bilil duQ'c trung b~y

mQt cach rAt d~ nh~n thAy, d~c bi~t 1a trong nM rong cua cQng dang a ban (ten Ka Tu la guol), va

day la mQt t~p quan vfuJ ti~p 1\lc d~n ngay nay "Ngum Ka Tu nghT r~ng sv hi~n di~n cua xuang

S9 cua con tnlu lam tang sv mau rna cua dAt va sv thinh vuqng cua ban Theo tin ngu5'ng Ka Tu,

cac con v~t co linh han; va nhu th~, linh han cua con trau a g~n nha rong nm rna xuang S9 cua no

duQ'c treo Ben c<;mh cac xuang S9 cua trau, xuang S9 va duoi cua cac d('mg v~t hoang da ciing

duQ'c treo trong nha rang", nhung nha nghien cuu ngum My da ghi l?i vEto nhung nam 1960 nhu

th~ (Schrock 1966: 363) Nhung dAu v~t d~ nhin thAy cua cac con v~t quan tr9ng ciing duQ'c trang

tri ben ngoai cac nM rong cua cQng dang hi~n d?i (xem Hinh 2 vS mQt nha rong cua cQng dang

dang duQ'c xay dvng l?i v6'i sv dang y cua chinh phu vao nam 2002)

ffinh 2 Nhit rong ella eQng dang ngU'oi Ka Tn (guo!), xa Tabhinh, 2005

Ben c?nb cac linh han cua nhung con v~t s6ng trong nha rang nay (xem Hinh 3), cac linh han

cua t6 tien la nhUng nguai da ch~t mQt cach binh than (co nghTa la ch~t mQt cach tv nhien vi tu6i

gia) duQ'c xem la a trong nha rang, trong "con chau h9 va bao v~ chung kh6i m6i nguy hi~m trong

rUng b~g cach bao cho chUng khi nhUng linh han quy du d~n g~ Cac dAu hi~u canh bao bao

, ~ b' nl " ba~t r~ ngang qua duang man; va tieng

~ l~' d'· mot cay to 1 10 ~ , d- _ ' ua con cong tren 01 1, ~ ~ " on duang Cac linll hon quy u cung tnrng c h' ~ on c 1m la'm t6 trong nhung cay S?y ben traI c , , bUo" l' , ' 1" 1 uyt glO vao clll'e~u " ' va tran Iii lut lam nw

t

d

c nl1in thAy duQ'c nhu ho, ran 10 mang

T ld~ bl'e~t sa cac linh han Clla nhUng ngual

hAt du6i" (Schrock 19: ,,~ h' H 't' lu c~n phai goi cac linh hon tot gmp

d6 va dieu nay dan den m9t c UOl n 1 h~ g hoang bay theo nhUl1g huang a ~ ,

co~ duQ'c tuan thu cho d~n ngay ?a~ Co~ ~ ~: v~n loai cay nh~t dinh khi mQt nguai ,~i v,ao t~ong

h& mang bo ngang qua duang, v~ g~p ph,,; f; d" khn~ dang thea d5i nhiing ngum con SO~g rung t~t ca d~u duQ'c xem la dau hi~~ to l~? ;t s6 nhfrng di~u dm ky' v~ con ,v~t Tro~g ~ qt Nhfu,g diem bao co nhung cai tUOTlg u~n~v~ :~ thn thap duac nhi~u thong tin v." cae lo~~ di-~g

nghien CUu nguai Ka Tu vao nan:, 20~ ,~Ol ~m chim hbng h;ang va nhi~u lo~i ran Cac c~y l~n v~t rna cQng dang s~ khong bao gl~ s~ ban,~ Ka Tu nhin nh~n, nhu nhUng car dUfng ,Xl pha~ df ca~m ~T van can duQ'c cac c9ng ~ong ~, f l' ~ kef

t giua linh han xau va tot, va

nhanh Nhilng ni~~ tin nay ,gan ~et ~m ~le;n I' mot sb cay nhit dinh se lit mQ! liri :n rn c ,0 c~~

viee san b~n mQt so dQng V?t nhat dlnh, o~cTa~ San nhu ngum Pa CalIa 01, cung tua? dt ~u

linh han xau xuat hi<;-:n ' h' ac ~ kh' cung co llllleu _ / _t :A dl'e~u ll'en quan den cac 9ng V? nhUng di~u dm ky' va dau l<;-:U ahc~ l' dl'e~u caW'! ky') ,

~ h ' ' g (con 0 a U l U •

Ca ~n phai hiSu dUQ'c th~ giai than ' l1l1~ nay va , , h' ~gK loat 'Tu co' cac di~m bao va cac dleu l~ nghi cQng dang rna c~m y thuan~ ,

thl m6'i hiSu duQ'c t?i sao cac om ngu~ at nuai Nancy Costello, nguai da ng ll~n c~ baa gam 1<1 t~ cae con v~t san ~UQcro~c cO~T~:m b6 ~a d.u xii hQi cua nguiYi Ka Tu u,"u :~an nguai Ka Tu a Vi~t NaIn va Lao, vle~.r~g , ha 'vai th~ giai xung quanlt h9 bao g?m ~ng

' k~t vai moi truang, N guai Ka Tu phaI so~g h~~ d'a? nua' c nhi~u th:1n linh theo t~p quan Khi

h

~\f

nguai dan khac, dQng v~t, c 1m n:~o ~' ~ heo di~u dm ky' va t~p quan, leU na~ ~

hOa hQ'P nay bi pha va bai ;'~ ngum ~an ~ong t m va th~n 1inh] c~n duQ'c ph\lc hOl l?l thong , ' ~ h~ l'nh thi mal quan h<;-: [gma con ngu

long nhleu t an 1 ,

16 Hi~n d?i va dong thai eua th6ng a Vi~t Warn: Nh

qua Ie nghi va Ie hiSn tS" (Costello 2003) Khi cac di~m bao khong dugc tuan thea ho~c diSu

khong may m~n xay ra v&i ban, vi~c san b~n c6 th~ dm;rc thl,Xc hi~n d~ tim ra nhCing con v~t hiSn

tS nhfun x6a bo diSu khong may m~, ho~c con v~t nuoi nhu tnlu cung c6 th~ dugc su d\1Ug

Nhfing IS hiSn tS nhu v~y cung dugc thl,Xc hi~n t~i cac th01 di~m sung ruc, nhu sau mQt V\1 thu

ho~ch t6t, d~ cam an cac thfuJ linh dff phu hQ

IDnh 4 IDnh anh eua ml}t nh6m thQ' san dUQ'e ve trong ml}t nha

el}ng dang, xu Tabhinh, 2005

Tuy nhien cac t6 chuc bao t6n thl,Xc hi~n nghien CUu v~ san b~ a TruOng San chi quan tarn

dSn muc dQ quan trQng v~ m~t kinh tS thea cac s6 li~u dinh IUQ'llg va khong tim cach d~t v§n d~

san b~n vao mQt b6i canh van h6a rQng Ian han (Le TrQng Trai va nhfing tile gia khac 2003) v§n

chua c6 nghien cUu v~ san b~n nao d~ c~p dSn t~m quan trQng v~ m~t van h6a cua Ie ts ho~c cua

linh h6n cua cac con v~t va t6 tien Tuy nhien, cac t6 chuc bao t6n dff Hch Cl,XC ngan can cac ho~t

dQng nhu san b~n va Ie hiSn tS cac con v~t san b~ va con v~t nuoi Nhung t6 chuc nay ch6ng l~i

sl,X san b~ gfuJ nhu t~t ca cac loai v~t, th~ chi ca cac con v~t thong thuemg khong c6 nguy cO'

tuy~t chUng nhu 19n rung (la con v~t, nSu co qua nhi~u, thuemg xuyen pha ho~i mua mang nuang

r~y cua ngu01 thi~u s6) Dl,X an MOSIAC cua WWF xung quanh Khu Bao t6n song Thanh dff t~p

trung vao vi~c v~n dQng ngu01 Katu ve cac buc tranh thu rung trong ngoi nha rong cua hQ thay vi

treo cac chiSn lqi phfun san b~ (xem hinh 5) (Co di~u mia mai la ngu01 Katu a xff Tabhing tinh

Quang Nam dugc trao cho cac buc anh v~ cac con v~t c6 nguy cO' tuy~t chUng, nhu anh con sao

la, d~ ve trong nha rong cua hQ, thay vi treo cac chiSn lqi phfun san b~ nhu d~u lqnloi; tuy nhien,

trong thl,Xc tS nguai Katu va cac nha sinh v~t hQc chua bao gia th~y sao la a khu Vl,XC nay, vi khu

Vl,XC nay dugc coi la nfun ngoai khu Vl,XC tl,X nhien cua sao lao Do v~y ngu01 Ka Tu dff d6ng

yve-trong khu Vl,XC bi~u tuqng thfuJ linh sau s~c cua nha rong mQt buc tranh v~ mQt loai v~t rna hQ

cac con v~t khong bi de dQa va ph6 biSn a dia phuang nhu huO'll ho~c 19n mng

Vi~c ngan can san b~ a song Thanh dugc ap dVng tren to<\o khu Vl,XC khi toi dSn d6 vao nam

2005 Theo mQt cUQc khao sat nhanh thea phuang phap chQn m~u xac su~t ng~u nhien do cac sinh

vien toi huang d§n trong mQt dl,X an nghien CUu thl,Xc hi~n, 70% s6 hQ gia dinh Katu dugc khao sat

khong h~ san b~ ho~c b~y thu rung, va trong s6 30% hQ gia dinh c6 san b~, khong c6 hQ nao

, ~ u' a rna' ng Ca' c 10<ii vat chinh s-~m dugc 1a

, rna chi vi mvc dich lay t It o~c , b' v v 1a ke thu pM_ ho~i mua rnang t~l

ban, , uhim c~y huO'ng, chuQt, chim blm lP: ~ n hiSrn hoac bi de dQa huO'll, khi;., " h 'khong c6 10ai nao 1a 10al dang g~~ gu~ 'kh~' t£t dSn da

, hoat dong bao Vy nuang ray ugc c , d~ va san b~ cac 10ai v~t hoang da dang cac tiliu ~frng ke san trQm tir ben ngoa: en C' i&i han san b~ khong phau bi~t

sinhhQc, y " hoac dong vat 1inh truang ac g cO' cao nhu ho, V~l 1ch ~ phan' biet ai 1a nguai san chung

IDnh 5 Bu:e ve eua ml}t

eon Sao la trong nha rong eua nguOi Ka Tu, xa Tabhinh, 2005

, , ~ b~ tai song Thanh l~i con !ac dQn.g cu~ ~a~

Han nua, ngoai tac dQng cua cac glO'l h~,san b'~ c~a khu bao t6n (vi 10 rang mQl nguO'l:e di~u 1uat dm nuoi trau t~i cac lan& dQc th~~ ~uO'~~e ~~~c vat cua khu bao t6n) f)i~u nay c6 ng~~

dB trilu 'an co tl,r do tronll khu M~ to:; V;, P/h6~i:;~~ tb ~ao trong vai nfun ,qua, va d~ P~ th~y th e 1a ngu01 Katu khong the thvc ~yn ,at r e , u01 Katu l~y lam nu6i tiec va n~uO'l 10'n ~Ol c 0 trau bfuIg lqn ho~c th~ chi bang fa, ~leu ~: ~gnhfrn nguai tre tu6i Sl,X thay doi trong ~~~ hOA~t

dong hiSn te nay c6 the dugc so sa ~ , " huc h6i cua cac Ie hien te trau qua muc v

L~o) 6 Lao Yves Goudineau ghll~l ran~ co sv: P 'hi~ ngat cua Lao (Goudineau 2003) Tu!

s5ng them thinh vuqng v~ u~ p ~ , , hia Viet Nam trong cac khu VlJC ng "

nhien, Sl,X khoi ph\lc nghi Ie ~ay kh~?g -:ay ,ra ~:kinh ts' suy giam vi ngu01 ta chi dugc phep lam

ruQng a ngoai cac khu rUng dugc bao Vy

, ' h N ? a nhiing nghien diu IK t~i Vi~t Nam

Tra lai v&i cau hal tOl da ~t ~a ro kh t ~ thS gi&i deu c6 cac cQng ong ~o , :

nb gifr va sir dung tri thuc ban dlaye 1?0l tru;::g , Pv~ IK a Viet Nam bi giro h~n chu yeu 0'

1 mQt ,'gol)i 1~ Thy, nhi?n, tOi, 1~~ lU~~:=~i~tg kee~~~ m\lc va nhfrng phl1~g pM~ n!y ~~~~

cac phuang phap tiep c~n,p~an ~~l h'" , 'IK Toi cung dff l~p lu~ them rang nhieu l,X an

nh~n ra dugc Sl,X da d~g va tmh tong t e cua

18

Hi~n o~li va oQng thai cua truySn th6ng 0' Vi~t Nam: Nhu'ng each tiSp c~n nhan hQc

t6n da: ap d\lng phuO'ng phap tiep c?n rnanh rnun trong vi~c S11 d\ll1g IK, chi tim kiem nhUng phdn

nho cua IK rna h9 tin Ia ph\lc V\l cho cac m\lc dich bao t6n cua h9 Vi V?y dt it tri thuc ban dia

thvc sv duQ'c hieu ho?c S11 d\lng mQt cach hi~u qua trong qua trinh tl;1o ra va quan Iy cac khu Vl/c

duQ'c bao v~

Ket qua la cac dv an bao t6n a Vi~t Nam da: coi cac cQng d6ng dan tQc thieu s6 chu yeu Ia v~t

can cho cong vi~c bao t6n thien nhien, va coi vai tro chinh cua cac cQng d6ng nay trong vi~c tl;1o

ra tri thuc la cung 'dp cac lu?t I~ truy~n th6ng tuang thich vai cac hOl;1t dQng bao t6n hi~n t~i

Cac cQng d6ng Iuem klu duQ'c nhin nh?n la co bat ky tri thll'C nao khac co the hau ich cho bao t6n

nguOng v~ cac con V?t rna toi da: trich d~n, khong duQ'c S11 d\lng trong hOl;1t dQng bao t6n Tuy

nhien, 1'6 rang la nhi~u tri thuc duQ'c n~m giu bOi cac cQng d6ng du&i hinh thlrc cac di~m bao ho?c

di~u kieng ky' thvc ra co the cho thay sv quan tfu11 d?c bi~t den s6 IUQ'ng va qUc1n the cac 10M V?t,

va duQ'c S11 d\lng la cO' sa cho SIJ bao t6n (Col ding va Folke 2001) Cac di~m bao quan tr9ng den

muc rna khong ai [trong cQng d6ng] khong de '1 khi thay mQt con r~n h6 rnang ho?c quen s6 Ic1n

chim h6ng hoang da: bay ngang qua lang trong nhfrng nam g~n day Nhung tri thuc nhu V?y co the

duQ'C S11 d\lng de theo d6i cac quc1n the dQng V?t trong nghien cllU da dl;ll1g sinh h9c Vi d\l, a cac

khu VI,l'C kllaC tren the gi&i, cac nha nhan h9C da: ung hQ vi~c SIT d\lng cac "trQ' 1'1 sinh thai h9c" tll'

cac cQng d6ng ban dia, nhung ngum co the thanI gia quan ly cac cong vien [qu6c gia]:"Ph~n Ian

cac n6 IlJc chuyen vung, tcii tl;1O va pll\lc h6i moi tl'U'Ong s6ng cho cac 10M dang g?P nguy hiem doi

hoi mQt s6 thitnh vien cua nhom pll\lc h6i co tri thuc dia phuang chi tiet v~ moi tl'U'ang s6ng va

thoi quen cua cac loai duQ'c quan tam; nhung thQ' san ban dia phuang co tu6i thuOng duy ttl cac tri

thuc nhu V?y" (Nabhan 2000:1294) MQt di~u ch~c ch~n la g~n nhu m9i cQng d6ng rna toi da: lam

vi~c tl;1i Truang San co the cho chung ta biet cmn nh~l1 tuO'ng d6i v~ s6 luqng quc1n the cua cac h~

dQng V?t thong thuang va luem, cling nhu SIJ tang ho?c giarn tuO'ng d6i trong cac qu~n the nay

Tuy nhien, cac cQng d6ng dia plmO'ng nay kllong duQ'c dua vao cong vi~c qumlly cac khu bao

liin Vi~e quan 19 phfin 16n auge giao eho eae 'nhit khoa hoe' trong eae d\f an bao ttin 16n Tmng

qua trinh duy~t cac ke hOl;1ch quan ly cac khu bao t6n t<;1i khu VIJC TruOng San, toi khong thay

tl'U'Ong hQ'p nao rna cac can bQ kiern lfu11 va ngum quan ly dlJa vao cac cQng d6ng dia phuang de

tim thong tin v~ da d<;1ng sinh h9c pIl\lc V\l cac ke hO<;1ch quan Iy cua h9 NguQ'c I<;1i, cac can bQ nay

dva vao cac nha sinh h9c bao t6n nuac ngoai ho?c duQ'c dao t<;1O trong cac truang d<;1i h9c

noi cua cac cQng d6ng trong vi~c quan Iy cac khu VI,l'C bao t6n Ia di~u trai nguQ'c v&i nhi~u nuac

khae, nhung nm dang ngity eang gia tang thge hi~n eong vi~e bao ttin lily eon nguai lfun trong

tam Han ni'i'a, a nhung nm khac cua the gi&i, cung co SIJ cong nh?n ngay cang tang dl1g IK

khong the tach rai khoi b6i cmIh chinh tri nm ngum dan ban dia va dan tQc thieu s6 dang sinh

s<lng Nhu Agrawal ail ghi ehep: "bao t6n trong h~ th6ng nguy~n thuy khong th~ thiuili eong n~u

nguai dan ban dia khong kiern soat duQ'c vi~c SIT d\lng dat dai nm h9 sinh s6ng va cac tai nguyen

rna h9 ph\l thuQc vao Nhfrng nguai duQ'c coi la sa huu tri thuc cl1ng phai sa hau quy~n quyet

ainl"/: vi~e lam th& nao dJ luu gifr tri thire eua ho, lfun th~ nito a@ sir dung no va ai so sir d\lllg no

"(Agrawal 1995: 432) Khong phai rnQt trung hqp ng~u nhien khi khu VI,l'c tren the giai trong do

IJghi~n euu v~ IK la ti~n bo nlhit va duge tieh hgp nhiJu nhilt vao emnh sach khoa h~e va quan ly

bao ton la vUng Bac cvc a Chau My, Ia nm rna Iu?t phap Canada cong nh?n chu quyen cua nguai

ban dia trong vi~c quan Iy cac tai nguyen tren Ianh th6 cua h9 (Anderson 1997) Di~u nay doi hOi

cac nha khoa h9c chu y d~y du den IK trong cac cQng d6ng dia phuang dS rna duQ'C phep cua cac

s e , h" hVt che VO'! cac van e c ~ " , / dA h'nh tri nhu quyen su d\ll1g at 1 , , Cf "d'" ly

- "t la' IK co moi quan y c 1;1 T" UO'!lg lu' a d6i dang dan gianI dl ca ve lyn

'd trong cQng dong Pa o?, ~ A , " / luen duO'c ap d\lng xung quanh u ao

V~ong Mi)t vai ban Pa ,Co nO! nmg !mae :at~llen nay' vi nuong r~y bi gifun ai n~n ho e~

f) vOi cae lo"i dly trong tre~ nu:.ng kha~: ~~y ~ho'la viee mftt ai eae cily bJing ala p~uan¥ la tr6ng co ba gi6ng lua, TruO'n~" an ,c~a a~~t' "0 ben L~o ngum Pa Co van con nlueu glO~g

do nhilng h"" ehS hi~n ;"i u:ong oV:;~ d&:'~lrngdJ diJng", on~ noi Tuy nhie~, iJ Vjet ":~~ ~

Iua dia phuO'ng VI h9 van_ con ~, , , A ~n su dung d~t hay xoay quanh ~hung ,mat ~a~ " '

cd~ I' hU~l1(J doi hoi nay la thea con uan g? ~p '" dl'e?:n dat tri thuc ban dia cua h9, RgUO'l

U a n I:> " , " nho be trong V l e c , v , "

~ b' dia va thieu so co vm tro qua , ,~ ' " ill cac nha khoa h9C ho~c cac c9ng

dong ,an " A IK ' Viet Nam thuO'ng la ben ngom,

t yc A " d/ ac du an phat trien dUQ'c tm trq,

Nh~m khiing di~ thvc sv r~ng IJ amian chi duO'c chu ~ tai khi thu~ ti~n, t;lm· kl~ c A u~g

~ pllai hiSu r6 han rang IK khong the ~~n g A I" hun~ g nghien cuu co tfnh tong the ve cac

hiln ieh eho biio ton NghlC~ e~ , d' biet lit sinh k~ cua ho dli thay doi nhIl the 'm,,0 va~ : : cach s6ng cua dia phuO'ng, va dm: t9c" 1;1~,; an hat triSn kinh t~ trong vling V HtC thua ~n 11an C h~ v~ SIT dung dat, ve san ban, va VO'! cac,dv, ~ h hieAu bi~t doi hoi chung ta khong chi tl;1P

, A cac hinh thaI klIac nlIau cua 11 , A , ~ do' l' hoi la quyen Iuc khong c I I;1P

ttung hoan toan VaG " a trung uang, va dOl hOi m9t v~~c ~~~t ~~ v~ ~~a~~hu~ v~ t~m , , quan tr9ng cua ngum dia phuO'ng, Day a tlung , h A d/'" " Viet Narn trong tuang 1m

mQt thach tlmc C\l t e 01 VO'!

Toi xin tran thanh cam an Co' quan bao trQ': °Dn~hlenQuor.c gl'a Ha Noi va d?c bi~t la GS Vo

tam Nghien cuu Tai nguyen va ~Ol tru~~ Th~nh Gia~g da lIng hQ dv an naY,va cac dV a~ ,a~

Qu'1, GS Truang Quang H9C, va Th,,~' ~ 0 , 'to Ion cam an tm anhTran HUn Nghl :~ to cua toi trong nllfrng n:ln1 vua qua T01 ~ungh:1l1, bah Yo cho ngghien cuu cua Wi a tinh Thll'a, ThIen _

chuc Tropenbos Quoc te ve n ung s h ~ t 1'1 nghien cuu a nhung thO'! lem

Hu~ va Quang Tri Toi xin tran thanh cam an n ,u~~ rNQ'guyen SinlI Chuang trinh B~n vung va

nhau, VU Thi Hong Anh, Vu I~U, h ' T MacAlthur tai trq cho nghlen Cll'll 0' vu

TlUOng San cua toi trong nam 2004-2005

20 Hi~n d~i va d<)ng thai eua truySn th6ng o' VietNam Nh-' ' h ' J A

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28

thai eua truYSn &Vi~t Nam:

PMt trien kinh tS - xa hQi g~n li~n v6i vi~c bao v~, tai t?O tai nguyen moi truOng la mvc tieu

tnx6c m~t ciing nhu lau dai nhim dam baD Slf pMt trien ben vling Vi~e khai thae, baD v~ tili

nguyen moi truOng b~n vfrng chiu tac dQng cua nhi~u nhan t6 du6i cac chi~ukfch khac nhau dn

du<)'c tiSp c~n lien nganh khoa h9c tlJ nhien, ky thu~t cong ngh~ va ca khoa h9c xa hQi nhiln van

Vm eaeh ti~p e(in nhan hge, ehung tai gia djnh ring, khi dan sd tang qua nhanh, nh~t Iii tang

dan sd ea hge do di eu, slf thay dili phucmg thire eanh tac nang nghi~p theo hUOng slm xUdt

chuyen canh cay cong nghi~p trong n~n kinh tS thi truOng cling v6i nhfrng thiSu sot trong chfnh

sach quan ly, khai thac va su dvng d~t dai se d~n dSn SlJ tranh gianh ngu6n lqi tm nguyen thien

nhien eua eae b~ ph?n eu diln khac nhau lam eho tlti nguyen ngay eang khan hi~m, dful d~n Slf suy

giclm tai nguyen d~t, nuac va rimg la nguyen nhan cua SlJ phat trien thiSu b~n vfrng

1 Th1,fC tqmg di dan d~n Tay Nguyen

V6i vi trf dia ly thu~n lqi, l?i co 5 tinh cao nguyen d~t d6 bazan, chiSm qua nua di~n tich cua

viing, thieh hgp vm eae lo?i cay nang nghi~, d~e bi~t Ii! eae lo?i cay eang nghi~p, vm h<m 3 tri~u

ha rimg tlf nhien eo nhi~u lfun th6 slm qu9, eho phep eae nganh kinh doanh Va khai thae rimg pMt

trien, Tay Nguyen Iii vlIng llinh thil e6 nhi&' ti~m nang d~t rimg IOn han b~t eu noi dau tren ea

nuac

Tir sau ngay giai phong dSn nay, thlJc hi~n chuang trlnh phcit trien kinh ts _ xa hQi Tay

Nguyen, Nhii nu6c dli diiu tu nguan ngan saeh kha IOn eho vi(!c xay d\Il1g C(J sa h? tfuJg va phat

trien kinh t~ xii h~i DS khai th~e tiem nang va th~ ill\lflh Tay Nguyen, phlin bd l<ri eu dim trong ea

nuac Chfnh phu da t6 chuc di dan dSn Tay Nguyen de gilli quYSt v~n d~ luang thlJc thlJc phfun va

phat trien cay cong nghi~p DSn cu6i th~p men 80 cua thS ky XX, thlJc hi~n dUOng 16i D6i m6i

kinh t~, khi Lu~t Dill dai mm nfun 1993 fa dm, song song vm lui\ng di dan eo til ehUe Iii di dan ljr

do ngay cang gia tang v~ quy mo va s6 luqng

1.1 Di dan co ta chuc (DDCTC)

Nhfun khai thae tien, nang vii th~ m\lflh rult dai eua Tay nguyen, tir nira eudi th?p nien 70,

Nha nu6c dii ban hanh ba ehinh saeh IOn v~ di dan xay d\Il1g viing kinh til mm vm eae n~i dung:

- Di dan xay d\Il1g eae nang lfun tmlmg qude doanh vm phu<mg thue tUYSn eh9n lao d~ng

mang theo gia dinh

- Di dan thanh l~p cac hQ'P tac xa, t~p doan san xu~t chuyen tir d~u tu phan tan sang d~u tu

mQt s6 vling tr~mg diem

- DfuJ th~p nien 90, Nhii nu6c ban hanh ehinh saeh mm thay th~ eho ehinh saeh tren Iii Quy~t

djnh 116lIDBT N~i dung di diln thoo viing dll 1m, dfuJ tu eo t(lv trung, tr9ng diSm dang b9

, tnxong cua D~ng ya N~a nu~c, A ~6n bao cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung:

A nh me rQng khap trong 5 na A f t6c do di dan khong hqp lY',cac dan m? 10 nam tiSp thea (1981-1999! nh~n thh~y 260000 nguOi khong tfnh so b6

han chS tiep nh?n" suo: Ana dA h A~ h~n tham chi co tinh chu two;ng ~gu:lg

h'" leY D6i m6i, toc d9, nh?n ~~ c ? , , '~ 1990 dSn 1997 v6i so dan tlep

s~ngdt, '" kinh t.\ mai v~n tiep t?e tn~n kh~ tu, n~m hue diln Tay Nguyen Iii 720.874 Cac lem " TI'nh den nam f ~ 2002 tong so dl dan co to c ,

000 ngU01

, DID) la hi~n tuqng xa h91 d~~ blyt a , ~ hg r!DTD 6 at vai quy mo Ian n~u

dan l\l do,(O Hch sir Tay Nguyen l<ri dlen ra qua tnn a Nha nuac d~ fa.nhieu

.?a~g:~:C~:g ~u~e Dbi mm dfit ny6c ~iim 198~~ k;~~7 ~ua mnh di dAn ehung .ta

blyt ," kinh tS - xa hoi phat tnen Tay Nguy A' , tof

c do khac nhau Di dan

~ae eae thIYi diolm khac nhau, hi~n tugng D ~ 1976 d& euiii th~p nien 80 lit gim d,,-~n

den Tay Nguyf f , th A nien 90 la giai do?n cao trao, 0 ?t h hS DDTD cua

-"':997 va giai do;m 1998 den,nar7~~~9~~ ~a~~ di~n 1757 ngay 1~14I1997, cac eh!:;~

hu thea chi thi 660tITg ngay, , xn cua cac Bo, Ban, nganh Trung uon?, "

~ 'A " yet DDTD va cac " d ' DDTD

Gc·•.u a, Ca ~~~~!~~~\~il~osb:ol!~~f ~~~a :ki~;hgtl' ~m xk~a °h~7 :~~;~9 ~~tg~~~~~~t~~;;:; ~~:hGn;:<)'C

H'mong l?i tang len ngoaI ~guy~ ~ 1989 dong nh~t la huy~n Hoang Xu , 1 d T' Lanh

tKruhYO~:gbagi~:nn~~; nam 90, xu~t hi~~ la!, dOCnh~?io t~'OdnAagyn~fugnng;~am vi~c mQt ngay phaikhd~<)'c

"vao Tay Nguyen smh song a ;ra~" 'd' d' ngum di dan tlJ do ngay cang tang n 300.000 d6ng, ~u a~ cho c~ tha~g : ~~h ~~ ~~ggia (NguySn Thi Bich Ha, 2002, l00)

' To"ng him tai li~u th6ng ke so DD~ ~aDo", a

m

y

01" (g1990 _ 2002) la 114.947 hQ v6i ~56:08~

160.256 h~, 784.936 kh",:; tro~g ?" h" ky 1976-2002 Rieng tlnh Dac U~ ty 5 so h' ,

khfiu chiSm 76% tong so khau cua ca : 01 A N A D~c ric la tinh c6 dleu ki~n tv n len DDID chiSm 48,3% t6ng s6 he> tren toan Tay , hgut~e~g' t6t la luc hut ngu6n di dan den day

~ DCTC dSn nam 2002 toan Tay g~ye f A N en Nhu yay nSu tinh ca DDTD va D , ~ dA f tu nhien da dua tong dan ~o Tay ,guy

S\I gia tang dan so ca h9C c9n,~ v~ " , don nhi€u mat den SlJ phat tnen kin te _ x df en nam ~ 2007 l' 47 trieu ngu01 da co tac g a , A"

Qua bang th6ng ke cho thay, dan t9c l~" f h' BaC,c nhu Tay Nling, H'mong, Dao, T aI,

30 Hi~n o{li va oQng thai cua a Vj~t Nam: Nhu'ng each

d<) tang dan s6 blnh 9uan 6%/nan: th~ kY 1989 -19~9, m<)t t6c d<) vm/t qua gim h?n cho

(duai 3%/nam) rna to chuc Dan so the gim dIT khuyen cao S\1' gia tang dan di cu dIT dua

phfin dan t<)c tir 15 dan t<)c nam 1976 len d~n 46 dan t<)c hi~n c6 a Tay Nguyen lam thay d6i

tranh thanh phfin dan t<)c

Do k~t qua cua qua trlnh di dan, hi~n tm/ng c<)ng cu xen cai giua cac dan t<)c ban dia

nguOl Kinh va cac dan t<)c thieu s6 mi~n nui phfa B~c di Clf ngay cang ph6 bi~n hon Uy vf

tinh D~c ric: Ea Sup la huy~n dan di cu chi~m 90,8%, Krong Bong cru~m 75,2%, Eaka chi~m

63,8%, Krong No, Mdrak chi~m 50% Bay huy~n con l?i dan di cu chi~m ill 35% d~n gfin 50%

NguOl Kinh chu y~u s6ng t?P trung a thanh ph6, thi tdn, gfin duemg giao thong va phan b6 r<)ng

kh~p mQi nm Cac dan t<)c thieu s6 mi~n nui phfa B~c thuemg cu tr6 a vung sau, vung xa, vung

dat rUng de lam ray

2 Tae dQng eua di dan d~n s1! suy giam Uli nguyen moi trlfOng (y Tay Nguyen

2.1 Tili nguyen dat, rung hi tim phd

Theo nhfrng ngruen CUu cua Dang Nghiem V?n, Vii Dlnh LQ'i va Bui Minh D?o, trong xIT h9i

Tay Nguyen c6 truy~n, quy~n sa hfru t6i cao v~ dat va rUng thu9c v~ c<)ng d6ng buon lang MQi

san V?t tren dia ban cu tm cua buon lang do con nguOl lam ra hay t\1' nhien sgn c6 nhu khu dat a,

cac cong trlnh cong c<)ng, dat canh tac va cac khu rUng khong dung de canh tac, rUng cam d~u

thu9c sa hfru cua buon lang sa t?i D61a nguyen t~c duQ'c quy dinh bai lu?t tl,lC Quy~n sa hfru t?P

the dat dai cua buon lang la net d~c thu cua Tay Nguyen rna n6 the hi~n t?P trung vao vai tro qufm

1:9 va di~u ph6i cua chu lang, nguOl d?i di~n cho c<)ng d6ng 6 day ca nhan chi c6 quy~n chi~m

huu chu khong c6 quy~n sa huu IDnh thuc sa huu nay v~ cO' ban van t6n t?i cho d~n truac ngay

giai phong nam 1975

Nh&m khai thac ti~m nang dat dai, nM nuac Vi~t Nam chu truong dat, rUng thu9C sa hfru

toan dan cua qu6c gia, do nM nuac th6ng nhat qufm 1:9; trong khi d6 theo lu?t t\lc cua cac dan t<)c

t?i ch6 ( DITC), dat rUng thu9C quy~n sa hfru cua c<)ng d6ng Nhu V?y, sa hfru toan dan cua nha

nuac vo hinh chung phu nh?n quy~n sa hfru t?P the c<)ng d6ng Lu?t dat dai cho phep chuyen

nhUQ'llg, mua ban, th~ chap dat dai giua cac cong dan, trong khi lu?t t\lC c<)ng d6ng quy dinh, dat

lang nao, lang d6 su d\lng, khong cho' phep mua ban, chuyen nhuQ'llg giua nhfrng nguOl trong lang

vm nhau va giua nhfrng nguOl trong lang vm nguOl lang khac Lu?t dat dai cua nha nuac quy dinh

su d\lng dat dai de tham canh, trong khi lu?t t\lc nguOl su d\lng dat duQ'c du canh, quang canh dat

rUng Truac giai ph6ng, trong ph?m vi cua tUng buon lang dat va rUng d~u co chu, d6 la c<)ng

d6ng buon lang Nhung sau giai ph6ng vi~c xac l?p quy~n sa hfru va quan 1:9 dat dai thu<)c nM

nuac m~c nhien ciing hai b6 luon quy~n sa hfru va quan 1:9 cua buon lang va thay th~ n6 la nhfrng

cO' quan d~i di~n cua nM nuac dUng ra qufm 1:9, phan ph6i va ph\l trach Vi~c thay d6i quy~nsa

hfru va nguOl chu quan 1:9, su d\lng va khai thac dat dai dIT phu nMn vai tro cua c9ng d6ng buon

lang la m9t trong nhfrng nguyen nhan t~o nen S\1' bat C?P va mau thuan rna h?u qua cua n6 la dan

d~n tranh gianh lQ'i fch trong vi~c khai tMc, su d\lng tai nguyen dan d~n S\1' tan pM tm nguyen dat

va rUng cua nhfrng cu dan mm d~n: t?P the nong lam truemg, h<) kinh t~ mm va d~c bi~t la dan

DCTD khi rna S\1' gia tang dan s6 qua Uti dan d~n tlnh tr~ng thi~u dat canh tac, khi rna n~n kinh t~

nong nghi~p dien ra trong b6i canh kinh t~ thi truemg thea xu huOOg san xuat chuyen canh, nhat la

chuyen canh cay cong nghi~p nhu ca phe, cao su, tieu, di~u tren quy mo 100

31

va kinh te

,,, , 'ch thuOn cho r&ng, thu ph?m cua s\1',pha),run~ la

" "nha qufm 1:9 va l?p Chl~h sa , d? 0"1' nguOl Ky' thuc ra, van de khong

' h'nh thfrc canh tac nuang ray, 'DTTC Tay Nguyen da t?O ra m<)~ hy sm t Am ,,1 Mot thOl ky dill trong hc~ su, cac , , hi~u con ngmJi c6 dieu ki~n luan

b~ vfrng do dat fQng, ng ,,' 20 ~ khi rung da tai sinh va VlyC m a

en 'h kY khep kin tir 10 den nam A b~ 'h thai NguOl dfm

I~:h~~: ~~~~~nt~!,nk~:~ ::~~~\;! :~!,:~~ :~~ lii~~~~6~~~~~ ~:~ t~~ h~t, h~eu IdU~c quy dinh thanh lu!t t\lc ~a mb?l n"gtud~t thifu dAt, bi d~y vao vung sfm dat rung , , , ua' sau nay khl hQ l rna a,

tham gia p a run ki:t khong con thOl gian b6 h6a de tm sm run

, D'" m NM nUO'c va c m A d

~ 75 - 1989, thOl kY truO'c Ol n:" 'A A man u5c doanh, di dfm xay , \lTI~

nam 19l6'n' di dan c6 t6 chuc phat tnen n~~g }'~~C n~~ khai thac tiSm nang dat dm

tru~g , " h'" dinh canh dinh cu dOl vm

nh te mm va th\1'c lyn Nguyen , d~t nhlem vu c u yeu ." h ' " la' phat tri~n dly cong , h A l' nghi~p,

Viec xay d\l'llg cac nong Ian: Dtr~IO'~~ at·u' r1a976 d~n 1'980 co ba lien hi~p xi nghi~p ca? he lAaman

1:9 bao v~ va tu 0 run~~ d' ill 1980 -1985 ba lien hi~p Xl ng wp " " ty cao

duac thanh l?p chIem '- U co ca thay 64 nong truang trung uon lic thi d~n giua th~p nien 80, Dac f C" , 80% dien tich t\1' nhien toan tinh

IJt,,<v<o.,", vm tong lyn f am 1988 co 15 nong truOng, 41 lam tru~g

TJ!!~~ ~~ in'~'c~~~!~~~t~:~~ !;:~;~~h:lt~~i: =gd~~a:f~~! ~J:'~~:~~:;:

d' "n tich tu nhien toan tinh (Bao cao" ong h ' h khong hqp 1:9 dan den VlyC su \lng

N guye~y chuang' trlnh 48 C: 1988) Truac .het

D

d~e~u~Cho:a nuac gi~o cho cac n?ng ~am th~~k~

kem hi~u qua va lang P I , " , ,'d n dAt dai kern hi~u qua Tm , neng , , l' 80% qUa rong lam cho vi~c quan ly v~ ~u ,,\l g , hi chi~m 20% dan so nhung l?l quan y

1976-1989 so can bQ cong n h' d' 80O/C dan s5 con l?i quan 1:9 20% at al

di~n tich dAt dai toan tinh Trong k 1 0 0 h'" vu tu b6, bao v~

" , , on lam truOng duQ'c glao n lyffi , I'

VS danh nghla, nganh lam n~hIYp ~a ~ac nAg mm rna khai thac hqp 1:9, nhun~ do q~an y

va khai tMc, tren cO',sa b~o v~/~t~:~~~~at~~J bao dp, th\1'c t~ khai tha~ la c~mh m~ x:: kem hieu qua, dOl sonp kinh te " 0 " an, , run v~n rna cua cac lam tmon,g ffililC ~ thuimg'bao v~ v~ til.bo rimg: S~ot :~t~~~r;~ad~g tJn quy rna Ian fhi ~ng ~~nVc~:

dua may cua, may Ul, xe chO' g? c , : , San, Quang Tf\l'C (Bac Nong, ac , (1981-1985) 10.000/16.000 ha rung ~ h~l xa ~a~g (Ea Sup, D~c Uc) bi ch~t tfl,li TIn~ tr~n~ do

tIt'nh dbi ll'Qe, 6.300/11.000 ha fimg.o ~a c~u T:m Mot sa nang truimg du9'c giao dat v,a f~;

cling thlly iJ mN sa x~ kh~c iJ tinh Gta ~ch ~~ng h6a g6p phim suy giitm ri.rn~ Tfry.N~~~~O h~

tv nhien ciing khm thac g~ ph~c V\l rn;c 60 000 000 m3 g6 bi khai thac tuang ~g vm d~ 1/10 tinh rieng ill nam 1976 d~n ~~m ;98 'A mai a thai kY nay la 50.000 ha, chIem chu~ ,ay Ta rung bi khai pha, trong do dWn tlch t~on~ Mi h Dao 2000 tr 100) R5 rang, n~n pha r~ng A y

'~D' h Lm BUl n , " h' 'lap nen dien tich rung bi mat di (Vu m ,," AI' cu~ cac lam nong tmang do N a nuac

, " uy hoach thieu tinh toan, c I Vlil , , d' D~

Khi thanh lap cac nong lam tmang, Vl~C q , " dan cac DTTC dang sinh song a o

" " , 'buon lang va ngum khong tinh den S\1' hi~n dlyn cua cac

32 Hi~n d~i va dQng thai eua

mong mU6n s6m phat tri~n kinh t~ xa hQi ca~ dan tQc, cac nong lam truOng tri~n Jillai phong

cong nhan h6a cac dan tQc Vao nam 1986 t~i D~c ric c6 hon 20.000 lao dQng cac dan tQc

qu6c doanh, chi~m 25 % lao dQng dan tQc trong tinh D6ng thCri cac nong lam truOng cilng

hAu h~t dat san xuat cua cac dan tQc tren dia ban van qu6c doanh Do chua duqc chuAn bi v@

t~o ngu6n nhan l\1'c cQng vai S\1' quan 19 y~u kern, do phong tvc, tam 19 th6i quen cua nguCri

tQc, do h~n ch~ v@ trlnh dQ khoa hQc kY thu~t, thu nh~p thap, cong nhan dan tQc t\1' 9 b6 v@,

giai quy~t theo ch~ dQ tny v@ lam nong dan trong cac buon lang cil, nhung toan bQ dat san xuat

buon lang dua van nong lam truOng thl khong duqc tra l~i NguCri nong dan dan tQc mat dat TInh

tr~ng nguCri vao, dat van nhung nguCri ra dat a l~i la hi~n tuqng ph6 bi~n a D~c ric gay nen tinh

tr~ng mat dat va thi~u dat canh taco Til nhilng nguCri chu dat, hQ tra thanh nguCri khai th~c bat hgp

phap dat dai, rung cua nong lam truOng quan 19 gay mau thu§n xung dQt giua nguCri dan cae

DITC v&i cO' quan nM nuac - d~i di~n la cac nong lam truOng Mau thu§n nay keo dai am y, rna

cho d~n nay chua giai quy~t tri~t d~; do xung dQt lqi ich v@ vi~c Slr dVng khai thac tai nguyen rna

trong d6 nguCri DITC la chiu thi~t thai hon ca

Do bat c~p va c6 nhi@u khi~m khuy~t trong vi~c quan 19 dat dai, nhat la cong tac quy ho~ch

Do dia ban rQng, can bQ dia chinh can thi~u va y~u, cong tac cap giay chUng nh~n quy@n Slr dvng

dat d~n nay chua hoan thanh Cac s6 li~u dat dai chua chinh xac va c~p nh~t gay nen tranh chap

dat dai Trong nhilng nam qua cong tac quan 19 dat rung thea Lu~t dat dai va lam lu~t bi buong

lOng va tuy ti~n, d§n d~n that thoat va Slr dVng sai mvc dich tai nguyen dat, rung th~ hi~n r5 net

nhat trong quan 19 dat dai cua nong lam truOng va cac cap chinh quy@n Phong Till nguyen moi

truOng huy~n Ea H'Leo cho bi~t: " Phan dinh ranh gi&i giua cac cO' quan nha nuac trong vi~c

qucln 19 dat dai khong r5 rang Dat dai cua huy~n lau nay do lam truOng quan 19, vi lam truemg

thanh l~p truac huy~n Dat dai cua nong lam truOng trum len cac buon Dat san xuat v§n cua dan,

rung thi do lam truong quan 19· Khi tMnh l~p, cac xa do dat ang chirng, c6 tinh tr~ng dan Ian dat

lam truOng, lam cho dat lam truemg thu hypo Quan 19 dat dai c6 S\1' ch6ng cheo giua chinh quy@n

dia phuang va nong lam truOng Di~n tich dat nong lam truOng qua rQng, thi~u nguCri qufm J.Y Dat

rung chu y~u la khai thac ban lam sfm can vi~c tr6ng rung, san xuat kinh doanh thl kern hi~u qua

Tren th\1'c t~ vi~c tr6ng rung, tM t~o rung chi la hinh thuc" T~i nhi@u nm trong tinh, nhan vi~c ra

soat l~i quy dat cIlo tri~n khai Nghi quy~t 132 thi m&i phat hi~n nhi@u di~n tich dat da chuy~n d6i

til mvc dfch sir dvng dat lam nghi~p sang dat nong nghi~p til truac d6 T~i huy~n Cu M' ga tinh

tr~ng nay kha ph6 bi~n Vi~c quan 19 dat dai can nhi@u khi~m khuy~t la nguyen nhan gay nen tinh

tr~ng tranh chap dat dai d§n d~n vi~c khai thac va Slr dVng khong dung mvc dfch gay nen S\1' suy

giam tai nguyen va moi truOng

Nh~m khai th~c ti@m nang dat rung Tay Nguyen, Dang va Nha nuac chu truong dua dan

nguCri Kinh til cac tinh d6ng b~ng duyen hill Trung BQ va B~c BQ xay d\l'llg cac vung kinh t~ m&i

Phong trao diSn ra m~nh me trong 5 nam dAu (1976 - 1980), dua s6 dan kinh t~ m&i (KTM) len

t&i 450.000 nguCri MuCri nam ti~p thea (1981 - 1990) do nh~n thay t6c dQ dua dan qua Ian khong'

hqp 19, cac tirih h~n ch~ ti~p nh~n 260.000 nguCri, tm s6 b6 v@ que cil, cho d~n cu6i nam 1991 dan

KTM can l~i la 575.000 nguCri (Bao cao t6ng k~t cua Ban DCDC _ KTM va Chi cvc DCDC _

KTM cac tinh Tay Nguyen)

Do tu tuang chu quan n6ng vQi, chinh sach dua dan xay d\l'llg KTM co nhilng khi~m khuy~t

nhu: chua chu 9 quan tam d~n van d@ dua ai di, dua di dau va lam gi d~ co th~ phat tri~n b@n vilng

dat rung va giai quy~t t6t m6i quan h~ dan tQc trong vung giua dan m&i d~n va DITC; chua dao

t~o ngh@, chua chuAn bi ki~n thuc t6t cho nguCri dan v@ t\1' nhien va con nguCri nm m&i d~n; quy

, " ' iao thong thl danh cho dfm , J J / ti~m nang ruQng nu6c, tlyn duang g

d / nm dat tot, co , ' Ki h ung, , " ' N DTTC vm ngum n

J , 'N tham gla p a " , , " nong truOng, dan kinh te ~m cung hSt suc c~p bach trong thm ky sau vai cac l~n: khong du ruQng, khi n~u diu luang th~ / c vai cac dan tQc b[m dia co kinh

nhun~ ~l h ' ' ha rimg d~ san x~at luang ,thV~ / : / dan kinh tS mai vm phuang

hQ bUQc P al"P rimg Do thiSu kien thuc va quan 1y, ,em

h" d' nhfrng khu rimg ngay ca

trong :" d' ho dung cua tay, cua may, ~ ~ b' J thanh dat canh tac cay uang

moe h1yn ~1", , tham chf ca rimg dau nguon, " len, N dan kinh tS mm ngum ho<;tch ~ua ~h~ n~~~ nU6i nguoi D~t dai Tay Nguy~n ;au ~~on d~t tang rthanh thea dich thU~ b~ ~i quang canh va du canh lam c,~o toc ? x~;n kinh tS mm da vao,rimg , cd~nhhl~~ tT~~~ nua, do cU9c s6ng ~6Ck~an thm'~ c~~on~~~ 1a~ truong, dan kinh te mm

ban ~a ca buon ban ~o l:m e hsmh ta~ kh6c han so vm dan t<;ti cho ,

, , t" guyen con co , '1" h" ' " 'rim lam suy glam al n , " , ,J n binh co ty y tap Tham ~~ v~o vri~~~ Phfl; 16n' 1a ngum ngheo, so hQ co "muc :~g5t:;0 co 27% h9 du an, ngh1en CUll', J uan 6n dinh di dan tv do, trong tong ~o viE 95/004 a B~c L~c cho bao cao cua dV an to~g,~ "hat KSt qua nghien CUll dv an J

on thiSu an van thm dle~ gl<P ~ '600/£ 1a ho thiSu d~t san xuat

, J , " hoat nghCo va lam glaU vm hanh g h 'n nh~t va hieu

Ra di vm m\lc tieu :unhht~d lau' dte1, e~ tn d~ mua d~t canh tac va bi~n phap hnh~nhdUccoan~ Ho dSn dfty

so dong von It Ol Q ~ "y luang thuc thea phuang t '-:C, qu d' ~ tra Cilng thea dieu tra, J l' h / rimg trong ca , , ' 80/£" h" duac leu , J qua nhat a p a, ' ~ dJ t rimg d~ san xuat chiem 84, , 0 so Q~ 'd" di cu tu do anh huang rat

l~p nghi~p vi co np,e:6i ~gu Hinh d~o, co tm 80% 9 ~ien ch,o r;~g'nha~Uimg I'-het sUe quan trQ~g

ph6ng van tf\IC tIep , t on do 25% cho rang, muc Q aN " " n u en Giam doc 16n dSn moi truOng dia PhU~)g '~hiagse vm 9 kiSn tren, ong Ng~ye~ x~~n ij; c;u yysu 1a nhfrng (B6 M i 'nh Cuang, 1999, tr, h" r h Bac Lac - VIe, '~ ~ ,J t, " Di dan tv phat den, ac, J d" 'manh at can dJ h ta' c dam

Sa Khoa hQc C?pg ~g ~ l~u~t do do mong mu6n cua hQ l~ d~n 1 ~ :ong am hi~u di~u ki~n tv nguai ngh~o, thie~ da~ san r nhfrng ngum co trlnh dQ d~n t~ th~~ <;tl 'thac Slr dung tai nguyen bao cUQc song, Phan Ian hQ" a an cua cu dan ban dj~, dan den"v1yc ~~ 535), T~i cac tinh Tay nhien cilng nhu phong t~c t<;tp q~ " 'h" (Nguyen Xuan DQ, 200 ; r., d r a do rimg

" l' au thuan dan toc nay sm , , dau co dan d1 cu tv 0 a , khQng hqp y, m" tJ t 1a a'do co dan di cu tv do, va 0',,, J ,~ nui phfa B~c la doi tuqng Nguyen, a dau co rung -~" ' u tu do thi cac dan tQc th1eu so n;ten" 'ban rna ti~m nang xanh bi M~ di~t}ronf s~~n:: ~9 thuy~t, dS cO,du 111m;g th~c In;n ;;;,~tud~~n dien tfchcanhy'c pha rimg tan ,khoc nh~t ,e ~th~ canh tac tren dat kho doc mOl nhan ~ dan di' cu tv do dong 11!Qng !lu6c rat ~~n ,c2he, Chl,CO at cua g~n 20 v<;tn hQ" ~oang SO v~n :a~c mot bQ ph~n ngum toi thieu la 3,000 m , ~V ~o~' ha rimg bi pha de trong trQ~' T~l ~c h : :Krong Nang, khu nghla vm,:i~c, c~ ft nh~t ~an ao ;:g d~u ngufm, rimg phong hQ c~a ~~cnh u~~ rimg Hun r~y, dinh Tay, ngum H mong ,dl s~u v, a So Nam Lung, Nam Ka!", lIen ~ a P, ' H'mong thfch san bao t6n Chu Yang Sm, Ta ~~ng, E't ho'" kh~u r~t kh6 khan, d Dac Lac, Inguta: nU'I' nen van mai

cu tra1 phep lam c 0 v , " D ~ Nong ngum Dao co t~P quan 0' " h' ng m~y chuc ngan ha

b~n nen va~ vung rim~ glaK ~c T an bO dec 34 va xa Nam ~un~ l'Qn~ ,a di cu v~o rimg gia thuqng nguon song Kr~ng _ n~;t s~ch ~g, Ngum Tay, ngu~ Nu~g t J um:gm~t dfln, Khong chi cua huy~n nay sau, 5 n~m d~ e ca~h rimg d:;ri ngan nm da~ cung c,V1 the :~ xa Ea R6t (Ea Sup, binh nguyen Ea Sup, v~ nh~g , ban cho nhau d~ lam ray" Chang h~ '0 Krong Kno, Ea sup, canh tac, dan DCro con'p a, nrpg , ?(, ho doi khi len tm hang ch\lc a,

34 thai cua truySn a Vj~t Nam: Nh

Crr Jut, f)~c nang can diSn ra tinh tr~mg dan DCTD thue dan t;;ti ch6 pM rung v6i tiSn cang h'r

d~n 2,5 tri~u d6ng/ha T;;ti xa bien gi6i Ea PO (Chu Jut)vao nam 1989, luc chua co dan DCTD,

la fung d;;ti ngan yay quanh cac lang E de D~n nam 1998 v6i Sl,l' co m~t cua 6.000 dan

thuQc cac dan tQc thi~u s6 phfa B~c v6n la nguOi th;;to nghS rung va gioi pM rung, toan bQ

lUng Trum-Knha 5000 ha hau nhu h~t rung Tir nam 1990 d~n nam 1998, d~ dap Ung nhu

tr6ng tn;>t va dan sinh cua hon 8000 dan, trong do co 5.500 dan DCTD, toan bQ thung lUng

Mdoh gan 4000 ha truac la rung nguyen sinh da thanh d~t tr6ng d6i trQc (Vli Dinh Lqi, Bui

D;;to, 2000, tr 147) T;;ti xa Ea Nam huy~n Ea H'leo, dia ban chung tai khao sat, nguOi Tay,

bf m?t di dan vao vung sau cua xa 2 - 3 nam khoang 200 hQ pM rung lam r~y va sau do hQ

UBND xa d~ xin ma lap d;;ty hQc cho con em thi xa mai bi~t

Con s6t ca pM trong nhfing nam giUa th?p'nien 90 cung v6i Lu?t D~t dai nam 1993 ra dOi

t;;to dieu ki~n cho vi~c khai tMc, mua ban, chuy~n nhuQl1g d~t dai d~n d~n tinh tr;;tng pM fUng v6i

t6c dQ nhanh quy malan Cay ca pM, len ngai d6ng nghYa v6i fUng bi tan pM

Co th~ noi, trong hai th?p nien gan day, toan dan d6 xa vao tr6ng va kinh doanh cay ca pM,

tir can bQ, cang nhan vien, dan KTM, dan DCTD, cac DITC Cac nang lam Wang nM nuac

tr6ng ca pM, tu nhan cling tr6ng ca pM, cac trang tr;;ti ca phe mQc len khang chi co dan t~i ch6 ma

la trang tr~i tu nhan cua cac doanh nhan tir Sill Gon, cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung len mua d~t,

thue nhan cang kinh doanh ca pM Kinh t~ trang tr;;ti kinh doanh ca pM pMt tri~n nhanh chua

tUng co

KM ph6 bi~n tinh tr;;tng dan di cu nguOi Kinh, nguOi Tay, nguOi Nung a D~c Uc, Gia Lai,

Lam D6ng thue dan t~i ch6 pM rung tr6ng cay ca pM D~t len gia, nguOi dan tQc ban dia ban h~t

d~t cha ang d~ l~i ch;;ty vao rung sau ti~p h,lC pM rung lam dy Se khang cuang di~u khi noi r~ng

m6i ha ca pM mQc len la m6i harung bi d6 xu6ng Di~n tfch rung ca pM tang b~t thuang: Theo

1998, di~n tfch cay ca pM da tang len 300.000 ha N~u tfnh chung cac lo;;ti cay dai ngay, dSn nam

2000, di~n tfch cay cang nghi~p Tay Nguyen da len d~n 650.000 ha, trong do tren 400.000 ha la

cay ca pM, tang khoang 20 Ian so v6i nam 1976 Qua trlnh khai thac va sir dvng fung Tay

Nguyen trong giai do;;tn D6i m6i, rna tac nhan quan trQng la dan di cu, da lam cho ngu6n tai

nguyen quy gia nay suy giam thea t6c dQ khang thua kem b~t cu thOi kY nao trong lich sir Dieu

cao nh~t la cua nguOi H'mang, d~t tl,l' khai khan chiSm 95,17%, nguOi Dao 86%, nguOi Nung

55,17% trong luc do d6i v6i nguOi Kinh d~t dai co duqc chu ySu tir ngu6n mua 53,18%, d~t khai

khan 36,34% (Xem bang 1)

Sl,l' tham gia pM rung cua di dan tl,l' do cung v6i nhiing tac nhan khac da lam di~n tfch rung

Tay Nguyen giam sut mQt cach nhanh chong s6 li~u dieu tra cua So' Nang nghi~p & PMt tri~n

nang than cac tinh Tay Nguyen sau day minh chUng cho dieu nay

T~i Gia Lai tir nam 1986 dSn nam 1992, di~n tfch rung giam tir 880.000 ha xu6ng can

785.000 ha (15.000 halnam); tir 1992 dSn 1997, di~n tfch rung giam tir 785.000 ha xu6ng can

xuang can 45%

T~ Kon Tum, tir 1983 dSn 1991, di~n tfch rung giam di 13.200 ha, nhung tir 1995dSn 1999,

di~n tfch rUng bi m~t la 1O.000ha (2,500 halnam)

35

, ? hOA di Ctl' ttl' phat theo dan tQc

quan dfit dm Clla, , •

Cae lo~i dilt %

36 Hi~n d~i va d('>ng thai eua truySn th6ng a Vi~t Nam: Nhii'ng each tiSp e~n nhan hQc

n~m 19?? ~u6n~ ~con, kho~ng 2,? tri~u ha nam 2000, t6c de> gifun 45.833 ha Inam, tron khi /

, Bang 2: Di~n tich rung bi pha tren dia bfm tinh D~c L~c tir 1995 d~n 2000

Ngu61l: Kit qua t61lg kidll/ ke adt aai lliim2000'clla T61lg q/c fJ;a chfllh

Do tac dong cua can s6t dl.y c' ph~ dAt d l~ /

, , f a e, a at en gta, ngmJi DTTC ban hSt d~t o"ng cha dA

1

2,5 trieu dbn j, ,a ;ung, ~ ray ~o\lC,lam [hue rhA, rimg cho ?guiYi ~nh v6i ti~n dIng 2,0 d~n

, ~ / gI a de lay dat trong ca phe Chua het, tmh tr~ng Ian chiem tranh ch~p d~t d'

co chu b' f th' h , f u vo m ay co y khat thac manh dcit hUll canh cua ngum DTTC da

giua t~p I

t:1 v : ta;:~~ d~t C:~h t~~ c~a ~nh., TIn~ tr~~,g tranh ch~p dftt dai diSn ra hang tram Vl,l,

d

f ~ h~ , f e,), ca n an vm t~p the, ca nhan vm nhau, ngum DTTC v6i ngum di cu m M

Thu

rvn

" h' ~ ~ m~ xa ,Ql n at la van de quan h~ dan te>c giua hai kh6i cli dan

Kinh-yllg rna lyn nay van chua cham dill

Trong CCi chS thi truOng, rUng Tay Nguyen c~n bi tan ph~ bOi lam t~c v6i cac d6i tUQ11g khac

Ho co th~ la be> de>i dia phuang, dan buon go, dan t~i cho, th~m chi bOi cac can be> nong lam

~a ca can be> ki~m lam Lam t~c thm'mg duQ'c sv tiSp tay cua lanh d~o lam truOng, ki~m

dia phuang khi tinh tr~ng tham nhling v~n con tiSp diSn V~n dS nay thucmg duQ'c biSt dSn ngay qua cac phuang ti~n thong tin d~i chung

Chu truang giao d~t, giao rUng nh&m thvc hi~n Lu~t D~t dai nam 1993 va tri~n khai Chi thi

327 cua Chinh phu vS phu xanh d~t tr6ng d6i trQc va t~o diSu ki~n 6n dinh va cai thi~n dm s6ng d6ng bao DTIC thea QuySt dinh 132, 134 ngay 23 thang q nam 2005 cua ~hu tu6ng Chinh phu Thuc hien chu truang nay, cac sa nong nghi~p va phat trien nong thon phoi hQ'P vai cac nganh

cham soc rUng, dong thm tien hanh giao rung cho ngum dan t~i cho quan ly va bao v~ Theo bao cao, dSn cu6i nam 1997 di~n tfch rung da giao cho dan qWln ly va bao v~ a Tay Nguyen la 1.013.000 ha Con s6 d~t dUQ'c thanh tich dang khich l~, nhung chftt lUQ11g va hi~u qua d~t dUQ'c con r~t th~p Do CCi chS dinh muc khoan chua hQ'P ly, ph6 biSn nhiSu nm giao rUng cho dan quan

ly con la hlnh thuc V6i dinh muc khoan 50.000 d6nglhalnam, th~~ chi truac dola 35.000 d6ng theD ngum dan la khong thoa dang Trong qua trlnh thanh tDan, tien giao cho dan thuOng ch~m,

th~ chi nhiSu nm con bi bat xen Ngum DTIC trong tham tam bi m~c cam, VI truac day, til lau

d~t rUng la cua hQ, bay gia hQ tra thanh ngum trong coi rUng thue cho Nha nuac v6i tiSn cong re

m~t TInh tr~ng ph6 biSn la ngum ta khong m~y m~n rna v6i manh rUng duQ'c giaD Do nhu cfiu va lQ'i feh cua ngum lao de>ng khong duQ'c quan tam dung muc, hQ'P d6ng giaD dfit, giao rung da bi

huy b6 trong me>t thm gian ng~n vi thu nMp nh~n khoan bao v~ quan ly rUng th~p han nhiSu so vai cac lD~i cong vi~c khac

Theo Bao cao cua Ban Dan te>c, nam 2005, tinh D~c tic da giaD quan ly va bao v~ 43.500 ha rung ChD he> gia dinh va ce>ng d6ng DTIC quan ly, bao v~ v6i muc khoan 50.000 dlhalnam va cQng d6ng duQ'c huang lqi phfin tram g6 rUng khi khai thac Cling vao nam nay, huy~n Ea H'leo giaD 7.790 ha rUng cho 01 t6 chuc, 171 he>, 5 ce>ng d6ng va 14 nhom he> quan ly bao v~ Theo diSu tra cua nhom nghien CUll, co hai buon Cham va Ta Ly thue>c xa Ea Sol duQ'c huy~n chQn lam thi

di~m giao rUng cho ce>ng d6ng Cling t~i hai buon nay, nam 2003, lam truang Ea H'leo giaD rUng ChD mQt s6 he> quan ly bao v~ thea chS de> 50.000 d/halnam Nam 2004 nong truang thanh toan

ch~m, vi~c giao rUng cho he> gia dinh a hai buon bi huy bo RUng bi pha nhanh VI vo chu Nam

2004, thvc hi~n chu twang cua Nha nuac va duQ'C Ce>ng hoa Lien bang Duc h6 trQ', lam truOng

Ea H'leo va huy~n Ea H'leo tri~n khai giao rUng ChD ce>ng d6ng buon Cham va buon Ta Ly quan

ly va bao v~ TheD hQ'p d6ng giao rUng, trach nhi~m cua ce>ng d6ng la quan 1y trong nDm, bao v~ rUng QuySn lqi cua ce>ng d6ng duQ'c huang 70% gia tri g6 khi khai thac Ngoai ra, ngum dan duQ'c phep khai thac g6 lam nha, l~y cui dun va thu hai lam th6 san Theo can be> thon nam 2005

co 48 Vl,l vi ph~m lam lu~t duQ'c phat hi~n va xu ly chu ySu do lam t~c nguai Kinh gay ra VS m~t

ki~h ts thi hi~u qua quan ly va bao v~ rung chua 1'5 Ngum dan cling ban khDan la sau nay khong bi,et thli lao cong bao v~ va qm\n ly rUng nhu thS nao, co thvc hi~n va thoa dang khong M~t khac,

ve m~t tam ly, ngu9'i dan thich giaD rUng cho ce>ng d6ng hanla giao cho he> gia dinh VI no phli h£'P v6i truySn th6ng dan te>c Nhu v~y la, cho dSn hi~n nay, mo hlnh giao d&t giao rUng con do dam chua co mo hinh thvc thi Cl,l th~ trong thvc tS ChUng nao chinh sach lam sinh xa he>i chua duQ'c thvc hi~n co hi~u qua thl rUng con bi tiSp wc tan pha nhu tinh tr~ng hi~n nay

2.2 S~suy thoai cua moi trldmg va i1i~u ki?n sang

Cling v6i vi~c pha rung, moi tWOng va diSu ki~n s6ng bi suy tholli n~ng nS Sv mau thuftn cua qua trlnh khai thac va su dl,lng d~t dai va n~n pha rUng da anh huang dSn moi truang va diSu

38 Hi~n o~i va o9ng thai cua.truySn th6ng o· Vi~t Nam: Nhfrng each tiSp can nhaAn' h " QC

ki~n s6~g khong ~e~g ~ kh~ VlJC rna ca d6ng ?~ng duyen hai Nam Trung BQ va ca Dong Nam

BQ Chat hxqng dat bl bIen dOl thea xu huOOg xau di Dlit khong chi bi mua ' d ' dA' , , n~ng r am XOl mon , , , rna

con o,cmmg Q su ~\ln~ kha ~ao, m~t ~ac l,~ti muon ,on dinh nhanh, lam giau sOm nen dAt phai

q~ay v~ng ~ha~h, d~n d~n ~hong, bl;lC mau va ph\lC ~oi ch~m Vi~c xay dlJllg cac khu dau t~m,

t~ong ~a p.h~, cac v~on cay an qua da dem ll;li san pham nong nghi~p c6 gia tti cao, nhung din

Bang 3 Bi~n dl}ng mrrc dl} xoi mon binh quan giai do~n 1'995 - 2002

[Jon vi' tdnlhalnam

Mrrc de} xoi Mrrc de} Bi~n de}ng

Lo~i tham phil monnam xoimon mrrcxoi Biadi~m

D~t rung, trang co khai thac 14,89 17,74 -2,85 Duc CO', Gia Lai

trong caphe

chuyen trong cay lau ngay

phe

~At rfmg khai 1?ha dAt nuO'ng

ray trong cay ngan ngay

, , , Ngu6n: Vi¢1I Quy hO(lch va fhiit ki /long nghi¢p, 2003

f Nh~g ~an de n~i c~mA lien 9uan d€n moi truang nong nghi~p la vi~c Slr d\lng ph an b6n va

th~?c bao vY" ~hlJC A Vl;l\ gay, 0 nhiem m~i truang T~en thi truang thu6c bao v~ thlJc v~t dang co

n~le~ thay dOl, mQt,so c~ung 10l;li thuoc khong kiem soat duQ'c Chung loai thu6c bao ve thuc

vl;lt rat da, d~ng, ~hieu nhat la nh6m hqp chAt Ian ~fru cO', cIo hfru cO' thuQ~ nh6m dQc tir' I d~n

I~, sau do la,nhom cacbamat, pyrethroid thuQC the M IV Thu6c trn sau ph~n 100 th'uoc nh6m

co do d A ,Q c th A kh A ~?, ?ng c~" , H' " g v,a As Tuy ~6 nhieu chung 10l;li nhung nguai nong dan, do thoi

q~en va ASQ' ~1 roo va d? hleu biet c6 hl;ln ve muc dQ dQc hl;li cua thu6c bao ve thuc vat, nen chi

dung mQt so 101;l1 t~u~~ chuyen du~g c6 dQ dQc cao da bi dm ho~c hl;ln' chi Slr 'd\lng nhu

M.omt~r, W~fo~ox v~ heu luqng thuoc b~o v~ thlJc v~t duQ'c Slr d\lng tuy ti~n rna hQ cho la co

1~1 nhat Qua t~nh su d~ng p~an b~n, thuoc bao :'~ thlJc v~t khong, can d6i qua liSu luqng, cQng

vm ?hu~g thu;: c<;lnh tac k~ong ~am bao yeu cau kY thu~t tren dat d6c lam cho dAt ngay cang

n?heo ki;t, th~oru h6a, 0 nhiem d§.t, x6i man, rna troi diSn ra nghiem trQng (Hoang Van Phong

Do ~g bi ,tan ~ha tIa ~hanh hoang ml;lc n~n I?lJc nu6'c trong long dAt bi rut xu6ng MQt s6

n~ do ~on~ du ~u~c de smh hO,l;lt va san ,xuat dong bao da phai di chuySn d€n nm khac sinh

s?ng AVao, m~~ kho, tmh trl;ln~ thieu nu6'c tram trQng, d~c bi~t a D~c ric, Lam D6ng nO'i rna cay

c~ ph~.p~at t~en ml;l~h, do, thi~u nu?c ~gum dan da _khai, thac ngu6n nu6'c ngb mQt cach bira bai

de tum ca phe Nguon nuO'c bl khru thac cl;ln ki~t dan den hl;ln han mAt mua thuang xuyen, trong

va kinh ti

kS dSn dqt hl;ln han nam 1997 - 1998 lam cho hon 50% di~n tich cay luong thlJC va cay ca

bao cao cua Sa Nong nghi~p va Phat triSn nong thon tinh Gia Lai, bien dQ giao dQng nU6'c ng~m giUa mua kho ya mua mua a cac song thuQc,luu VlJC song Xe Xan trong ting ill

chi vai met tru6'c day len den hang ch\lc met Tl;li xa Ia Pech, huy~n Ia Graih, tinh Gia Lai dQ eua nu6'c giSng til 10 - 12 met nam 1992 tang len 16 - 20 met nam 1999 RUng d~u ngu6n bi pha dfin dSn ngu6!l sinh thuy giam, mlJc ~u6'c song su6i ngay cang xu6ng thAp Ngum dan xa Rai, huy~n Sa Thay, tinh Kon Tum n6i r~ng, mlJc nu6'c con song H're~ chay qua xa giam 2

VaG mua kho, song Dak Bla cling giam gan 1 met so vm tru6'c day Nhieu cong trinh thuy lqi dfin dSn ttnh trl;lng ngUng hOl;lt dQng va nhiSu canh d6ng bi b6 hoang Lang khang chiSn De

xa Ea Yun, huy~n Mang Yang, tinh Gia Lai cua ngum Ba - na dUQ'c Nha nu6'c d~u tu xay cong trlnh thuy lqi tum nu6'c cho 14 ha ruQng nu6'c Dong Xuan nam 1983 DSn nam 1998,

bO ruong nu6'c bi bo h6a VaG mua kho do d~p nu6'c kho cl;ln Nam 1996, li'mg Kchep, xa aun, i1Uy~n Chu Se, tinh Gia Lai ngum Gia Rai duQ'c Nha nu6'c d~u tu nhiSu ty d6ng d~ xay dl,tng muong thuy lqi Ia Pong dai tren 10 km dfin ~u6'c tir tren nui vS tum cho g~n 30 ha Sau 7 dong nu6'c chay trong muO'ng chi can Ii1Qt phan nho so vm tru6'c, di~n tich ruQng nu6'c hai

30 ha bi bo h6a VaG thm diSm gieo dy V\l Dong Xuan nam 2002 Ngum dan thanh ph6 D~c

khong ai quen dUQ'C nl;ln hl;ln han VaG cac mua kho nam 1997 - 1999 lam thiSu nu6'c sinh hOl;lt

va nha may nu6'c phai tl;lm ngUng hOl;lt dQng do thiSu nu6'c Nguai dan phai an nu6'c do xe cong ty thanh ph6 cha dSn va nu6'c Sl;lch cua ill nhan tir nm khac dSn vm gia 1.500 - 2.000 d6ng/ thung (Bui Minh DI;lO, 2005, tr 128 - 129)

Rirng bi tan pM, chAt luqng dAt bi suy thoai thea xu huOOg xAu di, SlJ pMt triSn cac 10l;li dlY

ehuyen canh, vung chuyen canh ca phe, dflU t~m, che dem ll;li gia tti kinh tS cao nhung lam suy giam cac gia tri da dl;lng sinh hQc NhiSu 10l;li g6 quy bi khai thac khong du till sinh, nhiSu dQng v~t

quy hiSm khan hiSm d~n do vi~c san b~n nhfmg dQng v~t quy hiSm Theo s6 li~u th6ng ke trong hai nam 2002 - 2003 cO' quan chuc nang D~c ric da phat hi~n va thu giu tren 2000 dQng v~t hoang da cac lOl;li vm t6ng trQng luqng la 8000 kg Trong 6 thang d~u nam nam 2004 tren dia ban tinh da c6 76 V\l san b~n, v~n chuySn, mua ban trai phCp dQng v~t rung bi phat hi~n va tich thu 83 con Cac 10l;li dQng v~t bi sat hl;li thuang la dQng v~t quy hiSm, trong d6 c6 bo rung, bo t6t (Hoang NgQc Phong, NguySn Van Phd, 2006, tr 75)

Ngay tl;li khu rung bao t6n ban Don, rung cling thua va lui d~n lam dan voi khong du khong gian sinh t6n da keo vS pha nuong rfiy cua ngum dan Tai ac han, voi can qu~t chSt ngum rna bao chi da neu cach day khong lau

, RUng d~u 12gu6n bi tan pha tl;li cac huy~n vung cao Tay Nguyen lam cho nu6'c mua d6c th~ng

xuong ngay cho thuqng luu gay Iii l\lt cho cac tinh Gia Lai, Kon Tum nam 1997 va Lam Dong nam 1998 Chinh nl;ln pha rung a Tay Nguyen Hl nguyen nh'an tn,rc tiSp gay Iii l\lt ng~p ung cho hang ch\lc ngan ha a cac tinh Ninh Thu~n va Binh Thu~n trqng nhiSu nam nay Vao nam 1998,

1999 khong ai quen duQ'c hai tr~n Iii l\lt nay, gay kinh hoang cho toan qu6c, nh~n chIm hang tr~m lang ml;lC, hang ngan ha d6ng ruQng a cac tinh duyen hili rniSn Trung rna nguyen nhan khong phai

gi khac la do suy thoai dAt rung Tay Nguyen CUQc khao sat VaG thang 7 nam 2001 cua nh6m nghien Clru khu VlJC vuan qu6c gia cat Tien da ghi nh~n cac tr~n lli l\lt trong vung vao nhfmg nam

1978, 1987, 1999 va nam 2000 - hai tr~n l\lt Ian nhfit vao nam 1978 va nam 2000 -la nhfmg tr~n

l\lt gay nhiSu thi~t hl;li nhAt vS thl san va nhan ml;lng va cling la mQt trong nhfmg nguyen nhan gay nen canh ngheo d6i trong vung

Bao Tu6i Tn~ ngay 8 thang 8 nam 2007 ngay trang d~u da c6 1m canh bao: "Trong khi con bao s6 2 mfiy ngay qua de dQa su6t dai duyen hai miSn Trung thl can "ph~n ria" anh huang cua no

Hi~n o?i va o('>ng thai eua truyen th6ng & Viet Naill' Nh-' ' h A ~ •

(gay mua) du t~& t~anh tai h9a cho Tay Nguyen: 25 n Cri th' ~t , ,

15 nguO'i bi cuan trai m~t tfch), hang chuc ngan ha h gu, l~ m<,t~g (1O~ ngu~ bm duqc !hi tM,

thi~t h<,ti u6'c tfnh ca ngan ty d6ng Li'i diSn ra b~t t~;nm~~ cu~~ han~ tram ;(can nM bi cuan trai,

nguO'i dan cho du di I<,ti b~ng su dn tron d~ h' ?C ~lyt, kfong th~ cUOng I<,ti, nghTa Ia

Mua gi6 Tay Nguyen Ia thS: c6 thS x~~tgh.~e ~_ ~ng c~o ~9 cun,g d~u c~ the tr& thanh ?<,tn nMn

Iuqng ~1l16'c chay Am Am, d~t 1& dfr dai ch ,1Y:h u , \1t rna Acun~ co the ~on~; rna da xuat hi~n thl

Da xuat hi~n 1i'i Ia chi toan Ii'i quet 1:'" A op K~a,~g, ~uo? ~l nhanh (va ket thuc cling nhanh) "

rung I<,tl duqc khai thac vai quy rna Ian v' 'tA d~O hgwhtrong h~~ su Tay Nguyen, tai nguyen d§t

ki~t A ' , a oc 0 n an nhu hlen nay r h , A

Y , mOl truong suy tholli gay hau qua kh61 ' D~ r A'~ ~m c 0 tal nguyen bi C<,tn

n}1a xa~ d\l'11g chinh sach rna ca.·cac nha kh u~g ~y ~a van~de quan !am khang chi cua nhfrng

tang the cho vi~c giai quySt v~n d~ nay c~o h~' d9C vad:9~g d~ng cu dan dia phuong Giai phap

an p al uqc <,tt len ban nghl S\1'

tham khao va trich d§n

adu lu, B9 NN & PTNT

1996 DI! an quy hO(lch t6ng thd llhat tridn kinh d - xii h<5i Toy Nguyen Ha NQi:

D\t an philn b5 lao dQng dan dinh canh dinh cu va xay dl,1'llg vung kinh tS mai cac tinh Tay Nguyen 1996 - 2010

inh Cuang - Nguy~n Quang HuS

1999 "Di dan t\1' do nang than dSn nang than, th\1'c tr<,tng va giai philp, " HQi thao qu5c tS

di dan nQi dia & Vi~t Nam

1999 Di dan tl! phat cua cac dan t<5c miJn nui phfa BJc VaG Tay Nguyen Bao cao t6ng hqp d~ tai khoa h9C c:1p BQ, Ha NQi

D\l an VIEl95/004

1997 Bao cao di~u tra di dan nang than t<,ti tinh D~c Uc Ha NQi, 7/1997

2005 Thl!c tr(lng d6i ngheo va m<5t s6 giai phap x6a d6i giam ngheo d6i vm dan t<5c thidu

s6 t(li ch6 Tay Nguyen Ha NQi: NXB Khoa h9C xa hQi

Nguy~n Xuan D9

2002 Dan s6 va vdn dJ tai nguyen m8i trudng -xii h9i a DJc Utc Trong sach: Phat tridn bJn v/Ang miJn nui Vi¢t Nam 10 nam nhzn [(Ii va nhfrng vdn dJ dgt ra NXB Nang nghi~p, HaNQi

Nguy~n Thi Blch Ha

2002 Phfi.n tfch thl!c tr(lng di dan din DJc Utc va anh huang tm Sl! phat tridn kinh d xii h9i, HaNQi

va Dinh LQ'i, Bui Minh D<,to

2000 So' hfru va sir dl,mg ddt dai a cac tinh Tfly Nguyen Ha NQi: NXB Khoa h9C xa hQi

Hoang NgQc Phong, Nguy~n Van PM (a6ng chu bien)

2006 Cac giai phap t6ng thi phat tridn kinh d - xii h9i va bao v¢ m8i truerng vung Tfty Nguyen trong tlnh hlnh 111m BQ KS ho<,tch va DAu tu Ha NQi

Nien giam Th6ng ke cac tinh Tay Nguyen

Nguy~n Van Ti~p (chu nhi~m as tai)

2005 Bao cao t6ng hqp d~ tai Nghien cuu qua trlnh va thl!c tr(lng kinh d-xii h<5i cua dan

di cu tl! do nh{;m dJ xudt giai phap 6n dinh va pMt tridn bJn vung c<5ng d6ng a Tay Nguyen TP.HCM, ThCri gian th\1'c hi~n (2003 - 2005)

42 Hi~n o?i va oQng thai eua truySn th6ng & Viet Naill' Nh- ung cae tlep e?n nhan ho , h J A

NG~IEN CtrvVE KINHTE vA BAN SAC

CVA NGUOI H'MONG 0 VIET NAM '

, OJ se ong co gang giai nghla ngm'ri H'mon Ia , f , '

H mongO' Vi~t Nam, bOi vi do Ia mot 'A l' kh" g at tr~ng bat VIet nay, ngay ca nguOi

1-uln ve ban cha't Thay van do Wi SN f '~ kh' " e mang n~ng nhung giii

H ' " mong bang cach giai rna va diSn , ' ' glat n ung oat dong kinf1 tf , h N e co gang hN h ' ao sat mot vai kh' la qm ve an sac cua nguOi h A b? ,

(1976 : 528), co hai cach tie'p din dA' " ? , : ? ' , ~ cua <;> hu Godelier da vie't

l< ki ' e mo ta va glal thlCh cd diu ki h t'" " ,

ve nh te chinh tri va cach kia l' l< l' h ? ' n e, m<;>t cach quy chie'u

'" ' a ve lC su kinh te D A' ? h' h N "

tot, thl chung ta din di ngudc dong tho'" AA' , ~ e glal t lC nhung van de hi~n nay

quan cua nguoi H'mong trong b"" ? h? , ' n ng cac hanh sli' hay Hip

01 can cua chung Nen kinh t'" H' " qua mot dia diem cu the de chung t 'thA' , e mong se dU<;1c xem xet

nay da di qua de de'n dudc nnh t h'" ng glal UO<;tn rna n€n kinh te'

li

" rang len nay va muc dich ? t'" l'

en t1;1c qua thai gian " ' cua 01 a fim dU<;1c nhung di

duQ'c gi6i thi~u a day mot nho'm h f ong a k~u thung lung cao nhat a phfa B~c Viet Nam

ong, deu thuoc tinh Lao Cai Ia ranh g' , , V' A a ay cua song Hong, nhom kia a phfa

v~ng nay nam a nhfrng vung nui cao nhaf t V' At N " ~ g uoc xem ban do 1) Hai

tq cua nhfrng Ianh tu nguOi Thai v&n da·' , , ' m mong ua nam trong he th&ng chfnh

tr~ng a vung Sip S~ng CMu Th ,., h~atT~uan A

vung ~ui nay tu nhiSu th€ I<y, nhAt ia ngum Thai

song ong Trong nghien Clm cua mlnh A hN A f ' a ngum ay va Nung a phfa Dong

~ong Duang, Condominas (1976) cho thA e ~, un~ hy :hong.chfnh tq n~i ti€ng Thai a miSn B~c

Ifc~ Slr qua mot h~ th&ng c&ng nap h~u h€t ~ a ~~~ghlan~ dla, phong kien nay co k€t n&i vS mat

(Kmh, Thai Lan, Mi€n Dien' La~ ~a Tru v~ )rd c ~,hau ~ua cac vuang qu&c vung d6ng b~n'g

T~ai qnh tranh v6i nhfrng l~nh ;hua noi ~f€~~o~h , ~:en Bac Vi~t N am, nhfrng Ianh chua ngum

ca cac Ianh chua nay doi c&ng na cua nh N at A ac, (Lue, Yuan, Nung, Zhuang) Nhung tAt

v?ng Ia~h dia Clla h<;> V u th€ vS ~at t5 ch: g C?U haud:ua ~<;> ~ong a nhung dinh n~m g<;>n trong

vung ~U1 cao va vung d6ng b~ng c~a nh N quan S\1', an so ?ong han, va vi trf thuang mai gifta

t<;to dieu ki~n cho he th&ng f h ung ~l~ang phong kien noi nhfrng ngon ngfr Thai ~a d N

c ot em soat ult ca nhfrng buon b" N , ,ao ~m c 0 h<;> nam gift mot vi trf chu

nhu?n rAt ca~ an gma vung cao va thap, gam ca buon ban thu&c phie~ v6i 1m

f ~ru&~ tien, d€ hi€u diSu kien Iich Slr cu' " A ,

den kinh te ngum H'mong, chu~g ta se f ~ YU~?'hva, tac d<;>?g ?gay nay cua nhfrng diSu ki~n nay

1m leu lC su cu tru cua vung va phac h<;>a xem nSn kinh

cao nguyen da duQ'c hlnh thanh ra sao va da bi chu nghla th\1'c dfm tac dong nhu th€

do chung ta se dS C?P d€n anh huang cua chS dO t?P th~ xa hOi chu ngma, ti€p n6i bOi S\1'

cua thi tnremg tv do tu cu6i nhfrng nam 1980 Chung ta cling thao Iu?n vS nhfrng tac vi~c vung nay bVdu<;1C ke't h<;1p v€ m~t hanh chfnh vao che' do th\1'c dan Phap, va vao each m<;tng, va lUll Y d€n nhfrng anh huang hay thay d6i khi nhfrng nguai nang dan va dan toc Kinh tran d€n tu nhfrng vung d6ng b~ng dong dan trong qua trlnh di dan van nam 1960 (xem Hardy, 2002) Hoan canh cua hai nhom nguai H'mong a phfa B~c Vi~t

se duQ'c phan tfch qua ba ,giii thuye't, m6~ giii thuye't se dua ra cac cau tra 1m cho mot I0:;tt hoi c6t y€u cua bai viet nay: Cong dong nguai H'mong da kien trl vuqt qua m<;>i bien chfnh tri va kinh t€ nhu th€ nao? T~i sao ngum H'mong v~n cho r~ng vi~c duy tr1 M th6ng t€ cua h<;> la diSu h<;> dang lam, trong khi nhfrng Ian song Jich Slr da cu6n troi di bi€t bao bO vuong qu6c, d€ ch€ va cac nSn cong hoa? Va tren hSt, nSn van hoa dong vai tro gl trong S\1' trl bSn bi nay?

f)~ b~t dl'iu, chung ta co th~ noi ng~n g<;>n r~ng tnr&c thm gian tiep xuc vai ngum Chau Au cu6i th€ ki 19, nhfrng ngum dan vung cao nguyen nay tuqng trung cho mot m~u chu~n vS cu

"bO toc" ("tribal") rna Sahlins (1968) n5i danh tUng mieu tao H<;> da ph~n la nhfrng ngum 1~

rfiy, ch~ng h<;tn nhu la nhfrng ngum du canh di khai kh~n dAt hoang va luan canh, tuy nhien cling

co mot s6 it trong s6 h<;> la nhfrng nong dan dinh canh Trong ca hai truang hgp tW vi~c buon ban

dSu dong vai tro quan tr<;>ng, dUng thu hai trong ca c~u kinh t€ cua h<;> sau ch6 d\1'a chfnh la nang

nghi~p, san b~n va hai lUQ'm cac san V?t trong rung Mot dong gop quan tr<;>ng trong ho~t dong tr6ng tr<;>t truySn th6ng cua h<;> dUQ'c xuAt hi~n van th€ ki XIX khi cay thu6c phi~n tra thanh ho~t

dQng tr6ng tr<;>t chfnh cua mot s6 100 ngum dfm B~t chAp tfnh thuang m~i cao va co phl'in bAt binh thuemg cua cay tr6ng nay, vS cach t5 chuc kinh tS chung cua h<;>, nhom cu dfm H'mong nay v~n

dVa van mo Wnh san xuAt ho gia dlnh, la mo Wnh d~t tr<;>ng tam van nhu cl'iu tai san sinh ca ban (hay can g<;>i la sinh kS) trong do s6 mi~ng cfin phai nuoi va s6 ngum co th~ lao dong tren d6ng lUQng quy€t dinh muc dO kh6i 1uqng san ph~m d~u ra Trang b6i canh nSn kinh tS t\1' cung t\1' cfip nhu v~y, ca du lao dong lien t\lC biSn d6i trong m6i ho gia dlnh, ph\l thuQc van S\1' din b~ng giua hai thong s6 neu tren, va ban than nhfrng con s6 nay cling t\1' thay d6i d~ tufm thea chu k1 s6ng cua m6i gia dlnh Chfnh di~m can b~ng nay, tuy dao dong khong ngUng nhung khong co nhfrng mau

Chayanov (1925) duc kkthanh ly lu?n n5i tieng

Nhfrng yeu t6 quan tr<;>ng khac vS t5 chuc kinh tS cua nguai H'mong se tra nen sang to khi toi

b~t dl'iu trlnh bay lich Slr xam nh?p cua nhom ngum nay vaonSn kinh tS vung cua miSn B~c Vi~t

44 45

va kinh d

(y miSn nui nay la m9t ph~n cua m9t h~ th6ng quan M thuong m~i r9ng 16n hon

Lllkl.UV' Thai (y vi trf m~nh hcm va ki~m loi tir nhfmg CU9C trao d6i vm d6i tac vung cach khai thac kha nang san xutlt cua nhfmg nguOi (y vung cao Nhfmg ngU<li nay

vS giai phap bo di nm khac vi hQ cung huang lQi t~ quan h~ vm nguOi Thai trong nao d6 Nha c6 m~ng luai thuong m~i vuon t~n den Luang Phrabang va Ha N9i, thong bao cho nhiI?g nguOi khac ~6ng (y vunNg cao v6 nhfmg san ph~m C\l thS nao vung d6ng b&ng, chang h~n nhu thu~c phi~n, go quan t~, c~n9 nhu nhfmg thvc v~t va eua vung nui cao Nhfmg san pham nay dUQ'c trao doi de lay nhtmg m6n hang kh6 nui, trong d6 c6 mu6i, thu6c sung, kim lo~i, hang h6a dUQ'c ch~ t~,O va mang dSn tir

xa xoi Thong tin hflu hi~u d6ng m9t vai tro quan trQng trong h~ thOng buon ban nay, ng

on ngu duQ'c su d\lng ph6 bi~n nhu cac thu ti~ng Hoa, Thai, Vi~t d6ng mQt vai tro

uai H'mong thi b~c cung nhu nhiSu lo~i ti6n dia phuong cung duQ'c dung trong nhfmg tum trao d6i (y B~c bQ Truac d6, thl ch~c ch~n la nhfmg nguOi di dan H'mong da dung tiSn qu6c v6n da lUll hanh tir lau a vung nui cao Vtln dS thu6c phi~n, c6 Ie la lo(,ti cay duQ'C H'mong tr6ng dS buon ban nhi6u hon ca, cung lam n6i len vill cau hoi ly thu

Trong b6i canh thi~u h\lt cac b&ng chUng tllJc ti~p, duQ'c ghi chep, dva vao tai 1i~u khai quat

xa hQi s6ng dva vao ngh6 lam yuan, chung ta c6 thS hinh dung nhfmg giao dich d~u Hen giUa nguM H'mong la dva tren sv trao d6i hang d6i hang va chi g6m cac san ph~m tr6ng trQt va chan nuoi va hai luQ'Ill thong thuang tU rung Vi d\l nhu dS tra cho khoan tiSn 16n nhtlt trong cUQc dai eua minh, nguM con rS tuong lai (va gia dinh phfa anh ta) bi~u t~ng nguai b6 VQ' tuong lai (va gia dlnh VQ') mQt luqng nhfmg san v~t thong thuang nay va c6 thS ca suc lao dQng trong mQt quang thOi gian duQ'c thoa thu~n Sau nay, vao mQt khoang thai gian khong xac dinh duQ'c chfnh xac,

d6i, vi~c nay d~t duQ'c nha cac ho~t dQng thuong m(,ti vm cac cu dan lang gi6ng va tuqng trung eho mQt trong nhfmg hlnh thuc su d\lng ti6n d~u tien, n~u nhu d6 khong phai la hlnh thuc SU d\lng ti6n d~u tien ma nguai H'mong dung dS trao d6i

Tuy nhien, thea y ki~n cua mQt vill chuyen gia v6 dan cu vung nui, chfnh sv tr6ng trQt cay thu6e phi~n va sv buon ban nguyen li~u dan xutlt la cay thu6c phi~n nay va thong qua d6 da dan dSn sv thay d6i sau s~c va lau dill trong t6 chuc kinh t~ cua nguM H'mong Chung ta khong thS chi trong mN vill cau chu ma c6 thS t6m t~t h~t Jich su vS sv phat triSn (y quy mo l6n cua nSn tr6ng trQt cay thu6c phi~n tren cac vung cao cua vung Tay Nam Trung Qu6c, da b~t d~u c6 tir khoang th~ ki thu XVIII va phat triSn nhanh ch6ng vao nua cu6i th~ ki XIX (so sanh vm Dikotter

va cac tac gia khac, 2004) Nghien cUo nay cua toi t~p trung vao thvc tS la Cef hQi nay da duQ'c nhi6u nh6m cu dan'vung cao n~m b~t nhanh ch6ng bOi sv phu hQ'P cua nm hQ sinh s6ng vm lo~i cay tr6ng nh(,ty cam nay cung nhu m~ng lum trao d6i trong vung cua hQ thu~n lQi cho sv buon ban

hQ dva vao vi~c tr6ng trQt va trao d6i (y quy mo nho luqng san ph~ du thira va doi hoi vi~c su d\lng nhfmg lo(,ti tiSn dia phuong khac nhau (y muc dQ vira phai NSn kinh tS H'mong sau d6 da hQ'P nhtlt cay tr6ng c6 tfnh thuong m~i cao nay, la cay tr6ng ma trong truang hQ'P khong ban thl

46 o~i va oQng thai cua truy6n 0' Vi~t Nam: Nha'ng each

nguCri sfm xu~t khong the d€ dfmg su d\1ng duq~, n~ung l~i hofm toa? co the c~uyen d6i thanh

m~t (vi du thuOng 1611 hon cung), v~ co 1m suat rat 1611 MQt cay trong, co the noi la co gia tti

va buon ban thu6c phi~n tai kinh t€ hQ cua nguOi H'mong la dang ke va chung da lam thay dBi

din b~ng ve van hoa va toan bQ cac ho~t dQng lien quan tai no (Geddes 1976, Culas 1999),

Thanh to an b~ng b~c tra thanh phuong thuc duqc ua chuQng hon de mua ban thu6c

d6ng thOi b~c cung tra thanh hinh thuc tfch luy cua cai duqc ua chuQng hon khi ken vq ga ch

Bieu nay cho phep gia dinh r~ng, mQt Ian nfra khong co minh chUng, b~c du da duqc lUll hanh

vai the ki qua a mien nUi, cu6i cung da tra thanh mQt phuong thuc trao dBi chfnh cua vung mi

nui chfnh la nha slJ xu~t hi~n cua diy thu6c phi~n - nhu la lo~i diy tr6ng ra tien Khoang cu6i th~

ki XVIII, SlJ thinh vuqng cua hQ (do lo~i cay nay dem l~i) da doi hoi mQt d6ng tien hi~u IlJc han

va cu6i cung da thu hut duqc mQt khoan b~c 1611 len vung nui Cac hQ gia dinh va dong ho

H'mong nao thanh th~o trong san xu~t thu6c phi~n (co ki€n thuc, du lao dQng dn thi€t, quyen sir

d\1ng d~t, bao v~ dn th?n khoi trQm cUOp, v.v ,) thi tfch liiy duqc cua cai, luon duqc giU b~ng

cach c~t gi~u, chon vui du6i d~t d6ng xu va thoi b~c, va pho tmong lam d6 trang sue ca nhan,

them nhieu vq, thanh nhfrng gia dinh da the vuong gia va dong con Robert Cooper (1984), khi

nghien cuu ve nguOi H'mong a Thill Lan van dau nhfrng nam 1970, vao thOi di€m buac ngo~t khi

rna SlJ san xu~t thu6c phi~n a quy mo 1611 khong th€ ti€p t\1C duqc nfra do lu?t phap nha nuac tro

nen ch~t cM, da tuyen b6 r~ng, xet tren tfnh lich su, thu6c phi~n chfnh la phuong ti~n gop phan du

nh?p mQt hlnh thuc tien t~ rieng cho ho~t dQng kinh t€ cua nguOi H'mong, rna sau do chfnh la

nguyen nhan cua s\r xu~t hi~n cac tang lOp xa hQi sO' d~ng Gng da chUng minh mQt cach r~t

thuy€t ph\1c r~ng a mien B~c Thill Lan, cac gia dinh H'mong do da tfch luy duqc v6n nha buon

ban thu6c phi~n, nen khi vi~c san xu~t nay bi ki€m tra tang cUOng, da co th€ chuyen d6i thanh

cong sang cac hoa lqi khac nhu khoai tay ho~c b~p cai, vi V?y co dieu ki~n ti€p t\1c lam giau,

Bang chu y trong thao lu?n cua chung ta la, ngu6n cua cm nay luon duqc chuy€n hoa trong linh

VlJC nong nghi~p, chi mQt luqng khong dang k€ duqc chuy€n sang danh cho vi~c tieu dung cac

sim ph~m cong nghi~p m6i,

1.1.2 Hai nh6m ngU'oo dja phU'ong til' tinh Lao Cai

d phan nay, co th€ la hfru fch d€ chung ta phan tfch mQt cach sau s~c hon ve nhfrng nhom

H'mong dia phuong, la nhfrng nguOi co th€ tieu bieu hon cho di san lich su nay Nhfrng Iai buon

nguOi Vi~t, Quang Bong, Van Nam, trong nhieu kieu k€t hqp khac nhau, da co m~t tU· xa xua t~i

cac vi trf chi€n luqc, nm nhfrng dong song 1611 chay tir cac vung cao nguyen a mien B~c Vi~t

Nam g~p nhau Cac tai li~u lUll till va khao sat duong thOi van dau the ki xx neu r~ng nhfrng nha

buon nay mU6n thu mua ca gf) hoa th~ch va gf) th~ng dung lam quan tm _ chu y€u la cac cay van

sam, cay bach, cay thong tr~ng va thong do - cung nhu mQt s6 lam san dQng, thlJc V?t nhu cac lo~i

chim ca, cac lo~i cay thu6c, g~c huQ'U ho~c m?t gAu (Dupuis 1879, Diguet 1908, Abadie 1924, va

d~c bi~t Savina 1924:202, 221-2) Tuy nhien, tir dau the ki XIX, thu6c phi~n chfnh Ia Io~i cay

tr6ng thuong m~i quan tn)llg nh~t a vung nUi, nen no da duqc ph6 bien fQng rai Nhfrng nha buon

tren co m?t a nhieu dia phuong (xem ban d6 1): ve phfa Tay cac thi tdn cua MuOng Thanh (Bi~n

Bien Phu), dQc bien gi6i v6i Lao, va Muong Lay (Lai Chau) tren song Ba, a trung tam cua Sip

Song Chau Thai (lanh th6 cua nguOi Thai tr~ng); a trung tam cua cac chq 1611 a Yen Bill va Lao

Cai tren song H6ng; ve phfa Bong cua Ha Giang va Tuyen Quang tren song La; ca a Cao B~ng

tren song B~ng Giang B~t dia ban a day v6i m\1c dfch chfnh Ia d€ mua c~c sim ph~m nay d€ d6i

, , , d:>" b~ng cac thuong gia nguOi Vi~t, Quang f)ong~ va hoa mang den tu vung ong ~ , , thong qua nguOi Thai cua vung dym

til: viec buon an v , ".'" ifra cac dia ban thuO'ng m~u O'n, gom

nh6 a Sa Pa va a~ ~ " , h ' t~ se thao Iuan ng~n gQn ve chung um a ,

Sa Pa, n~m a phfa, Tay -, v~ 0' ~uY7n onac Len duemg nhu da chQn IlJa cac, chien mong, da ph~n dung tien,g ba~ d~a, I~~u ~a ;eu tr~, ho~t dQng chfnh cua kinh

N

mon hoa khac nhau tu tmO'c , o P d d"'a va' 0 cay Iua nuac ngay tir nh~g nam

' 'H' AgO' Sa a uO'c I.< k'" h N

cung W cftp cua,ngum ':,mon :> hf d6i'v6i hang hoa tir ben ngoai, khong e nf ung

J df k"'t hrYn vm nhu cau t ap , , B~ H' chu yeu do

ho chuyen en, e y t" , , , thuoc van thi tmOng Tuy v~y a ac a, , A 0:>" 'cap dSn 0 tren, da cho phep ~o: Iy A ' df B~c ky' vuat qua cac nhanh cua song L6

n~m tren tuyen duang , , ~ ~ , : > ' ban a cha trong vung, va vtyC n , ' 1904) cac d6n dien trong cay ~n q~a, rOl, ' , " nho'm phfa Bong song Hong trong

ngo cung v6i thuoc phlyn, ,a yeuf ' H"", do:>"ng nay tuy chi cach nhau khoang

luai cac cha cap khu vlJc va cap 'A" 'khac nhau _ Sa Pa nam trong long c ao tram city s6 ~un,g niim tre~ hai l~ v~e l1e~ ~u~~ d6 bi euiln thoo cae site hut ki~ t~ kha:

H6ng, B~c Ha nam trong long ~hao ,song ,La h C' ban hang tir Iau dOi cua phla Sa Pa Ia

va cac thi tmang va b~n hang ~uon ~~n ,kha~ ~e~u~uaa~o; 'phfa B~c Ha, vai tro nay du~c tha~

, Thai tr~ng cua Sip Song Chau 17Wl va d~ , N', la' h' at' nhom khac thuQc nh6m ngon n~u

nguOi ThB (nay gQi Ia ngum ay v h" g dong vai tro quan trQng trong cac len

Th " Nhfrng anh huang khac nhau trong a~,vun, 1'" , d~t nuac (McAlister 1967,

- m" 'A df ua tdnh glanh dQc :;tp cua J " ,

lich su tiep thea hen qu~n ,~n q :> ki h tf thi tmang van thOi ki BOl IDm

IVU\.' ·~ _ 2000) va dSn SlJ chuyen dOl sang nen n e ,

' :> h dAn Chau u a c " AA d- haf m dirt' su phu thuQc cua ho:;tt dQng " kh'

Su X3.m nh?p cua chfnh qu~en ~ lJC a" " n h o m dan vung trung duo Ngay ,I

thuang m~i cua cac d~n t~c thl~~ s~ vu :>"n chi hu chat che cac vung nui ca~, trong , I t~eu nguai Phap dSn, hQ thay can phat ,nam quy~ " , Yh 'h~u Su c6 mat cua thlJc dan va nhung

, " J , , quan he vm cac c u , I' h ' ay

d'lnh tmac kia muon phat tnen mOl, " guyen tmac giai do~n lC su n ,

" h'''' ~p a cac vung cao n , f h' h phu ta nguOi Kinh, la nhfrng ngu'!1 lem g! kf

t h v6'i viec thi sat cac chq va thl tran c m

dl! 'duge lhi~t l~p thong qua cae don,bot ~ua~ sl' e

h h':l'th6ng troo d!;i buon ban trulYe do v~ thay trong vung Su hien di~n tfch ClJC nay da ngat m~c Y, ng''I'm' ' Tha'i b~ng su giao di~n mm t1'lJc

nhfrng giao di~n Iich su giua c~~ cu an v~n Kinh va thuc dan M\1c dfch phat trie~ mal ,quan, A y tiSp uifra nguOi cu dan vung nUl ca~, ngu: , h 'dAn Ia nh~m dam bao an mnh vung bIen

tren ca so' tin c~y v6i d.c ?an ,cu vun uOi Phap (Gallieni 1941), Nhfrng tr~t t~ mm n~ , giCri va tang them lqi ~hu~n kmh doa~h c~~ ~~n cua cac nhom cu dan dia phuO'll~" nh~g ~guo::

dfin dSn mQt slJ xao t1'9n trong qu~n hy ~u~ na da tra thanh d6i thu c~nh tranh VO'l c~u ~han ~u

rna trong chS dQ tmac la ke bl thong, tq ~hl drnh r~n trong dip di chq trong vung mal nam

1 va~

eua ho, Savina (1924:220,222) qua do kha~g i n ~e v6i ca~ nha buon ngum Trung Quoc ~~

d~u thS ki XX, nguOi H'mong a SaA Pa c,o th: qua, hi han chS buon ban chi v6i nguOi ThaI

nguOi Kinh Ia d~i di~n cho thlJc dan, va, kh on,~ cpoh~ h~'l'ng doanh nMn ngum Thai va Trung

, :> ' , 'r h nguO'l ap, n 1.<11 , " f , b A Nhfrng nguai thlJc dan, truyen glao ,va l~ , ' Ki h cung v6i nguOi dan mien nUl, tat ca ay

Quoc, nh,ung n~ , d' J., b A ban tren cac khu chq cao nguyen

gia co the g~p ga va trao 01 uon

48 th6ng a Vi~t Nam: NhCi'ng each ti

Ngay til nhilng chuySn tham d~u tien cua nlinh t61 cac bim Umg vunI? cao nhu,B~c Ha,

Xat, MuOng Khuang ha~ Sa Pa, ~ac 9ua? sat vien n~m Phap bao cab ra?g h,? thay ngum dan

mi~n nui h9P chq m6i tuan mQt Hin de doi thu v~t, thuoc phi~n nguyen chat, go lam quan tai Va

cac duqc phfun khac trong rung l~y cac dl,lng Cl,l kim Io~i, d& dung nM bSp, mu6i, thu6c sung, d~n

nhanh chong xam nh~p VaG cac ho~t dQng trao d6i buon ban nay va b~t d~u danh thuS VaG cac

giao dich a dia phuang cling nhu cac ho~t dQng buon ban qua bien gi61 d6 cung dp hang cho cac

chq vung cao, Chu tr9ng d?c bi~t VaG cac llnh VlJC kinh doanh cua nM nuac nhu ruqu, mu6i va

thu6c phi~n (c.f, Niollet 1998), thong qua cac kho dlJ tm chinh thuc, chinh quy~n thlJc dan dil b~t

d~u mua hSt Iuqng thu6c phi~n sim xu~t t~i dia phuong va ca Iuqng thu6c phi~n duqc cac nha

buon mang dSn tir Van Nam (Hill 1998), Luqng thu6c phi~n nay sau do duqc chuy6n tflJc tiSp

dSn Ha NQi va Sai Gon, nm T6ng D~i Iy thu6c phi~n Dong Duang (Regie generale de Fopium de

l'Indochine, mQt cong ty do nM nuac di~u Mnh) qui'm Iy vi~c chS biSn va tieu thl,l thu6c phi~n,

Chinh vi v~y, thm ki thuQc dia, d6i v61 dan cu vung cao cling nhu d6i v61 ngum H'mong, la

thm ky rna n~n kinh tS h6n t~p ngay cang khuSch truong, bao g&m n~n nong nghi~p tlJ cung tlJ

d p (la khu VlJC kinh tS chu d~o), va n~n thuong m~i tren ca sa cung du - mQt bQ ph~n cua n~n

kinh tS dia phuong dang tren da phat triSn, Vi~c su d\mg tiSn cling tang len, cung v61 kSt qua cua

vi~c tang Iuqng tfch tm b~c,

a nhGng vung xa xoi nay (xa vung d&ng b&ng trung tam cua Nha nuac Vi~t), nhGng SlJ ki~n

Iich su nhu cUQc dao chinh cua ngum Nh~t nam 1945, SlJ hi~n di~n cua quan dQi cQng hoa Trung

Hoa nam 1946 (ca hai doan quan t~m dong a Lao Cai), chiSn tranh Vi~t Phap (1946 _ 1954) vOi

kSt qua ch~m dut SlJ hi~n di~n cua ngum Phap a tinh Lao Cai VaG th~p nien 1950, cling khong co

tac dQng gi 100 dSn n~n kinh tS H'mong ngo~i tm t~m dua can can quy~n IlJc trong vung tra I~i

dnh hinh ngay truac, vOi nhGng nhom noi tiSng Thai th6ng llnh,

1.3 Thoi ki xii h{>i chu nghia (1954 - 1986)

Thm ki buon ban tv do nay dil hoan toan ch~m dfu sau HQi nghi Geneva nam 1954 va sau SlJ

phan chia d~t nuac, v61 nuac Vi~t Nam dan chu cQng hoa a mi~n B~c, NhGng ngum cQng san

chiSn th~ng dil ra suc cung c6 SlJ dong gop cua cac dan tQc mi~n nui a cac vung nui cao va trung

du, nhGng nguOi dong vai tro quan tr9ng trong ca hai phe trong chiSn tranh Vi~t _ Phap

(1946-1954; xem Michaud 2000), SlJ thay d6i nay ban d~u mang tinh ch~t chinh tq, v61 SlJ cM cach Mnh

chinh 100 a dia ban vanh dai mi~n nui Ph~n 100 cac ca chS rna chS dQ m61 ap dl,lng VaG cac vung

cao ho~t dQng thea hai huOOg, Cac ca chS nay chinh thuc gop ph~n VaG SlJ phat tri6n cua cac vung

heo lanh va cu dan cua vung, Nhung tren t~t ca, no dil hqp nh~t cac cQng d&ng khac nhau VaG

tMnh mQt xil hQi Vi~t Nam va nha v~y giup cho cUQc cach m~ng Ian kh~p toan bQ lilnh th6 d~t

nuac (De Hartingh 1997:414), ~?C bi~t, nM nuac xil hQi chu nghTa d?t d~u ch~m hSt cho «chS dQ

phong kiSn suy d&i», Ia chS dQ bao g&m cac quan h~ phl,l thuQC va boc lQt truy~n th6ng, nha do

dong chiSc dinh cu6i cung VaG quan tm cua m6i quan h~ cQng sinh va khong d6i xUng gifra ngum

Thai va nguOi dan vung cao nguyen,

Trong m6i quan h~ ch?t cM v61 nhGng quySt dinh chinh tq tren Ia mQt quyst dinh kinh tS, g9i

la dlJ an qu6c gia vS citi cach ruQng d~t duqc thiSt I~p VaG cu6i nhGng nam 1950 (Fall 1967), Nha

nuac cQng san dil n6 hJc thiSt I~p mQt n~n mong nong - cong nghi~p t~p th6 cho toan bQ nuac

tac xil nong nghi~p, lao dQng chi duqc tfit cong khi lam vi~c trong cac t~p thS lao dQng, Mong

·M6i

, A ' f h bien giOi vOi nha nuac xa hQi chu nghTa cling yeu du chfnh tq vS lien ket cu da~ C~~A l~A d' bflO cho su thanh cong (Vi~t Chung 1967), Day Ia dung nhfrng bi~n phap d~c, l~tA edam , vung bnh tS mOi (Hardy 2002), Ml,lc tieu nay , nhfrng ml,lc tieu cua dlJ a~ x~y , lJfldgaAncascof ;., khu vuc chau th6 d&ng thm cling nh~m Vi~t

dat ra nham glam, A NhGng ngum 'nhap cu, au e , , A h A hf t la nguOi Kinh, bl dua ra Ol vung , h hoa cac vung cao nguyen , h 'At vai thi tr~n miSn nui da ho~c mm auqc hm

~n va dua d~n CU tm tron~ va qua~ m9 " tac xa a cac vung cao nguyen Nha bNhtng ngum dan nay tra thanh, lao d9ng t:onghcac hs'p um mot vm 10 d~t nha lam vUCm

, A "d' h bang cach glaO c 0 mOl ng , , , A dIng giup aO' VlyC tal }n cu, A h hA ho ho vi luang san pham du co the duqc , f h' ~ (dat 5%) va nguon tun ~p c , , ,

de cung cap t uc an

A' A f , c Viet Nam, dlJ an 100 nay duQ'c thl han~ m~nh ~e

VOi y dinh t~o dlJfl,g mo hmh mQt dat nua h" At phaAn tai cac cao nguyen VI thieu cac blyn

tai cac khu VlJC dong ang ~a h' f

t Su 'khac biet nay 'r&i cling khong quan tr9ng may VI 1 Vl~C quan ly h~mh chinh can t Ie :A d ; th" kY cao di~m van cu6i nhGng nam 1960; bao tap thS hoa nong nghi~p va cong nfh~yp a~g a Am tap th~ hoa Ia mot th~ng lqi va da mang t~ chf chinh th6ng han hoan tuy~n b~ rang co~ C~9~967) Vi du ngual ta noi la cong cUQc t~p the

ot cUQc thay dbi xa hQi va kinh te (Quang an , "

m ' , 0 ,

,~ , ' ~ , , , , , dan vimg dong bang; nguO'l dan vung giup da ngum dan n1len nUl bat ~!P VO'l ngt~07 " dAn toc thi€u s6 bAt kip v6'i dan

bien gi07 bat !P v~ ngu, ;;" dA A 1 't tri€n tinh thdn cach m~mg va kha nang toc Kinh, va khuyen kJuc11 mOl A ,an ~?c p 1G ,

, " ~ , mat cua nhfrng ca sa cong nghi9P d~u tien va slJ ra ~m c~~

Trang cung Ioi nOl nhu v~y, SlJ co, " ~ h' ~ ~ dN d uac tan u ' d ong blvl' v't'" v " su hinh thanh cua glal t§ng lap lao dQng trong c~c da~ t~c t le~ so a b" .?(;., ca'c khu vuc heo Ianh Thu hut nguai

cftp vo san Ia dam bao tot n a ran, , - , duOn vfrng ch~c d~ trao cho h9 tinh than glal

f t' h ho ra khai xa hQi "phong kien ca tu p uong lyn cap, ac ,

A ,

'~ N ~ dbn ki~u bo toc nay cling ho~m thanh ch~ng au cu~

Bao chi con tuyen bo rang nhung c9~g , , gd' , ; t'haAy phu thuy pMp su va lang bam da

nen kinh te xa hOI chu ng la, SlJ f d I' h kieAu s6ng du cu ket cau c III q

d§n lo~i ba nhfrng ho~t 9 g co u ~cu ki' h' f t ng tu cAp va cac phan bi~t ve ngon ngu, van

khOng co ngum Ian ~o, cac , , , ' b' ~ da'ng len an va su gan bo, It ra a cong

hOa va tin nguang, tat ca tm t an n , h f h A NSu mu6n tranh cho ban sac dan tQc khai vOi nhfrng net van hoa nay khong con duqc

h: a~ n a

h, nl'n' h quySn cua nguOi Kinh, thi di~u do

khOi bi san bang bm SlJ ong ~a x~ " ~t' oill dep de, Sau thanh cong nh;x v~y, 9 phai duqc thlJc hi~n mQt cach bl m~t P~l~ sauf m9, ve ng

kh, ~ang cua minh d~ phl,lc hOi va phat

dan da lam tat ca trang a " " "1) h" tuyen bo rang: "phong trao nan, , , , A ~ h' A f [va da gop phan] de dOl mm e t Ol

t 'A , " tri dao duc va ton glao eua cac dan tQc t leu so,

tA t' A , a ngu?v1 dan toc thieu so" (Vi~t ung , - ,

A , , N "An miSn nui cao da thfch fulg vOi nhfrng thay dOl;re an

a Sa Pa va Bac Ha, nhung ngum da , N _ h~i va da dong vai tro dap Ung SlJ ky V9ng s6 chfnh tri va kinh ts cua nhfrng nam c,hu ' , A h"" ~t niem tm man Ie, ~ghta_xha I'?t' nhung vira du muc do n6IlJc, Sau mum " ,~ ,

cua nha nuac, tuy khong p al vm mQ N' h~ Mo dai cu6i cung chong l~l cQng sa? nam chiSn tranh gianh dQc I~p va SlJ tan v~ c~a nd ' g Pph6 va cac hang hoa thiSt y~u nhu muoi

kh ' 1954 1957 hoa blnh da tra l~l tren uong

50 Hi~n d~i va a Vi~t Nam: Nhilng each

va kim loai da c6 trong cac cua Mng m~u dich Thu6c phi~n gia dmlc dung d~ d6i lfiy m?t

cong nghi~p, nrgu, g~lO va thit, can rau xanh va cac san pham rimg dugc buon ban t\I do trong

khu chg da dugc tan trang l~i cho m\lc dfch nay

Ngay nay, ngay cac vien chuc nha mrac Vi~t Nam ding cong nh~n r~ng phong trao t~p

h6a a vung cao nguyen chi tMnh cong mQt ph~n Tuy thS, phong trao nay cling d~ l~i mQt s6

qua lam thay d6i du truc: C\l th~ la kSt n6i ch?t cM hon giUa vung cao va thi trnang vung va qu6c

gia Tien gifiy qu6c gia va tern phiSu da khuSch tan tu ngum Kinh dSn nhling lang mien nui Khi

hgp tac xa dugc tMnh l~p, thi ngum vung cao c6 th~ c6 thu nh~p tu cong vi~c cua h9 trong nhling

hgp tac xa nang va lam nghi~p v6n cung dp hang h6a cho cac thi tdn va lang xa Nhling C\l gUt

ngum H'mong va ngum Dao a Sa Pa cho biSt la thu6c phi~n v~n d6ng mQt vai tro thiSt ySu trong

kinh tS vung nUi, du khong c6 thong tin ve s6 1u9'Og Chi c6 ngum vung nui tr6ng thu6c phi~n cha

dSn nam 1982, thi chi c6 nM nuac dugc mua thu6c phi~n nay, sau khi nha nuac khong mua nUa,

thi nM nuac cling can chfip nh~n viec tr6ng thu6c phi~n cho dSn nam 1993 Dieu nay giai thfch

t?i sao nhling nang dan trnac kia tr6ng thu6c phi~n g~n day mai chuy~n sang tr6ng nhieu 10?i cay

tr6ng khac nhu rau hay hoa qua

1.4 "D6i moo kinh t~" nam 1986: bo t~p th~ hoa va mo- r{>ng thi trlfOng tlJ do

D6i m6i la chfnh sach cai t6 nen kinh tS dugc ban Mnh nam 1986 va ap d\lng van nhling nam

sau d6, chfim dfu ba muo1 nam t~p th~ h6a xa hQi a mien B~c S\I giai th~ d~n cac hgp tac xa kern

thea hai thay d6i khac trong S\I can b~ng kinh tS vung da c6 tac dQng 16'0 dSn nen kinh tS a vung

cao Lao Cai: dm vi~c ch?t cay rimg d~ lfiy g6 thuong m?i ho?c d~ 1fiy dfit, va nghiem dm vi~c

tr6ng cay thu6c phi~n cho cac m\lc dfch thuong m?i Ca hai dieu naydugc ho?ch dinh vao nam

1992 va dugc ban Mnh nam 1993, Ia mQt ph~n trong cUQc tranh lu~n 100 hon d~n tai S\I ban b6

Lu~t dfit dai nam 1993, trong d6 giao cho ngum nang dan mQt ph~n quyen sa hfru fUQng dfit va

cac san pham cua chung C6 th~ d€ dang hi~u r~ng hoan canh mai nay d~n dSn S\I tMm h\lt tr~m

tr9ng trong ngu6n thu nh~p tu thuong m?i cua nhling ngum nang dan mien nui va lam x6i man

khu V\IC dugc tien t~ h6a quan tr9ng trong nen kinh tS cua h9, khu V\IC da dugc d\Ia vao vi~c ban

thu6c phi~n, g6 va d6i vai cac hQ kha gia han, 1a nha ban v~t nuoi Vai S\I gia tang dan s6 dang kS

so vai trnac do dieu ki~n v~ sinh dugc cai thi~n, nhung dieu nay lam tang them kh6 khan cho

cQng d6ng rna dan sa ,cua h9 hi~n da tra nen qua tai d~ c6 thS tiSp t\lc nhling bi~n phap tai san xufit

quen thuQc Cac chuong trlnh thay d6i cay tr6ng v~t nuoi trong nang nghi~p rna nha nuac dua ra

khong du d~ bu d~p S\I thiSu h\lt vS thu nh~p (tham khao Do 1994, Rambo va cac tac gia khac

1995; va Cooper 1984 dS xem cac pMn tfch tuong t\I d6i vai ngum H'mong a Thai Lan) bai vi S\I

thiSu v6n la ySu t6 ngan can ngum dan mien nui mua quyen su d\lng dfit dai sgn ban tren thi

trnang tv do d~ canh tac

M?c du ngum Kinh chi chiSm 15% dan s6 a huy~n Sa Pa va 16% a huy~n B~c Ha (th6ng ke

nam 1999), h9 v~n chiSm s6 lu9'Og 16'0 hon cac dan tQc thi~u s6 khac trong uy ban nMn dan, do

v~y h9 n~m quyen dieu hanh Cac tMnh vien nay, do d6ng cam ve van h6a, thien vi cac doanh

nMn ngum Kinh Can nhling ngum ,dan miSn nUi, ph~n 16'0 la mu chfr va rfit nhieu trong s6 h9,

nhfit la ph\l nfr, kho.ng biSt n6i tiSng Vi~t Vi v~y, h9 ft c6 tiSng n6i trong cac nghi quYSt chfnh trJ

cua dia phuong thong qua cac d~i biSu trong bQ may nha nuac, cac nghi quySt v6n luon luon phai

dugc Dang tan thanh Do d6 nen kinh ts dia phuong mang tfnh hai dp, trong d6 cac thuong gia

ngum Kinh, dugc thien vi bai cac nM chuc trach a dia phuong, chi ph6i nen thuong m?i ph6n

thinh, trong khi ngum dan mien nUi, vai khac bi~t vS van h6a va khong c6 dugc S\I ung hQ th\Ic S\I

nao trong gu6ng may nha nuac, hiSm khi c6 th~ san xufit vugt qua muc danh cho nhu du gia

dinh, d6ng thm, S\I trao d6i buon ban cua h9 vi v~y cling bi h~n chS t6i da

51

A , , hien chO' Sa Pa ma ta thAy van m6i ngay thu 7 hang tram ngum H'mong t\l t~p 0' ca~p kinh 'tS d~y sinh luc Mot cai nhin kI han se nhat, tao mQt An tu~ng sai l~ch ~e ~O?~o ~n:ay chi mang tfnh xff hQi v~ giill trf, va S\I b~on

h , g kham pha ra rang s~ c~ m?t cua , , a'i loai phan b6n, hay mN bfra an nong

hS trong Val mon 0 " , 'H' ong va ngum Dao 0' a a am

phuc/quan ao thong, t uong, A A ~ 'a ho la tu gia dinh lam, tu trong cay gal

' e"ay cham cho den dyt va eu., Mi' h d and Turner 2003) Dieu nay tral ngm;rc VO'l

ngum ba~ hang 0' ay ~a u~ , , 'mot vai sap hang luon ~o cac nha, uon ~guO'l

h cua Bac Ha, nm ma, o;?C du ch~ co , rau x· anh thit va do dung thuong ngay, S\!

h' ~m gifr cung cap cho t 1 tran cac , A" A khi nhling ngum dan mien nUl tran ve

n6i tren dugc doi ngug~ ~l van ~ "dAt va dong vat (trau, bo, 19'0, ch6, meo, vlt va ~a chO' dS buon ban, nrqu ngo~ ho~ qua, cU~h6° n um' tha~ gia, nhung dang tang n?an~ ch~n~, tro~g vai nam gan d~y, m?t so, lu g ;:g A '~lin n um khach du Hch di qua Bac ,Ra',Son 0' cac giao dich trao doi, ~uon ~an ~~~ tre~;a~6i dfp ;u6i tufin, cung dp them npuo~ t1e~ t~v

Pa hang tram khach du 11Ch den p len ~, h h' fr H'mong nhfrng ngum den day de b~n

c~c nha buon ban ngum Kinh, v~ ch~ v~~ ~,~tng\l v~ Dao tre nh~n lam ngum dia phuong dan

, x An a' 0 dan toc trong khl cac co gal

, 'V'At N m van chIem Uti e

, ' A A I ' tien te quoc gia cua ly a , A Trong m9i hoan canh, thl ~en ~ong" A O~l , n ~m dan v~n tfch C\IC tham gia van m?t m~ng

Tuy nhien a cac ba!1 lang v~ thon xo;n 1ll1en nUl~hU~ trao d6i tren Co' sa quan h~ hang xom lang lum khong dung tien rna su dvng ~a~ phuong h t 0 d6i va ch6ng, lao dong, luang th\Ic, thvc gi~ng, quan M huy~t tQC, va qua 1?1 lan nhau~~u uvi~~ thO' re~ va cac dich v\l1€ nghi Cling nh~ hAm du thua va cac dich V\l chuyen d\.mg " A kinh ts thi trnang trong khu vvc va

truac, cac m?ng 1um nay van O? " , At eel tren phuO'ng di~n kinh te va van hoa

cung cAp mQt cO' sa quan tr9ng cho S\I tal san xua,? '" ? VOl H'MONG a

2 BA GIA THUYET VE VI:E:C DUY TRI BAN SAC CUA NG

A , ' A dan H'mong c6le ca nhung nong an Chung ta c6 th~ t6m t~t sa 1ugc nhu sau n~uO'l,no~~ oAn d~ d~~ ca dong tQc cua h9 di tim

tr6ng lua nuac, g~p phal tal ,:ong va , ' h 'y 'ho da hoat dong san xuat nong ng lyp ,u kiSm no1 c6 di~u ki~n s6ng tot hon Tro~~ quha ,tndn n~a'cu'oAc s6ng' d~ cu cua h9 H9 da di chuy~n

canh Ia phuong thuc san xua nong : " " " dAt dAan va' c6 do cao cao nhat 0' p ta

trang mot thm gian cho den khl 1 cam 0 h d' 'ngum" Tha'l' Cac thu 1anh cua ngum al,

d\lng h9 b~ng vi~c giao ch? nh:mg c~, a? A c6 th~ kiSm dugc mQt cach de dang h~,n n 0' ~

chuySn d\lng, nhling san v~t rna n~um ¥ ~~a nan tim kiSm cua ngum H'm~>llg MOl quan ~y cao cua dia ban cu tru cling nhu bl quyet v , h'~ Ap thueA vu' a phai cung cap nMn 1\Ic Chap

phong kiSn mai nay bat bUQc n~um , ~on" , , hai tr~ cho su tu do mm cua h9, nhfmg 9 ,~la thuan su s~p dat khong binh dang pay la Cal gta p A ki h te'" h6 chu ySu d\Ia vao nang nghlYp

dinh tien phong nay bat dau am a va 1 ~ h~n ph6i cua cac chu ngum Thai, ngum mong Vai nhu du thu6c phi~n cao va qua m?ng um P a

A dA sau d6 dSn giam sat ngum H'mong va, A S\I xam chiSm cua c?fn~ qu~en, thvc '~~h'i Su tu do h6a kinh tS cua h9 (ngum H mong) ph6ng h9 kh6i S\I phV thu9C kinh te van ngum a