TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH, Truong Di hoc Khoa hoc, DH Hue Tp 9, So 2 (2017) QUAN HE AN NINH CHINH TRI G I C A AN D O VA MYANMAR (1948 1991) Nguyen Tudn Binh Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Hue Email nguyentuanbinhgmail com T 6 M TAT An Dp va Myanmar la hai quoe gia lang gieng co moi quan he truyen thong gan gui vd lau ddi Sau khi chinh thiic thiet Idp quan hf ngogi giao tir nam 1948, hai nude budc vao thdi ky quan he hoa binh, hpp tac va phat trien Sau su kien Tuong Ne Win dao chinh va.
Trang 1QUAN HE AN NINH - CHINH TRI G I C A AN DO VA MYANMAR (1948 -1991)
Nguyen Tudn Binh Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Hue
*Email: nguyentuanbinh@gmail.com
T 6 M TAT
An Dp va Myanmar la hai quoe gia lang gieng co moi quan he truyen thong gan gui vd lau ddi Sau khi chinh thiic thiet Idp quan hf ngogi giao tir nam 1948, hai nude budc vao thdi ky quan he hoa binh, hpp tac va phat trien Sau su kien Tuong
Ne Win dao chinh va thanh lap chinh phd quan su 6 Myanmar (thang 3-1962), mdi
quan he hiiu nghi giiia hai nuoc dan trd nen lanh nhat va gidm siit cho den dau thdp nien 90 cua the ky XX Trong bai viet nay, tac gid tap trung tim hieu tim trinh quan hf an ninh - chinh tri giiia An Dp va Myanmar Uong thdi ky Chieh tranh lanh (1948 -1991) va dua ra mpt sd nhan xet, ddnh gia; qua do giiip ngudi dpc hieii
ro hon ve quan he hai nuoc trong giai dogn nghien ciiu
Tir khoa: an ninh An Dp, chinh tri, Myanmar,
1 VAI NET VE QUAN HE X N BQ - MYANMAR T R U 6 C NAM 1948
An Dp va Myanmar Id hai nude ldng gieng gan giii, ed vai tid va vi tri quan tipng d khu vye Nam A va Ddng Nam A Vi vdy, quan hf hai nude dd cd ljch sii tir lau ddi Ngay tie thai co dai, anh hudng cua An Dp d Myanmar dd dugc the hifn tien nhieu Enh vyc tir thuong mai, triet hge, chfnh fcrj, tdn giao deh van hod An Do gido va Phdt giao tir Xn Dp du nhap den Myanmar vao the ky Vn Myanmar da ke thira he thdng quy pham phap ludt cua An Dp: Cac cudn sdch phap luat dau tien ma ngudi Mien ggi la "Manusara Shwemin" chfnh la bd "Dhammathat Wagaru" cua An Dp Tieng Pah, xuat phat ttr An Dp, la nguon goc cua nhieu tir tiong ngdn ngii cua ngudi Mien Dien Quan hf thuong mai giiia hai nude ciing dugc fliiet lap tir rat sdm vdi viec thanh lap nhfeu khu dinh cu dge theo bd bieh Myanmar ciia eae thuong nhan An Do Sau qua tiinh xam luge eua thyc ddn Anh, Myanmar va An Dp deu tid thanh mdt phan ciia De che Anh Khi Myanmar bj cai tij nhu la mdt phan eua lanh thd Xn Do thudc Anh tiong giai doan 1886 - 1937, mdt lan sdng ngudi Xn da di cu d a i quoe gia nay Nam 1896,10 ndm sau khi Anh tuyen bo sdp nhgp Myanmar thanh mdt tinh ciia
An Dp thupc Anh, cd khoang 18.000 binh si An Dp ddng quan d dat nude nay Nam
Trang 201-1948, CO khoang 300.000 - 400.000 ngudi Xn Dd sinh sdng d Myanmar [1, ti 88] Sir hifn difn ddng ddo cua ngudi Xn Dp tien dat nude Myanmar sau ngdy gianh dupc dpc lgp da lao n^n nhiing tac ddng quan tigng tiong moi quan hf hai nude
Ben canh dd, su hgp tdc giiia nhdn dan Xn Dp va Myanmar tiong enidc dau tianh chung chong lai su cai tij cnia ngudi Anh, gianh dde lap ddn tdc da gdp phan tao nen su hieu biet ehung giiia hai nude Quoe hdi Xn Df da the hifn tinh edm doi vdi
nhan dan Myanmar tiong Nghj quyet ngay 27-28 thang 3-1931 bang tuyen bo; "Quoe hgi An Do edng nhan quyen cua ngudi dan Myanmar trong viic yiu cSu tdch ra khoi An Do vd thiii lap mgt nhd nude Myanmar ddc lap hogc vSn Id mdt qudc gia tu tri trong mdt An Dd tte
do vdi quyin tdch ra khoi An Do boi cu khi nao hg (Myanmar) muon " [5, ti 41]
Sau khi Myanmar tach ra khdi An Dp thudc Anh (1937), eac nha lanh dao phong tiao dd'u tianh d hai nude da ung hd phong tiao dan tdc cua nhau de chong lgi
de qudc Anh Cac nha ldnh dao Myanmar theo ddi chgt che phong tiao dau tianh gianh ddc lap ciia Xn Do, dde biet Id tiong giai dogn tmoi cimg Trong khi Aung San dupc bd nhiem lam Phd Chii tjch Hpi dong dieu hanh d Myanmar, Jawaharlal Nehm ening giii vj tii tuemg ty d Xn Dp Khi Aung San va 6 ddng su tiong Hdi dong dieu hanh bj am sat vao ngay 19-7-1947 tai Myanmar, Jawaharlal Nehru da bay td su
thucmg tiee doi vdi Aung San va cac dong chf cda dng: "Myanmar vd ehSu A da mat di mdt trong nhieng ngudi con can ddm vd cd iam nhln xa trdng r^ng" vd dng thong hdo cho ngudi dSn Myanmar rang, An Dd se "dimg vi phia hg trong nhieng ngdy khd khdn phia trude"
[1, ti 88] Trdi qua nhieu giai doan thdng tiam tiong ljch sii, moi Uen he ve chmh tri, van hda, tdn giao, xa hdi eua Xn Do va Myanmar la hen tang cho moi quan hf ldng gieng giiia hai nude tir sau khi gidnh dpe lap den dau tiigp nien 90 cua the ky XX
2 TIEN TRINH QUAN HE G l f A AN DQ VA MYANMAR TREN LINH VlJC AN NINH - CHINH TRI (1948 -1991)
Sy hi^u bi^l Idn nhau va moi lien lae chat the giiia cdc nha Idnh dao Xn Dp va Myanmar tiong eude daii tianh gianh ddc lap da tao nen mdt mdi quan hf thdn thifn sau khi hai nude gianh duge dde lap tir Anh Ngay 04-01-1948, An Dp va Myanmar da chfnh thiie thfet lap quan he ngogi giao, md ra mgt thdi k^ mtii tiong ljch sii quan he
hai ntrdc [10, ti 77\ Trong ngay Myanmar gianh duge dde Idp, Thd lutmg Xn Do Jawaharlal Nehru da luyen bo: "Trong qud khie cUng nhu trong tucmg lai, ngudi ddn An
Do si 1^ vai sdt cdnh vdi nhan ddn Myanmar, vd cho da Id may man hay bdi hgnh, ehung ta se luon ciing chia se vdi nhau Day Id mgt ngdy tuyit vdi vd long trgng khdng chi ddi vdi Myanmar md cdn ddi vdi An Do vd todn bd chdu A" [l, ti 89]
Quan hf giiia Xn Dp va Myanmar sau ngay gidnh dpc lap da dnh hudng d a i so phdn oia ngudi Xn sinh sdng d Myanmar Tir ndm 1948, chfnh phii Myamnar da fliue
Trang 3hifn mpt sd bien phap nham tang tnrdng lgi fch kinh te cho ngudi dan va han che quyen lpi oia ngudi nude ngodi Nhiing bien phap nay thudng nham vao ngudi Xn
Do, vl ddy Id bd phgn chian da so tiong dan so nude ngoai d Myanmar sau khi quoe gia ndy gidnh dde lap Mpt tiong nhiing bifn phdp eu the dupe chfnh phii Myanmar
thdng qua la Dgo luat ve ehuyen nhugng dat dai (Land Alienation Act) Theo ndi dung
cua dao ludt, nhiing eu dan khdng phai Id ngudi Myanmar se khdng ed quyen dugc
mua dat d nude nay Ngoai ra, Du lugt Quoe hiu hoa dai dai (Land Nationalization Bill)
cua ehinh quyen Myanmar dupc tiidng qua ngay 11-10-1949 dd Iam day len sy phdn ting manh me eua ngudi An Do d ed hai nude Tuy nhien, tinh ban than thiet giiia hai nha lanh dao Jawaharlal Nehru (Xn Do) va U Nu (Myanmar) da ngan chgn cac eupe ddi dau ed nguy co xay ra giiia hai nude Theo Nehru, dii Dy ludt Quoe hiiu hod dat dai ciia Myanmar anh hudng rat Itin den ngudi Xn Dp d Myanmar, nhtmg nd khdng mang tfnh phan biet doi xtr Dong thdi, Nehru van giii thdi dp kien quyet ve vife Myanmar phdi boi thudng d'ay du eho nhiing ton that ma dgo ludt ndy gdy ra doi vt5i ngudi Xn Dp
Sau khi gianh dugc dge lap va nam 1948, Myanmar phdi doi mat vdi cudc
khiing hodng ndi bd sau sac: Su ndi day eua Ddng Cdng san Myanmar, dan tdc Karen
va cac lyc lupng phien qudn khde Thu tudng U Nu phai tim den su vifn tig tii Xn Do, tir cac quoe gia tiong Khoi thinh vupng chung va ca My Trong boi canh dd, Xn Dp dd
cd nhiing sy hd tig, giiip do kip thdi nhdm khdi phuc lai tigng thai dn dinh eho quoe
gia lang gjeng Ngoai ra, khi Myanmar can tien khan cap de dap iing ehi phi quan sy nham dan dp eac lyc Iupng ndi day tiong nude, Xn Dp ciing da td chiie mdt eude hgp bao gdm cac chfnh phii thudc Khoi tiiinh vupng chtmg d New Delhi (thang 2-1949) de thao luan ve van de nay Ciing tiong thdi gian nay, ehinh phii Myanmar dd nhan duge
su giiip dd ve vu khf tii ehfnh phu An Dg de doi phd vdi lyc lugng quan ndi day Thang 4-1950, dng Gadgil, Bd trudng Cdng nghiep va cung iing An Dp, khang djnh viec bdn 6 chiec may bay Dakota cua Xn Do cho Myanmar da giiip chfnh phu nude nay duy tii Uen lae vdi eae thj tian tiong thdi gian khd khdn An Dp cdn ddng gdp 1 tiifu bang Anh tiong tong so 6 trifu bang von vay eua Khoi thjnh vupng chung ddnh cho Myanmar tiong nam 1950 [1, ti 89]
Ben cgnh do, vife hd tig them tai chinh cho ehfnh phu Myanmar edn dupc thyc hien thdng qua khodn vay dac bift 5 tiifu nipee tir chfnh phu Xn Dp (ddi lgi Myanmar cung ca'p gao eho An Do) Phat bieu tai Qude hdi An Do vao thdng 3-1950, Jawaharlal Nehru tuyen bo rang sy ung hd tnia Xn Dp doi vdi Myanmar khdng phdi la su can
thifp vao cdng viec ndi bd tnia nude lang gieng, va rang "do khdng phdi Id muc dich cua chiing tdi vd viic chiing tdi dilng mgi cdch can thiep vdo edc nude khdc Id hodn todn khdng phu hgp, nhimg bdi ci khi ndo hg i^n, chung tdi deu sdn sdng giiip da md Idiong kem theo bai ei dieu kien can thiep ndo" [5, ti 45] Ngoai vifc tham gia giai quyet cudc khdng hoang
Trang 4budc tao CO sd viing chae htm Do do, Thii luting cda Xn Dp va Myanmar da bat dhi
tien hanh tham van thudng xuyen va de ra each thiic hpip tac ve eae van de Uen quan den hai nude, eiing nhu den hda binh the gidi va cde van de quoe te khac Quan he ndng ain giiia Xn Do va Myanmar keo ddi tiong suot flidi gian Thu tutmg Nehru va Thu tudng U Nu cam quyen Myanmar va Xn Do nam tiong sdcac nude tham gia sdng lap Phong tiao khdng Uen ket va duge mdi tham d y Hdi nghj Bandung (Indonesia) ndm 1955 Ban than hai nha lanh dao ciia hai nude deu la nhiing thdnh vien tich eye tiong Phong tiao khdng Uen ket
Ngay 7-7-1951, Bd tiudng Bp Ngogi giao Myanmar Sao Hkun Hkio va Dgi sii
Xn Dp tgi Myanmar M A, Rauf da ky ket Hiep udc hiiu nghj tai thii do Rangoon (Myanmar) Sy kien nay la mdt dalii moc lich sii dua moi quan hf hiiu nghj Xn Dp
-Myanmar len mdt tam cao mdi [10, ti 81] Dieu II cua Hiep udc quy djnh rang: "Hoa binh vd tinh hiu nghi giiea hai nude se vinh cuu, khdng bao gid thay ddi Hai nude se mai mai phan dau detang cudng vd phdt trien han nua moi quan he chan thanh hiin cd giua nhan ddn hai nude" [9] Theo Dieu IV tnia Hiep udc: "Hai nude dong y rang ede dgi dim cua hg phdi gap go thudng xuyin ditrao doi quan diem ve cdc van de ciing quan tam vd xem xet cdch thiec
vd phuang tien cho su hgp tdc ldn nhau giua hai nude trong cdc van de tren" [9]
Su ndng am tiong moi quan hf giua Myanmar va Xn Dp vao thdi diem do duge the hifn qua viec Thu tudng va cac thanh vien tiong chfnh phu Myanmar ludn duge ehdo ddn d New Delhi, khi sang tham Xn Do va thao luan eac van de vdi Nehru
va Chfnh phu Xn Dp Tfnh chat than thfet va gan giii tiong mdi quan he giiia An Dp va Myanmar da dugc Nehru nhah manh tai mdt enidc hgp bao d New Delhi vao ngay
28-02-1952; "Chung tdi dang lien lac thudng xuyin vdi ehinh phii Myanmar trin nhiiu vSh de Chung tdi khdng ehi la bgn be theo nghia thdng thudng, md tdi cd thi ndi rang dieu ndy can han cd tinh ban" [10, ti 84] Khdng nhiing the, Xn Dp ciing da giup Myanmar vupt qua
nhiing khd khan tiong thdi gian eiau sau khi gianh dpc lgp bang nhiing vifn tip ve kinh te va quan su, iing hd nhiing chfnh sach doi ngi cda chinh phu U Nu, bao gdm ca nhiing nd lue cai each tiong nutic, ke ea khi chinh sdeh do ed phan Iam gidm di nhieu quyen Igi cua edng ddng ngudi An dang sinh song d vimg ehau tho sdng Irawaddy eua Myanmar liic bay gid An Dp ciing dd phal tiiai nhfeu moi quan he ve kinh te va quan
sy vdi Myanmar Dac bift, tiong thdi gian cam quyen cua Thu ludng U Nu, chinh quyen Myanmar phdi doi pho vtii nhieu eupe noi dgy va dau tianh li khai v^ sac tpc va tdn giao enia nhieu tde ngudi khdng phai Id ngudi Mien Difn d khap mgi noi Trude tinh hinh dd, An Dg da dua qudn dpi den hd tig chinh quyen Myanmar tiong eac nam 1949,1958 de chong lai lyc lugng ndi day Cd tiie ndi, su giiip do va iing hf cua Xn Dp
ve cae mat ehfnh tri, kinh te, qudn sy da giiip cho chfnh phu ciia Thii tudng U Nu diing viing tiong mdt thdi ky ddi sau dpc lap Nhung dieu dd dd ldm cho mdi quan hf giiia
Xn Dp va Myanmar tiai qua mdt gjai doan tot dep ke tir sau khi Myanmar gidnh dugc
Trang 5nhieu Iinh vyc khac nhau ening ed mdt y nghia het siic quan tigng, gdp phan that chat hem niia moi quan he hihi nghj giiia nhdn dan An Dp va nhdn dan Myanmar
Sau cupc npi chien d Tnmg Quoe (1946 - 1949), mdt bd phgn cnia Quoe dan ddng da chgy sang Myanmar, keo theo dd la su truy kfch cda qudn dpi cgng san Tnmg (^ude Chfnh phu Myanmar rat lo lang ve su hien difn cua qudn ddi Tnmg Quoe tien
lanh tho cua minh Sau khi khdng thuyet phyc dupe My tiong viec can thifp voi Tnmg
Qude de nit qudn ddi Quoe dan dang ra khdi Ddng Bae Myanmar, nam 1953, Myanmar quyet dinh dua van de nay ra Lien Hpp Quoe Chfnh phu An Dp da diing v^ phia Myanmar cd tiong va ngoai Lien Hgp Quoe thdng qua viec dng hp mgnh me nghj quyet giai trir quan bj va tii tan qudn dpi nude ngoai ra khdi lanh tho Myanmar Ngay 05-11-1953, tiong mdt cudc tianh ludn tai Lien Hgp Quoe ve vifc Myanmar ddi chong lai sy hifn difn cua qudn dgi Tnmg Quoe tien lanh tho Myanmar, V K Krishna
Menon, dai difn ciia An Dp tgi Lien Hgp Quoe da canh bao: "Nhieng gi ton hgi din Myanmar cUng Id ldm tdn thucmg din chung tdi (An Do) Giiea chiing toi khdng cd liin minh quan su nhung Myanmar cd liin quan chat che vdi ehung toi vd tai nhien tinh hinh a Myanmar la mdi quan tam ldn ddi vdi chiing tdi" [1, ti 90]
Nam 1956, khi quan dpi Trung Quoe mdt lan niia xam nhgp vdo lanh tho Myanmar, Thii tutmg U Nu dd tim deh sy ho tig eiia An Do, Do do, v<5i vai tid trung gian enia Jawaharlal Nehru, Thu tudng Trung Quoe Chu An Lai da cd chuyen thdm dau tien den Myanmar va dong y thdo luan ve van de tien bien gidi vdi ngudi dong cap U Nu [3, ti 6] Ngoai ra, hai vj Thu tudng U Nu va Nehru cdn chia se quan diem chung ve cac van de the gityi Cd hai dng deu la nhiing ngudi iing hd nhift tinh cho sy
doan ket d chau A Hon niia, ca Myanmar va Xn Do deu theo dudi quan diem khdng
Uen k^t tiong ede vdn de qudc le Myanmar da dong hanh enmg An Dp tiong chinh sach ddi vdi Trung Qudc Thdng 9-1950, Myanmar ung hd each gidi quyet eua An Do
ve vifc de nghj ket nap Trung Qudc vao Lien Hgp Quoe; tham gia eimg vdi Xn Do bd
phi^u chcng nghj quyet My gdn cho Trung Quoe la ke xam luge tai Han Quoe vao thdng 01-1951 Day la hai quoe gia phi cpng san duy nhat Iam dieu nay
Budc sang nhiing nam 60 ciia the ky XX, khi cang thang tien bien gitii v<5i An
Dp gia tang, Trung Quoe da ky mpt thda thudn biSn gjdi vdi Myanmar vao nam 1960, lao ra nhiing bat Igi Itin eho ehinh quyen New Delhi Su trung If p ciia Myanmar tiong cac vy dyng df 6 khu vuc bi§n gidi Trung - Xn nam 1962 eiing tgo n&i cii soc It5n eho eac nha ehmh tii An Do Trong thdi gian nay, Tnmg Quoe cung cap gdi vifn tig dau tien va bat dau mua gao cnia Myanmar vdi gia eao hon gja thj trudng Myanmar cung thdo lugn ve kha nang tgo thugn Ipi cho Trung Qudc tiong vife vdn ehuyen hang hda san xuat d Van Nam Khi Tutmg Ne Win len nam quyen d Myanmar bang mpt cudc ddo chinh quan su ngdy 02-03-1962, moi quan he An Do - Myanmar dd budc sang mdt
Trang 6Neu nhu tiong nhiing nam 1948 - 1962 Id giai doan ghi dau moi quan hf huu nghj, than thiet gitia An Dp va Myanmar, thi ttr ndm 1962 dein ndm 1991 lai Id giai dogn gan nhu "ddng bang va gidm sut" tiong quan he hai nude Sy kifn ddnh dau moi quan
hf Xn Dp - Myanmar tir hiiu nghj tid nen cang thang la eude dao ehfnh eua quan dpi
do Tutmg Ne WUi cam dau (thdng 3-1962) dd Idt do Chinh phd dan su U Nu, md ra thdi ky qudn dpi len nam quyen luc d Myanmar, Cudc dao ehfnh da Iam eho nhfeu nha lanh dgo ddn chii trude day oia Myanmar, tiong dd ed eyu Thu tudng U Nu phaf Idnh ngn sang Xn Dp, Thu tudng Xn Dp liic bay gid Id Indira Gandhi da nong nhift ddn tiep dng U Nu vd eho phep gia dinh oia dng song tai Xn Dp ma khdng lo ngai bat eii sy phan ling nao iCr phia chinh quyen qudn sy Myanmar Cung vtii nhieu nude khde tien the gjdi, Xn Dp dd len an sy dan dp dan chd ciia chinh phu qudn s u Myanmar Sau khi gidi qudn sy nam quyen ldnh dgo dat nude, Tudng Ne Win da thi hdnh mpt so ehinh sdch khdng cd lpi cho moi quan hf Myanmar - Xn Dp Ngay 30-4-1962,
Hdi ddng each mgng cdng bo Cuang linh con dudng di len chu nghia xd hgi cua Mim Diin, neu rd nhiing myc tieu phdt trien ciia che dp mdi, "khdng nham phuc vu lgi ieh cua mdt nhdm, mgt to chiec, mdt giai cap hay mgt ddng phdi nao, md Id mgt nen kinh ti'mang muc tiiu duy nhat nham thod man eao nhai nhu cau ve vat chai, tinh than vd vdn hod cua todn ddn tdc"
[11, ti 462] Ve eo eaii kinh te, Myanmar chap nhan nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan, gom cac khu vuc Nha nude, tap the, tu nhan, dong thdi khang dinh khu vuc Nha nude phdi
ed vai tid hen tang, khu vuc hpp tae xa can dupe nang dd edn kinh te tu nhan chi dupc phep ton tai tiong khudn khd nhat djnh Chfnh saeh cua Tudng Ne Win ve "Con dirdng di te5i xa hdi chii nghia enia ngudi Mien Dien" da dnh hudng nghiem tipng doi quyen lpi tnia ngudi ddn Myanmar goe Xn Gidng nhu tang ldp hoang tpc tiidng trj Myanmar trude day, Chmh phii Ne Win do lo ngai cae nude lang gieng va muon tianh khdi nhiing anh hudng ehinh tii, kinh te, van hda, da ra Ifnh tryc xuat cdng dong ngogi kieu (gdm ngudi Xn va ngudi Hoa) ra khdi Myanmar nham nhanh chdng xda bd tang
lop kinh doanh ngudi Xn va ngudi Hoa va coi chu nghia xa hdi nha nude Id con dudng
duy nhat de dem lgi nen kinh te dge lap cho dat nude Myanmctr Trong thap nien 60
-70 cua the ky XX, mpt so lupng ldn ngudi An da bj tiyc xuat khdi Myanmar (nam 1964,
cd khoang 100.000 ngudi) [2, ti 301] Nhimg hanh ddng tien cang Iam cho quan hf hai nude Xn Dp - Myanmar tid nen cang thang
Trong nhung ndm tir 1962 - 1972, Tudng Ne Win dd thyc hifn ehinh sach dSi ngogi trung lap tieu cue va can bang quan hf giiia Myanmar vtH My, Lien Xd va Trung Qude La ngudi theo chu nghia dan tdc bai ngoai, ke tir khi len ndm quyen, Tutmg Ne Win da bat dau loai bd anh hudng ve kinh te, chinh tii va van hod ciia nude ngoai d
Myanmar va eo vu cho mpt hf tu tudng mdi - Con dudng Myanmar di lin ehu nghia xa hgi Tat cd cde hoat ddng va eac chuong tiinh dang dien ra cua nueic ngoai deu bj yeu
eau dimg lgi Quyen sd hiru tu nhan enia nude ngoai tiong cac Imh vye ngdn hang
Trang 7eanh sinh va khdng san sang ddng mpt vai tid tieh eye tiong edc van de quoe te, thdng qua chinh saeh trung lap tieu eye tiong quan hf ngoai giao, Chinh phii Ne Win da lam suy giam den miic toi fliieu mdi quan he giiia Myanmar vdi phan cdn lai ciia the gidi tiong sudt giai doan nay Chfnh sach doi ngoai nay tnia Myanmar da tae ddng tieu enrc
d a i quan hf Myanmar - Xn Dp tiong nhieu nam tiep theo
Thdng 10-1962, cupc thien tianh bien gitii Xn Do - Tnmg Quoe bimg nd Chmh phii Myanmar da the hifn thdi dp trung lap tiong eude chiai tianh nay, khdng muon tao ra sy thu djch doi vdi ed hai nude Xn Do va Tnmg Qude Lap trudng trung lap eua Myanmar dd bi New Delhi xem nhu Id thai do "than Tnmg Quoe" (proChinese) [1, ti 91] Trong boi eanh An Do nhu la mpt doi tigng tiong vifc chong lai Tnmg Quoe d khu vye dd bi lu md (sau cupc xung dot bien gitii nam 1962) thi nhiing toan tinh ve ehinh sdeh ddi ngogi tnia Myanmar dd that su hodn loan nghieng ve phia Trung Quoe Them vao do, mdi quan he khdng thdn thien eua Myanmar doi vdi Lien Xd tning da gdp phan gia tdng cang tiiang tiong quan he giiia Xn Do va Myanmar do Xn Dp vdn cd moi quan he mat tiiiet vtii Lien Xd [12, ti 14], VtH nhiing dpng thai tiong quan hf hai nude nhu tiinh bay d tien, Myanmar da tir ehm tid tiianh thanh vien ciia Khoi tiiinh vugng thung Va Tong lanh sy qudn cnia Xn Dp tai Mandalay (Myanmar) ciing bi ddng cira Nam 1964, Chmh quyen qudn sy Myanmar da thuc hifn Chuong trinh qudc hihi hda cde xi nghiep tu nhdn Hdnh ddng nay tao nen nhiing anh hudng ngng ne doi vdi eude song ciia gidi kinh doanh Xn Dp d Myanmar (kian sodt d a i 60% hoat ddng thutmg mai eiia Myanmar luc bay gid) [4, ti 18] Hdu qua la da so ngudi An Dp va Pakistan phdi di eu khdi dat nude nay Khi rdi khdi Myanmar, nhiing ngudi An Dp khdng dupe phep mang theo bat eii thii gi Nhiing ddng thai tien eiia Chfnh phu quan
su Myanmar da ldm eho va ldm cho moi quan hf giiia An Do va Myanmar ngay cdng xau di Tuy nhien, tii cudi nam 1964, quan hf giiia hai nude bat dau ed dau hieu binh Ihudng tid lai do chinh phu hai nude da dan xep nhieu tnide gap gd sau dd va thdng nhat di den mdt gidi phdp hod binh Cac quan chiic cap eao hai nude da ed nhieu chuyai tham ldn nhau Myanmar cho rang vife duy tri thudng xuyen cdc chuyai tham
d a i An Do ciing n h u doi vtii Trung Qude, se giiip quoe gia Ddng Nam A nay can bdng quan he vt5i hai cudng quoe d chdu lyc Trong ehuyen thdm An Dp tnia Tudng Ne Win vao thdng 02-1965, lanh dao hai nude da ban hanh Thdng cao chung, khang djnh quan
diem thdng nhat ve cac van de quoe te: "Mdt quan dian chung ve cdc van de quoe tixuat phdt ti viic theo duoi chinh sdch khdng liin kil da giup cho viic phdt triin mdi quan hi ldng giing gan gui vd toi dep giua hai qud'c gia" [1, ti 92] Day la ket qud ciia vifc hai nude
cimg theo duoi ehfnh sach khong Uen ket, nham giiip eai thien moi quan hf hai nude vdn dang bi lanh nhgt Thang 3-1969, Thu tutkig Xn Dp Indira Gantlhi d a i fliam thu
do Rangoon enia Myanmar Chuyai tham An Dp eua Tudng Ne Win (1965) va chuyen thdm Myanmar tnia Thu tuting I Gantihi (1969) da gdp phan binh thudng hoa va duy
Trang 8tri quan hf ehinh tri - ngoai giao gitia hai nude tiong gan het thdp nien 70 eiia the ky
XX (vdn da bj lanh nhgt va tii tif ttr dau thgp nien 60)
Vao nam 1979, tgi cudc hpp d La Hgbana (Cuba), Myanmar da quyet djnh nit khdi Phong tiao khdng lien ket, ntji ma An Dp dang cd vai tid va tieng ndi quan tipng Mgc dil vdy, tiong suot thdi ky Ne Win cam quyen, hai nude vdn tiep tyc cac cudc tiao ddi cap cao ehfnh thiic Cd the flidy, giiia hai nude vdn cd cde eupe vieng tham, tiep xiic giiia hai ben, nhtmg nhin chung tiong suot nhifm ky ciia Thii tu<5ng R Gandhi, Xn Dp ludn giii quan he tnmg lap va ft quan lam tdi Myanmar Liic bay gid, eac nha lanh dao
Xn Dp eho rang u u tien hang dau la nhiing cam ket ve "gia tij dan chu", cdn nhimg "lo
ngai ve an ninh" dupc cho la flui yeu tiong chmh sach doi ngogi ciia An Dp doi vdi
Myanmar [13, ti 1] Khi Hpi dong Khdi phuc Trgt ly va Luat phap Quoe gia (SLORC) nam quyen tgi Myanmar vao nam 1988, Xn Dp dudi su lanh dgo cua Thii tudng R Gandhi da iing hd phong tiao dau tianh dan ehu d nude ndy va giup dd nhimg ngudi Myanmar den Xn Dp de chay tion khdi su dan dp ciia qudn dpi,
Budc dot pha tiong quan he Xn Dp - Myanmar Id vao ndm 1987, khi Thu tudng
Xn Dp Rajiv Gantihi sang tham Myanmar sau mdt thdi ky dai "ddng bang" Tuy nhien,
sau chuyai tham khdng lau, moi quan hf giiia hsd nude lai tiep tye tid nen xaii di do
cupc dan ap dam mau tnia Chfnh quyen quan sy Myanmar vt3i nhiing ngudi dan chu (chii yeu la sinh vien) vao nam 1988 (cdn gpi la "su kifn 8888"), Ngdy 8-8-1988, Chinh phu quan su enia Tutmg Ne Win huy ddng quan ddi nd siing dan dp ede tnide bieu tinh cua sinh vien, dan chiing thu dd Yangon va cac thanh pho ldn khde d Myanmar khi ma cac cudc bieu tinh nay quyet Uft phdn ddi ehinh phu Myanmar tham nhiing, bdp nghet dan ehu, bat luc tiong quan ly va tiong phat trien kinh te Cudc tiah dp dam mau nay khi&i hang ngan sinh vien va ngudi dan vd tdi thiet mang, tning la "gipt nude tian Iy"
dan den sy ra ddi Lien minh quoe gia vi nen dan chu (NLD) vao ngay 27-8-1988 do ba
Aimg San Suu Kyi diing dau Tiep theo dd la cupe dao ehfnh quan sy ngay 18-9-1988 eda Dgi tudng Bo trudng Quoe phdng Saw Matmg lgt do chfnh phii ciia Thd tirdng Ne Win "Sy kifn 8888" thyc sy la mpt "vet nhp" doi vtn Myanmar vd cung la nguyai nhdn quan tipng khiai Lien Hpp Quoe, My, cde nude phuong Tdy thye hifn chfnh saeh bao vay cam van, trimg phgt kinh te ddi vdi Myanmar tiong suot hon 20 nam Sau hanh ddng dan dp dam mau eae cudc bieu tinh ciia nhiing ngudi dau tianh ddi dan
chii (nam 1988), Myanmar mdt mat bj cac nha tai tip lan cat hogc ngiing vifn tig,
ngiing edc chuong trinh hd tip phdt trien dat nude; mat khae do su bao vdy li&i tyc oia
My va phutmg Tay nen Myanmar khdng the gianh dupc nhiing khoan vay dang ke tir cdc the che tai chfnh quoe te nhu Quy tien tf quoe te (IMF), Ngdn hang the gidi (WB) Trong bdi cdnh tien, la mgt quoe gia dan ehu tiSn the gidi, Xn Dg da ed nhiing chi trieh manh me doi vdi Chinh quyen quan su Myanmar Moi quan he An Dp -Myanmar giai doan 1988 -1991 dien ra khd Ignh nhat Thai do, quan diem cua Chinh phii An Dp doi vtn Chinh phu Myanmar ve van de ddn ehu da lam eho quan hf hai
Trang 9nude roi xuong diem thap nhat (nam 1988) do nhihig phdn iing quyet Uft tir phia Xn
Dp trude hanh ddng chinh phu Myanmar dan dp ngudi bieu tinh, tiong dd cd nhieu ngudi gdc An Dd [8, ti 1] Sy kifn hdng nghin ngudi dan Myanmar bieu tinh ddi dan chu bi quan ddi ehinh phii nutie ndy dan dp da tao ra mpt Ian sdng phan doi ti^n khap th^ gitDi Xn Dp la mdt tiong nhirng nude Itin ehi tiieh manh me Chfnh phii Myanmar Chfnh phu Xn Dp dd giiip eae nhdm ndi day chdng Igi SLORC noi an ndu va cdng khai dtmg ve phia nhung nha hoat ddng dan ehii Myanmar Nhung ddng ngudi ti nan tir Myanmar khdng ngimg chdy vao Xn Dp An Do ling hd Aimg San Suu Kjd dua vao vife ba timg hge tnmg hge d An Do tiong nhiing nam 60 Dai sii quan Xn Dp tgi Myanmar da giiip dd eac nha hoat ddng dan ehii d Myanmar va nhan vien sii quan Xn
Dp eiing duy tii moi quan hf vdi cac nhdm doi lap lgi Myanmar tiong thdi gian nay Trong eupe ndi day cua cac lyc lupng ddn ehu d Myanmar nam 1988, Dai sii quan Xn
Dp tai Rangoon da tieh enrc hd tig cho cdc cd nhdn, edc td chiie hoat ddng dan chu nhu
ba Aung San Suu Kyi, cuu Thii tudng U Nu va Hdi lien hifp sinh vien loan Mien Dien (ABFSU) Ben eanh do, sau nay An Dp cung eho phep Li^n minh Chinh phu Qude gia Lien bang Miai Dien (NCGUB) md tiy sd tgi New Delhi vdo thdng 7-1992 [7, ti 34] Vdo tnidi nam 1988, chfnh phu Xn Dp dd cho phep lap cac "tigi ti ngn Myanmar" d cdc bang Manipur va Mizoram Cac tiai ti nan tap trung nay ludn nhan duge sy giiip dd eiia ngudi dan dja phuong [6, ti 49] Yangon xem nhiing budc di dd enia Xn Do nhu la mdt su can thifp cdng khai vao edng viec ngi bp eua Myanmar nhung chfnh phu quan
su laf khdng cd ly do ehinh dang de ep budc New Delhi xem xet laf ehfnh sdeh cua hg, Nhu da trinh bay d tien, tir nam 1988 den ndm 1990, ede nhd hogt ddng ehinh tri, nhiing ngudi bat dong ehfnh kien vd nhirng ngudi ti ngn ehfnh tii td Myanmar da dupc Xn Dp cho phep vao ti nan tai Xn Dp va duge lu do ngdn ludn de chong lgi che
dp quan sy Myanmar Hau het cae chuemg tiinh phal thanh cua An Dp deu len an chfnh quyen quan sy Myanmar Nguge lai, phia ehinh quyen Myanmar tning md chiai
djch tuyen truyen, kieh dpng vai mue dfch phue hoi tu tudng chdng An Dp vdn ed ttr
nhung nam 30 eua the ky XX tai Myanmar, dong thdi Iam ngo truoc nhiing hoat ddng cua cde nhdm phien qudn Xn Dp sir dung ldnh thd Myanmar Idm can eii vupt bien tah cdng quay pha ehfnh phii tnmg uemg An Dp, Tuy nhien, su ung hp eua chfnh phd Xn
Dp ddi veii phong tiao dan chii Myanmar da bj chiing lai khi ma moi quan he giira Xn
Do vtii Chfnh phu quan su Myanmar dan dupc cai thifn Chinh phu Xn Do tid nen than tipng hon khi ndi ve phong tiao dan ehu Myanmar dudi thdi cam quyen eiia che
dp quan sy Xn Dp eimg da cam to chiie mpt sd chutmg tiinh tuyen truyen chfnh tij tnia cdc nha hogt ddng dan chu Myanmar tgi New Delhi Mdt so nha hoat dpng dan ehii Myanmar da bj cdnh sat An Dp bat va giam giii tiong khi tim each rdi khdi cac tiai
ti ngn Trdi nguoc vdi thdi do tnia ehinh quyen Xn Do, ngdy 8-8-1988, tgi mpt cupc hpp
d New Delhi, 6 dang phdi ehinh tri tnia Xn Dp van cam ket hd tig cho tnigc daii tianh
Trang 10Nam 1990, tiong eugc bau eii Quoe hdi Myanmar, Lien minh quoe gia vi hen ddn chu (NLD) gianh thang Igi vdi 72,5% phieu dng hd va 392 dai bieu tning cir tien long so 485 (chiem 80,8%) ghe tiong hg vien [11, tr 540] Tuy nhien, Hdi dong Khoi phue Trat tu vd Ludt phdp Quoe gia (SLORC) Igi luyen bo khdng cdng nhdn ket qud bau cu va tir choi ehuyai giao quyen lyc cho co quan dan tni mtii bat chap sy phan doi eiia ede lyc Iupng dan ehu d tiong va ngodi nude NLD len tiaig ddi ehuyen giao quyen lye eho Quoe hgi theo quy djnh cda Hien phdp 1947 Dap lai, SLORC cho rang mue dieh eua cudc bau ctr la d^ thanh lap mpt Quoe hdi lap h i a i nhtmg vifc dd ehua the dap ling dugc vi chua cd hien phdp mdi, H i ^ ph^p 1947 da lac hau va la di sdn ciia thdi ky thue dan, dugc soan ra tiudc khi Myanmar gidnh ddc lap [11, ti 541], Chinh nhiing hanh ddng dan dp phong tiao ddn ehu (ndm 1988) va phu nhgn ket qua bau cu C^de hdi (nam 1990) da Iam t h o My va cae nude phuang Tay dp dgt Ifnh cain van ddi vdi Myanmar, khien cho cdng dong quoe te len an manh me Chinh phii quan
su nude nay, tiong dd ed Xn Dp Xn Dp la mdt tiong nhiing quoe gia phdn doi gidi cam quyen quan su d Myanmar khi chinh phd nude nay tir choi tdn tigng su iiy nhifm
va tiao quyen luc cho Lien minh quoe gia vi hen dan chu (NLD) tiong cupc bau cii nam 1990 An Dp dd tich cue iing hd quyet djnh cda Lien Hgp Quoe keu ggi Myanmar tdn tigng y chi cua nhan dan tiong eugc b'au etr va tien hanh cdc bifn phap de khoi phyc dan chu Vdi nhiing dien b i a i ndi tien, moi quan hf Xn Dp - Myanmar mdi dupc ahi len khdng lau nay da nhanh chdng tid lai tiang thai lanh nhgt
Trong giai dogn dien ra ehudi nhung su kien ndi tien, mac du ed liie ngan edhi ede hogt ddng ehinh tii ddn ehu ehdng chfnh quyen quan su Myanmar, nhung tir nhung ndm 90 eua the ky XX, Xn Dp bat dau thyc hifn ehfnh saeh edng khai img hf
cac luc lupng dan thii d quoe gia Nam X ndy Chinh sach ung hd lyc Itrpng dan ehii a
Myanmar enia Xn Dp phii hpp vdi di sdn thifa hudng lif Mahatma Ganeihi va Jawaharlal Nehru Tuy vay, ve mat ehiai lupe, do k^t hgp vdi sy cd lap cda phuong Tdy ddi vdi Myanmar nen chinh sdch ciia Xn Dg giai doan nay da gdp phan dang ke tiong vifc day Myanmar Igi gan Tnmg Quoe Bat dau lir nam 1988, Tnmg CJuoc d ^ tid thdnh mpt dong minh ehii chot eua Myanmar Moi quan he ngay edng thdt ch|t giiia Myanmar va Trung Quoe la bai hge dat gid cho Xn Dd v'S mat chien luge va Ipi ieh qude gia Chfnh dieu nay da budc Xn Dp phai tfnh loan lai ehinh sdch dof ngoai ciia minh doi vdi quoe gia ldng gieng Myanmar Day la mdt tiong nhiing Iy do de An Dp dieu chinh ehinh saeh doi ngoai tnia minh vao efau thap nien 90 cua the ky XX thdng qua vifc thue thi chfnh sach "hudng Ddng"
3 MQT SO NHi^N XET
Mdi quan hf an ninh - chfnh tij giiia Xn Dp va Myanmar (1948 - 1991) dien ra