LICH sir-VAN HOA MYANMAR TRONG CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA TRUNG QUOC von CAC Nirirc LANG GIENG NHUNG N A M DAU THE KY XXI NGUYEN TUiN BlNH' HOANS THI MINH HOA" Tom tat: TO- sau Chien tra
Trang 1LICH sir-VAN HOA
MYANMAR TRONG CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA TRUNG QUOC von CAC Nirirc LANG GIENG NHUNG N A M DAU THE KY XXI
NGUYEN TUiN BlNH' HOANS THI MINH HOA"
Tom tat: TO- sau Chien tranh Lanh den ddu the ky XXI, chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia Trung
Qudc duoc giai lanh dao nude ndy dinh hudng theo ba ndi dung chit yiu: da dang hda cdc mdi quan he ngoai giao, giir vai trd tich cue han trong cdng ddng qudc te vd duy tri quan he Idng gieng tdt dep v&i cdc nude xung quanh Trong dd, nude Idng gieng Myanmar ngdy cdng ddng vai trd chien luac quan trong trong chinh sdch ngoai giao cua Trung Qudc Do vay, Trung Qudc ludn quan tdm den vi tri dia chien luac ciia Myanmar vd dieu chinh chinh sdch ddi ngoai vai nucrc lang gieng ndy nhdm gia tdng dnh hudng ve chinh tri, kinh te vd an ninh qudn sir Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich tdm quan trong cua Myanmar trong chinh sdch
"ngoai giao lang gieng " ciia Trung Qudc vd dua ra mat sd nhdn xet, ddnh gid ve viee trien khai chinh sdch cita Trung Qudc vai nude ndy trong nhirng ndm ddu the kyXXI
Tir khoa: Myanmar, Trung Quoc, Ngoai giao lang gieng
1 Myanmar trong chinh sach "ngoai
giao lang gieng" ciia Trung Quoc
Ngay tir sau khi Chien tranh Lanh ket
thuc, Trung Quae da dieu chinh chinh saeh
ngoai giao vcri cae cucmg quoc va cai thien
quan he vai eae nudre lang gieng xung
quanh M6i quan tam hang dau eua Trung
Qu6e lue nay la duy tri va cung eo moi
trucmg qu6c te thuan lgi de hau thuan cho
chinh sach cai each, mg cira va "bon hien dai
hoa"' ddt nuoc Do do, chiln luge ngoai giao
eua Trung Qu6c dugc hinh thanh tu bon true
• TS Trudng Dai hoc Su pham, Dai hoc Hug
" PGS TS Truong Dai hoc Duy Tan Da Nang
' B6n hien dai hda la nhung muc tigu ma Trung Qudc theo
phdng va khoa hoc cdng nghe nham bign Trung Qudc trd
thanh mdt cudng qudc hien dai
CO ban: ngoai giao lang gieng, ngoai giao nuoc Idn, ngoai giao khu vue va ngoai giao
da phuong De thieh ung vdi tinh hinh quoc
ti mdi, tu nhimg nam dau the ky XXI, Trung
Quoe da trien khai chien luge theo cac hucmg: Bae hgp, Tay tien, hoa nhap phia Nam, on dinh phia Dong, nham tao ra moi trucmg an ninh on dinh xung quanh dat nucrc
Trong ehinh sach vol eae nucrc lang giing, nham gop phan giup cong cugc cai each md cira, hien dai hoa dat nude dien tien thuan lgi va tang cucmg sir hieu biet, tin tudng cua cae nude xung quanh doi vol Trung Quoe, gop phan vao sir duy tri va phat triin cac ITnh vue hgp tac khu vuc, Trung
Qu6c chu trucmg "thdn thien vai lang gieng
49
Trang 2Nghien cAu khoa hpc
Idm ban vdi Idng giing" va dae biet neu len
tu tudng "'Idng gieng hda thudn, Idng gieng
binh yen, Idng gieng gidu cd"- (muc lan an
lan phu lan) Phuong cham eiia Trung Qudc
la "eiing phat trien, cimg phdn vinh" va "hgp
tae eiing thang" trong cac mil quan he kinh
te Trung Quoc ciing tang cucmg giiii quyit
tranh chap vdi eac nude lang giing, kl ca vl
bien gicri, lanh thl Ngoai ra, Trung Qudc
eon ma rong phat trien quan he sang cac Hnh
vue khae nhu quan sy va an ninh, dae biet
coi trgng su dung "sire manh mim" Trung
Quoc da chii dgng neu sang kien va thuc diy
cac khudn kho hgp tac vdi ASEAN, dae biet
la cac sang kien "mgt true, hai eanh"' Trong
do, Myanmar lit mgt dia diem cd tam quan
trgng chien luge cua Trung Quoe tai khu vuc
Dong Nam A va Chau A - Thai Binh Duang
Tir dau the ky XXI den nay, Myanmar ngay
cang ehiem vi tri quan trgng trong chinh
sach ngoai giao eua Trung Quoc vdi cae
nude lang gieng, cu the:
Thu nhdt, vdi vi tri dia ly chien luac trong
yeu, Myanmar Id "chia khda" de Trung
Qudc tiep can An Dp Duang
Myanmar nam d khu vyc Dong Nam A
lue dia vdi dien lieh 676.578 km^ vii dan so
Feng, Han (2006), "Chinh sach "Lang gieng hda thuan,
lang gieng binh yen, lang gigng giau cd" ciia Trung
Qudc" Hdng Yen (djch), Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa
hin, so 7 (283), tt 46
^ Thang 7/2006 tai Dign dan Hgrp tac kinh tg Vinh Bac Bo
Nam Ninh (Trung Qudc) dng Luu Ky Bao liic do la Bi
thu Dang Khu tu tti dan trie Choang (Quang Tay) \kn dau
tien dua ra sang kign "mot true hai canh" "Mdt true" la
Hanh lang kinh tg Nam Ninh - Singapdre; "hai canh" la
VBBMR Theo dd Trung Quoc chii ttuong hinh thanh hai
mang hgp tac Ion ttong khu vuc la hgp tac kinh tg trgn
bign (Hgp lac kinh tg xuygn Vinh Bac Bd) va hgp tac kinh
tg trgn bo (Hgp lac lieu viing Mekong md rong va Hanh
lang kmh tg Nam Ninh - Singapore) nham thuc day hgp
tac loan dien Trung Qudc - ASEAN
khoang 55.622.506 ngudi" (tinh din thang 7/2018), CO Chung duong bien gidi vdi 5 quoe gia: Trung Qude (2.185 km), Bangladesh (193 km) An Do (1463 km), Liio (235 km) va Thai Lan (1.800 km) Trong dd An Do chi phdi khu vuc bien gidi phia Tay cua Myanmar con Trung Qudc anh hudng tdi khu vyc phia Ddng BJc eua nude nay Thai Lan tiep giap toan bp khu vyc phia Ddng trir reo nhd tiep giap vdi Lao Vgi vi tri nhu vay, Myanmar da trd thanh ciu nil chien luge giira Nam va Dong Nam Chau A, nam gitra nga ba Ddng BSe A, Ddng Nam A
va Nam A Vdi vi tri "nga tu cua Chau A", Myanmar cd tam quan trgng chiln luge d Chau A va trd thanh moi quan tam cua nhilu quoc gia tren the gidi Vi tri dia - chiln luge ciia Myanmar eang duge nang cao khi qudc gia nay tien hanh cai each chfnh tri va kinh
te tir dau the ky XXL Myanmar da va dang trd thanh dia ban eanh tranh anh huang cua cac nude Idn, trong dd phai kl den My, An
Do va Trung Qude
Doi vdi eac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ciia Trung Qudc thi Myanmar ngay eang cd gia Iri chien luge trgng yeu Myanmar dugc xem la "eau noi" tren bg de hang hda Trung Qude xam nhap vao khu vyc Ddng Nam A
va sang An Do Duang, la con dudng to lua mdi trong muc tieu chien luge "hai dai ducmg" cita Trung Quoc Do cd dudng bd bien dai nam tren tuyen hang hai thuong mai eua An Dp Ducmg nen Myanmar la nude lang gieng duy nhat cd the giup Trung Qude tiep can dai duang nay tir phia ddng, cu the
la vinh Bengal va bien Andaman' Dieu niiy
* The World Factbook, "Burma", The CIA Web Site, July
10, 2019, https.//www.cia.gov/library/publications/lhe-world-factbook/geos/bm.html
* Myoe Maung Aung (2015) "Myanmar's China Policy
since 2011- Determinants and Directions" Journal of
Trang 3Nghien cihi khoa hoc
se giup Trung Qude kilm chi An Do mgt
trgng nhirng ddi thu truyin thing d Chau A,
mang lai mgt "hanh lang thir hai" each xa
Bien Dong, nai lien tuc bi tranh chip bdi eac
qude gia khac trong khu vye nhu Nhat Ban,
ASEAN va My Viee tilp can An Do Ducmg
qua Myanmar cdng se tao dilu kien thuan lgi
cho Trung Qudc thiet lap mdt tuyIn dudng
thuang mai xuyen A biing each di vdng qua
eo bien Malacca dang bi tae nghen va ddng
due de tiet kiem thdi gian cung nhu ehi phi
Vi vay, Trung Qudc hien dang cd ging
thuyet phuc Chinh phii Myanmar cdng nhan
khu vye xung quanh thanh phd cang
Kyaukphyu thanh dae khu kinh tl (SEZ)''
Dieu nay nam trong ehien luge khai thae diu
khi tir dao Made qua bang Rakhine va trye
tiep den Cdn Minh cua Trung Qudc tir thang
5/2017 va cdng la mgt phan eua sang kiln
"Vanh dai, Con dudng" Dya tren nhirng ca
sd lgi ich ehien luge va kinh te, Trung Qudc
cung ra sire trien khai va thiie day viee xay
dyng tuyen hanh lang van tai Trung Qudc
-Myanmar, tao da eho nude nay thyc hien
ehien luge "hai dai duang"^, tiep can vdi An
Do Duong va ea Thai Binh Duang
Ngoai ra, Trung Qudc cdn xem Myanmar
nhu la mgt "ehia khda" quan trgng nhat de
nude nay dam bao an ninh va hgp tac thuang
mai cho tinh Van Nam Day la mdi quan tiim
chien luge thir hai cua Trung Qudc tai nude
Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol 34, No 2 GIGA
German Institute of Global and Area Studies Institute of
p 26-27
'' Ganesan Narayanan (2018), "Bilalerai Issues in
Myanmar's Policy towards China", Occasional Paper
Series No 38, Southeast Asian Studies, University of
Freiburg, Germany, p 7
' Fan Hongwei (2011) "China's "Look South": China
-Myanmar Transport Corridor" Ritsuineilcan International
Affairs, Vol 10 Kyoto Japan, p 45
Idng gieng nay Trung Qudc da len kl hoach xay dung hai tuyIn dudng kit ndi Van Nam vdi Myanmar: tuyIn dudng bp hoac dudng sat tir Ruili (mtpt thj trin bien gidi d Van Nam) din Kyaukphyu ciia bang Rakhine, Myanmar; tuyIn dudng thuy ndi cang Bhamo d bang Kachin din cac cang Yangon
va Thilawa Ngay 27/4/2011, Tap doan Ky thuat Dudng sit Trung Qude va Bd Giao thdng van tai Myanmar da ky mdt ban ghi nhd vl viec xay dyng tuyIn dudng sit tir thj trin bien gidi Muse (Myaniuar) din thanh phd cang Kyaukpyu*
Thir hai, Myanmar cd nguon tdi nguyen thien nhien phong phu vd sd hiru trir luang ddu khi khong id
Myanmar hien la mgt trong nhtrng thi trucmg hiem hoi edn lai hau nhu chua dugc khai thae vdi ngudn tai nguyen dugc danh gia cd the sanh ngang vdi cac qudc gia giau tai nguyen eua Chau A Dae biet, Myanmar
la qudc gia giau cd ve dau md va cd trii lugng khi ddt ty nhien Idn nhat khu vyc Ddng Nam A Theo udc tinh, Myanmar cd trO lugng diiu md "khoang 600 trieu thiing
va du trO khi ddt tdng cgng la 88 nghin ty feet khdi - chi it han so vdi Indonesia Mdi day, Myanmar edn tim thay trit lutmg d ba khu vye d vinh Bengal - Mya, Shwe va Shwe Phyu (hay cdn ggi la dy an Shwe) vdi udc tinh la 5,7-10 nghin ty feet khdi"'^ Theo danh gia cua Lien Hgp Qudc, Myanmar dirng thir 10 the gidi ve trii lugng
Kudo Toshihiro (2012) "China's Policy toward
Myanmar; Challenges and Prospects", The IDE-.JETRO
Research/Region/Asia/201209^kudo.html
^ Icf la don vi do khi dot, tinh bang 1 trieu trieu feet khdi '° Sinha, Tuii (2009) "China Myanmar Energy Engagements: Challenges and Opportunities for India"
IPCS Issue Brief No 134 Institute of Peace and Conflict
Studies New Delhi, India, p 2
51
Trang 4Nghien cim khoa hoc
dau khi vai 3,2 ty thiing dau va 2.460 ty m^
khi ty nhien Trong nhung nam dau the ky
XXI, viec xuat khau khi dot ciia Myanmar
hang nam mang ve hon 3 ty USD cho quoc
gia nay Vai nguon tai nguyen giau co nhu
vay, Myanmar tra thanh "manh dat vang"
cho cac nuac 1cm tren the gioi day manh dau
tu, khai thae nang luong va nuac lang gieng
Trung Quoc la mot trong nhiJng doi tac co
nhieu uu the thuan lgi nhat
Thu ba, ddm bdo an ninh va hgp tdc
thuang mgi a khu vuc bien gioi Trung
Quoc-Myanmar
Do Trung Quoc va Myanmar co duang
bien giai lien ke dai khoang 2.129 km nen
lgi ich chien luge thu ba la dam bao cac
tuyen ducmg thuang mai bien giai va an
ninh khu virc bien gioi hai nude Trong
nhung nam qua, van de dam bao an ninh dgc
bien giai va giai quyet van de noi day sac tgc
la mgt trong nhUng ngi dung hpp tac quan
trgng ma hai nuac luon huong toi nham dat
dugc thoa thuan song phuang ciing co lgi,
thuc day nhu cau phat trien toan dien ciia hai
nuac
Vdi vi tri nam trong "tu giac vang" cung
vdi mien Dong Bac Thai Lan, Bac Lao va
Dong Myanmar, tinh Van Nam ciia Trung
Qu6c CO nhieu dieu kien md rong quan he
buon ban ra ben ngoai va Myanmar la doi
tac thuang mai Idn nhat ciia tinh Vdi khau
hieu "nhin ra thi gidi, tien ve phucmg Nam"
ciing vdi chien luge ''di ra ben ngoai", Trung
Qudc dang day nhanh tien do "dai khai pha
miin Tay" Thong qua moi quan he kinh te
-xa hgi gi&a dja phan tinh Van Nam vdi cac
nude Dong Nam A va thong qua Myanmar
-noi cd vi tri dia chiin luge quan trgng Trung Quoc xem nhu la trgng diim tiin don trong viec tien ve phia Nam nhSm phat trien kinh
te Trung Quoc ra ben ngoai Thuang mai bien gidi vdi Myanmar chiim khoang 30% tong gia tri thuang mai ciia tinh Van Nam va khoang 50% khoi lugng van chuyen Co the ndi, Trung Quoc rat quan tam den viec phat trien thuang mai bien gidi giija tinh Van Nam vdi Myanmar va gia tri thuong mai bien gidi Trung Quoc - Myanmar cung dugc chinh quyen Myanmar xem la "huyet mach" cua nen kinh te nude nay Vdi ba lgi ich chien luge nhu tren, Myanmar ddng vai tro quan trgng trong qua trinh trien khai chinh sach doi ngoai vdi cac nude lang gieng cua Trung Quoc tir sau Chien tranh lanh
2 Nhirng noi dung chu yeu trong chinh sach '^'ngoai giao lang gieng" cua Trung Quoc vol Myanmar trong nhu'ng nam dau thg ky XXI
Moi quan he Trung Qudc Myanmar dugc hinh thanh ngay tir sau khi Trung Qudc mdi gianh dugc dgc lap' Sudt mgt thdi gian dai, chinh quyen Bac Kinh luon nd luc thiet mdi quan he chinh tri, quan su va kinh te chat che vdi Myanmar Sau su kien
8 8 " ' \ Trung Qudc da trd thanh mgt ddng
" Tr^n Khanh (2012), "Canh tranh chien luac ciia Trung
Qudc, My va An Dp a Myanmar: Thuc trang va trien
vong", Tap chi Nghien ciru Quoc te, so 4, tr 132
Trung Quoc va Myanmar chinh thiic thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vao ngay 8/6/1950
' Ngay 8/8/1988, hang ngan sinh vien va nhan dan 6 thii
do Rangoon va cac thanh pho Ion da xuong ducmg bieu inh phan doi chinh phii tham nhung, bop nghet dan chii, bat luc trong quan !y kinh te va phat trien dat nu6c (Iich
inh da bj chinh phii quan sy dan ap dam mau Dieu nay khien cho hang ngan sinh vien va nguoi dan vo t^i Myanmar bi thiet mang Sir kien "8888" da tao ra mot lan song phan doi tren khap the gioi va cung la nguyen nhan
Tay thuc hien chinh sach bao vay cam van, trimg phat
khong nhung khong phan doi ma con iing ho, tai trg cho chinh quyen quan su Myanmar
Trang 5Nghien citu khoa hoc
minh than thiet va la qudc gia cd tieng ndi
quan trgng ddi vdi Myanmar Budc sang d^u
the ky XXI, Trung Qudc cang quan tam hem
den nude lang gieng Myanmar nhSm md
rdng pham vi anh hudng tai nude nay, tao
dieu kien thuan lgi cho viec phat trien chiin
luge "hudng Nam" Chinh sach doi ngoai
ciia Trung Qudc vdi Myanmar tir sau Chiin
tranh Lanh dugc thuc hien tren cac ugi dung
chu yeu: chinh tri - ngoai giao, kinh te va an
ninh - quan su
Ve chinh tri - ngoai giao, hai nude Trung
Quoc va Myanmar hudng den nhau nhu mot
sir dam bao can thiet cho phat trien bin
virng Chinh sach cua Trung QUQC ddi vdi
nude lang gieng Myanmar the hien cac cugc
gap gd, tiep xiic, tham vieng cap tao song
phuang, da phuang; cac cudc hdi dam trao
ddi ciia cac doan ngoai giao Su -kien Uy
vien Thudng vu Bg Chinh tri Dang Cdng san
Trung Qudc Tien Ky Tham den tham
Myanmar (thang 2/1993) da md ra ca hgi
mdi cho su phat trien quan he hai nude, bdi
trudc dd mdi quan he hai nude bi ran nut,
chinh sach ciia Trung Qudc khdng dat dugc
nhung ket qua nhu dinh hudng Trong cac
chuyen tham cap cao, gidi lanh dao Trung
Qudc deu khang dinh "tang cudng quan he
Trung Qudc Myanmar la mdt phan quan
trgng ciia ngoai giao Trung Quoc lien quan
den cac khu vuc xung quanh", "phat trien
mdi quan he tdt dep giira hai nude la mdt
thanh ph^n quan trgng trong chinh sach ddi
ngoai cua Trung Quoc, va nguyen tac dugc
thiit lap nay se khdng thay ddi"
Budc sang dau thi ky XXI, Trung Qudc cang tang cudng anh hudng d Myanmar thdng qua viec lien tiip len tiing bao ve chinh quyen quan su, chdng lai cac chi trich
va cac lenh trung phat cua cong ddng qudc
te Nam 2003, Trung Qudc tuyen b6 viec
Myanmar bk giir ba Aung San Suu Kyi la
van de ndi bo ciia nude nay va B^c Kinh phan ddi viec cac nude khac gia tang ap luc ddi vdi chinh quyen quan su, cho rang Myanmar hoan toan cd thi giai quyit dugc van de nay Ngoai ra, Trung Quoc cung thiic day cac hoat ddng iing hg chinh tri vdi Myanmar Ch^ng han, ngay 15/9/2006, tai Lien Hgp Qudc, Trung Quoe phan ddi viec dua van de Myanmar vao chuang trinh nghi
su cua Hpi ddng Bao an hay dau nam 2007, Trung Qudc len tieng bao ve chinh quyen nude nay tai dien dan Lien Hgp Qudc Ngay 12/01/2007, My va Anh da de trinh mdt dir thao nghi quyet ve nhtJng van de ndi bd ciia Myanmar len Hgi ddng Bao an Lien Hgp Qudc Ndi dung ban du thao len an nhirng vi pham nhan quyen cua chinh phii quan sir Myanmar, keu ggi chinh phii nude nay tra tu
do cho cae tii nhan ehinh tri, bao gdm nha lanh dao dan chii Aung San Suu Kyi va tham gia cudc ddi thoai chinh tri nham thiic day qua trinh dan chu hda De iing hd chinh phii Myanmar, Trung Qudc da su dung quyen phii quyet cua minh ve du thao nghj quyet nay'^ Ong Wang Guangya, Dai sii Trung Qudc tai Lien Hgp Qudc tuyen bd: "Tinh hinh trong nude hien nay d Myanmar khdng gay ra mdi de doa ddi vdi hda binh va an ninh qudc te hoac khu vuc", va nhan manh
'•• Nguyen Khanh Nguyen San (2016), Chinh sach cua
Trung Qudc ddi vai Myanmar lie sau Chien tranh lanh den
2015, LuSn an TiSn sT nganh Quan he qufic ti Hoc vien
Ngoai giao Ha Nfii, tr 60
'^ Hong Zhao (2008), "China and India's Competitive
Relations with Myanmar", ICS Working Paper, No
2008-7, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p I
NGHIEN cdru OONG B^C fl, SO 1(227) 1-2020 53
Trang 6Nghien cicu khoa hpc
"nhung van de tuang tu nay cung ton tai cr
nhieu quoc gia khac'"'^
Vao thang 6/2007, Trung Quoc da to chue
cuoc gap go dau tien (ke tir nam 2003) giiia
cac quan chirc ciia My va Myanmar tai Bac
Kinh ve van de tha liinh tu phe doi lap, ba
Aung San Suu Kyi Tai cuoc hoi dam voi
Ngoai truang Myanmar U Nyan Win Bo
truang Bo Ngoai giao Trung Quoc Duong
Gia Trien khang djnh: "Trung Quoc riit hy
vong Myanmar se thiic day tien trinh dan
chu de hoa hap dan toc'"'^ Nhirng tuyen bo
tren cho thay, Trung Quoe luon coi trong sir
on dinh cua Myanmar va bao ve nuac nay tai
Hpi dong Bao an Lien Hap Quoc Mat khae,
Trung Quoc luon xem cac dien bien tai
Myanmar la viin de noi bo ciia mot chinh
phu va mot quoc gia co chu quyen Diiy la
bien phap ngoai giao khon ngoan hiru hieu
giup Trung Quoc dan diin gay sire ep vai
Myanmar
Chinh sach eua Trung Quoc doi vai
Myanmar eon dugc the hien ro qua sir kien
"Cach mang ca sa" nam 2007 xay ra tai nucrc
lang gieng nay Ngay 09/9/2007 Lien minh
Cac nha su toan Mien Dien da dua ra mot
ban tuyen bo yeu eau chinh quyen giam gia
ca hang hoa va gia nguyen lieu, phong thieh
tit ca til nhan chinh tri bao gom ea ba Aung
San Suu Kyi va doi thoai vcri cac lire lugng
dan chu nham hoa giai diin toe va hoa giai
nhung dau kh6 ciia nhiin dan Ban tuyen bo
cung dua ra thai han den ngay 17/9 de ehinh
quySn Myanmar thuc hien nhtrng yeu ciiu
neu tren neu khong muon doi mat vol mot
cuoc tay chay ton giao Sau thai han tren tir
ngay 18/9 din ngay 24/9/2007 nhilu cupe bieu tinh da no ra ram ro o Yangon voi sir tham gia cua khoang 100.000 nguoi duai su dan dau ciia hang nghin nha su" Chinh quyen quan su nuoc nay da dan ap ddm mau cac cugc bieu tinh, bat bo va giam ciim hang nghin nguai, trong do eo nhieu nha su gay nen cugc khung hoang chinh tri nghiem
trgng a Myanmar
Sir kien "Cach mang ca sa" niim 2007 da lam day len lan song phan doi tren the gioi, truoe het la tir cac nuac phuang Tay va dat
ra mgt thach thirc mai cho Trung Quoc trong chinh sach ngoai giao vol Myanmar Sir kien thang 8/2007 a Myanmar da duge dua ra thao luan hai lan tai Lien Hgp Quoc The giai keu ggi va mong muon nhtrng quoc gia lang gieng cua Myanmar, chii yeu la cac nuoc ASEAN, Trung Quoc va An Do can the hien vai tro trong viec len an chinh quyen quan su va iing hp cugc dau tranh diin chii a Myanmar Trong khi My va cac nuoc phuong Tay dang ra site phan doi ehinh quyen quan su Myanmar thi Trung Quoc da khong len an Myanmar ciing nhu tir choi hgp tac vai cpng dong quoc te nham ap dat lenh cam van mcri doi vol quoc gia Dong Nam A nay Trai qua nhieu thang tram Trung Quoc va Myanmar da khong ngtmg cimg CO, that chat va nang ciip quan he hai nuac len tam quan he doi tae hgp tac chien luge toan dien (thang 5/2011) sau chuyen tham Trung Quoc ciia T6ng thing Thein Sein"
"^ Womack, Brantly (2010), China Among Unequals:
Asymmetric Foreign Relations in Asia, World Scientific
Publishing Co Pte Ltd., Singapore, p 244
'^ Womack, Brantly (2010), Tidd, p 244
Horsey, Richard (2008), "The Dramatic Events of 2007
in Myanmar Domestic and Intemational Implications", in
Dictatorship, Disorder and Decline in Myanmar, edited
by Monique Skidmore, Trevor Wilson, ANU E Press, The Australian National University, Australia, p 18-19
" Chenyang, Li (2012), "China Myanmar Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership: A
54 NGHIEN Cdru DONG BAC a s d 1(227) 1-2020
Trang 7Nghien cicu khoa hpc
Ve kinh te, trong mgt thai gian dai trong
thai ky Chien tranh Lanh, Trung Quoc dii co
nhtrng lgi ich kinh te 6 Myanmar va la ttiot
trong nhtrng nha tieu thu lan cac nguyen lieu
ciia Myanmar Thi trucmg no\ dia cua
Myanmar cung tran ngap cac loai hang hoa
cua Trung Quoc De tao dieu kien phat trien
quan he kinh te, Trung Quoc dii dau tu vao
eac du an xay dung ca so ha tang, giao
thiing van tai Ngay ttr nira sau thap nien
1990, Trung Quoc cong bo ke hoach noi lien
cac viing dat nam sau trong npi dia ciia minh
voi vung ba bien An Dp Duong thong qua
cac de an xay dung 5 viing kinh te dae biet
(SEZ) va 14 thanh pho hai cang dugc xay
dung dpc eae ba bien Tren ca sa du an phat
triin tieu vung song Mekong mo rpng
(GMS), Trung Qu6e da thanh cong trong
viee dua cac tinh Quang Tay, Van Nam vao
GMS dl tao thanh mgt khu vue kinh te 1cm
han, rpng 2,6 trieu km^ vai 326 trieu dan
Trong chiln luge "huong Nam" cua Trung
Qu6c dugc day manh vao nhtrng nam dau
thl ky XXL Myanmar la viing dSt ly tuong
ma chinh quyin BSc Kinh nham tai vdri
ngufin tai nguyen thien nhien giau eo Vol
chiln luge "mgt true, hai canh", Trung Qudc
dang xay dung tuyIn ducmg cao toe tit Van
Nam din Myitkyina (thii phu bang Kachin,
Myanmar) va tuyen duong sat cao toe tit
Lasa, Tay Tang din Muse (thupc bang Shan,
Myanmar) va tir Muse ra tai biln Bengal
Hai tuyIn duong giao thong nay se giup
Trung Qu6c thiie diy xudt khiu hang tieu
diing sang Myanmar va nhap khau cac loai
nguyen lieu tir Myanmar
Regional Threat'^" Journal of Current Southeast Asian
Affairs, Vol 31 No 1 GIGA German Institute of Global
and Area Studies Institute of Asian Studies and Hamburg
University Press Germany, p 58
Voi nhtrng chinh sach kinh te nhu vay, Trung Quoe dii tra thanh nha cung cap chinh eac san pham hiing tieu diing, trang thiet bi
va von cho Myanmar Chi chua diiy 20 nam (1989-2005), Trung Quoc da dupe huang lgi thang du thuang mai tich liiy vai Myanmar
la 6.438,86 trieu USD^" Tir nam 2005 din niim 2010, Trung Quoe da lan lugt vugt qua Singapore va Thai Lan de tra thanh doi tac thuong mai so mgt ciia Myanmar voi tong kim ngach thuang mai dat 4,4 ty USD^' Dieu nay eang cung co vi the Trung Quoe vai tu each la doi tac thuang mai Ion nhat cua Myanmar
Ve an ninh - qudn sir, vol vi tri dia chinh
tri chien luge quan trgng cua Myanmar, ngay sau Chien tranh Lanh ket thuc, Trung Quoc da chu trgng hgp tac an ninh va ho trg quiin su cho nuac lang gieng Myanmar Tir eu6i thl ky XX din nhihig nam dau the ky XXL Trung Qu6e cang gia tang anh huang manh me d6i vai cac khu vue trpng yeu cua Myanmar Nam 2003, Trung Quoc ho trg Myanmar xay dung mgt ben tau dai 85 m doi vol cae ea so hai quan tren quan dao Coco, nam each dao Nicobar cua An Do 18
km va thilt lap he thing trinh sat, thong tin dien tu hien dai tren dao Ngoai ra, Trung Qu6e con xay dung mgt cang nuac sau cr Kyaukpyu thupc bang Rakhine, Myanmar Kyaukpyu co mot vi tri chien lupe nam tren tuyIn duimg kit nil thanh ph6 Con Minh (thu phu tinh Van Nam, Trung Qudc) vcri Sittwe cua Myanmar Trung Quoc cting da thanh lap eac tram quan sat tinh hinh tai
^^ Myoe, Maung Aung (2007) "Sino Myanmar
Economic Relations since 1988" ARI IVorlcing Paper, No
86 Asia Research Institute, Singapore, p 5
-' Chu Cong Phiing (chu bien, 201!) Myanmar - Itch sir
vii hien lai, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia - Su that Ha Noi tr
Trang 8jy/gnien cuu Knoa noc
Sittwe va dao Zadetkyi Kyun (nim ngoai
khai mui circ nam cua Myanmar), cho phep
nuac nay giam sat viec lmi thong tai eo bien
Malacca'^
Ben canh viec tra thanh doi tac cung cip •
vu khi lan nhat cua Myanmar, Trung Qudc
da xay dung hanh lang tir Con Minh tai khu
virc ba bien phia Tay Myanmar, doi dien vai
vanh dai An Dp Duang Ngoai ra, Trung
Quoc cOng da ho trg Myanmar trong viec
phat trien cac can cu hai quan tai Sittwe,
Hianggyi, Kyaukpyu, Mergui va Zadetkyi
Kyun bang each xay dirng cac ca so ti6p
nhien lieu va cac tram radar cho cac tau
ngam Trung Quoc hoat dong tren vinh
Bengal^^ Nhirng dong thai ciia Trung Quoc
a viing vinh Bengal va bien Andaman la
buac di dau tien nham dam bao nhiing lgi
ich cao nhat cho Trung Quoc tren bien An
Dp Duang Cac eg sa nay dugc sii dung
nhim thu thap tin tire tinh bao ve nhiing hoat
dgng cua hai quan An Dp va ia can cii tien
tieu cho cac hoat dpng cua hai quan Trung
Qu6c tai bi6n An 0 6 Ducmg Trong boi canh
nhung nd lire mo rpng lire lugng hai quan
ciia An Do dang bi be tac, sir hien dien ngay
cang tang cua hai quan Trung Quoc tai khu
vuc noi tren da gay nen hau qua chien luge
to Icm d6i vai An Dp, vi nhung Igi the vh dia
li truy6n thdng cua An Dp ngay cang co
nguy ca bi de dga truac kha nang xam nhap
ngay cang sau vao Myanmar ciia Trung
Quoc
" Hong, Zhao (2008), "China and India's Competitive
Relations with Myanmar", ICS Working Paper, No
2008-7, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, p 6
-^ Singh, Yogendra (2007), "India's Myanmar Policy: A
Dilemma Between Realism and idealism", IPCS Special
Report No 37, institute of Peace and Conflicf Studies,
New Delhi, India, p 3
Ke tii dau the ky XXI, Trung Quoc da can
du mpt each manh me vao Myanmar va am tham lam suy giam anh hugng cila An Do thong qua viec thue thi ehien luge "Chuoi ngpc trai"^^ bang each xay dung mpt loat eang bien g eac nuac ven An Do Ducmg va Dong Nam A, trong do Kyaukphyu va Yangon la hai ''hat nggc" trong "chuoi ngpc trai" do De thuc hien chien luge nay, Trung Quoc da dong thdi cai thien quan he vdi hau het cac nude lang gieng ciia An Do bao gdm Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh va Sri Lanka Trong bdi canh do, Myanmar la nai ma Trung Qudc c6 the sir dung lam ban dap cho tham vgng md rdng pham vi anh hudng cua minh xudng khu vuc Ddng Nam A va Nam
A ^ Ngoai ra, Trung Qudc cdn dao tao nhieu
sT quan Myanmar tai cae trudng quan sir d nude nay Trong nhirng nam 2002-2004, Trung Qudc bat dau huan luyen cac sT quan hai quan Myanmar va hai ben td chiic cac cudc dien tap ehung dpc bd bien phia Nam Myanmar Muc tieu cua Trung Qudc d khu vuc nay la kiem che sir phat trien eua An Do
va trong tuang lai se thdng tri An Dp Duang
3 Mot so nhan xet
Thie nhdt, buoc sang nhiing nam dau the
ky XXI, ehinh saeh ddi ngoai eiia Trung Qudc ndi ehung va ddi vdi Myanmar noi rieng ve ca ban van dugc xac lap tren nen
" "Chuoi ngoc trai" (String of Pearls) la mot thuat ngiJ duac cac nha phan tich My diing de mo ta cac tuyen giao thong hang hai ciia Trung Quoc keo dai den Sudan, di qua
eo bien chi6n luge Mandab, eo bien Malacca, eo bien Hormuz va eo bien Lombok Trung Quoc muon dat nhieu
can cii quan sy, cu the la can cu hai quan, !ai nhieu nirac k]iac nhau durgc xem la "Ngoc Trai" nSm trong "Chuoi"
trai dai tu phia nam Trung Quoc sang An Do Ducmg
-^ Gupta, Ranjit (2013), "China, Myanmar and India: A
Strategic Perspective", Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,
Vol 8, No 1, New Delhi, India, p 82
Trang 9Nghien cicu khoa hpc
tang nhung nhan to chii yeu ve nhung tham
vong truyen thong trong viec ma rpng anh
hucng va nang cao vi the nuac 1cm ctia
Trung Quoc Ciing voi xu the hoa binh, on
dinh va phat trien, Trung Quoc da thiic day
manh me chinh sach "ngoai giao lang gieng"
nham pha va rao can vai cac nuac xung
quanh von co nhieu cang thang va thii dich
vai Trung Quoc trong thai ky Chien tranh
Lanh, dong thai giiip nuac nay tang cuang
hop tac, thiic day hap tac l<inh te ca be rong
lan chieu sau vai cac nucrc tren the gicri Vcri
vi tri dia chien lugfc "nga tu chau A",
Myanmar tra thanh mot nhan to quan trong,
la mot phan ciia chinh sach "ngoai giao lang
gieng" ciia Trung Quoc Trong boi canh cac
nucrc lan (My, An Do, Nhat Ban ) deu
mong muon cai thien quan he va gia tang
anh huang voi Myanmar thi Trung Quoc
khong the khoanh tay ngoi nhin va tu danh
mdt nhung lgi ich tai nuoc nay Doi vai
Myanmar, viec duy tri moi quan he tot dep
vdi Trung Qu6c cung giup nuac nay thoat
khoi tinh trang bi co lap, bao vay cam van
cua My va phuong Tay, thuc hien hoa giai
dan toe, thiic djy nhu cau phat tri^n toan
dien, phii hgp vai lgi ich can ban ciia
Myanmar Quan he Trung Qu6c - Myanmar
la mSi quan he di6n hinh giOa mgt nuac 1cm
dang trdi day vcri mgt nuac lang gieng nho
dang phat tri6n trong quan he quoc te tir sau
ChiSn tranh Lanh Vai nhung tinh toan lgi
ich khac nhau, ca Trung Qu6c va Myanmar
dSu ih cao m6i quan he song phuong, ciing
nhu dat ra nhung uu tien chinh sach dae biet
huang tai nhau Vcri Trung Quoc, tren quan
dilm lgi ich chiln luge danh gia Myanmar
CO vai tro quan trgng dae biet Trong khi
chinh quySn Myanmar luon duy tri Trung
Qu6c a vi tri trung tam trong hoach dinh doi
ngoai, nhung van tim each dam bao nhung lgi cot loi ciia minh
Thir hai, chinh sach cua Trung QuSc ddi
vai Myanmar trong nhixng nam dau the ky XXI dien ra tren nhieu ITnh vuc vdi cac ngi dung hgp tac quan trgng tii chinh tri - ngoai giao den kinh te va an ninh - quan su Trong
do, quan he chinh tri - ngoai giao va kinh te dugc nhin nhan nhu mgt cong cu chinh thiic day su phat trien quan he hai nude Day khong chi la yeu to quan trgng giiip Trung Quoc va Myanmar tang cudng quan he, xay dung long tin lan nhau ma cdn la co sd de thiic day cac noi dung hgp tac khac cung phat trien An ninh - quan su cung la mot ngi dung quan trgng trong chinh sach Myanmar ciia Trung Quoc tir sau Chien tranh Lanh, nhiit la vao nhiing nam dau the ky XXI Myanmar la "chia khda" giiip Trung Qudc xam nhap va tang cudng su hien dien quan
su d An Do Duong, kiem che An Do, pha vo the bao vay Trung Qudc cting nhu dn djnh tinh hinh bien gidi Nhung ngi dung chii yeu trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Trung Qudc vdi Myanmar cho thiiy miic do phu thudc ciia Myanmar vao Trung Qudc cung nhu nhiJng anh hudng to Idn ciia Trung Qudc tai Myanmar trong nhung nam vira qua Myanmar ludn la nhiin td chien luge ciia Trung Qudc va nude nay se khdng de dang til bd mgi lgi ich ciia minh d Myanmar Do vay, Trung Qudc se tidp tuc dieu chinh chinh sach ddi ngoai trudc mdt dat nude Myanmar dang thay ddi trong the ky XXL
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Feng Han (2006), "Chinh sach "Lang giSng hoa thuan lang giing binh yen lang gieng giau c6" ciia Trung QuIc" Hong Yen (dich),
Trang 10Nghien cim knoa noc Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc Xd hoi, sd 7 (283),
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2 Phiing Thi Hue (2010), "Trung Qudc
trong khu vuc: Vi thS va thach thiic", Tgp chi
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3 TrSn Khanh (2012), "Canh tranh c h i k
luge CLia Tmng Qu6c, My va An Do a
Myanmar: Thuc trang va trien vong", Tgp chi
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4 Chu Cong Phiing (chu bien, 2011),
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Quoc gia - Su that Ha Noi
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Chinh sdch cua Trung Quoc doi vdi Myanmar lir
sau Chien tranh ignh den 2015, Luan an Ti6n sT
nganh Quan he quoc te, Hoc vien Ngoai giao,
Ha Noi
6 Chenyang, Li (2012), "China - Myanmar
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GIGA German Institute of Global and Area
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7 Fan, Hongwei (2011), "China's "Look
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Asian Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany,
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1-15
10 Gupta, Ranjit (2013), "China, Myanmar
and India: A Strategic Perspective", Indian
Foreign Affairs Journal, Vol 8, No 1, New
Delhi, India, p 80-92
11 Hong, Zhao (2008), "China and India's
Competitive Relations with Myanmar", ICS
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Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p 1-15
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and Idealism", IPCS Special Report No 37,
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58 NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BfiC fi SCi 1(227) 1-2020