Tài liệu fishery and utilisation of mesopelagic fishes and krill in the north atlantic potx

norden Fishery and utilisation of mesopelagic fishes and krill in the North Atlantic... Fishery and utilisation of mesopelagic fishes and krill in the North Atlantic Siini Lamfauge, Jan

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Fishery and utilisation of mesopelagic fishes and krill in the North Atlantic

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Fishery and utilisation of mesopelagic fishes and krill

in the North Atlantic

Siini Lamfauge, Jan Arge Jacobsen, jal dékupssiony,

John Willy Valdemarser, Thorstein Sigurdsson,

Birkir Bardarsson and Anatoly Fin

‘TemaNord 2008:526

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Preface

“Mesopelaie fish and kl are widely disributed in the occa and azo 160

‘ofthe largest marine resources stil under-exploited, Inthe Non Atlantic there is presenily no Fishing on these resources With the growing ap culture industry there san increasing demand for ish protein and Ha i for this industry, The objectives af the projet are to explore the present

‘uoulege abou these fish inthe Noth Atlamic and wo cvordiaate fur ther investzations om these resoarees,Heeland has i the Hist Few years collctedinfovnation on inesopslagic fish i the Ininger Sea đường

thei investigations on zeish and have alo dane some exploratory ish ing ial ty Farosse waters Russian trawlers fishing for blue whiing have occasionally reported significant by-catches of mesopelagi nh, aul the Faroese Fisheries Laboratory a the Maine Resear asia in Iccland have done some exploratory fishing, but so far without any sue

12 use of Ail 36 a Source for Hise an

xs In Norway reseach int

fish ol as feed for aquaculture bas hee initiated Recently investigations

‘on the possibilty to use mesopelagie species in alton to kill have

‘bea initiated, and the peeset project could eahunee sucha development

‘Thote is a general Hck of information on the Binlog, ditibuƯon and biomass of these species in the Nowthesst Adame and a frther compli cation isthe finite possibilities to epresentaively sample such species with existing ishing geass

‘The main objective in this projet was to explore the possibilities of onmercial exploitation and uiisation of mesopelage ịh anl ki, te _roups of species that presenly are not wise commercially

“The work has ben dane under hice work packages or subtask; (Suh- task [10 find and collect histori data ad literature om misopetagic ts saul ill the Nowt Atte; Sublask 2) 0 study Fishing gear an fish ing technology and (Subtask 3) o establish special awteness on the

mm

rmesopelagic Fis dri

Xe Revveb sre MRIs Ska, Rep an

‘A list of the most common lanteafises in the North Adantic is showa how (Table 1),

Summary 1

“The objectives ofthis project were to;

+ (Subiask 1) Find and collet historic data and heraune on

icsoplagic fish and hill inthe Nort Atlantic, Both published sn! unpublished materi, ith special emphasis include

important Russian erature tobe wansated to English:

+ (Suhiask 2) 10 sty những se amlechmolagy vih he im tơ

develop and test fishing gears and fishing tehaigques, stable vo catch mesopelagic fish and krill ia commercially acceptable atc ates ad

4+ (Subtask 3) westabtsh special avareness of mesopelagi fish

lvough additonal sampling during present and future pelagic

research surveys

Work packages (subtasks)

Swbtask £5 The most exrmmon mesopelagie species on hoth side of the Noah Atlantic were Bomtiosema, gaviate and Noroscopelus Reever

“The historic Hteratare was in general about the biology and seldom on availability and abundance The nyetophids were mentioned in vious references 3s predator on ealanus or hil anda prey for marine em nal, sea bids, snow and sate, The aniles on accuse investigation

‘of mesopelagie fish were mainly Focused 66 sound-scaltring layers of Imesopelagie fish assemblage, and a few of the eefereaces focused on target strength measurements (acoustic backscattering fom the fish) on species tha inhabit other ares than the North Atlantic, Thee isa lack in the historic

ature on fishing gear technology anon potential fishing

‘rounds, The majorly of the hiserie material on Kell as from the southem oeeans Russia has been conduct — fish and iil for decades, Twelve Russian hey referenees on mesopelaie Fishes and ill wete wanslte to English s past ofthe project seven!

‘ofthis translated materials presented in the report

Swbiask 2: A pelagic research tal for blue whiting tha at modiied

‘vith smaller meshes in the aft part ofthe trawl ta retain mesopetagi fish was used i the project Additional some tests were conducted with a tral designed for commercial kil capone during the pet sil meshed collecting bag was aiached on the ouside of the wp-belly 10 study hore in the erat belly various ongumisns are escaping thuugh meshes, as 4 background to opinise the tw! design for capture of

meepelagiexreciet aml kil Observatlon f nh bchaviour vith under water camer inside the tal belly was used to learn more of such be haviour Based on these experiments and observations supported by pre

‘ows experienc, tac son that Kil s escaping Unough meshes Targer thaw 15-20 ny, inicaing a catching aren that correspond tothe

“entrance area of hags with less than 20 mm mesh size, Mesopetagic nh

however are #0 some extent herded y larger meshes, and therefore the catching area is Jager than the entcance area ofthe eodend but sraller thaw the entrance area of a large mesh teal For the purpose of density

‘stnaton of mesopelagie fish the entrance aea where defined a6 the

‘ros setion of the belly in font of en belly meshes, Basen these sumptions the experimental fishing ideatified densi of mesopetagic Fish and Al Jes han 1 gin đưảng th Giai period, which i in ages: ment wide knowledge ia the existing Iteraue onthe subject Such den tis are considered to ls for commercial fishing of hese resourees

“The collecting bags aso provided useful information about escape of

ue whiting and herring through the ata belly

Subiask #: We consider that de at to establish spscil awareness on

‘he mesopelagic fish during existing and future pelagic surveys hay een metas far as we ean expect iaterfte with existing survey’ plans Today the survey plans for pelagic surveys in the various instes in the Noth

1 Historic data and literature

1.1 Collection of published and unpublished material on mesopelagic fish and krill (subtask 1)

“This subtask was 10 find and collect historic data and literature on rmesopelagic fish and krill n the Noth Atlantic, Both published and un Published material on the biological aspects aad on eaptre methods of the most abwndant species of mesopelagi fish and kil with special em Pass to include important Russian Kteature toe wauslte to English

lable on

‘A complete search in ScienoeDiret, selected databases av

the Internet and Google-search has been performed continuously since the Start ofthis project until December 2005 There was limitation in the inal screenings The search tems used for Mesopetagie fish were:

‘Myctophid™ of "Mesopelagic fish” or “lanternfish™, Once imported 0

‘our database, additonal Keywords were adel while seeening the sta toms The keys wore taken fom the itl, absract, and sometimes trom the ail Ves when we red the ail, The main groups were 3s

North Atlantic Northeast, Norwest), we (oe andbank}, common name (glsier laters, spe follows: Oocan fo

Nowway, leek, G

ies (9 Heniotema glacile), funily (Myctophida), axa (mytophid, level (68, prodator prey) suet (ear, aconsti, growth, age) goat (eg WP2 plankton ue, page ta),

The dissemination of roports and presentations from present siya

‘well a a Hist of project meting and surveys under the present projet is sted in Appendix

Russia has been conducting research an mesopetagie fish and Krill for decades and a sclection of 12 Russian key references ơn mesopelagie fishes and kell were translated into English as pat of the project The Russian references are given in Appendix 2 and can be obained by e snail upon request,

The literature search of Euphausits of krill, wth the most common species boing Megunsciiphones nartrgice, Tỉntanoctu2 inermi, and 7 Jonsiceudata, has heen cared out by colleagues atthe Istute of Ma rie Research (IMR), the Polas Research Insitute of Marine Fisheries a Oeeinography IPINRO), the Faroese Fishery laboratory (FFL) ad the Marine Research Institte (MRD

‘A review of the available storie material long with the 12 wanslted Russian references is presente below

1.2.A review of historical literature on mesopelagic fish

in the North Atlantic

Mesopelagic fish ean impartant component of the woeanic mesopcagie vosystem in the North Adantc (Backus et al 1977: Nafpaktts etal 1077: Gjoseter and Kawaguchi 1980) The combined Biomass is helieved

to he very high, but as only heen evaluated roughly (Gjoseter and Ka

‘eaguchi 1980), Abundant mesopelagic fish families are eg.> Myctophi- đạo, GomoweRiidae, BabglagMde and Stomidse (Kawaguchi and Mauchline 1987; Magnusson 1996) For predicting aggregations and fisheries potesial of mesopeagic fis itis esseaia © understand thee

cology g life history, distribution, foraging and behaviour The mest bunlant mesopelasie “ish are generally ooplankion consumers AGjoswter and Kawaguchi 1980), eg Myctophids and hence we give

‘oxerview of thet biology

‘The mujoriy ofthe scientific publications on mesopeligie fish come from biological stadies, bot huth the sampling and data ane discrete and

‘often ited, Ecological esearch on anesopoagie fish hts sues rom

a fack of the most simple and descriptive information, ke abundance size tvucture, prey and predators, Most likly the stongest linitaion in the mesopelagic research is she high cost af exploring the dep of the

‘pe oceans, hut recendy dete have heen teh

provertents cor cotniag the exploration of the mesopelagic ecosystem, e.g i acoustical post pracessing methods, usage oF avancod opening-elosing tals and sabnteriblee

Tam te literature sercenings i looked lke there was ge iter tuc regatding fishing gear and fishing technology and on postal fish- ing grounds, Therefore it wa dseusse hy he group, at there ought 0

‘bea co-roup of scientists who could discuss the mechanisms of forma

tion of dense concentration f mystophid in the Northeast Antic as has

‘been done by Russian scicntsts in the Northwest Atlantic Futher 10

“analyse the fishing gear technology to catch mytopis, and thus fishery potential, Heating in mind sustainaiity and ecologies impact af suk Fisheries

1.21 Myctophid biology

Diet composition and abundance estimates show thatthe more abundant imyetophid species like Bemthovemu glace and Notescepelus kroeveri, Which afe used as examples in this review are important zooplankton consumers that make a valuable-energy wanster link 10 predators at ghe levels ia the food web (Giese 19730: Kinzer 1977: Giosatee Sih: Kaveapuchi aoa Manchline 1987; Sameota 19H Sameo%o 1989),

‘Most myctophids undertake del vertical migration, often for several hundred meters, but thas boon sown that not al inva f any par

sie, vectcaly migrating population move up every aight Much less extensive migration has heen observed among some deeperdelling Inyetophid species, These ae indeatons of depth staiication at both species and ontogenetic levels In general juveniles cecupy shallower teaches ofthe dept rage of any given spesies(Nafpaltii etal 1977),

1.22 Disibution

Myctophids have been found in eonskerable abundances at epi and mesopelasie depths (0-1000 1a) in most areas ofthe worlds oceans Due

‘o generally small sie of myetaphi, surface and midvater eurtents play

uibution Hence, small sized specics ike B

imperant role in thir di

_licale are highly depenlem on those curents for their whole lifespan, meanviile lager species like Ä: Kơoe)er can at as nekdon ae rách ing lengh of $0-100 mm SL (lin 1993), As diseusse boloe, thức belived io be more han one populaions of B,gliciale inthe Nom Ada tic (Martina 1992),

‘Thote are evidenee oft independent populations of N.kroesert the Nomthwestrn- and Nonhssstern Atlan The distribution aca of the

‘western population i inited by close eiteuation ofthe Nowth Adie, Teminger and Labrador eurtens, wie reproduction area ist the south: cxst of Newfoundland, The distribution azea of the eaters population is foraped hy the waters of southera branch of dae North Adatte current aad ounereurent i ntermediatehyers ofthe easter pat ofthe subapical cieulado The teproduetion of this population oceuts 10 the West of Ireland, The gilakers om he first gill arch are the most pronounced ror: phonetic characteristics between kynevert from the Norheast- and Nomves Atlantic boing highce in the Northwest Atlantic Fin 1989),

Tả manh

Growth ate, manimum age and maximum length vary between Met phil species, A krvever for estmple, has been fount have higher srowth ate thân giaclgle (Gj8setet 19ST} Length distributions súc ally show only the frst one oF two year classes roughly (Gjseter 1981s GGjosace and Kawaguchi and) Mauchline 1982), possibly because the extended spawning season serves to merge later nes Annual and sea

sắn growth ate ave been observed, «2 B glacial inthe

The lifespan of, Arneyeit nthe Northeast Atlantic 6 years an in

te NowtwestAtlatie is 8 years Fish geow most intensively in the first 3 yeas, especially in Aprit-luly The growth rae of N Arveveri in

the Nowteast Atlaie #6 higher thaw ia the Noahwest Adgnte Fin 1999),

Reprodacion

enthoseina glaiale becomes mature at site of 30-48 mand usually sĩ age of 2:3 years (Halliday 1970; Kassaguchd ad Maucbiine 1982; Mae tưng 1993) Fecundity has boom found to increase with size (ster

Sta; Kswaguch ana Mavchline 1982), bol estimated number of pe duces egus varies giealy bebeeen smi e.g (Kawaeuchi and Mauch Tine 1982), Kavaguehi and Machine (1982) estimated that Females produced 153-604 eggs while Marhirins (1992), estimated 75 to 18 thogsand eggs, The spasning period of 8, glacial varies aeconling t0 syed and envisonmen, and proressios af spawning peaks within spawn- ing populations have beon observed (Halliday 1970; Kawaguchi and Mauchtine 1982; Karaseva et al 1986 Acevedo and Fives 1982; Mar hiring 1992), placile fas heen found avning from lanuar to Boy,

N, roeyeriihecome matare at age of 3-4 years Males ane inate at length of $5 mm and females become mature at length of 90 mn, ro

‘ever pan in portions and ks a polyeyeli type of reproduction sys tem Spavining peri lasts fom January to Apyil Fecundity depends on length, age and weight of is an has hoon estimated to average of shot 20,000 gps (Fin, 1993)

For all species non-spavening (expatiae) population pars are com wom observed outside thei habitat (Gjosater 198la: Kawagiehi and Machine 1982; Mechiring 192), This is usally explsined by dit from the species habitat area emphasising the nmptance af surface and nid water current ges in maintaining those highoceanie spawning Socks

In general mere seems 4 be oppomunistc prey selectivity (Gjpsatee 073m: Kinzer 1977 Gjoscter I9Shị Kawagacbi and Mauchine 1982 Sameoto 1988), Hence the mesopelagic eavizonment appews 1 Favour

te zvoplankton-ating fs that grabs tbe next suitably size prey item

‘a comes in sight: Bur this assumption must he taken ith eae, because most of the published investigations om the feeding of th

specs ae Tacking the necessary data resolution for applicable selectivity inspection,

In ation tothe basic variables ike individual count of prey inthe dit

ad abundance in the environment, several ater (eters must Be tho

‘ugly investigated to obtain wsable data for selectivity shies © 2 Wen

‘ication of prey developmental stages, se, raypredator dition kn space and time) and morphology For example idemifiation of deve

prey availabilty &g the dominant copepod in the Nores

anos Proearchicas, is everwintering in the deep (om easly winter uni cay spring (Melle ota 2004,

Predators

‘The zooplankton cating mesopeagic fish are eg preyed upon by ater resopelasi fish like relish (Sebastes mnt) (Magnusson and Ma dssoh 1996; Gonzalez etal 2000} and deagontises (Family: Stomidae) (Sutton 2008), but als by larger pelage ist that forage ofthe shel ke

‘una, swordfish, salmon, suithe and mackerel e Gjoseter and Kawa chỉ, 1980; Walker and Nichols, 1993: Flin, 1995: fasobsen-and Hansen, 21001: Lamiauge, 2004), As well as hy sea mammals lke besked whale, bydes whale, dolphins (Pauly eta 198: ICES 2005a), and seabinks Tike puis, tems, snd ful (Granadieo et al, 2002; Pedeocedi et al 2002; Piatt and Kitaysky, 2002) Nor of the Faroe Islands young spec mens of B slaciale oeeypyng the epipelagi layer ave common prey of puffin and fulmar (Fak otal 1992: Dancin, 2006 personal commun cation) which isin consistent with seabirds pray’ elsewhere when aay from beceding are

sh, whem the was

rate lipid concentration anal energy’ density of fan

esters was excided, has heen analyzed to be ewice as high per gram wet

‘weight compar to eg mature capelin and even more for some atber forage fishes (Van Pelt etal 1997) Therefore it might be expected that

lnege pelagic predates that forage off the shelf would exhibit «great rolerence for lanterfish when avilable

biomass estimates

“The total plobal biomass of mesopelagi fish was inthe 1970's estimated

hy FAO ta be one hilion tons (Gjoseter and Kawaguchi 1980) Biomass estimation has ako been performed by Russian and Noewogian seiewists {Giasater and Kawaguchi (9S, Those estimates were larely based on scoustc measurements, akhough there is very Himited kowldge on tan vet th (TS) fr the warous mesopelaiefsh species Tae 2),

‘Various acoustic estimations pve huge biomass estimates far mesope logic fish, but the trate stulies show a catrh rate in dhe North tant that is fa ftom being economical for commercial fisheries The eoaee

trations are in general less than Igim3 seawater (Gjsicter ad Kavao:

‘hi 1980; Poletev o a 1991; Lambhauge etal 2005) when it is estimated that th biomass concentration shouldbe at minimum of 25gin3 seawater {Valdemansen 2004 personal communication), Sail i should be hepe a

‘mind that scientific tics are scattered and ually are aimed to give estimates of average biomass for Jarge ress while Hsheres trials have hua ited spatial and temporal coverage and with limited knowledge on how find ra etek mesopeagic fish

Numerous research cruises have been done by the USSR

‘Sevrphpromayseaha, Sevtecheener, AlantNIRO, VNIRO and PINRO) fiom 1982 10 1989 (Poet etal 1991: Flin 2004 personal communica tion) and they found na evidence for concentrations of mesopehipie fs

‘tha are dense enough for fisheries i certgin seasou or areas Those stile

"7—.1

‘Tole 2 Efnslet1T8 (Target Sena) of spel ah base on TS = (2049 +