The logical metafunction and its realizations through the systems of Expansion and Projection

Slide 1 The logical meta function and its realizations through the systems of Expansion and Projection Supervisor Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân Group 2 Trịnh Thị Hương Giang Trần Thị Phượng Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ Tiên Trần Thị Thu Hiền Nguyễn Thị Miền Trần Khương Liên Expansion II Projection III Types of relationship between clauses I Clause and Sentence 1 Sentence can be interpreted as a clause complex a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it 2 Sentence has evolved by expansion outwards from t.

The logical meta-function and its realizations through the systems

of Expansion and Projection

Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân

Group 2: Trịnh Thị Hương Giang

Trần Thị Phượng Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ Tiên Trần Thị Thu Hiền

Nguyễn Thị Miền Trần Khương Liên

Clause and Sentence

1

Sentence can be interpreted as a

clause complex: a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it

2 Sentence has evolved by expansion outwards from the clause

3

Sentence will be defined as a clause

complex The clause complex will be the only grammatical unit which we’ll recognize above clause

1

Sentence can be interpreted as a

clause complex: a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it

2 Sentence has evolved by expansion outwards from the clause

1

Sentence can be interpreted as a

clause complex: a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it

Equal status

Logical structures in language are either

paratactic or hypotactic

The linking of two equal clauses makes

a hypotactic relationship

Parataxis Structure

- numerical notation 1 2 3 …and double slash are used

- the paratactic relationship can be

exemplified by the “and” relation

Binding of clauses makes

a hypotactic relationship

Hypotactic Structure

The dependent clause can either follow or

precede the dominant clause, so it is needed to have different type of labeling for unequal

relations

The Greek letter notation α and β are exploited to show dependency, with α as the dominant clause and β as the dependent clause, and the clauses with such relation is separated with single slash Example:

If wishes were horses / beggars would ride.

β α

Beggars would ride / if wishes were horses.

α β

numerical notation 1

2 3 …and double

slash are used

notation α and β and single slash are used

Expansion

Three kinds of expansion

3 kinds

Elaboration Extension Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225

Three kinds of expansion

3 kinds

Elaboration Extension Enhancement

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225

The ways of elaborations :

Paratactic

Exposition

Exemplification

Clarification

Exposition restates

the thesis

For example : That clock doesn’t go ; it’s not working

The primary clause The secondary clause

Exemplification gives more information / examples

For example : Your face is the same as everybody else has – the two eyes,

nose in the middle, mouth under

Clarification

gives explanation / explanatory comment

For example :

I wasn’t surprised – it was what I expected

The ways of elaborations :

be very easy

Non – finite I was scared of

the changes, not knowing what life

would be like

Three kinds of expansion

3 kinds

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225

Example

1 Addition :

- I breed the poultry, and my husband looks after

the garden ( X and Y)

- They don’t give any instructions, nor would it help

if they did ( Not X and not Y)

- It was wet and rainy, but Peter went to the beach. ( X ><Y)

2 Variation

- Don’t stand there chattering to yourself like that,

but tell me your name and your business ( Not X but Y)

- They did a good job, only they were so slow about

it ( X but not all X)

- You do your job immediately or you will be fired

( X or Y)

Categories of extension : Hypotactic

Hypotactic

Finite - While his

disappearance was proof that he hadn’t wanted her, the five

hundred pounds he had spent on the ring was indication that he had wanted something else

Non – finite - Apart from attracting business, it will

undertake research and development for the two companies

Three kinds of expansion

3 kinds

Halliday, Introduction to functional grammar, page 225

Enhancement

One clause enhances the

meaning of another by

qualifying : By reference to time, place, cause, condition.

Paratactic

Reference to time

- Same time : A meanwhile B

- Different time : later : A subsequent B

- Different time : earlier : A previously B

Reference to place

- Same place : C there D

Reference to manner

• Means : N is via/ by means of M

• Comparison : N is like M

• Causal – conditional

- Reason : Because P so result Q

- Purpose : Because intention Q so action P

- Positive : If P then Q

- Negative : If not P then Q

- Concessive : If P then contrary

expectation Q

Hypotactic

Hypotactic

Finite - He lives there while

he’s on the job

- As far as I can tell

nothing has changed.

Non – finite - They must be crazy,

throwing all that good stuff away

- Turn off the lights

before leaving

Expansion clauses that are not explicitly marked for any

logical-semantic relation

Two kinds of problem

conjunction:

E.g “At the last meeting somebody

almost got drowned, he was practising rescuing somebody, no-one had really shown how to do it, he had to be dragged out by some of the older lads, noone really thought it was that bad, they just thought he’d got cramp or something.”

Two kinds of problem

conjunction.

- Alice walked on in silence, puzzling

over the idea.

- And they trotted, Alice repeating to

herself the words of the old songs

The house [ by the bridge]

Sooner [[than we had expected]]

Sooner [[than expected]]

Sooner [than the rest of us]

[[for Jack to build the house]]

[by the bridge]

Embedded expansions

 the circumstantial sense is located in the embedded clause itself

 The clause expresses the temporal,

causal or other enhancing relation

E.g

The house [[where she lived]]

Someone [[to give the message to]]

The trouble [[with everyone having a part]]

 the circumstantial sense is located

in the noun functioning as Head.

 take either finite or non-finite modifying clauses: time, day,

post-occasion, place, way, reason.

E.g.

The reason [[why I like her]]

The only way [[for this to happen]]

 Take only non-finite clauses: purpose, result, point, aim.

E.g

The purpose [[of raising funds]]

The best occasion [[for trying out new methods]]

 An ‘act’= although there is no Head

noun, the embedded clause is the

nominalization of a process

 relational processes:

E.g [[threatening people]] will get you

nowhere

 mental processes of perception:

I heard [[the water lapping on the crag]]

Projection

Projection process

Projecting element

(idea: meaning)

Projected element (locution: wording)

Projecting verbs

Verbal (project: wording)

Mental (project: meaning)

Projecting verbs (6 groups)

• Verbs of saying : “say”

• Verbs specific to (a) statements : tell, remark,

report, point out, observe, announce and (b)

questions : ask, demand, require, query and (c)

offers and commands : suggest, offer, call, order,

request, tell, propose, decide.

• Verbs combining “say” with some circumstantial

element : reply, explain, protest, continue, interrupt, warn, repeat, threaten, promise, agree, urge, plead

• Verbs having connotations of various kinds : insist,

complain, cry, shout, boast

• Verbs serve, especially in functional narrative to

suggest attitudes, emotions or expressive gestures that accompany the act of speaking: whisper, sob, snort, twinkle, beam, venture, breathe

• Verbs of cognition: think, know, understand,

wonder, wish, hope, fear

Three kinds of projection

Three kinds

Parataxis Hypotaxis Embedding

Paratactic Projection

Position of projecting clause

“I am very happy”

forms in projection

process

quoting (direct speech)

reporting (free indirect)

Table showing paratactic quoting and

“I can,” he said

“Are you happy?” asked Mary.

“Stop here,” he told me

Wording represented as meaning

He could, he said Was he happy, Mary asked

Stop there, he told me

“I can,” he thought.

“Am I dreaming?” wondered Tom.

“Wait here,” she willed him

Meaning

He could, he thought Was he dreaming, Tom wondered.

Wait there, she willed him.

Hypotactic projection

Table showing hypotactic report

Wording represented as meaning

|||He said | that the film was boring |||

||| He asked | her to wait there |||

Mental

(Idea)

PropositionProposal

Paratactic Vs Hypotatic projection

projection

Hypotactic projection

Embedding Projection

Overview on embedding

projection

• projections are embedded in nominal group

• The noun that project includes:

verbal process nouns (locutions) mental process nouns (ideas)

Nouns projecting

propositions

• stating: the projected clause in this case is either

finite (that + direct indicative) or non-finite (of +

imperfective)

claim, assertion, argument, insistence,

proposition, assurance, intimation

notion, suspicion, sense, idea, expectation, view, opinion, prediction, assumption, conviction,

discovery

Nouns projecting

propositions

questioning : the projected clause in this

case is either finite (if / whether or Wh

+ indirect indicative) or nonfinite

Nouns projecting proposals

• offering: the projected clause can be

either non-finite (to + perfective or of

+ imperfective) or finite (future

indirect indicative)

proposal, threat, promise

inclination, decision, resolve

Nouns projecting proposals

• commanding: the projected clause

can be either non-finite (to +

perfective) or finite (modulate or

future indirect indicative)

instruction, demand, request, plea

Table showing embedded projection of

Wording represented as meaning “ [[

│││I can’t believe in the rumour [[that

Table showing embedded projection of

Verbal

(Locution) Offering

Commanding

Wording represented as meaning

│││His promise [[to help with the gardening]] made the old man happy │││

│││We follow the instruction [[that drivers should keep to the left lane]] to get to the wood │││

│││Mary’s hope [[of getting such a lot of money

as a gift]] seems unimaginable │││

Exercise: : Name types of projection process,

speech function and types of projection

relation

1 He said that the holiday was exciting.

Verbal process, proposition, hypotaxis

2 He knew that it was very expensive

Mental process, proposition, hypotaxis

3 He said: “It is so hot”.

Verbal process, proposition, parataxis

4 She decided that she would do so.

Mental process, proposal, hypotaxis

5 “Do so”, she said to herself

Mental process, proposal, parataxis

6 All I wanted was an admission that she was there.

Verbal process, proposition, embedding

7 Her decision to come back was surprising

Mental process, proposal, embedding