NỘI DUNG NHỮNG ĐÓNG GÓP MỚI CỦA LUẬN ÁN 1. Góp phần tạo nghiên cứu các mô hình ẩn dụ ý niệm (ADYN) và hoán dụ ý niệm (HDYN) trên một nguồn dữ liệu bao quát và có phần mới chính là từ ngữ chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người (BPCTN) trong thành ngữ, tục ngữ tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 2. Xác định đặc trưng ngôn ngữ học tri nhận của các từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong thành ngữ, tục ngữ tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 3. Các mô hình ADYN và HDYN sẽ trở thành cơ sở giải thích nghĩa các thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 4. Cung cấp nguồn tài liệu thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong việc biên soạn tài liệu học tập và nghiên cứu cho người Việt học tiếng Hàn và người Hàn học tiếng Việt. 5. Phần phụ lục của luận án sẽ trở thành nguồn tham khảo cho công tác học tập, giảng dạy tiếng Hàn cho người Việt và tiếng Việt cho người Hàn trong các học phần tiếng Hàn và học phần Ngôn ngữ - Văn hoá. Đồng thời đây sẽ là nguồn tài liệu tham khảo đáng giá cho các nghiên cứu liên quan đến thành ngữ, tục ngữ nói chung và thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN nói riêng. 6. Phần phụ lục sẽ trở thành nguồn tài liệu để biên soạn từ điển Hàn - Việt và Việt - Hàn liên quan đến từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN cũng như thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 7. Người Hàn và người Việt đều dùng khía cạnh trao đổi và giá trị của hàng hóa để ý niệm lên con người. Đặc biệt vì đều là quốc gia chịu ảnh hưởng tư tưởng trọng nam khinh nữ nên vai trò và vị thế của người phụ nữ trong xã hội không được xem trọng. Và điều này thể hiện rõ trong mô hình ADYN với miền nguồn HÀNG HÓA. Thân thể phụ nữ được xem là hàng hóa và người mua hàng hóa này là đàn ông. 8. Có sự khác biệt rõ ràng trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn và người Việt. Vốn là đất nước có thời gian lạnh nhiều kéo dài trong năm nên trong quy trình tri nhận mô hình ADYN BPCTN LÀ MÓN ĂN thì người Hàn dùng những hoạt động chế biến, làm nóng món ăn để ý niệm. Việt Nam là đất nước với nền nông nghiệp lấy cây lúa nước là chủ lực. Gạo đóng vai trò quan trọng trong ẩm thực của nước Việt Nam. Gạo được dùng nấu cơm, nấu xôi và làm nên các loại bánh có mặt trong các ngày lễ quan trọng. Đây là cơ sở để lý giải trong mô hình tri nhận BPCTN LÀ MÓN ĂN, người Việt thường dùng các loại bánh để tri nhận vẻ ngoài của con người. Mà điều này không có trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn. 9. Hàn Quốc và Việt Nam chịu ảnh hưởng từ văn hóa Trung Hoa xưa, trong đó có các nghi thức về lễ cưới. Người Hàn dùng nghi thức bới tóc cho cô dâu trước khi về nhà chồng để thay cho việc gả chồng. Trong khi đó người Việt dùng nghi thức kết tóc từ tóc của tân lang, tân nương để thay cho việc kết hôn và mối quan hệ gắn kết của vợ chồng. Luận án có đề cập đến sự ảnh hưởng của Hán ngữ trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn và người Việt như cách tri nhận BỤNG LÀ VẬT CHỨA KIẾN THỨC là chịu ảnh hưởng từ tiếng Hán, thể hiện trong cách nói như “Hung vô điểm mặc”. Hoặc cách thức tri nhận GAN MẬT LÀ VẬT CHỨA CAN ĐẢM, đặc biệt đã được từ vựng hóa trong tiếng Việt. Đây là phần nội dung vẫn còn chưa được phân tích sâu trong phạm vi luận án và sẽ là mảng nghiên cứu mà chúng tôi tiếp tục theo đuổi để làm rõ hơn trên con đường nghiên cứu sau này.
Trang 1HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF PEDAGOGY
BUI THI MY LINH
THE HUMAN BODY PARTS IN KOREAN IDIOMS, PROVERBS
AND COGNITIVE SEMANTIC FEATURES (IN COMPARISON WITH VIETNAMESE)
Major: Linguistics Code: 62220240
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ON LINGUISTICS
Ho Chi Minh City – 2022
Trang 2Instructor: Assoc Prof Hoang Dung
Reviewer 1 : Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Phuong Trang
Reviewer 2 : Assoc Prof Du Ngoc Ngan
Reviewer 3 : Assoc Prof Le Kinh Thang
The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Dissertation Council meeting at ………
On the date……… ……… 2022
The dissertation can be found at the following Libraries:
National Library of Vietnam
Library of Ho Chi Minh City Pedagogical University
General Science Library of Ho Chi Minh City
Trang 31 Reason for writing
The research on the group of words indicating human body parts (HBP) inKorean idioms and proverbs in the perspective of cognitive linguistics tends to digdeeper into conceptual metaphors than conceptual metonymies and focus oncomparing with equivalent data sources in English and Chinese In particular, thestudies only focus on one or a few specific HBP with a limited number of idiomsand proverbs Therefore, a study approaches the group of words indicating allHBP from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, on both the conceptualmetaphor and conceptual metonymy with the research object being all the wordsindicating HBP with a large number of idioms and proverbs in the comparisonbetween Korean and Vietnamese is essential
Moreover, Korea and Vietnam have a strengthen cooperation in many fields,especially in Korean and Korean language teaching From this point of the view,the dissertation will apply the research results to teaching, translating terms in theconnection between the languages and cultures of Korean and Vietnam
2 Previous studies
The studies of Lakoff & Turner (1989), Lakoff & Johnson (1980), Kövecses &Radden (1998), Barcelona (2003), Kövecses (2010) is considered great works thatset the theoretical framework when discussing cognitive linguistics
The study of Ning Yu (2009) analyzes "心 (mind)" from the point of view ofmonism in Chinese culture and dualism in Western culture This study is defined
as the basis for explaining the similarities and differences in cognitive attitudes inthe East and the West
In Korea, the studies about the conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy
is very diverse, such as Lim Ji-rong (2008), Kim Hyang-suk (2001), Choi Ji-hoon(2007), Jin-jeong (2008) The studies on the group of words indicating HBP inKorean are all based on idiomatic data sources and are limited to one or a fewwords indicating HBP In Vietnam, the studies on the group of words indicatingHBP the perspective of cognitive linguistics have also received much attention,such as Nguyen Ngoc Vu (2008), Trinh Sam (2014), Lieu Thi Thanh Nhan (2018),Tran Thi Hien (2018)
Studying the history of researching words indicating HBP in Korean andVietnamese idioms and proverbs, we found that:
- There has not been any studies comparing and synthesizing the words
indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs from theperspective of cognitive linguistics
Trang 4- There has not been any studies accessing the data source of proverbs
containing words indicating HBP in the comparison between Korean andVietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics
- All the studies cited, if based on idiom data, the number of idioms is also
very small The most work based on this data is 982 idioms
- When analyzing the conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy,
previous studies only focused on structural metaphors and containermetaphors, part metonymy instead of whole and other types of metaphor,metonymy or not mentioned at all or very briefly mentioned
- Some studies of Vietnamese have considered the quantity, frequency and
appearance of words indicating HBP in idioms and proverbs, but in Korean,
we have not found any research on this part In general and in comparisonwith Vietnamese in particular, the data source is idioms, proverbs containingwords indicating HBP
3 Research purpose
- Find out the number, level of occurrence, trend of combination of words
indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs
- Find out the idealized cognitive models (ICMs) on the data source of Korean
idioms and proverbs with words indicating HBP.
- Point out the similarities and differences in the cognitive methods of Korean
and Vietnamese based on data source of Korean and Vietnamese idioms andproverbs containing words indicating HBP.
- Provide the scientific basis to explain ICMs.
4 Research object and scope
The research object of the dissertation is the words indicating HBP that appear
in idioms and proverbs in Korean and Vietnamese
5 The theoretical and practical significance of the research
5.1 The theoretical significance of the research
- Contributing to the research of conceptual metaphor and metonymy models
on an extensive and new data source of Korean and Vietnamese idioms andproverbs containing words indicating HBP.
- Determining cognitive linguistic features of words indicating HBP in Korean
and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs
Trang 55.2 The practical signficance of the research
- The conceptual metaphor and metonymy models will become the basis for
explaining the meaning of idioms and proverbs containing words indicatingHBP in Korean and Vietnamese
- Provide idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in compiling
study and research materials for Vietnamese learning Korean and Koreanlearning Vietnamese
- The appendix of the dissertation will become a reference source for learning
and teaching Korean for Vietnamese and Vietnamese for Korean in Koreanlanguage and language - culture courses At the same time, this will be avaluable reference source for research related to idioms and proverbs ingeneral and idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP inparticular
The appendix will become the source of documents for compiling Korean
-Vietnamese and -Vietnamese - Korean dictionaries related to wordsindicating HBP as well as idioms and proverbs containing words indicatingHBP in Korean and Vietnamese
8 Research layout
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the research is divided into fourchapters
Chapter 1: Basic theoretical issues in cognitive linguistics
Chapter 2: Number, frequency and appearance of words indicating HBP inKorean idioms and proverbs (compared with Vietnamese)
Chapter 3: Conceptual metaphor of words indicating HBP in Korean idiomsand proverbs (compared with Vietnamese)
Chapter 4: Conceptual metonymy of words indicating HBP in Korean idiomsand proverbs (compared with Vietnamese)
Trang 69 Research contribution
- This is the first research to survey a large number of idioms and proverbs
containing words indicating HBP in Korean up to 2,346 idioms, proverbsand in Vietnamese up to 1,623 idioms and proverbs
- This is the first research that compares the number, frequency and
appearance of words indicating HBP in the most specific way in idioms andproverbs in Korean and Vietnamese
- This is the first research based on the data source of proverbs containing
words indicating HBP in Korean and compared with equivalent words inVietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics
- This is the first research to compare to find out the similarities and
differences in the conceptual metaphor and metonymy methods on the basis
of the data between Korean and Vietnamese
- The research studies all types of conceptual metaphor including structural
metaphors, orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors based entirely ondata, which are idioms, proverbs containing words indicating HBP inKorean and Vietnamese
- The research studies in detail about conceptual metonymy according to
cognitive models including thing and part ICM, event ICM, category andproperty ICM and attributes that the previous research often ignored oroverlooked
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.1 Metaphor and metonymy from traditional linguistics to cognitive linguistics
1.1.1 Metaphor and metonymy from a traditional linguistics view
In traditional linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are both ways of transferringname between two things Metaphor is a way of changing name between twosimilar things A and B based on similarity and metonymy is changing name based
on proximity/ contiguity
Three centuries BC, Aristotle identified that metaphor is calling a thing by aname that is used to call another thing Aristotle discusses metaphor (includingmetonymy) within the framework of literary art and he emphasizes that “It is theone thing that cannot be learnt from others; and it is also a sign of genius, since agood metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars.”Aristotle’s views on metaphor had a great impact throughout the history ofrhetoric in the West Aristotle’s treatment of metonymy as a type of metaphorremained accepted by linguists until the late 1950s, before Jakobson identified that
Trang 7metaphor and metonymy are two separate methods based on two opposingprinciples.
In 1916, in the General Linguistics, F de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, divided
linguistic activity into two, speech and language Thus, in a logical way, metaphorand metonymy are also divided into two, speech (alive metaphor, metonymy) andlanguage (dead metaphor, metonymy) It is very important to clearly separatebecause it allows us to understand what mechanisms help create metaphors,literary metonymy
1.1.2 Metaphor and metonymy from a cognitive linguistics view
The traditional conceptions of metaphor and metonymy remained almostunchanged until the advent of cognitive linguistics, especially with Lakoff &
Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By published in 1980 The author proves that
metaphor and metonymy are not just linguistic matters as the traditional viewholds They analyze and give strong evidence to confirm that they are cognitivetools, that is, the way for people to perceive the world
In cognitive linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are cognitive processes If thecognitive process takes place in two conceptual domains according to a similarmechanism, it is a metaphor And if the cognitive process only takes place in aconceptual domain according to the proximity/ contiguity mechanism, it is ametonymy
The two conceptual domains of metaphor perception are called the sourcedomain and the target domain In which the conceptual domain containingmetaphorical expressions to help understand other conceptual domain is called thesource domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood based on thesource domain is called the target domain
Lakoff & Johnson (1980) demonstrates that metaphor and metonymy pervadehuman language and thinking by presenting a series of metaphorical andmetonymic linguistic expressions Metaphor and metonymy exist not only inlanguage but also in thought and action, helping people to concretize abstractconcepts
1.1.3 Compare conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy
Although metaphor and metonymy share some similarities, they are twodistinct modes of perception, with different characteristics between them
Conceptual metaphor Conceptual metonymy
Occurs in two domains of ICM Occurs in a domain of ICM
The main function is understanding,
using the concept of one entity to The main function is referencing,using one entity instead of another
Trang 8understand another entity.
The relationship between the source
domain and the target domain is
“is-a”
The relationship between the sourcedomain and the target domain is
“stand-for” Occurs according to the “similarity”
mechanism between the source
domain and the target domain
Occurs according to the mechanism
of “proximity/ contiguity” betweenthe source domain and the targetdomain
Although metaphor and metonymy are two different cognitive mechanisms, inmany cases they interfere with each other This makes the study of metaphor andmetonymy more challenging and interesting
1.2 Classification of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy
1.2.1 Classification of conceptual metaphor
1.2.1.1 Structural metaphor
Structural metaphor is a metaphor in which one concept is metaphoricallystructured through another This type of metaphor often uses the result of symbolicrepresentation in association, helping people understand a target domain B through
a source domain A
1.2.1.2 Orientational metaphor
Orientational metaphor is a metaphor that does not structure one idea on thebasis of another, but on the contrary it organizes a whole system of interrelatedideas This metaphor is so named because they are all related to spatial orientation:
up - down, in - out, front - back, shallow - deep, center - edge Orientationalmetaphor provides less conceptual structure than ontological metaphor Instead,the positioning metaphor creates a series of target domain concepts in the humanconceptual system
1.2.1.3 Ontological metaphor
Ontological metaphor provides less cognitive structure than structuralmetaphor The cognitive engine of this metaphor seems to provide only theontological condition that leads to the general category of abstract target concepts
1.2.2 Classification of conceptual metonymy
1.2.2.1 Thing and part ICM
This is a metonymy in which a part of an entity stands for the whole entity orvice versa
Trang 91.2.2.2 Event ICM
This is a metonymy in which a part of the event stands for the whole event
1.2.2.3 Category and property ICM
This is a metonymy in which a category stands for a property or vice versa
CHAPTER 2: NUMBER, FREQUENCY AND APPEARANCE OF WORDS INDICATING HUMAN BODY PARTS IN KOREAN IDIOMS AND
PROVERBS (COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE)
2.1 Number and frequency of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs
2.1.1 Number of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs
Out of a total of 457 words indicating HBP in Korean, 192 words (accountingfor 42%) appear in 2,346 idioms and proverbs And out of a total of 222 wordsindicating HBP in Vietnamese, 110 words (accounting for 50%) appear in 1,623idioms and proverbs
Humans receive and process input information through the senses The head isthe place where almost all the body parts are responsible for the human senses,including: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch This is the reason why the first group
of HBP words always have a high number of occurrences in almost all idioms andproverbs, including Korean and Vietnamese
Out of 192 words indicating HBP appearing in Korean idioms and proverbs,there are 22 vulgar words and degrading ways to refer to the same HBP, including:
“낯낯”, “낯낯”… And out of 110 words indicating HBPthat appear in Vietnameseidioms and proverbs, there are five vulgar words and degrading ways to refer tothe same HBP, which can be mentioned: “mồm”, “cặc”, “dái”…
Both Korean and Vietnamese have idioms and proverbs that reflect theinfluence of Chinese characters in Korea and Vietnam
Both in Korean and Vietnamese have metaphors to refer to HBP: “낯낯”, “낯낯”,
“낯낯”…; “cổ tay”, “lòng bàn tay”, “đầu lưỡi”, “gò má”, “đầu gối”, “chân răng”…Among the words indicating HBP in idioms and proverbs in Korean andVietnamese, there are words that, when standing alone, are essentially not wordsfor HBP but refer to animals in general But when participating in some idioms
Trang 10and proverbs, they are temporarily used to refer to people: “낯 낯”가 , “낯낯낯” ;
“mề”, “mang”, “cánh”…
Out of 192 words indicating HBP appearing in Korean idioms and proverbs and
110 words indicating HBP appearing in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, there are
66 words indicating HBP in Korean and equivalent ways of saying it inVietnamese Vietnamese appear in idioms and proverbs of the two countries, 76words indicating HBP appear only in idioms and proverbs in Korean and 12 wordsindicating HBP only appear in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs
2.1.2 Frequency of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs
With 2,346 idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP, the totalfrequency of 192 words indicating HBP in Korean is 2,614 times With 1,623idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP, the total frequency of 110occurrences of HBP words in Vietnamese is 2,564 times In both Korean andVietnamese, the total frequency of occurrence of the first group is equal to the sum
of the frequencies of more than two groups combined If in Korean the secondhighest total frequency is the extremities group consisting of parts that performphysical activities, then in Vietnamese it is the abdominal group consisting of partsthat are believed by the Vietnamese to have the function of judgment andcontainment, thought and feeling The number of idioms and proverbs containingwords indicating HBP in Korean is more than in Vietnamese, 723 idioms andproverbs However, in terms of total frequency of occurrence, Korean is only 50times higher than Vietnamese This gives us a statement, in Korean idioms andproverbs, the number of words indicating HBP tends to stand alone, while inVietnamese, they tend to appear in a combination of words indicating HBPtogether
The HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs with the highest total frequency is “낯”with 222 times, second is “낯” with 206 times The HBP in Vietnamese idioms andproverbs with the highest total frequency is “tay” with 254 times, second is “mặt”with 243 times The total frequency of occurrence is high in Vietnamese idiomsand proverbs, which are completely different from those in Korean
2.2 Appearance of words indicating human body parts in Korean idioms and proverbs
The HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs have two modes ofappearance: 1) Appearing independently of a word indicating HBP; 2) Appears in
a combination of many words indicating HBP In Korean idioms and proverbs,90% of the words indicating HBP appear independently, while the way theyappear in a combination accounts for only 10% In contrast, appearing
Trang 11independently in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs accounted for less than thoseappearing in combinations with 45% and 55% respectively Thus, if Korean prefer
to use each HBPindividually, Vietnamese use a diverse and flexible combination
277 conceptual metaphor idioms and proverbs, of which structural metaphors is 69idioms, and proverbs, accounting for 25%
Through our analysis, we can confirm that there are five source domainsincluding: COMMODITY, FOOD, WEAPON, LIGHTING OBJECT, ROTARY
3.1.1 HUMAN BODY PART IS COMMODITY
From time immemorial, in many circumstances, human is considered acommodity This really stood out in the feudal era when people of low status insociety were always considered a commodity for exchange
The properties of buying and selling in the process of exchanging commodity isused as the basis for mapping on the exchange of HBP When HBP are recognized
as commodities, they are traded on the market In Korean idioms and proverbs,Korean use the predicates “낯낯”, “낯낯낯”, “낯낯” to concretize this concept
Trang 12Korea is a country influenced by confucianism, especially the idea of undervaluing women in society, there is a difference in the assessment of men andwomen in Korean society: men respected, while women were looked down upon.
In terms of language, it doesn't show that the person selling the body is a woman,but in terms of culture and society, Korean tend to see the person who uses thebody to exchange as a woman and the buyer of that body is a man
Like Korea, Vietnam is also a country heavily influenced by confucianism,including the idea of respecting men and disrespecting women In the feudalsociety, women did not have the ability to be independent, had to depend on theirfather, husband and children according to the rule of “three obediences” Theirrole and status in the family and in society is very low Women and women’sbodies are considered commodities for exchange Vietnamese also tend to refer tosex workers in idioms as women in terms of culture and society
The expensive and cheap nature of the commodity is mapped onto theexpensive and cheap nature of the anticorruption to determine the price of theanticorruption Korean use the predicate “낯낯”, “낯낯 낯낯”, Vietnamese use “đắt” toconcretize this conceptual metaphor
The packing property of the commodity maps onto the HBP so that it can also
be packaged as a commodity Both Korean and Vietnamese use the predicate
“package” to concretize this concept However, the difference is that, if in Koreanidioms and proverbs, the word indicating HBPis perceived as the inner commodity
of the wrapping material, then in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, it is perceived
as the material package
In Korean idioms and proverbs, the “낯”, “낯”, “낯”, “낯” are considered value commodities We know that these parts take on important human activitiessuch as seeing, speaking, working, hearing So these are considered high-valuecommodities comparable to money, treasures and silk fabrics Vietnamese alsoperceive HBP is jewelry as precious and high-value jewelry such as gold and jade.However, unlike Korean idioms and proverbs that simply refer to the value of thebody part itself, Vietnamese refers to the personality of the person owning thatbody part
high-3.1.2 HUMAN BODY PART IS FOOD
Korea and Vietnam have diverse cuisines with many dishes from wet riceagriculture and from the influence of cuisines from other countries This is thebasis of creating diverse elements in the domain of food sources in HUMANBODY PART IS FOOD in two languages
In Korean idioms and proverbs, Korean uses the taste of food such as: spicy,sour, sweet, bitter to specify HUMAN BODY PART IS FOOD Vietnamese alsohas the way HUMAN BODY PART IS FOOD Vietnamese also use “sour”,
“sweet”, “spicy”, “fragrant” to concretize this concept However, unlike Korean,
Trang 13Vietnamese does not have a cognitive way of using words to indicate the taste offood to perceive its impact on objects in contact
In the idioms, proverbs containing words indicating HBP also clearly show theconceptual metaphor between the source domain of food taste and the targetdomain of human mood Li Xin-yang (2020) identified that in Korean, a positivemood is considered a sweet taste, a negative mood is considered a sour, bitter, andspicy taste, and the research data source of our dissertation allows us to agree thisopinion of the author
To the extent that the research data source is Vietnamese idioms and proverbscontaining words indicating HBP, there is no expression to prove this conceptualmetaphor However, outside the scope of research data sources, Vietnamese hasmany expressions that use words to indicate the taste of food to indicate humanmood Especially in this conceptual metaphor, if Korean use each word for tasteseparately, Vietnamese tend to combine two words for taste together
In both Korean and Vietnamese, words for the taste of food are used to indicate
a person's personality However, if in Korean using the word for taste associatedwith people in general, in Vietnamese, there are both people in general and eachHBP
Korea is in a temperate climate with cold winter and to keep the body warm,Korean mainly cook, simmer or boil dishes in earthenware pots to keep the heat in.This is the reason for the preparation of dishes in this conceptual metaphor usingthe predicates “낯낯낯”, “낯낯낯”, “낯” to concretize Meanwhile, Vietnamese idiomsand proverbs use the predicate "cook" and "xèo" to concretize this concept
When HBP is perceived as a food, it will be considered edible with the use ofthe predicate eat to concretize At this time, the act of eating is considered to beexploiting and plundering the property of others
Similar to Korean, Vietnamese also use the predicate eat to concretize theconcept of HBP IS FOOD, but it is not a reference to looting other people'sproperty but to hatred
3.1.3 HUMAN BODY PART IS A WEAPON
Weapon is not a common source domain in conceptual metaphor This sourcedomain is often mentioned as an attachment when talking about cognitive modelsrelated to the war source domain
The activities “bắn”, “xuyên thủng”, “đâm” which are the attributes of weaponsused to map on the HBP, perceive HBP IS A WEAPON In Korean, HBP areperceived as guns and sharp objects such as knives and swords
Similar to Korean, the HBP in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs is alsoperceived as a weapon However, the main difference between the two languages
is in the source domain in the cognitive process Specifically, if in Korean HBP IS
A WEAPON based on the source domain being guns and sharp objects, in
Trang 14Vietnamese the source domain is just sharp objects, namely knives, swords, noguns In particular, this cognitive method only refers to the sharpness andsharpness of the weapon.
HBP is considered a weapon, so it can take a person’s life The factor that cankill people is mapped onto the HBP to concretize this cognitive model
3.1.4 HUMAN BODY PART IS A LIGHTING OBJECT
Korean use the predicates “sáng”, “tối”, “chập chờn” to concretize the conceptthat the HBP IS A LIGHTING OBJECT and that the HBP is the eyes and ears.Similar to Korean, there is also a way of perceiving a person as an object oflight in Vietnamese with the main source domain being an oil lamp Previously, oillamps were always present in the daily life and religious activities of Vietnamese.The operation of the oil lamp is identified by the Vietnamese with the growth anddeath process of human When the light is on, it means that the fire extinguishersare also lighting and operating, and when the lamp runs out of oil and can nolonger shine, the fire extinguishers also stop lighting, which means that human lifehas come to an end
3.1.5 HUMAN BODY PART IS A ROTARY IN ENGINE
The operating rules and structure of a machine are used to refer to the activitiesand structure of people In Korean, HUMAN IS A MACHINE and MACHINE ISHUMAN has been clarified in many previous studies On the basis of this concept
we have a lower conceptual metaphor that is HBP IS A ROTARY IN ENGINE.This is the type of conceptual metaphor that has not been mentioned in previousstudies This is a unique conceptual metaphor that is only available in Korean butnot in Vietnamese, although in Vietnamese there is still conceptual metaphorHUMAN IS A MACHINE, MACHINE IS HUMAN as in Korean
3.2 Orientational metaphors
Among 434 idioms and proverbs in Korean have 54 idioms, proverbs accountfor 13% And out of 277 idioms and proverbs in Vietnamese have 29 idioms,proverbs account for 10%
Through our analysis, we can confirm that there are two source domains,vertical direction: UP, DOWN and horizontal direction: FRONT, AFTER, IN,OUT, FAR, NEAR The number and proportions of each source domain are shown
in the table below
Number Proportion Number Proportion