Tài liệu east of cleveland moral imagination in industrial culture 1920 1940 pot

“My Father's God” Ina box of her yellowing papers | found handwritten notes by my grandmother, Emma Cartwright Stroup, for a talk she had prepared about her father, Elijah Cartwright, S

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East of Cleveland

Moral Imagination in Industrial Culture

1820 — 1940

(© 200 by Richard Cartwright stn

ALL IGHTS RESERVED ISBN: 9625831.5-4

Manuacturedin the United Stats of Anes

Printed by MeGralt, Bristol, Vga Book design and compost by Dick usin

Gover inages ight ole: (velar lng Mis, photo ca, 1900, Wester Reserve Historical Society see 108, Wiedermere Methodist Carch proposal, rang by C Fut, cite, 9608, sec 143

“Te Aetn Company Wun enginesng building, photo 1940, see 199

| United States — History Industry —The Austin Conary

2 led Sates —Cties East Cleveland, Ohio

3 Regin—The HthodstCnurch—United States —aveland (Ohio) District East

Ceveland—Wndermece Methods Church

4 Cristian thelogy—Personal ethics —Morl imagination

5 Fay story —Ejan Cartwright family Samuel Astin aly

Greeks Press accepts odes ad transac al otter business on neat

www.CreeksidePress.com

We ae cated at Route 1 Box 318, Dungannon, Vig, 24245

2 Black Delph — at the industrial roots of Methodism — 17

3 The Fall River iron works, Massachusetts — 25

9 A vision ofall God meant us to be — 57

10 Ayoung woman evangelist —65,

Part Il, On Broadway —73

1 Andersonville prison —75

12, Anabundance of work for good men —81

13, Carpenter, Builder, Contractor —89

14, Conservatism — 97

15, Shareholders together — 105

nna Cartwight Stoup

laa Stewart Austin

[ri

Part Ill We Builda Lovely Temple —115

16, Sunrise on the mountaintop — 117

7 Fite in Fast Cleveland — 125

1 st church in the world — 1á]

20 Golden Wedding — 151

21 Daemonic srectcars — 155

22 The Chagrin Falls trolley — 159

23 "I must stay!” — 169

24, The torch of liberty — 179

25, Family values — 189

Past IV The Austin Method — 201 26.A square deal way — 205

27.Nela Park —215

28, Results, not excuses — 223

Indusval development and Methodism in England, 1700 to 1860 — 22, 23

‘he Eljah Cartwright Fay, 182018 1810

Taio w 19K

‘he Samvel Austin Family, 1850 to 1905 —

‘Convergence in East Cleveland, 1880 lọ 1360 — 243

Part V Comprehension’s Brink —249

3L The scent of amethyst — 251

32 Beauty might be their heritage —257

33, The bisth of God — 265

Part VI Depression Modern — 281

35 The first communist city — 283

36, Christ Church by the Sea — 299

(det fubayatt Stans — 251 Maden nstnee — 258 Feet — 250 imprcaon — 257

Hot tatey— 252 Samat — 258

Tuần ze Song of Solomon’ Buers — 260

Tatuglle— 253 ‘tier Us — 254 Glas ol Gasamar Seach — 262 — 262

6

Acknowledgements

PERSONS

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Introduction

“Moral imagination” is the application of a deeply held faith tradition to a rapidlly changing society in order to express personal integrity, orto innovate technologies, ort re- shape socal institutions, orto guide civilization toward meaning and toward justice

‘This sa history of two intertwining families over four generations who exhibited moral imagination — with many personal variations Ibis the story of one religious movernent’s

‘engagement with “industrial revolution.” tis the story of an innovative company <levelop- ing new technology for industry; of a church congregation atthe heart of an urban com- munity; and of that community itself

‘These imaginative persons who affected their communi

borer at the blast furnace, a prisoner of war, mother of many, a woman suffragist, an

‘evangelist, an engineering genius, a poet, anda preacher ‘The faith tradition is Methoxtsm, and the congregation is called| Windermere, The technological innovator is The Austin

‘Company The city is East Cleveland, Ohio

‘The title, Hast of Cleveland, isa play on Joln Steinbeck’s tle Kast of Eden which, in turn, isa biblical phrase conveying humanity's expulsion from Paradise Steinbeck, indeed, hasa brief walk-on partas best friend to one ofthis book's principals Men and women flocked

to America with visions of a new Eden: then they struggled to cope with the “fallen” reality

‘of day-to-day struggles without abandoning this vision Men and women sill come to this land with vision, and we sill cope with realities that challenge us

8 Introduction

‘The myth of modemity is that the links connecting personal faith to public practice have been shattered that religion survives only in a private sphere, while society is driven forward by amoral science, technology, and economic forces Religion is personal, private; the public realms are secular This myth is reinforced by academic specialization that iso- lates the historian of echnology from the historian of faith So, at the dawn of the twenty first century, as western society comes uncer attack from religious “fundamentalist both within and without — we are started, and unprepared

‘Fundamentalism is a reactionary rejection of moxlerity The moral imagination por- trayed in this history is entirely different It isthe shaping of modem life by people of faith

—a shaping not always successful, but always relevant and engaging,

Such creative application of faith to modem life remains relevant Indeed, itis urgent

Dick Austin Dungannon, VA

‘uly 4, 2004

For

Heather lydia

Murphy Faith

Hayley

You havea heritage.

l0

of a preacher is a kindh face and the knurled hands of the ironworker, Eljah Cartwright

Part I

“My Father's God”

Ina box of her yellowing papers | found handwritten notes by my grandmother, Emma Cartwright Stroup, for a talk she had prepared about her father, Elijah Cartwright, She wrt:

‘To know mny father was to know his God My father's God was 0 personal, so ever present that ifsomeone met my futher on the street, ina place of business, or on acountry road, he would necessarily be introduced to my father's God Yet there was no cant in what he sad, just the most

‘namuralexpreasion

-ANidhrough his loag life mny Sher drew from his God a social program that he lived by When

|his daughter brought home a hammer, excited to have bought it"So cheapl,"he insisted that she return i "A man is underpaid, with a suffering family, to make a tool for that price.” My father’s God would not countenance sucha thing My father took his God into the iron mils and into the houses ofthe poor Hundreds came to know the fitherhood of God and the brotherhood of man His century, with ever recurring panies, economic depressions, and social upheavals, wasthe beginning ofthe industrial era Labor became aware of organized capital, white capital sought to Prevent the organization of abor Through dire conflicts my father suffered with them all,

12 “My Father's God”

My father’s God was needed during these difficult years

I knew my grandmother Emma well, and she remembered her father Elijah vividly Assisted by these two leaps of recollection we will gaze backward for nearly two centuries, Given all that has transpired during the modem era itis remarkable that we three, Elijah, Emma, and myself, knew the same God —or, to speak more carefully, that we recognized

in God the same, distinctive personality

Dick 1940, onthe font steps of he Stoup home

in Lynchburg, Virginia, “Genera (Robert E Lee)”

cooperated forthe photograph, Sap Fan Paes

1

A beautiful foot

introduce my Grandmother Emma from the

pointofview ofa five-year-old isthe winter of

1990, AsT play on her living oom floor with large

box of wooden blocks, Ena sits, calmand ext,

inhertivorte wing chai She has dropped tbe shoe

From her Foot onto the capt, and she rotates her

ankle to prevent stifness Her foot, clad ina sheer

Stockings quite smal and slender, with toes that

smoot to a delicate point watch it from the cor

ner of my eye while building a tonver is, in act

the most beautiful foot [il ever know

er dress hangs wel below her knee and cow

‘es the stump of her lfm — she would not say

eg” —amputated above the knee a quarter cen-

tury exdlie, She has wrapped shawl around the

mutation site to reduce cil, arid her left hand

strokes it absent-mindedly from time time, She

wwatehesime quiedy, responding with interes if

speak, but otherwise seeming to dell in a peaceful

place of her own, She hasa capacity tobe sl that

is unique in ouractive, nervous Family Her pres-

ence fills the room for me —almos "General the cocker spaniel, has weelged himself behind the sofa, beyond my reach lie Nat onthe floor where ean see im, to ask him o.come our, He wil py

‘with me, bur unused to child inthe house he tires quickly and secks refuge This time he doesn't

‘emerge 00 am happy where Tam and would not beekewhere

have watched Emma's fot closaly when she

‘comes downstirs each moming ftom her second: story bedroom Carefully, ut with practiced grace, she plaoesher two crutches on the step below then follows wth her foot and her weght Each evening she retums This shader, forts long cindy and she_istired from a day's work The foot finds the step above, she lifts her self up, and draws her

‘crutches up behind her

vas say -three, Her days were busy be

fecal sepa renerbons nner Hr aso

4

Erma Cartwright Soup about 1940, sta Fane

“My Father’s God”

‘cause she manage complex household, Cranston, her oldest son, rermtined at home, ambulatory bat ill with encephalitis The big house on Rivermont Avenue was the "manse” — pastors home — for the First Presbyterian Church in Lynchburg, Ví

‘gia, This was the leading church ofthe city and Russell her second son, served as its pastor, Since

he remained unmarried, Emma managed his home and undertook the many duties that were typically expected of a “ministers wife.” She was in acta popular speaker and a leader of women's confer

‘ences in Lynchburg ind beyond

‘Atthistime I ived with Emma for six months

‘while Margret, her youngest child and my mother,

‘came and went With the outbreak of war in Eu- ope, Mother and I had escaped from England on the last American ship to dept, crowded on extra cots in cabins, traveling without lights for fear of

‘German U-boats My father remained in London

to cose the British outpost of the family constrc-

‘on business, which he hac opened less than 0 yeaseauler

“The place to watch Emma at work was in the

‘kichen Hazel a beloved “colored” helper, assed, but Emma was in charge She worked from a

‘wooden kitchen chair with wheels on the four legs Inthe center ofthe room was alow table with an

‘enamel top on which the implements needed for the meal’ preparation had been aid out, soon eared! that twas besto wateh from the safety of the doorway or the back stars while Emma, push Jing her foot hard agains the linoleum, Rew in her chair rom stove to table to cupboard,

A beautitl foot

Her standards were exacting She whipped the

pote hersel, by hand, na lage china bowl held

‘on herlap, until they were so ighttbey would hay

hold the poeroast gravy when hollowed outa pool

‘ony plate with the serving ladle Most imspertant

the piesa proper meal wasnot complete inher

‘pinion, without one for dessert With her rolling

pin she spread the dough foreach pie cruston the

‘conte table shape the pies in their gas pars filed

them with apple or other fruit, and fastened the

cuss together by scalloping the eges with her fin:

ers remember this well because, when she was

Finished, was invited to gather up the scraps of

crus, rollout my own litle pi, flit, coverit(she

‘would help me with this parD, and place tín the

‘oven with theres Sometimes mine were edible

Emma's pies, paniculaty her flaky crusts, ae the

sandard agains which ll subsequent pies in my

etme have been measured, andl most generally

found wanting,

Furthermore, Emm believed that pies should

be served in quarters, Therefore, when mexher and

Tere presentat the table with Russell, Cranston,

and herself two pies were required —to my de-

light but to the consternation of my mother who

‘was determined to contol her weight

Emma preferred to serve the principal meal at

‘midday so Hazel could assist On her tablecloth

she place white Bavarian bone china, wih fui

_gold ing around the outeredge, fom her weeding,

(continue to use these century-old plates when 1

set our family table at home with Anne.)

“The evening nea though less formal, was spe

15 alin ts own way: When we gaheredat the table for supper, Russell began by reading the Bible He always read from the King James Version, for he loved the sonorous phrasing as much asthe rath it contained Russell ad sucha gf forconveying the poetry ofublial images that his family andl many parishioners sil eal Familiar passages, in thia ible memory, with the ones of his inflection,

‘During this vs the Gumi was reading through the Biblical books of Joshua, ges, and Samuel led with excting tories of combat and intrigue, Emma although confident that every text was the

‘Word of God, fel that some texts might not be suitable for young ears and so gave Russel sot

‘waming fa disurbing passage approached Russel, Jess literal in his estimate of Scripture and more broad-minded about the capacity of children 10 absorb blood and gore without harm, generally ig ore het Afr the reading nd evening payer they -would often continue an interpretive conversation

‘while weate sharing heir muna eagemessto gasp the nuances of Scripture —or sometimes seeing Atthatthe lesson I cami vay froma text was sui able tomy year I ill ove the stories from those dark generations of Hebrew history, and find more

se for them in my theology than is cornmon,

‘The high point of each week was the Sunday

‘morning service at First Presbyterian Church on Court Steet, half way up the step downtown hill

of ynchburg These were the church senices Italy

‘enjoyed asa cil Entering church with Emma was lke arving withthe Queen Mother She wasnealy asbeloved by the congregation as was Russel she

16

seemed indeed be mga wih awe

Talked behind her dow procesion into

the sanctuary andtoward er pew inter

rupted by many gpetngs Se seated her

selfina customary pew two-thirds for

‘wat immediate tothe right ofthese,

beneath the pulpit slipped past and sat

beside her onthe cuveeteak Church was

‘generally exowded, so I pressed close

again her, lt her warmth, al sel

fn volt Sometimes she sex without

‘xtc forthe hymn, gripping tbe back

‘ofthe pew in front of her with bot

hand, Then | would hold the hymnal for

usboth though she knew al the words

ane Lcoukln ead, Her sf oice vate

‘whee

sell was fie preacher Emma sa

‘eect her glowing fice ted ypwart ab-

sorbing every wor dating encourage

ment These were the high moments of

herlfe.Lsatclose, looked up and ted

to listen, orat east red not to cause a

disturbance Las proud to be near to

Emma was seventy four years ol when she

undertook wrtinga biography of her father She

bud been feling void eft bythe death of here-

desson, Cranson, whom she had tended through

aflicen-yearillness Fr consolation, sheturned

recollections ofthe man who had been source of

her faith and her courage At this age memories

flooded back,

"hnow thatthe hand/-writen sheets were be-

sun atthistime because, ever tty, Ema wrote

the second page on the back of is of Furniture

— including “Diek's bieyele" and “Dresser and

‘mir in Dick's room” —tobe delivered my

house when Emma closed the Lynchbant home

move to Washington D.C where Russel had ac-

cepted new ministry In penandink, sometimes

Aiuto ead, her reoesions covered both sides

cof more than one hundred sheets of paper

“The memories serch hack a century and be-

yond, Emma adopethe sy oan hisosca nove,

sack Pes

"My Father's God”

Black Defoh

‘who, when she wasive eu ol steel wih ape

attentiono the stores exchanged by Bi and his

favorite sister, Louisa, who had moved from En:

‘undo in his Youngstown, Ohio, housek The

best ofthese stores would be repeated at family

‘gatherings during the thiay-three years that she

know her father

Although there i fcion in Emma's reconstruc:

tion, the sve she employee probably helped hero

rec sores more clay, As transcribed the bi

‘ography developed confidence in her psycholl-

Cal insights conceming her Father's development

er style was often romansic, and her portrayal of

Tịnh was aways alfextionate, Yet a comple, fac

ating man emerges rom her narrative

sna recalled that jah Cartright was boen

In April, 1822, on “The Delft Farm,” near the wil

lage of Brierley Hil, nine miles wes of downeown

[Biringdwam in the midlanl of England He was.a

short, stocky child witha happy face and "intel

gent brown eyes” The Cawrght fay had tended

their hilside farm for several generations, raising

potatoes forthe village market a mile away lah

‘was the ssth chi, following thưee okder brothers

andwo older sisters and they wene a hardy family

His father, Elinh Se, would live ninety yeas; his

mother Mary, ninety-five years The litle Farm was

‘rome Aste children grew the daughters sought

‘work as lamest, and dhe sons Tooke for factory

jobs

‘We dont know why their father, Ea, passed

his name to his Fourth son rather than bis ist, but

it appears that from an early age young Eljnh —

19 Dight, ery, and outspoken — exhibited a sense of gious desiny, His pares were devout Methos

fs One day when the men were harvesting posa- toes, very young Eljah was placed lop a potato sack and teased to declaim a sermon “twas

‘pest the men told his mother Mary and his sister Tis (ho woul relate the story Emma many

‘years late, "Our Rector would do well 1010p it (Caren weasure such feedback,

‘Such enconsragement led Ej to deri with the family’s hero, John Wesley, the evangelical, preacher who had traveled ths region when Ea Senior was young, awakening faith and buiing

‘communities of spiritual support among the poor

‘When young Elijah learned that Wesley had once sailed the ocean to preach ia America — the ro- _marsc destination to which several young men in the neighborhood were emigating-—he annexin that he too would someday preach tothe Ameri

In 1998, with my wife Anne, I yourneyed to Brierley Hil where | was surprise to discover that

—inthisonce industrial, now residential area — some ofthe original farm elds can sil be foun,

‘The Black Delph isa hillside named for the mine shalt —a “delph or “deli” acconling to The Qx-

_ford Brel Dicionary — tet penetted bene ee hill ta mineral seam called “Thick Coa." This hil: side bocame fumous forthe nine Dep Lacks bt

in 17790 camry a barge canal up theese, Atthat timethe eighiy-five foot ascent waste highest fight flocks in England, The cial was constructed 10 provide transport for heavy materials through one

20

‘of Englancl’s early industrial regions where coal min-

ing, ion smeling, brick making, and glass blowing all

‘00k hokd before 1800 Several ofthe original locks col-

lapsed into the coal mine in 1856 but were promplly

reconstructed Today the locks are preserved ina net-

‘work of recreational canals

During Eljah’s boyhood, ther hillside farm was

sumoundedlbyindusfslacitiy, Inaddiion to the co

mine beneath their fees, thene was lang iron forest

above the locks and another jut below that would ter

proxluce the giant anchors forthe Titan Elijah, who

‘would spend thirty-five years as an iron worker in

America, probably eared thistade asa lad helping at

the fumace in one or another of these forges: Richard

Brook, in fine pamphlet history of Methodism in

The fovey cana, here seen just blow the ks, s surrounded by houses and

apartments The towpath (eis apoplar wa for residents

“My Fathers God”

Bricsley Hill, records that in the 1840's fuacemen eamex sx to ight shilingsa week

—lessthanthe pice ofa ton of oa, and hal the price of bushel of wheat four

‘Anne and I walked the towpath up the se- ses oflocks und we amet sable, preserved fromthe days wen horses pulled the barges

“The locks, where passe was slow and tac righthave o wait tum, were a natu resting place, The stable was not far from a Public House called “The Tenth Lock” Horses could

be tethered and fed atthe sable while crew r= freshedthemselvesathe pub Beindthe sable, beeen the path ofthe eriginallocks and the route ofthe reconstructed locks, several griz-

‘ingles have been reaped inan area otherwise devoted to hous- ing and industry Two retired thage-ponis, along wih a teh- cre goat, graced one eld Brey Hill was atthe heat

‘fan industial region laced with

<inasfortanspor.Iewas called

“The Black Country," not only for the coal beneath the ground, but also forair heavy with soot from onandgjassfonges, rom ples wood buredto make chara, and from the hearths of crowd: ing cottages This airthatblack- ened everything touched was part of Ejah’s boyhood exper cence Such pollution continued

Black Dejoh

here past the middle ofthe twen-

tit century Justa few mies from

ierley Hil, Thomas Neweomen

had invented, in 1712, one ofthe

fist team engines usefulto pump

‘water from underground mining

shafs This made commercial coal

production possible Coa, in tum,

atvacted industry, soa network of

canals was constcted to provide

transportation,

‘Between 1901 and 1851, the

population of the parish sur

rounding the village of Brierley

Hill increased from 6,500 to

22000 people Asexpandingin-

dusty drew people to townsand

villages throughout "The Black

Country "the region also became

stronghold of Methodism

The Methodist movement had developed dis-

tincive Chrisianity that appealed to new industria!

setlements John Wesley's genius, as he fashioned

“Methodism during the Great Awakening revivals of

the 17405, wasto combine “heartwarming” personal

experiences of saving faith with “the method” of

disciplined group support Methodist revivals ap-

Alengboat

petled panicuarly to displaced working families:

farm families threatened by hard times, or perhaps

those uprooted by ndoeds who enclosed common,

lands, and were forced to migrate toward mines,

mills, and factories In America, Metholsm would

also appeal to immigrants strggling to fashion new

verges other cra, headed upstream, may avait ther turn Even in 1998 tis boat caries fight, but when sumer aries mst boats wil ary tours

esas ths the eld where young Eljah decimed The canal and locks

descend along its ight edge Theo tavern vile inthe stance stands

beside the holing basin twas anos gathering place during lj’ child-

hood This ust patch s surrounded by houses and apartment blocks

asm were channeled into hard work, family solidarity, thrift, temper

ance, ancl aspirations fora beter life, Socal histodans give Methodism,

‘much ofthe credit for nurturing displaced working populations into

the ambitious middleclass that would eventually predominate in both

England and America

“John Wesley visited the Black Country at east fourteen times be-

tween 1749 and 1790, often preaching inthe fields to vast congress

tions Although Brierley Hill was not among the villages that Wesley

visite, the lager town of Dudley where he preached frequently was

justa two-mile walk from dhe Canwrigh farm, We can presume that

Elijah’ parents and grandparents heard him more than once Indeed,

‘onthe final vist by the 86-year old patriarch, March 19,1790, Wesley's

route from field preaching atone o'clock in Stourbridge, two miles

south, toa similar event at sx o'clock in Duslley, took him on the tum-

“My Father's God”

pike that passe along the foot of lack Delph hil fhe Cartwright family were notinthe rowel wale ingbehind his cariage, suey they cheered from the roadside, Wesley would die less than a yeu later, though many Methods so-

<ieties sprang up in the region during Wes iting, the vile

of Brierley Hill mained lagely unchurched by any group unHl 4 small Wesleyan housefelowship gathered in 1811 or 1812

“Methodism is commonly seen as reform movement within the

‘Church of England, but more of- lenitwasanawvaleeingamongso- ial cases previouy unchurched

“The Methodist societies inthis neighbourhood," Richard Brook

‘observed, “seem to have been Formed by the acession of those who before conversion had be- longed to no Church.”

11823, just yea after Bh

Black Delph

‘was bom, the Wesleyan society moved to theirs

‘chapel, an upstairs oom over malthouse on the

High Steet of Brierley Hil

Half a dozen stone steps led up to the

‘malthouse, and the same numberof wooden sips

sere accesttothe room above Pews were provided

{or the adults, the men sitting on one side, the

——

the Sunday School scholars pulpit stood atone

‘end and a singing gallery at the end opposite It

‘was adull unhealthy place its ceiling so low thatit

almost touched the preacher's head, Prom below

‘came the strong, sicly sine of malt Local wits

dubbed it*Noah’s ari” after the good man, Noah,

‘Pearson, who had made tavallable = me

By 1820 hiscongeyaton hudba new chapel

cating (50 people There singing wasaccompanied

bby, small orchestra until an omgan was installed

Yer itisunlikely that the Cartwright fumily wor

shipped inthis lange Bank Steet Chapel Instead,

they joined a dissident movement within English

Methodism,

“The "Primitive Methodist” reform movement

Jt Westey preaches to Delph Locks aon

and Ameria, leading to to develon coal mining

the “eat Awakening” land iron works

23

began iathese English Midiands as an ii by comunon people to draw close tothe pure pra tices of Jesus andthe “pdmtive”Chyiian Church

“The movement appeaedto pain people ano poor people forwhem economic and sock adincement seemed an unlikely ceam Printive Methods

‘enjoyed te emotional severly Camp Meet ings tat had become popularin Americ, Like all Matodiss they despised alcobel for undermining thrift among the poor and for simulating physical abuse wihin fares They drew close othe Sox

‘ey of Fiends —“Quakers’—shaing thee Spin fel boeiy vem tips, and the resis tance to autor In contasto John Wesley who kepthis societies srely unde clerical conto}, Primitive Methodists gave greater scope for initia: tive by hy men and women Women wih gts of sheSpis Were recognized as preachers bums insrumens in worship were ected as pretertous alflecatioas

Given Eh onn pretenses -sruments in church —which persed uot his i= ties when new experiences modified his views — and gen issuppon forhis on daghle’ pric ing, there can be litte doubs thar the Cartwright

24

family onthe Dejph Farm had joined the Primitive

“Methodist faction, Ibis also likely that childhood

‘memories of revely in the taverns within earshot

of Delph Farm fortified the contempt for alcohol

tht Ejah passed on to his chien,

The nds culture wihin which young Hah

700 to manhood has been researched by a recent

‘Methodist pastor at Briedly i, Richard Brooks

Mines were sunk; lest furnaces ironworks nd

brickworks were built or enlarged, the making of

pails and chains gave employment to large mum

‘bersof people Allthe results of the mad, unrega-

fated exploitation of the raw materials of a

neighbourhood which so many placesrich in mize

‘eralwealth experienced, were tobeseenin thisarea

—bad housing, nadesquate socal services, cruct

sports, the dominance of drink, the unprincipled

_way in which conditions of bbour and wags ere

so often setded, alternate boomandstamp with, ia

‘consequence, unemployment parish rec anges,

and hatred of the system which caused so much,

srmley and suffering“

"Nearto is twentieth year, Eh married Mary

len (her family name is lost) Their first chil

“My Fathers God” David wasbom in 1818, Benjamin followed in 184, However this was not a propitious time to begin famly forthe industrial regions of Fngand had sunk

xe Hungry Fortes.” “Grinding poverty, gnawing hunger were the fot of thousands during this period Brcrcy Bill was hadly affected Many

‘were unemployed, dependent on par relief ant charity Others were engage in making and epi ingoads, their wages being one shiling cay.” Ekjah was apparently among thase poorly em- ployed, and when Mary Hen became pregnant for

a third time he knew that he must act Desperate forwork, he signed an indertre geement with an iron mill in Fall River, Masschuses, Late in the spring of 1845 Mary Ellen, holding voung David

‘and Benjamin, bid Elijah farewell on the dock at Liverpool Ej was 23 years old He departed for Amesicinotasan crangelst butasa desperate young,

‘man, sold forthe price of his passe, seeking means

to support his fail:

OE: The a er rk "Bret at (und re Bh i a yh ty Ly (epi Sra ats abe es ee ere a (RI etna

3;

Massachusetts

During the ansious crossing ofthe Alain

the oldofasilingvesel, jh Cag formal

friendships wih wo men, Bamey Bets and John

‘Mest also indentured tothe Fall River mill Their

rcorships woul deqpen asthe ree worked

by side, in one milaer another, fora quaner cen- tury: ma wrote tha hey dsenlorked in New

York Ciyon July 4,15 They were met by com

pany agents who took them by tain othe Mas-

lnssets town southeast of Providence, Rhode Is-

lan

“The Fall River Iron Works was lange enter

prise ineudnga foundry, ling mil and anal

rill producing 100,000 cass of ras annually Ac-

conlingo contemporary seconds these nails plus

<aher castings were worl more than a ilion dol

Jars in 1835—a vast sum in those ays jah and

his companions were assigned bunks in company

Jraracks They were uated in protective dling

atthe company store: the cost was added to their

‘indenture debt Only ater did they am tat cheaper clothing was aval into, usta few miles away

Emma wrote

‘They were fed otal in woolend Hane The sparks from the furnaces and rolls lew fast and thick, and when they Htthey must aot ignite the clothing Great eather flapscalled mits were be

‘wornon the hands—ahole or the thumb, and ining around the rest The bars they held to work the molten metal got very hot The bowgy” they pteleedskoig+vcryhotbeforeitrrtehed tierof

‘where the hlloffmoten ronitcarred wascanght

‘upand threaded back and forth, caught again by tongs inthe men's hands and pushed in and out,

‘achtime growing longer and thinner until finaly, _ndroty caught by astrongandswif'running man, iuskitered down trough and waslaidouton the

26

Iron flowers," red ot, to gradually cool forship-

ping, Tools used inthe ments hands got so hot at,

‘despite the leather protection, they had change

{ooks frequently throwing hot one intoatrough

‘ofrunning water then quicldy grabbing up another

1wbe ready for the bar of ron already appearing,

Detmcen the jaws ofthe rolls

‘Ontheirfeetthey wore“hobnails” great heavy

leather shoes, very thickly soled, and stud with,

‘ound Iieaded, heavy mails, to keep the soles from

‘urningon the hot iron floors ofthe mill These

‘were heyy, rough things and half the men's fet

unl at times they could scarcely putthemion

their swollen feetwo renara to work Butthe “bobs”

‘were indispensable, and valuable too.Soeach man,

selected his wih care They ams fitjust right

‘Themen worked a shilfiom five an, unt five

fp seven cays week untae two weeks they

‘were railed to the night silt: Before and afer shits

‘hey ae in the company dining hall “The food was,

plentiful but very pai,” Emm wrote “They were

rot accustomed to much better and had not ex-

pecedas good sothey were contented" Then they

feted to the dormitory where fatigue soon over

‘whelmed ay distuctons:they fell asleep quickly

Lookinghack, dhe men would recall ihe year

al Fall iver wih affection, The work was new, dan

_gerous, and exciting, The world ahour them was

one andthey had semveserseof parson achieve

nxt Nevertheless, three hingstroubiedl Elph He

vas frustated by his slow progressin paying down

his indenture for every second week the pay emve-

“My Father's God”

‘ope might reflec new changes by the company that

‘were added to his prio indebtedness forthe pas- sage money (One discouraged mahal who fled the company was hunted down with the sid of bloodhound)

Puthemore, while he enjoyed the companion- Ship ofthe men on the job, he did not appreciate their constant company otherwise In particular; he

‘was embarassed! to pray, 0 he hal nearly stopped praying altogether, Hah had leamed to pray in a url seing where men often ed aoa women were supportive To pray was to speak aloud to God: jah was not accustomed 10 silent prayer And paiyerrequireda posure, kneeling beside a chairor beside one's bed In the dining hall or the barack, none ofthis seemed comforable

|tuouble him most ofall hat he thought about his aay lessand less The distance the ard work and fatigue, andthe constant presence of men and

‘machinery, seemedeo dive wie and children, home and fam, from bis mind Letters were slow, and infrequent Family members might not enter his

‘thoughts for daysand then, when they did, he felt say:

‘Nevenheless ljah musthave been unusually thay, for by mid-December of his first year he dlischanged is indenture Shonl thereater he e- ceived letter fom his mother informing him that huis daughter, another Mary Elen, had ben born

‘on November 9 By March, 1846, Ela had saved

‘enough money to pay for their passige to Boston,

‘and in April MaryEllen sled with the children, To accommockate het Ela rented a company house,

Fall iver ron works

pi an poe furnished,

That fall Bij an his fiends, their inden

tures nen dissolved, decided to uy hei fortunes at

anew mil in dhe wes, alongtbe Objo River Emer

identi the town as“evington, Ohio" and de

serbed the scene of beautiful Kentucky hillsacross

the nver So far as can det

(Ohio Rivertown by that name [believe the rill

was in ltonton, Ohio— a community that fits her

description wel

Here the pay was no better but other cecum:

sing was ore atc tiveand, since most of the workers here were m=

ried, ther families formed more of community

jah was family man, enjoying the com

pany of Mary Elen ancl the chiren, Abou oncea

Fortnight the shifs configured so he could attend

the Meshodis church in the cornu The minis-

ter was Well educated and they became friends as

nh visted him for conversation andl 1 borrow

books Thowgh Fj bal ite tine or enengy for

study, be began to numure the ambition of reading

forthe Metheny

Methodism was not intellectually pretentious

Unlike the Episcopal or the Presbyterian this 6e-

nomination did no require dat all ministers rece

scklemicelocation, Instead, Methods feces t=

lize sigorous but fevible ining programs in or-

ne, there was no

stances were diferent The:

bì der (© recruit ministers rom the culture the durch, served, and to deploy them in support of the -mowements rapid expansion This epenedl oppor {unites for men from humble callings who bad song faith, a desire for learning, and leadership abies,

‘Most particularly as Elis took charge of his

‘own household, hiselssinexve spatial git was ce leased to ower Eznma recalled

Elijah knew how to pray, as few men pray His

1 Mfewas circumscribed His work ws hard He lived

‘with plain people He seklom heard other than tk ofthe ml poverty, hardship, andsoerow Yewhen, Ihe knelt hexidea chair, ited is face heavenard and adkiressed the God he knew and Toved, hewas different person His very language was changed

‘Then the inner life he lived, the man he felthe xe ally was, found voice This man knew his God and Javed Him This man knew spiral truths and val-

‘ex This man elke 1 God and bee God heard andanswered

Inthe Spring of 1847 Mary Elen gave bin to thei fist child born asan American ize Eg named him “Westley.” Though his spelling was shaky his ambition was clea

“My Father's God”

‘and to ship ig ion ring

‘he nineteenth century

4,

The Sons of Vulcan

During the 1830's and 1810 the ronton area

grow rapidly with halfa dozen mills forthe pro-

‘duction of pig iron Iron ore limestone, coal, and

timber for charcoal — raw materials for the pro-

cess — wereall avaiable loealy Iron bars rom the

bla fumaces were barged on the Ohio River noh-

east to Pitsburgh or west to Cincinnati fr funher

manufacture,

‘When Ej and is arly rived in 1846, hills

‘once thick with forest stood bare and gullied —

Stripped of thei vegetation Some timber had been

used for building material, but much more was

amused in huge pies that were covered wih sod

and set on fre from within (o yield charcoal This

‘ealy-pure carbon was bumed with ion ore and

limestone to prochce pig iron lah recalled that

to contemplate beauty one had to gaze across the

Ohio Rivero the hills of Kentucky

Fumes from smoldering charcoal piles com-

bined with smoke from the mills and from thou

sands of home ies, to cover the valley with an ae-

‘The worker’ dwellings were inthe immediate vicinity ofthe furnace proper hese forthe most

‘partwereonestory, one-room lag cabins with ean

‘asin the rearand earthen lors Fach comin

‘ty hada general store which was nan bythe own ersofthe furnace Rarely were the workers pain _money,but were given provslonsand dodhing ean the company store for their labor Irwasanccca: sion for celebration when money was paid the furnace hands The manager of the furnace [ruled] the community ikea feudallord™

Nae a oe, Hay tena Se syn Se re

30

[Because more of the workers in the ronton

area were men with families to suppon, the long

hoursand very low wages Felt particularly burden:

some However, even lite family ile —and the

Few hours they could participate ina community

‘outside the fctony gates — gave wenkers same per

sonal identity beyond the routines of mill work

Before Fljaharived, some ofthe men bac fret

“The Sons of Vulcan.’ society to provide bul

insurance, and to represent the iving interest as

‘well The growing inches community attrcted

-vaiery of labor spokesmen ancl onanizers A con-

fronton with management intesfied dusingthe

spring tha Westley was bor, jus a year afer the

fanny sarival, Emma wrote:

‘During the winter Ej and his friends ha at

tended the meetings of the Labor order and had

‘heard speeches —biter, urgent, and aggressive —

‘by men fromallover industrial America These visi-

‘ors insisted tha fever men were to have better

wages better working conditions, shorter hours, it

‘wuld be necessary to fight for them

jah was sympathetic with is fellow workers

‘Yetbe couldabo se that the men could wrong ther

‘employers He felt that ifthe owners of the mill

‘could be approached in the right spirit, and the

‘wrongs atthe mill presented, an understanding

_might come to both partis to benefit the mill The

‘men soon decided that Elijah could be walnable to

‘them His judgment was good and, bestof all, he

‘could ta few of vaem could Only the mont:

calcomplained,“He'stoo mild.”

“My Father's God”

By the fistofApeilthe men determined to ask forwhat they wanted Ifthey did not getit, they

‘wovld strike and close the mill une hey di jab

‘was one ofthe men selected tn present their case to the maillowners.They irstapproached the superin- tendent made thei desires known, and asked to Iaveaconference widh the owners The conference they requested was schedule The Superintendent and io representatives ofthe owner were preset tomeet the commince from the Society Atthe end, ofthe conference they were told to-expectan an- swerina few days,

‘One morning 2s some men wentto work and

‘others ef they read the notice on the blackboard,

‘The company “Regretted w say thatthey ould 0 concede othe demandsofthe men and hoped they would accept this decision 28 final” Ina very few aysthe strike wasannounced,

‘There followed weeks and month ofaterrible strike, Hundreds of men out of work: Hours ofidle-

‘nes for busy men Families with n0 food, no cloth

‘ng, no bope, no pay envelope, no savings nothing, Added to this, thet biter hatred grew daily as they

‘marsed ther grievances, And then theteriblean- ger toward, and hostile reatmentof, the "scabs"

dt came, hired by theownersof the millstotake {heir places Fights, bloodshed, death

About 1930, Emma wrote a hon tory por- traying an iron mil be through the eyes a child

‘named Helena, Some ofthe details, panticularly those of wounded men being brought tothe fathers home for treatment, represent Emmis an chil:

The Sons of Vulcan

hood experience, for by then her father had

achieved reputation among rll workers re

able expert in rss isa Other elements in her

fictional narrative derive, I believe, from stories

bout her father at Ironton, for this was the only

sire in which Elijah took a leadership role For

cfilken, the intended audience, Emma's narrative

wold be ich, dsurbing fare Excerpts follow:

Mother polished up father's dinner pail, and all

thatsummer i stood on the kitchen shelf Never

‘once was i filled Sometimes Helena would be

awakened by Father speaking in a strange voice,

Joud and bitter Mother would cry out, “Don't say

such things, dear" There were other times when

Father and alotofmen would come tothe house

‘They sat around the rooms and the porch and

spilled into the yard These days were tense, par

\cularly when Mother stood alone for hoursby the

‘window watching the greatcrowdof men outside

the millyard

‘Onedy the men bronghtancther who had been

‘hurtin the mob around the mill yard The blood

‘wasstreaming down his fre and made hisshir red

‘When someone offered hima drink, another man

replied, Don't I's no use now e's dead.” The

‘men soo there angry muttering Herce words never

before heart inthis hore

Afr that, day after day, men ndboys who had

bbcen huet were brought to the house Sometimes

Helena would help by bringing them cold water,

from the well Thehard faces ofthe men sofiened,

and they almost smiled when they said, “That's a

31

‘good las You help to win the strike.”

One night Helena watched atthe window Suxidenly there came flash offight andvsounal that shook the house A light spread allover the mil,

“Mother cried out, “An explosion the millson fire” Soon the streets were fullof people The fire wag

‘ons-came with men in red uniforms and big stiff

‘hats twas along time before the flames were ex ủaguitbed

‘inthe momingyoucould see people, dirtyand ragged sanding around wich sullen ices NOW alo there were great umbersof men inblue uniforms

‘wlth gunsontheeshoulders marchingupanddoren infrontof the crowds

Father burstinto the house His face was black

‘and swollen, his clothes torn He wasbleeding from cuts and bruises He spoke in a subdued voice,

“They are after me, Maggie, but escaped just for the momentt assure youthatF be allright Don't

‘worry He grabbed achunkof dry bread from the

‘etchen table and was gone

Teyas many weeks before he came back, He

‘was clean now, but oh so thin, and his clothes 50 ragged Things had been quictin the millfor along dine The burned parts had been torn down and

"new mill had been built high iron fence was erected aromd tall

‘That night a strange man came tothe house Head paper he wanted Father to sign Father signed the paper he could go backcinto the millto

‘work Father got very angry Hestocked up and down the room and said he would see himsclfin ell first The strange man and Mother talked and

32

talked wo Father, almostall night,

Finally he realized that he must sgn the paper

‘or they would be obliged to “go urton the strc”

—with no roof over our heads, nothingtoo eat and

‘no clothes to wear Mother sald she would be will:

‘ngto endure tis forthe principle for which the

"mien were fighting, but would tbe right to force

theirinnocentchilren to cootinuc hungry? Winter

‘was almosthere

‘Poor Father looked so bewildered Finally, he

threw his hands up over his head “Well dama it,

Tildoit” And he did They allcried while he was,

signing even the big man who brought the paper

About the 147 onion sik, imma wrose in

her biograpy of Blah, “Before the summer was

lover he realized that he was not an agitator He

could never eada revo He could believe in the

«ase he could scan with the men ane ster with

them, bu in his heart he would rather minister to

thei needs

lj had eamestness, ie, ane integrity that

commanded respect when he kee with acer

face to ace, He pursed dialogue throughout his

lifer and he would continue tobe appalled at

‘Mary Fen nursed her baby through the hun-

jy months of the strike Afterwards she could not secover her onwn health Two years later she gave binh to Willan and a few months later she was ssruek down, A doctor was summoned who dag nosed hear attack related to dabetes The next

hy, aliera milder attack, Mary Elen ded, Tessas 1849, Mary Ble left five childten: the

‘oldest six year, dhe youngest an infant lah, now

"swenty-seven years old, had to continue working twyelve hoursa cy, seven days week, sing shit

“There was 0 allemative but to place the len

sn fester homes where thei father might make some

‘ontbution and vise briefly during days when he

‘worked the night shift Nine years would pas be fore Elijah could live with his own fay again

EE ne yaa Ena at's cram wh teen aera Me dence get ee ce leo joes Sno

5

The soap fat burned!

“The woman who, ovr fifty years, would join

herlfe vih Binh Carewrght wasa sương person

in her own right Margreta Thulin, thiteen yeas

‘Younger than Ea, was bora.on une 9, 1835, in

Fildesheim, a town in nomtheast Germany, south

of Hannover: When she was only nine years ol

Margreta was kidnapped and taken to America

During tis period German Socialis wer emiget-

ingtoavoid penecution and many youngimen Were

also fleeing conscription into the German ary

‘What motivated Mangeeta's abductor we do not

know, but her story became a family legend My

tape recorder was running when I interviewed

Margret ast surviving granddaughters during, 23,

‘happened, the Binal year ofboth Hherives Aber

‘Burdet,the eldest, told me the story while Lucille

Kalb, siting nearher, confines her memories

Albera recalled

_Margretta's uncle in Germany wanted tocome

tothe United Sates and wanted wo bring Margresia,

‘but er parents sid no So he kidnapped her and

‘brought er wit him Later she head froma negh-

‘bor thather parents had come to Ohio and were looking for her She letherhome and boarded a

‘wain-Theconductorasked her foratickct She sad she ddo’ havea ucket she was goingto find ber father and hed py for the cket The wain wok

‘ner allthe way to Youngstown, “This as fas

‘an take you, he tld her, “but wil alk with the strectear conductor" He told the conductor that here was this looking for her parents, The

‘conductor tok her otto Wyle and pointed out

‘thehouse atthe address Margret hadshown him, She wenttothe house and knockedon thedoor A

‘woman came tothe door butit wasnt her mother

Margret told hcrwhom she waskookingfo.“Oh.”

‘the womaa said “your parents have moved: But

‘come in and have some dinner and we wlltske _yurtowhere they are." They took hertoairm, aot

'arreta Thiên was born in Higeshe, Gemary

100 mies inland rom the pot cy of Bremen

34 “My Father's God”

‘The charming deta about the fat of the soup i, when the parents ished 1 seth long os chil, lends ce iyo this oft told tae, Presumably the unde move to where ther eats ted

preceded him, and they may have helped

Margeta male some contact with her pres un when she wasboutfineen yeas od he opportunity came fee 0

‘ode Sre would not penta doco

to-examine her, and she would ask Elijah |

himself to asst with he deliver ofeach ther en ceen

The on survng photograph of Maraeta Tul Cartwightnas The escape was the ist of Marpeta's taken inthe gaden of her Youngstown home about 1900, hen "Olly courageous ats that have been

cân ve ner mdse Marge deivered ten hen to emetbvrec but dak Over and the hands of herhusbrd Ea sine of whom tet adthaed, nse would mane emerkable re

‘When we meet Mangeta agin shes too faraway When they arsvedllthe family were inthe — weny-dice yeas Pethaps flowing backyardarounda bight, makingsoap Margret got ne example fhe parents, hid kt cutand walkedby herelfovertoher family Thesoapfat_ the Roman Catholic wadton of her Ger

‘My mother wscdoellthatstory bent llofour movement that asa vibntnvene in

The soap fat burned!

Methodists, she was eager to embrace all things

American, She even practiced speaking without a

In 1858, Margret visite friends in an Ohio

River mill own an attended the local Methodist

church, where during the service she noticed a

strong, rucly man, short ike her who sangand

prayed with Fervor and conviction,

Elinh Curavight, now tiny sx, attended Sun-

clay worship orthe midweek evening service ash

fully as his twelve hour shifts —seven days some

weeks, seven nights ether weeks — would pemit

And he had been spending what time he could at

the home of his pasor a Dr Dyer The pastor had

«good library from which Elijah borrowed books

his reading musing hisambition to sud forthe

AMethodit miisuy

lj also noticed Manges during the church

service, and afterwards the minister's wife intto-

duced them In the biography of her father Emma

Indicates that, for El this was love at ist sight

\We can surmise that Margret, too, was attracted

tothis strong man who appeared fatherly, piri

‘ual, emotional, and caring They were matied on

November 13, 1858

was not Els plan to reassemble is Fa

Ay immediately forall the children seemed ad-

quately provided for in foster homes Margret,

however had her own ambition She vised each

of the foster parents to become well acquainted

with David, fiteen, Benjamin, fourteen, Mary

len, thiteen, Wesley, eleven, and Wiliam, nine,

tnd also with the families that ad raed them for

35 nearly a decade." In due course, Margret nego- tiated the wilng return ofall the children to Eljah's houeehoil

‘Clearly Ejah’s tender gard was sufficient to

‘overvome any lingering sexual tau for Margret not only became pregnant, she asked Elijah to as- sist with the bith ofthe child Irmay have been this request that led Ej to begin wading medical

‘manuals writen in plain language for families on the frontier, fr removed from a physician, What he eared nthese exs would ip im, nt few yes,

to fashion a distinctive response to the industrial abuses surrounding him So two lives joined The

‘needs of one opened opportunities forthe other Sadly theie ist chil, Louisa, did in infancy

“Then in 1962 Margreta gave binh toa heathy boy, Joseph and subsequent chikren woutdall survive

“There would beni

jah was solicious of Mangeta’s needs, wile she eagerly supported hisamitions, paiculary his desire to read forthe Methodist ministy Despite family responsibilies and his fatigue from constant

‘work, Mangetta urged Eljah to take time for study whenever he could find i

‘When the Civl War began in 1861, many men Jeftthe mils for due army, so young Davie and Ben- jamin had no diđiclty securing jobs with the ther Yet afer seventeen yeasin the ion mils, wih surely a day of, Eh was himself becoming rest- less Asthe war lrggexton the Union was ever more

PS Tenoeenyersdee nmtere Seo E

36

desperate for soldiers This need touched Eljah's

patriotism Before dheir marviage Eja had sud

fed for American ctizenship He journeyed up the

(Ohio River to Pitsburgh to receive his naturalze

tion papers on September 29,1858 Flnh now be

santo study miliary dll manvals and, with his sos

at work and his family healthy and sable, he con-

sidered enlistment Although her lusband would

face unceninies and dangers, Manga supported

this ambition also, In July, 1863, at age fomy-one,

Eljah enlisted in an infantry company that was

Forming locally Magra, with an inf son ancl

lange stepfaaly, was now 28

‘Dung the several weeks thatthe unit ezined

‘ear hove Bl observed that the captain knew

lie of leadership or mitary ats He resolved hat

hhe might scek a leutenan’s commission for him-

self The Thulin family had some politcal or per-

sonal connections with the governor’ fail, anc

the governor of Ohio could want an office’ com

‘mission, So when Flah's company was about to

{depart for Columbus to join the 44th Ohio Regi

ment, Margret wrote for hi eter of introduc

tion wo Goweror Tox,

‘Years later Margreta would tell her daughter

Emma ofthe day that Els and his company de

paste! for Columbus Emma wrete:

‘They had finished the tasks, and when all was

ready she could hear his voice saying, “Come,

Magi, hail we havea wordof prayer” Before she

could answer, he was kneeling beside a chairqui-

“My Father's God” celly clearing his throat as he always did before ad- deessing the Heaventy Father Once the family had all knelt, she with baby Joseph in her arms, he prayed Could sie ever forget that prayer? So simple,

so direct, so confident, as he placed each one by

‘nanve in the Father's heeping, Strange she did not feel like weeping she had feared she might ln- stead, firmness toolsholduupoa her andshe felt strength that she hadi not known before

‘Butthen, ithad been the same the night that den tle Louisa had died She was placing the kee

‘onthe stove, and she could even now feethisarm

‘on her shoulder and hear his voice saying, ‘Dear,

‘ourbaby has gone home tothe God who gave her, Let us pray." In that hour of anguish as her frst

‘born, he ithe Louis, ly sil in death before he, she beard lj ale his God, his Father, and she

‘was comforted

Jn Columbus, Margret’ eter did secure for Eljah an appoirament with the governor, but the rnexting cd net have the desied effet When Gov-

‘emor Tod learned that Elijah was leaving age family under the care of his young wife, he ordered

‘that Eh retum home and be discharged from the amy Hs discharge is dated May 5, 1864, but he may have sumed wel fore that

‘Themenin Fh’ company were disappointed henbelef tham, for they had aniipated relying

‘upon his spintualty to protec them, One soldier observed, “Eliah Carwright could pray any man out of Fel ifbe gota chance a him

6

The healer

In 1864, Brown, Bonnell & Company, owner

of the Mahoning Iron Works, the langest mil in

‘Youngstown, Ohio, eeruted Elijah Cantwright 10

be foreman of the “pudding” section of a sec-

‘ond mill built to respond to Civil War demands

for iron Eliah was then Forty-wo years old with

nineeen years mill experience, Pudding, the most

titical and highly-skilled job in iron production,

hhad been Eljh’s specialty during most of these

years This technique to remove impurities from

hho ron was expand bya poner for the Young

stown newspaper

About five hundred pounds of cold pigiron is

‘charged into a frnace bull of fire brick about 12

fect long and sx feet wide witha stack 20 feethigh

and large charging door inthe front, andasmall

firing door at the rear where forced draftcaused

the flame tobe sentover the metaluntilitwasen-

tdecủy melted Now ifthe heats maintained ata

‘uniform temperature without any increase, the

‘America’ iron ad steel production stetched

‘rom Cleland through Youngstown to Ptsburgh

metal gradually fellsorformsasticky mass which

‘the puddler with the aid ofa paddle rolls up into three balls ofabout 180 pounds which are removed from the furnace by a pair of tongs, placed ona trolleyand taken to where the metals finally rolled

‘outinto bars After he arived in Youngstown, Ej initial {interview with one of the mill owners, Richard Brown, wassan eventthat would have lifelong impli- cations, Emma recalled:

‘Me Brown wasalange handsome man, withthe

‘courteous manner ofa gentleman He wasin com- smandof himselfatalltimes.Heknew men, and he

TE “rw repeat nt on ecb Gn Hie

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