Tài liệu papers presented at the faonaca consultation on aquaculture ppt

‘The Consultation tao an overview f the role ofsmalhscle aquaculture in providing velihoods for rural commntes and sessed varows related sues inching is Satire potenti consis that Inpede

FAO Fisheries Report No 611, Supplement FIRI/R611 Suppl (En)

Papers presented at the

FAO/NACA CONSULTATION ON AQUACULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Chiang Rai, Thailand, 29-31 March 1999

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FAO Fisheries Report No 611, Supplement FIRI/R611 Suppl (En)

Papers presented at the FAO/NACA CONSULTATION ON AQUACULTURE, FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT (Chiang Rai, Thailand, 29-31 March 1999

compiled by

Matthias Halwart FAO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy

Dilip Kumar Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India

‘Melba G Bondad-Reantas BẢO Fisheries Department, Rome, Italy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 2005

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PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

‘This document contains the final version of the background papers orginally prepard for and presented atthe FAONACA Consultation on Aquaculture for Sustainable Rural Development held at Chiang Rai, Thailand, from 29 to 31 March 1999 The consultation was collaborative activity of the Fisheries Deparment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Network of Aquaculture Cenves in Asia-Pacific (NACA) The Consultation as attended by national exper, thematic srevowers, and representatives of the major regional and intemational stukeboldes involved in small-scale

‘aquaculture promoting ral development nthe Asia-Pacific eon, The patpats, by actively participating ina sharply focused examination of etical issues and participatory review of specific components ofthe drat

‘programme concep, developed a dtied framework 19 serve the euiing principles for he development of Fegioal programme on "Aquaculture for Sustainable Rural Livelihood Development (ASRLDY”

“his document was finalized int its preset form afer revision ofthe presented paper by the authors Papers were compiled by Mt, Halwart, D Kuntar and M.G, Bondad-Resnlaso L- Overton and P Balzer assisted

in the ination ofthis document,

“The report of the Consilton i avilable ts FAO Fisheries Report No.6

Distribution:

"Network of Aquaculture Cente in Asia-Pacific (NACA) FAO Regional Office for Asi and the Pacific

Pariciants

FAO Fisheries Department

FAO Regional Fishery Officers

iui nun

Halwa M; Kumar, Ds BondadReantso, MG (comp)

Papers preset the FAQINACA Copsdition on Aguocltsre for Sustainable Rural

Developmen Chiang Ra, Thailand 29-31 March 199,

“NO Fusheres Report No 611, Suppl Rome, FAO 2005 282p

ABSTRACT

‘The Consultation tao an overview f the role ofsmalhscle aquaculture in providing velihoods for rural commntes and sessed varows related sues inching is Satire potenti consis that Inpede devlopment, goverment policies and ponies, and suategies Mat can be employed for

‘sing small-scale aquaculture as an entry post Tor sattying the bas human development needs From the country seienene, lesons down Rom field projects, experiences of fepinal end insemational development organization ad donor agencies adhe erste reviews twas implied Tat smallscle sal agusculure vontrbutes significantly supplementing faily income,

‘hancing fed security, generation of exnl empleyren opportunities in rural areas, improving Sowil eqt and environmental wellbeing It ya also expeesed that the major of salads

cu landless fai in ra ares stil practice low input — low ouput mets relying on fiy Inhour and depending largely upon indigenous knowledge and as such there is seat scope for improving producti, boa ange of obstacles pede this developer, Isis cela to the weak institutional support for small-scale rural aquaculture were asp poised out There was general agreement thal there is nee Io have & positive shi Eom eshnology-ied proicton-oreted intervention le people-centred sssinable ivelinood appeouch,

1A growing swarenes iowards holtic and participatory approach to development to enhance the

“quit of life of rat poor commntics was ler noted Thi ts beginning 10 happen with the omation of farmers groups of asocutions tal enpower the small Tamers to have access 10 resoures,tehnology and sippont services Cre ad oler services become more accessible 19 wall me 'hronh periopary tric-Dnanee programme wilh the establishment of the gr00p-

‘sed scto-credisaviaas schemes Participatory approaches weze considered ab a fequist cra for the planning and implementation of aguacultare projets Recognizing the rle of rral women in

‘various Taming acts it was cleanly erp That women shouldbe involve i planning aad implementing development aciviss, They” shoul be given equal hts abd opportunities throagh

“apa buking soa o gain more aces to resources for development

Ít wes go salzed that tere fas Been le coordinated tteript within te region lo harles the potential of smallacale aguaulie ia ural lelhood devckpment sal a5 aac there #6 a need (0

‘evelop progam witha specific fous on small-scale aquaculture with an overall farmung stem

‘onext ae wo demons nproved fens af agate rescues management in practice atte lve of

‘he commit Rural development would he enhanced through improved evendinstion ed cooperation

‘erween oganationsFoeasig on sueeinabl rl development tough aguaculte eogrnines Ths

‘sds car ational poi and welbdefined inion fewer, Lessons and experiences of Snes of id projects wotld he fe ito policy through voter national stncares and ination Exchange of formation about lesions, ctperinces apd policies trough regional network Would enhance the quit ad pace of eal development tough smal sale aquaculture In the backer

‘ofthese emerging sues the draft Sstnable Aquocultwe Rural Development progranuneeoacep was

‘roughly dsussed ia the subsequent sessions through parle working group dscusions abd 8 revised framework was developed through consesus to serve as guiding preps for the formulation

‘of regional programme “Aausulie for Sastnable Rural Livelhood Development (ASRLD).”

FOREWORD From Aquaculture for Sustainable Rural Livelitoad Development (ASRLD) 10

‘Suppo to Reponal Agate Resouces Management (STRE AR}

“Tae programme on Aquaculture for Swtsishle Rural ivehhood Development (ASRLD) dense its ational

nd mp fon + qumber of collaborative activites between FAO and the Network of Aguscultue Cette in

‘Asi Pacific (NACA) atid sath ther emganizabons an shắcholden im ra development the Asin Fyn, Special was the foo: of an FAOINACA survey and workshop of aqucultare develope eseatch csntiies an protien sn seleted Asian connlev in 1094 1190 among which recommndstions wa lờ Stretch rural institutions that are serving sư communities ib ede for research reals Wo be more effectively spend, absorbed ang ublized” This wax followed by a pmjet plang and formulation exrsse

‘which inca a mission of FAO, NACA and Goverment ofisrs to slested costes Asia The mission's Findings and recommendations were developed for gional eoballave meeting it Marsh 1999, tented by represennves of most of the major regonal stakeholders iocading donee orpaizations, smal scale seule development The PAOINACA Conslation on Aguaeltre for Sslanable Rural Develops

‘opted te programme tle "Aguacaure for Sustinble Ral Livelihood Developmen? (ASRLD) He was the fiat systematic sntiative to promote the development of small-scale rural asset on «Tena boss ia Asia’ The programme's focus on lvliboods required tat be guided by tesod approaches One sich wel

‘ested sratgy isthe Sostuinable Livelitoods Approach (SLA) tha the United Kingdom's Department for Iteration Development (DFID) ha pioneered and adoped fer is peojects aimed at promoting dvelepmest and edn poverty became (may thal DEID's Soa Esst Asis office decided in 1989 ta extend ts porod ftsupport to aquaculie inthe epion tough 2 reponaly focused insiaton afer reviewing is abjetves Fr

‘aie resources minayernem support i the context os livelsoods approach One esl of the dion was NACA and DFID agreeing o NACA’s hosing of DFID's Agutic Resource Management Progra (ARMP), wich the focused ea South Fast Asia and poverty rection trough aquaculture aba iheres management covering th counties of the Mekong subsegion The programe informed ad naneally aad logisealy Soporte the sbsequent exereses fo develop an implementation tramework for ASRLD The sents of onsukasons among DFID FAO, NACA and the Voluntary Senices Overseas (VSO), daring 20012001

‘moclded the pmgramme im a theme based commenications and Teaming nitive sowing on all the fallaborativeaeuates of NACA and the specie support and dccton povided by FAO and DFID Though

‘hse sorsultions, thse ong ses emerged The frst was the oteriding importance ol somimunications

‘he second was th cetality’ of people's velihood objectives in poveny alleviation move away fom the ality of aguaeultre, apd the thid wis the importance of ipstutional and poiey change to empower pevple A key development inthe evolution of ASRUD at his time was the fess ron suppor for smal Sale aquaculture to support fo the livelthod cbjestives of people who ate oec Th 2001, a planing meeting involving NACA, DFID and FAO in Bang Sac, Talend opted the use ofthe ter ina” voz

“projet “programme” to emphsie the longterm approach The meeung ko pSposed úe brevlenng the focus of the iiatie fa aauacuture alone to aguaie resources managemant, to heir math te broad potfbo of selatiet nderaen hy people who are poor Vinal the mestine formally proposed the name

"Suppor to Regional Aquae Resources Managetent” or the STREAM lative The plan for plementation ofthe STREAM nitive way developed al the sinth Mesting of NACA's Teetmical Advisory Comme My

2001, Siem Reap Cambodia It was formally incosporaed no the NACA Work Program by the thee Govering Coun! Meeting (lnnsry 2002 Langa, Malaysia

‘This volume comprises the documents presented and discussed atthe FAO'NACA Coastation on Aquaculture

fr stainable Root Development wich was held at Chiang Rah, Thala, trom 291951 Marsh 1999" Many FAO Fishers Depricor, Newark of Aquaculae Cones AsiPacie (NACA), 1997, Survey and ast of

"slated follow-up Expert Cooslaton a user for ral deepal ws cannes ty the FAO Ana Paci Fahcnes Commision APFIC 1990, Repo of to Ad lc Working Gop ot perv Rural Agate Bang, Toning, 20-2 Gtr 199, FAO Feber Report No, 418, Ree, FAD, 2p "romation bow STREAM i aie bg wih suet aie he

+The ep of the Expen Canaaon sale cones fort eo Awaclure fer Sonal Real Lived fave ben prev publithed aed are sve fom FAO o¢ NACA) FAONACA 109) Rept of the FAONACA

jm 11 1

people have contributed in vrious importa roles a actions othe preparation af he 1999 Consultation 3x Well late on inthe paces of transformation from ASRLD to STREAM, importantly Zid Shekadeh (FAQ Senior Fishery Resources Officer ~ reed), Manuel Maninez (FAO Fishery Resources Office ~ retired), Dilip Kumar (lormesly NACA Senior Aguacultist, curently Diet, Cental Issue of Fisheries Eduction Indi), Pedro Bueno (NACA Advisor and NACA Diector General 2002-2006) Rohuna Subasinghe (FAO Senior Fishery Resources Office) Jansan Ja (Chet, FAO Inland Wate: Resouces and Aquaculae Service), Mathis Halsart (FAO Fishery Resources fice), Grabam Hayloe (Diector STREAND, Michel 3 Philips (Eaveonment Specialist and Regional Manages for Reseach apd Development Progranime ~ NACA), PC CChowsbury (FAO Regional Aquaculture Officer ~ rete), H Kongkeo (NACA Technical Assistant fo the DG and NACA Coondnator 1996-2000), Xigowes Zhou (NACA Training Specialist and Programme Otis) nd Simon Funge-Smuth (FAO Regional Aguacakure Ofc)

‘The proceedings report here contain tse Wypes of reviews: () country reports on ational efors at developing and applying aquaculture to schieve social and economic development objectives tht include pevery alleviation inprovenent of food scuniy, and sustaining the natal reoure base of aquacultie and anced fisheries (i) experienees and lessons fom projects tht were mosh implemented with collaborative

‘site to governments fam development agencies and non-governmental oraaizations, which highlight

‘tcl an key issues rural development that are linked wth aquaculture development ard squat resources

‘management proceses an (i) expe views on concepts, stitial arangements nd strategies tht could

be adopted to effectively integrate aquaculture and aquatic systems management to ep governments achieve ral developmest gl

‘The country reports, ease staies and expt views presente hete were prepared quite some ine beck, however, they offer avaliable, in-depth and broad view of the options and opportunities for improving the vihood of the rural poor with the integration of aquacltre and aquatic systems management nto rural development sategies FAQ and NACA take please in making this tody of soformation availble to al eneersed and

—

CONTENTS

‘Section I: Status and role of aquaculture in rural development — Country

Section I: Presentations of organizations/donor agencies and

‘on-goverimental organizations on experiences lessons earnt and issues 99 AIT Aqua Outreach: Experience, lessons learnt an issues 11 Rural Extension Project for aquaculture development in the Mekong Delia

Phase I (Cambodia and Viet Nam): overview and lessons learned 109 Fisheries and aquaculture in rural development: DFID statepies He [Lessons leamed, and issues relating to aquaculture and rural lvelIhoade

‘Aquaculture for eufal development Some Tewons [rom IFADSsxberienes -The

Experiences gained from DANIDA assisted Mymensingh Aquaeulure

Experiences ofthe Fish Culture Research Tastnute (HART, Svarvas, Hung l6 The Pond Dynamies/ Aquaculture CRSP: Developing technologies and networks

Aquaculture development in Bangladesh trough capacity balding

ICLARM Research Experience on Tntegraied Aquaculture Agreulture (AA) Tar

(Community evel planning for rural development: Lessons from the FARM

‘Strategies and approaches for Trine Training forthe dissemination of

ender isues in rural do

‘Aquatic resources management to benefit rural poor:

Section IV: SARDev Programme Background, 2a Sustainable Aquaculture for Rural Development ( SARDev)

Sustainable Aquaculture for Rural Development (SARDev): Programme concept 247

Small-scale Aquaculture in Rural Development Issues, directions and lessons 261,

jons and acronyms

Accelerated Aquaculture Development Programe

‘Aquatic Animat Health Resear sie

‘Agutclie and Aguatie Resouces Management of AIT

‘Asan Developmen Bank

‘san Insttte of Technology

‘Aquacitire Outreach Programe

‘Agncalure Promotion Bank Asia-Pacific Eeonomc Cooperation Asa-Pacil Fhory Commission of FAO,

‘Asa Pacific Rural and Agricultural Credit Assocation AAgutcutue Departmen of SEAFDEC

‘Agricultural aed Rural Knowledge and tnformation Systems

‘Accelerated Rural Water Supply Prosare

‘Agricultural Service Cenes of Sei Lanka

‘Associaton of Southeast Asian Nations

‘Austaian Agency for Ineratonal Development Bank for Ageultre and Agricultural Co-operatives of Thailand Bureuu for Aicultal Reseach

Buca of Fisheries and Aauaie Resources ofthe Philipines Hangadest Fisheries Development Comration

Bangladesh Fisheries Reseach astute Bangladesh

Bart fo Internation Fo and Agricultural Development Bay of Bengal Programme

Hank Peanan Malaysia Banglalesh Rural Advancement Commitee Bangladesh Rural Devlopmset Boars Bangladesh Water Devlopmest Board (Coasal Aquaculture Division

CAGES (Cage Aqedeulurefr Grewr Economie Secu (a proest f CARE) APART ‘Counel Yor Advancement of Poope's Action and Rural Tecoogy, Inia CAPE Capability and Prodactity Enhancement Programme

CARE CConpoatve for Assistace and Relief Everywhere

CREM “Coanunip-Bosed Eidhclee.ManigenenL

BRM Community-Based Resource Management

cas, Cental Bureau of Stites of Indonesia,

cpa Co-operative Development Author

cA CenadiaeIaomatonal Development Ageney

curs Cental osteo Freshwater Agoculne of

DAE Deparment of Agriculture Extension

DANIDA Danish International Development Agency

bast Data Analysis and Syesis Team

DED Deparment for Insratonal Development ofthe British Goverment bor Dirstrte General of Fikaris

bose Deparment of Agricul Extension, Thsland

boc Department of Cooperative

ĐOF Deparment of Fisheries

DOL Deparment of Livestock, Tain

DPAP Drough-Prone Areas Programme

DRDA Distt Rural Development Ageney

Decision Support System

Department of Seiene and Technology Development of Waren and Chiles Rural Areas Enpoyment Assurance Scheme

Expect Leaming Cele Economie and Sosil Commission for Asia and the Pacific ofthe United Nations

roped Union Food and Agriculture Organization of he Unit FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pcie Famer-Centred Aggiultural Resource Management Fish Breeding Cente Programme

Fisheries Extension Division Fisheries Engineering Division Freshwater Fishenes Division Fish Farmers Development Agency Farmer Fst School

Farmers Orgaization Autocity Fishers Resource Management Programme Fishones Resear site of Bangladesh Fisheries Sector Programme

Farming Systems Research and Extension Fanner Scientist Research Patersipe Fisheries Training and Extension Programme Gener Development Index

Giahal Environment Faity Genetically Improve Farmed Tilapia Geographic Information Syst Spport to Grameen Motsho Foundation Gaverment Onzniation

Goverment of Bangladesh Greater Options fr Loeal Developmen! through Aguaculre Geran Ageney for Technica] Co-operation

Fish Cuttare Research Inte, Savas, Hungary, Human Chronic Gonadctopia

Human Development Index High Yielding Vanity Ivegrated Aquocultre-Ageeulue Indian Council for Agricultural Research Tevenationl Cen fot Living Aquatic Resources Management Intentional Development Association

Trwentional Dovelopmen Research Cetre Intentional Fund for Agricutare Development Increase of Fish Praucton Programme come Generating Groupe

International Ist far Rul Reconstruction

‘Knowledge, Atinude and Practice Krishi Vigan Kendra (Farm Cente fr Farmers, India) ving Aquatic Resouces

‘Land Bk of the Plippnce Local Goverment Engineering Departnent

Section I Status and role of aquaculture in rural development

Country reports

Status and role of aquaculture in rural development in Bangladesh

Mã, Ngư lạm Departnent of Fisheries Dhak Bangladesh

1 Inmtroduetion

Aquaculture is considered as an impertnt subscctor in Bangladesh that haste potenti forthe soso cconomic development of nial poor communities Consequently, the role of aquaculture in food seca, oven alleviaion, employment gencration, forigh exchange eamings and other supporting acvities ae lealyeniphasized inthe development programme ofthe goverment, Whi aqueulire f growing rply und thee $8 sll vast potential for as father development, prodcton frm eaplue fisheries rxoures slowing doen and there i limited seope for development Tn view of this tend most of the ional sh production rguited for domestic consumption and fr expor is expected to come from aquaculture sourees Is tho considered tat lage part ofthe ineremental labour fore could be used productively trough the

‘development of agouti in ral areas, Cultre of fish and shrimps fesvater and brackish te fold radial praciees prevalent sn rural ais of Bangladesh Extensive aves both in freshwater and brackishwater zones of the county are mostly under smallscale fsh and shrimp culture Aquaculture

‘evelopment activites in the Fra ares fave mane significant contbation Io the ational fish peodsion (World Bank 1991),

“The min objectives ofthe govemmsnt for aquacultre development a:

4 To increase fish production and ensure the availablity of fish to mc the rational demand ofthe people

¢ To generate employment opportunities nthe ual ares

* To amprovesoco-cconemic condition ofthe poor and marginal anne

+ Tạ ingesse foreign exchange earning by exporting raze ish, shrimp an shory pra

+ To improve the general ens ionment a public elt

22 Aquaculture production

Je was estimated that se toa ish prdcton inthe county was 0827 milion tonnes in 1987-1988

‘Though the fish production ineeaed afer TORT lngely doe to aguaeulure development his production increase di at tach with the population ineease of the county” Busing the Fourth Five Year Plan period (1900-1998) the trgt of fish production from al sources as set at 12 milion tones From she satstcs valle to date, i estimated that fhe tot! production of fish fom all sources reached 17 mln tonnes

“hore ss hesnasignifieant an continuous ineease of fsh and shrimp produto fom aguacetie sours,

‘The brakishwater aquaculture fas largely follow extensive or improved extensive culture practices

‘hrough which an average annual preductin rate of 615 kg ha including shrimp and sh oblained Rect), tiem bive sianed environmenaly endl integrated ship farming in paddy iets Faring areas are also rapidly expanding, With more support Rom the extension agencies, s would Be possible to raise production in backisiowster aquaculture pond toa level of about 725 hg ha which indices ato incremental anal production of at est 100 000 tones by the trial year ofthe plan pio Semi-ntensve shrimp Farming Is Sune practisod ina Tinited afea of about 5 600 ha by a numberof enreprencus where production of [S-Sth' ts commonly achieve, Privte entrepreneur ate encouraged to snvest sp hatchery operations The Government will suppor the development of basic intastuctre fies and make them avalable to ntepreneurs, Private sector investment i hatcheries, comirsal feed proBncden snl le led aedtdiex

23 Aquacelture production trends

Daring the ten yesr period from 1987-1997, te toll sh preton increased fom 827 thousand Aonnes to 1375 thous foes, out of which sguaculire production icresed from 176 thousand tones fo

474 thousand tomes (Table 1), Aquaculture contibuson tothe toil fish production inteased trom 21.28 percent sn 1987-1988 to 4452 percent in 19961997 Though the average aquaculture growth tte

‘ecorded for he fen eae priod was 1127 petceat it inercased 1 25.07 percent 19961997 (DOF, 1998),

24 Fish production target

‘The daily per capa Fish consumption was about 73 in 1996-1997, which was abou 60 percent ofall snimal protein consumed In order to raise the level of Fish eonsmption 348g per epi per day at theca ofthe Fih Five Year Plan poiod, the requzed sina! production of fish willbe about 1968 milion tonnes

‘This is based an estimated population projection of 1525 millon people bythe terminal year ofthe cent plan period, Ina, dng 2001-200, th export of shrimp and fs ad iskery products willbe around 9S

100 tonnes and anor 15 000 tonnes of Fish wil be required or industrial and ober uses In view of these eairements, the fish production target ofthe Fils Plan hasbeen set at 2075 milion toaaes (GOB 1997) The

‘tls ofthe sh produto target nthe terial year ofthe ith Plan pero is bow in Table 2

‘Table 2 Fish production target ofthe Fifth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)

3 Aquaculture systems

341 Cultured species and technology packages

A tua of 287 species of fish have so ir boen reondod in the feshwatr of Bangles, With the cxeeption of ome riverine Fish, most othe species are svaable in the impound water bois However, at present native majo caps such ay esta (Caf cata), ean (Laber rit}, mala (Cin miso) sd lalbehu (Labco cufbas long with exotic caps such as silver earp (pophhalics ml) ras cay (Cienopharsmgodon ideas asd eomsion cary (Cyprine carpio) ae cominenly calred n+ polyeae system ia ponds The other two Chinese carps bighead carp (visits nobits) and Back cary ihlopharyrgodn pews) ae also calvated, Wu 1 lesser exten Very teeny, Aca eafish (Caria

‘ert ad Ts eatin (Pangari utc have aso become pope atnong the fish fumes Ther ae

‘Some othe lel cash species sich as pangas Panga poate), pasa (Ona pada), ager (Cari

‘arachs) and singhi(Heteroprenstes fos) which ae occasionally cultured Tapia (OrcocWomas niloticus land Tapia mosambica and sive bat (Pins grants), mola Omblspharygedon ma) ae cuted Soll ad seasonal water boies sich s eiches, sallow seasonal po, pts ad paddy ek Native mor ups, Chinese carps, cashes and small itigenous Fishes ate grown i seniclosd wales, ike oxbovw lakes,

‘otra depeession and in pons (Bhuiyan & Chowdhury 1995)

Prawn and shin species which ate widely cultured in brackisater poder (arses f elaimed land) are git prawn (Macrobrachium rasenborgt) and tiger shrimp (Penaeus motadn) Other poteava clued Drown ail shrimp species are MicoPrachion matcolasonts Penacas inden Ponaeae tomeats and Metapenacus momvcerns Aqraculhreteetnulogy for brikishwatr aad marine fish eye to be iroduced However, mullet (isl cephalus, isn lade and Lea sudwiidie) ae somties etre sth shrimp The

‘culture of md eras (Sl pp.) i raced cocasonll in mangrove forest aeas Peal cule i sil i ts fly sles of developmen through culture of the feshwater clam (Lameladens purginals) and the marine oyster (Pincrada sp.)

Several aquaculture techology packages have been suecesfilly developed and introduced in Bangladesh wth varying levels of popular and inteas Corman practices clude

“TL Taka angus carey)

Induced beoding of mao carps

So melve cap potyeutare

Integrated Bah ek chicken arming

Riceise farming

Atal brecng and culture of Aiea cath

“Arfcial propagation of reshwaer paws in backyard Batches

Seod rearing and clare of freshater pwns in ponds

Cute of Nile and ed ania

Gale of Nile ad ed lap

‘Gate of native eatabes

‘Gate of sve barb

Ail bosing and cau of Tai pangas(Pangasiv utc)

ơn clue n semi clotel atetbodiet

‘Cale of small indigenous fishes in seasonal ponds

[Nursery operations for cap and cafeh fry

CCaltre bas fisheries maxbow lakes

32 Fish hatcheries and aurseres

“The private hatchery and nurery sector has supported the tapi development of pond aquaculture and caltue based Toodplain fisheries in Bangladesh IIs estimated iat over thee bllon carp fingerings are Proshced amually against 3 total requirement of fur Bln In adibon to this, catfish reading eciques ate Siko well esablsed due to the provision of extension services As of 1999 about 300 milion fogerings of

‘Aftcan cash are produced arouly Tha ctish poduston has also exceeded 50 milion fingerings There

fe over 630 hateheties and about I 700 nurseries he piste Soior which account for over 90 perce ofthe Lấy and fingering production inte county Sood eollece rom natural seurees Now accounts fo es than 10 percent ofthe overall praetion, There are 140 atcheies nh seed firms i the public sector whi account for about S percent ofthe totaly production

33 Pond culture

Freshwater pond cule isthe largest source of aquaculture production in Bangladesh, presenting more than 70 percent of the tla freshwater aqucelre production The main reason fo hi ig the vas ad ecenualized resources inthe form of homestead ponds abd stall seasonal water bois whic i estimated to

‘over anata of ver 300 O00 Within the pond aquaclue ub-octr alone avait of specie ae called

‘trough range of eure practces, The maonyof farmers produce fish throseh polyeutice systems using the tative major ears, the common cp he Chinese carps andthe iver bab A vane) of eter specs ae also

‘bed inthe polyculture sytem inluding Tai pangs and elspa The average anna fish yield from poods s

‘mime o be 2421 hy hs for perenal ponds ad 800 kg ha for seasonal pods An iercasingly advanced Sand experienced group of farmers ae now practising semintersve culture sfstems achieving 8 production level of 37 tba yr" Such farming practices ate being followed by almost 10 percent of farmers due 10 ingeductions though various extension programmes The ineasive commercial ctfish fas represent less

‘hap OS percent ofthe tral ea

AM Peneulture

en cutie is the sevond most important practice of feshwateraguacalare In pen cule, nets oF

‘umboo sereens are sad Io enclose semincloned waters, Roadside ditches, irigation cals, Buz pis ahd

‘ead river sepmens ae hed for pon culture Yields ean be as high as those found inthe tadstoasl pond

‘ur I ie estimated that there are over 50 000 a of stable water are avilsble for pon cule win

‘ariodssem-closed ater Bodies which can be inteased to 175 000 ha OF the total area suitable for pou

‘culture, abou 10-000 a's euseutly being wed with average anal producti of aout | 500 kgs

4 Cageellure

Significant pote his been shown forthe development of economically viable cage eulure in Bangladesh CARE (Co-operative for Assistance ahd Rolie Fvaryshee) is promoting cage eulie in open waters in areas where the landless and small-scale farmers ive Veusin cages have reashod 30-40 kp im CCatentl there re approximately S00 cages measuring a total of 3000 min Bangladesh, The potential exists for fture expansion of eage culture inthe vast areas of open water resources present in Bangladesh, Howevet, technieal and economic feasibility aswell as an envzonmentalinipact assessment nperalive before te lage

‘ale inrdcin of cage culture

36 Ricefish culture

‘The catent annual sh production tough scetsh cute is estinated to be about 2500 tonnes Involving an estimated area of about 10 G00 fa, Out of approximately 10 milion ha of ireated paddy els in the country, rag about i percent of the area ie sable for dae-Bnh che Fish pic ax bạ ax

250 kg ta 6 being achieved fom ces cule systems Therefore, he incremental production pte

‘trough the rice-ih is considered to be $0 O00 mec tonnes, The main spaces of fish tacked in cefsh system ae omen or mior carp, nite sh nd lpia Compared io ther forms af agacelae, Fisk els trough ice-fsheuture sytem ate lw, generally (00-500 kg ha and the fish produced are relatively smaller

‘he to the lined proving peo of tase montis The Sk for fish tosses paso igh dus tothe chances oF predation, Hoodieg and theft However, ia spite of al these negative sp the possibility of geting an

‘Mona erop of fish rom rice els throug lw input eoss suggests the pote fe the possible expansion ofthis programe

87 Calture based oxbow lake fisheries

“The cae based fseries management programme fst tre in the eaty 1980s, a prof the Fest

‘Oxbow Lake Fisheries Development Projet Ths sas followed by the Secund Oghow Lake Smit scale Fishonnen Development Project Cures, 2 Thiel Oxbow Lake Aqgacaltre Development Projet iia fperation These pojces have contiutes significantly towatds developing techie and anager skis for

‘he productive management of oxbow ke fisheries, The chet ve of Fis yeh those «above Les reported io Be over 600g ba while some lakes ate reported to have produced | $00 kg ha" Which an

‘xceptonl rest for large water hoes, Stacking practices generals depend on the specific ate of the fexbows lakes Lakes wit hrge amouns of aquatic Weeds ae socked wilh Inger sumber of grass carp and

‘ommon carp long wit ative species of major ears, Cleaner kes with fewer amounts of aquatic weeds are Stookod walk more filter feeders lke silver cap and calla Ber resus ate obtained wen large fingelings (over 30g) are stokes,

3 Freshwater prawn farming

Frestvater pawn faring is more popular inthe southern disriets ofthe country A Iarge potion of| low-lying ates, which are generally wized foe growing oaly ene crop of low-yciing pally ae now convened ino” ponds for producing 4 high valued experable commit — the freshwater prea This

‘evelopment has sade significant improve inthe quality of life ofthe local fuming somatunites The

‘etl pean farming ate has moreso fo over 12100 sin 1997, Freshwater prawn farming bs 9 mumber of sccoreconamie advaages The farms are mostly small and operated by the pone and marginal farmers fhemselves Prawn faring is well tegrated wi paddy production and culture of ceria species of fish

‘Though dere ate 4 small-scale prawn hutceresiadseics sealeted inthe southern dss, prawe farming still depends largely onthe postarae and juveniles collected fom wil! sources The halcherespdce 28 simated 21 milion postiarvae annually Prawn faming parsued by majonty offers i actually polyeure

‘wih the cap species with te former a the prcipal prc and generally rotated with paddy The ams a6

‘mostly spall and easy 19 manage Prawn farming provides exelent oppor o integrate varius other farming stivties without interfering eih sgncvlôre or the environmen Fish produced tough seh systems ate used mot for Iocal consumption Thus rasa farming bas apparel no social oe crs iontentl confit

‘xcept an excesive exploitation of sails used as pawn feed However these soil are considered pest and 8 potemiltteat to agseltre apd vegetable crops

39 Coastal shrimp farming

Coastal shri farming is eure practised in about 126 000 ha oF brackish water ares along the coos In most areas, coastal shrimp farming is practised in fw-ying tidal flats within poles Shrimp farmers depemM lược ea name for dưng seed supply Coastal simp fms vise well over 2 S00 lon fy

‘anally Collection of the wil fy leads to desration of many non-target species of slrimp, fish snd sah larvae and pose, There are about 12 shrimp hatcheie‘urseriesffom which the ttl sale in 1997 was

‘eporcly in the range of 150 milion shrimp seed which cepreseted no nore than percent of the toa seed

‘provdced in the country The requiersut of shrimp sed is about § billion for the improved shrimp fang Systems

‘Tae shin culture technology fllowed by majority of farmers sof extensive type where production varies fiom 100-500 kg ha” crop’, Yield am the improved system, however, is obtained fom 500-1 $00 ky ha crop The farm size also equally vary considerably frm about aeetare to nearly 200 hs Most ofthe land used for large firms released othe Farmers causing some soil and envionment erties Farms are tually tide depeadent for their water supply Rotation of shrimp aquacultae wih ageculue is ite

‘ommon inthe southwerer ow sline zoe fn he easter zone, however, where the salinity lve sgenraly higher, shrimp caltre ad sat production are usally followed in rotation, Some pete entrepreneurs also follow semimensive farming bse on bachey produced fy Tr steckang se formulated pelt ed an opp

‘ef water management Trough se practices dey have been able o achieve yield level of 35 tha erp Problems elated to disease oubeais and water pelfution inthe sem-ntcasve farms deserve fuer sud for susnable development of shrimp fami, The Government has undertaken a programme to develop ship farms in the poldsr by involving owacrs of stall areas of land to resolve the problem of land use conte (Karim & Stllwagen 1998)

310 Aquaculture inputs

‘Te common aquaculture production input are fed, fertilisers, tine, certain chemicals, emotes ete (Most foods used in aguscalte ae made from locally availble agaicltl byproducts sch mina ci sake, coconut cl cake, sesame oil cae, sce bran, wheat ran te There ae ive fed mils prosucing plet feeds amounting 0 § 000-10 000 ty ayainst the erent requirement of 50 10 tonnes, Most pelleted feeds ae

‘sed in peat, shrimp and catfish culture The inorganic feriisr requirement is about 25 000 tonnes of urea and 50-000 tonnes of tiple superphosphate (TSP) The enganic manure requirement i about 3 $0 milion fone, Availabilty of the inorganic eter would uot bea limiting factor bt avait ofaganic manure

‘ill ea problem mainly because ofits nultiparpse use Cate dung is extensively used in agriculture and leo

5 domestic fuel Certain chemicals ae also sed in oquaculte Tor various puposes including disinfectant, hevbieides fr the eootol of aquatic vegetation, pisiides forte eradication of predate’ weed fishes, pestide forthe contol of predatory insects apd erstaecan parasites, therapetans forthe contol of fish diseases ete

‘Among the omamonly used chemise iis exited that about 180 O00 tonnes of line, S tonnes of pte,

1500 Lites of sumithion, 15 tonace of rotenone, 10 thowsand tablets of phosonin riny be required Tor quacullare, Cera hormones, wich ze used for snduced breeding of fish ae pitty gland (PG) etact and the human chronic gonadotropin (HCG), The annual requirement of PG is estimated to Be 2500 g while that HCG would be 20 milan stemational ws (IU), The equipment and apparatus used in commercial em Jnzensive Fish and shrimp farms are pumps, aerators, compessors, et, Wate apalsis kis, weighing machi, sechi des magnifing glasses, PVC pipes, crcl tanks, jars, oxygen elder tt ic oases the quitomzot of he acl quantity of aquaculture equpmeat inthe pate sector The Government has provided

85 tx holiday or nominal eustom duty for importing aquaculture equipment sd material (stam & Collis 198)

AML Aquaculture production cost

Availability of information op aquaculture production economics is very limited However, based on Aitfeea models of aguscuture ystems, some csimsted production costs ae shown i Table 3 The estimated

‘ost of input materials Ibour and her contingencies indiate thatthe gross profit rte anges from 0 percent 075 percent for diffrent types of farming ystems

4 AquaeuHure poliey anđprogramme

41 The National Fisheries Policy

The government has formulated a National Fisheries Policy in 1998 emphasising on aquaculture

<evelopmen Watesodies suitable for fish production activities have boom brought under he jroo the Tiskeres policy The main peovision ofthe aguoultare development nthe Fisheries Policy ae

' Ponds, lakes and ober closed al semi-closed water hadi of the rural ateas would be used Primarily for fish eure

+ Aquoultor extension serves wold he provide tal categories of farmers throng demons

«+ Shvinp culture would be teat as export oven ndusrie

* Salute shrimp cular areas would be delinated nthe cosa rca,

= Eavionmentfricnly improved aid sem-intemsive abrimp culture fanos would be developed in

atcy Nesry

43° Aquaculture developmen strategy

+ Improved squscultare systems will be passed i ponds and other closed and semcosed water bodies,

4 Adesiate credit foes for the aquafurmers wail be made avaible trough simplified crest System and NGOs credit guaraatee find scheme willbe introduced forthe poor and margiaal farmers

+ Tiuining fives for the development of professional psrvonnel and farmers’ groups will be extend both nthe publi an priate seten

‘+ Trotivonal methods of shomp coltre will be improved by providing appropriate technological ingots to laohbte increased and sustained proton

+ Shrimp cultue extension serates will be sfreathened to provide necessary support for the estabinhment of rnp hatchenes i he eva este

+ Public ponds, canals roadside ditches ee wil be excavatede-excatatddevelope for Fisk clare

"hvough the paipation of the rut unemployed youths, marginal farmers and distssed people

‘hat wil help poverty alleviation,

+ All pubic water bodies managed by the Minisuy of Land to be wansfered to the Ministy of Fisheries and Livestock fr production oriented management,

44 Experience of aquaculture projects

A lnrge numberof aquaculture devclopmeat projects were implemented by the Deparment of Fisheries during 1987-07 The important snvestment projets were DFID assisted Patttipur Fish Hatchery Development Projet, IFAD assisted Onbow Laks Small-scale Fishermen Development Project, ADB assed First and

‘Second Aquaculture Development Projets, IDA assisted Shrinp Culture Development Project, WB assisted

‘Thed Fisheries Project and GOB assisted lotegrated Fisheries Development Project Aquaculture infarcts favlies eg ish and shrimp htcheies, fish sed mulkpieation fart, aiting and demonstration Tams at quaculire uaining centres were developed through these projects in the public sector The infrastructure ToeiH0EL developed through these projets ate presently used for proving techoical support services to chen, bụi thee are sll undertlizd de to Timid revenue Bagetand ther constraints n the public Scoor management

Ongoing aquacultre projects

During the Fifth Five Year Pan period (1997-2002) lage number of aqsaeuure development and

<xtesion projets have hewn undertaken volving ral people aquaculture ates Training and exteasion Services formed tagjor component of these projets op aquculure development list of such projets with

‘etal of investment cost, location, aber oF fers involved, expected ouput and source of Taig et, ae sown io Table-t The bilateral donor assisted projets (DANIDA, EU, and DFID) focused mainly oa poverty

alleviation of the rural poor through active participation of the local NGOS Multinational dener assisted Jpojces (IDA, IFAD) on the ofter hand gave port To intasiuctual development ad institutional Stengticning besides ra! iveibeod development ative There is also provision for goverameat funding in all these development projects is estimated shat a toa oF 460000 farees nthe Tal ates ate being Provided eenicl and extension sertscsanlicidenbixta Đạt sbout 313 3 hoiesndtoasee ch and 20.0

‘housand tonnes of simp wil be produced bythe fers through these projets,

Sustainable aguacuture extension services

‘The Technical swaumee pojeet - Insttional Skengtenine inthe Fisheries Sector (ONDPFAOBGDANINSS) and Sưenglhenng of Rusal Pord Fish Culwe Extension Services (FAOMTCPBGDIS1/T) developed an appropeate aquaculture extensica approach called the “ickle down guacuture extension sjsten” trough pl! sale field opetations The ievlogy ofthis approach was aimed at

‘veloping ease of self seliance an awareness abot improved agusculse practices among the fish farmers

‘through ther active paripaion, repeated waning, farmer led demoasteations and close syperwsion by the fl level extension orsoanel This stem of aguacule extension fellate farmers to farmers extension Sevies

‘rough small group The farm who bad acces © pons an he hi lỡ me operational expenses of Sah

‘uu were intally encouraged to orgatse tal demorstrstions This progemate didnot provide any cash or

‘matenal inpt sistance tote farmers, Sach farmers were given tinny ad extension erices spon for the demonstation of improved aquaeciure practices in Het ow ponds They were also encourage fo orga

‘methods and rsaling demonstrations aswell as onsite training to the groups of neighbouring farmers called fellow Famers Hews observed that farners to famers extension services in groups had many advantages for

‘tsiring stsaimablity of extension services, The ress demontator fish farmers of the two technical

“Ssssure projees UNDP-FAOIBGD'87 O85 and FAQITCPIBGD SS} achieved an average Fish prodton of|

3550 KEE" y" and 4 108 kg ba" yr, respectively fo the Hight of the experience gained ffom these (we projects the “Thana Level Aquacutue Exleoson Proce” was formulaed exchiively though Govern Fining This project sander operation an coves the ene county 400 Thomas of $9 Discs except aes covered by DANIDA assisted Aguscaltate Ftenion Projects

Wis expected to enka the average production of fish annusly at the rte of 3.5 ha in the ponds of

‘he result demons, ard 25 tha! in the ponds of fellow farmers groups and at the end ofthe pojeet, petod the total proton enhancement il be about 31 THD tonne Besides production enhancement 79780, Trained fame ae also expected to get pat of full-time job opporanites tough aquaculture Within the Timed period of poset imerventon theres demonstrator fers ad fll farses have already achieved fan average proton of 2 833 kg ha" y' and 2 350g ba" yt respectively It also envisage that fish Suture extension services delivered by the projet will be filly tsuionlised and continue asa regular activity ofthe Department of Fisheries

‘Youth (DOV), Commercial Baths Financial instiuions anda large aumber of Noo-Governmest erganizations (N68,

‘Tabled List of ongoing aquaculture development projets

== an oe eee ee = SS Se

‘bl sues Bon 44334 1995-2000 ae C48000 169W11f6h - DANIDAGOB,

LG em onion: HEE” es; zewentt mune

Development & Exteasion x ase

Tae ak THAM NS ee im = (Am Lee + ẻ vế

‘aquaculture sub-sector, The othe Key fisheries instiutons and thei functions are ~ the Deparment of Fisheries

Tr fshvies management, development, extension, wating, quality convo, law eaforement, policy advice and {information colecton; Bangladesh Fisheries Research Instte for condveting research on rere fisheries,

‘marine fisheries aad aquaculture ad the Minis of Land to administer publi water bodies of more than 8 bà {or fisheries and aquaculture, However, its planned tbat public water bodies wl be eodualy transferred othe Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock for biologi! production oriented management Organizations hike Water Development Board i facilitating developmen of shrimp cultare inrastucres ia the cowl pode Department of Cooperatives forthe tgataon of cooperive societies of fishemen and aqiafanner _Depantmeat of Youth for providing easing and supper services for aquaculture othe unemployed eral youth:

‘Bangladesh Rural Development Boal fr the poverty alleviation programe thoogh aquaculture based income generating activites in ral areas: Local Government Engineering Department for the development of Ssquaculie ifasieitue install water bodies and eanstrucion of fish markets n rural areas; Agreure

‘Excnsion Departent for implementation of integrated extesion policy for all categories of ral farmets including rice-cum fish cure though integrated pest maragemete progisnenes; apd corametcat Banks snd

‘other financial organizations sad NGOs forthe peti of ere oars appear hat the futons And espansbilues đo overlap to cera extent and cuplcated within various organizaans responsible fr the development of smllsale rural aguacultie

%3 NGO activities

In 1909, there wore more than S00 NGOs ia the counuy’ working inthe fil of aquaculture and fisheries Both istematonal and local NGOS hae programme of dest suppom to cover 2.80000 men and

‘woman in aguacuure and fisheries related activies They have been suite sbseesfl in reaching the poorest,

‘households, geting them orpusizad and providing ther credis for income generating aces inslung aguacuture and eshanced fsberis However, they have bec less successful in providing echnical suppor

‘Generally NGOS" aguacalare demonstration, uaining abd supervised credit programas ate Tocused an đe poorest souments ofthe society nereasing paripation of women in aquaculture may be viewed as 3 đợt

‘eso the intrvetion of NGOs Aquaculture activites have been able fo eaance te aus of women within

‘he joint tay stuctre and belpe in building thee slF-cntidene The prtipation of NGOS io aquaculture

‘desclopmen is sem complementary tothe government’ efforts in fis tet and deserves cacouragemet,

53 Creditsopport

Amos ll commercial banks, financial isin and NGOs have their own era eet programmes for the aquatarmers Besides, project tased aguacultuc ctedit programmes are ako implemented by the Deparment of Fishers and ptcpaing banks, Alou adequate finds are available from the banks to

‘provide credit o farms for aquocultr and series ates, nformtion on aquaculture and fisheries credit

‘Sibursement during 199095 (Tables) clearly indicates that te nsttutona ret programe was successtl

‘only up fa ined exten (Bangladesh Bank, 1997), However, supervised mer ced programmes operated

by diferent NGOs appear to be quite successful Reecnly, the goverment has decided to formulate 2 ered strategy fo merase the disbursement and recovery rate of fsberies sector eet programe by simpliying te

‘omplen evi noms for stallacale agus amen

Table 1d sbursement of fisheries ered by commercial banks

SS ‘The need to address smallacale aquafarmers

‘The majonty of the rural people have litle asses and small earings, Therefore, the soviveconomic evelopment of the majority of rural people i the major concer of e government Most of the rural

‘development organizations ofthe Goverment have # gel fnetonal network in alae fn aditon, there

‘av mote lian a towand NGOs working in rural areas Landess and the poor fanning households te the Prinary tage lente ofthese NGOs His esate that NGOs working i income generating acts cover

2 ol of about 12 milion sgt group members Medium and large-scale farmers afe it a telauvely

‘advantageous postion as they possess soc power and Fave beter aeces to cet institations, although not Without some! coasts, They are also well accommodated i the existing bsnking facies under the

‘crepreeurship development programme Smal and marginal farmets, who costut the mad of the rua Society, are in amore disadvantageous positon, Since they possess cuivahe fan, although this lands Felativly small ¢benveca 02 and 06 ho}, ty are aeiter covered by NGO programs nar do they have

‘erculural ian buts wot adequate to support tei tvelinoe Aquaculture hs the potential suport his [Toop of clients have acess to Waterhog, deserve pint atention especially th rep»dl ta teehblog ad iôvHufoml oa certain extent Therefore for sustainable development, the small and marginal farmers, who rei suppor

+ Too many gosersment orgaizasons and NGOs involved in aquaculture support services with pleating and overapping activites

+ High invesment costs for development ni use confliets, ack of seewity and infatructre fhclies, ands high fequency of nara dates in the county

+ Lick of understanding om the past ofthe farmers about the basic peinciple of fre aguaculare systems

Multiple use and muls-oweship of pads and other water bodies

Shoe tem lease policy forthe publi water bodies for aquaculture development

Limied seco public water bodies fr pen and cage cla,

[NGOs activities are mainly limit othe landless an the poorest farmers, overlooking dhe ral all se and marginal Famers who ae iavolved mostly with rr aguscaltie proton,

Limited accessibility of aguafamers to nsutoaa cred from comm=rial Banks

[Lack of ordination between the commercial bak, extension agencies and aguafames a the Fld love

+ Complex credit noms partic

ly security and cllatra! sytem r aqtneulurecrodit

56 Opportunites fr integrated development

‘Tae local Govemmentinsutons have long experince and tuckground for raat development in Bangladesh Most of such intutons are funcional strong and ecient The mandate of Bangladesh Rural Development Board i oiypement nation wide poverty alleviation programmes though two it covoperaive system for promoting income generating activities for rural poor Tecmical departments ike Depariments of Aaviulture Extension, Fisheries, Livestock ete, ae providing technical suppor services i thee respective elds Moreover, a large number of NGOs ae ofganising target groups ip the url areas hough mito ere programmes Recenly the Goverment has formulated an integrated agriculture policy involving all ecrical

‘departments and NGOs to provide an integrated farming spsem extension services (all etegories of fame

An integrated aquaculture development effort involving all these organization wil vescome the problem of

‘veripping and plicating of national functions, Ths may elp ating sonanabe rl development

‘nthe county The te ter co-operative approach of the Tetegrated Rural Development rogram (RDP) Poputariy known asthe "Comils Model” may'be adopted fr rrataguaculure aes in Bangladesh

6 Conclusions and recommendations

+The cole of various organizations in the development of aquaculture needs to be cleay defined NGOs panicipation i aguaculue development iste be seen as complementary to goverment lots and need wo be encouraged Appropriate and effective coordination among the orgaizations involved should be the bass for proper management of ra resources

+ Imeprated aquaculture development plans should be promoted wi due considerations 19 socio

‘ultra and economic nceds ofthe peopl in the rural areas Besides ponds, the management aspects

‘of unconventional waterbodies such a8 burow pis, paddy elds ahd aural depressions deserve immediate stention for integrated aguaculture A prieipalory approach should be the guing principe ninreucing beter managetent pectic in these waterbodi,

«For small-scale prawn farming, the landowners of each ares should form groups and develop the ponds san migrated complex with common water soply and drsinage canals, In the cate of nasil shrimp farming, the Goverment” should provide a polderspecfic total sntegated

‘evelopment plan invlving small landowners for resolving la use and socal coats

+ Provision of tnsttionsl credit should be considered a part ofthe technology package, Finacial support should be chanilled tough supervised micro credit schemes NGOs patcpation

‘complementary to that of commercial ans sould be encouraged

+ Promotion of smullscale aquafurming to benefit the small and muagial famers should be

‘neotrage Integrated aquaculture lecsolgies shuld be developed lo making it appropriate tothe

rural aquafrmers, Techtoligies to be taastered should be in package form and ined technology, ining and ret super

‘An integrated squacaltre development approach tat tes ino account both the techie aspects oF

‘aguscutue development and the socio-eeopamie noes of he rural poor and sal eae fame shou be posue for sustainable integrated rural development proganie,

7 References

Bangladesh Bank 1997, Arnal Report (1996-97) 64 pp

Bhuiyan, AK.MA & Choudhury, SN 1995 Freshuaier Aguicilare, Potent, Constins snd Manigerient Needs for Susatable Developmen Proceedings of the Narional Workshop on Fisheles Resources i Banpladsh 20% October ~ at November, 1998, Nis of Fisheries & Livestock, Bangladesh

jn Collabortion with BOBPFAQODA 113 pp

Department of Fisheries (DOF) 1986 Water area statics of Bangladesh 1986, Fisheries Irmation Bulletin, (2), Dhaka, Banglades, Depart ot Fsksie 2 pp,

Government of Bangladesh (GOR) 1997 The Fifi Five Your Pha (2997-2002) Panning Conumisien,

‘Govemment ofthe People's Republic of Bangladesh 253 pp,

Government of Bangladesh (GOB) 199%, Banglades Economic Review, Ministry of Fiaznce, Goverment ofthe People’s Repbic of Banglades,

Government of Bangladesh (GOB) LVAD, National Foeres Poy Bags, Ministry of Fis

Livestock, Government ofthe Peoples Republic of Hangiaesh 36 pp ries &

Status and role of aquaculture in rural development in China

chen Siayong Bureau of Fisheries, Minsty of Agriculture, Being, Chin

2, Aquaculture development

2A Aquaculture production trend (1993-1997)

‘Chisa’sfsbries development policy is strongly oicate towards development of aquaculture As 2 esl, ter ie significa postive impact on equacuftare grodction which hasbeen gong up seal, Daring, the five years rom 1995 to 1997, aquaclate production bạ eteased am 9.69 millon tonaes if 1993 19

20277 milion tonnes in 1997, an intease by 2.12 tines During the same pstod the contribution of

‘aquacultre tothe total aquatic production has ao inerese signin Tom 524 percent to $6 percent The

‘counuy accounts for abou 66 perceot ofthe world aquatic ouput om aquaculture The tend of aquaculture

‘production in China daring the fst ive yeas shown inthe following whe

‘Table 1: Aquaculture production in China (1993-1997)

Aquaculture “Total fisheries

2.2 Aquacalture farming systems

Chinese aquiculuve systems can be divided broadly into freshwater aquaculture and cowstal aquaculture The freshwater aquaculture encompasses ch farming in ponds, fakes, reservoirs rivers canals pad Fields ete Coastal aquaculture implies sh aang in coastal waters, shallow Sas, mud flats ad bays,

Out of a tat area of 17.87 mien ba of avilable inland freshwater, an area of (6.78 milion ha is considered suitable for aquacuiture Out of this sbout 4.66 salon ha wee wilied for

‘aquaculture by 1993, acountng for 616 percent of the available resources In 1997 the ara unde uslizaton

‘of aquscalar went upto 4.95 allion ha to cover 73.4 perceat of the suitable farming areas Besides horizontal

‘expansion of aquacullie during this period there were so tarked chages in culture practices The stats of quaculre in diferent ypes of Geshwater esoucss is eulined below

Ponds

‘Tere were 1.596 milion ha of ponds with average annual fish reduction of 3079 hatin 1993 In

1997, the area increase to about 1994 milion ha and the average annual producton also went up t0 $474 ky

tt indicating an increase of 125 and 1.46 tines in atea under culture and average yield respectively

Lakes

‘There were abou 0.71 milion ba of water area in the form of lakes producing an average of $26 kp ác yet iy 1993, The aea wereased 10 O88 elon ba with average yield of 921 kg hae yeti 1997, reotding

sm ineeas of 124 and 175 mes in area under operation ad average yiel respectively

Rivers and canals

Aguacsle activities never nd canal lo indicated a increasing tend, Te atea under ives and canals that cover 0.334 milion ha and yicding about 980 ky hal ye in 1993, nreased 0 0.371 millon ho

‘wih an average yeld of 1623 ky hal in 197, this accounting fx an intease of about I and 1.65 ses in tenn of arc and average yield respectively

Reverie

These were 1439 milion ha of reserois in 1993 yielding an average of 376 ky hal yr The ae increased to 1568 zilion hain 1997 witha average annual Yield of 743 kg hI recording an ietease of 109

nd 1.98 times a terms of area and yield respectively

Paddy fields aquacsltere

‘Thore were 0.799 milion ha of ie fits wader rcefsh cute and veking an average of 232 kg of fish perba in 1993, The area under rice-fisb cular increased 1 1.308 milion ka with simltneous increase in sverige ye of fish reaching 349 kg hil in 1997 reonding a crease of 1163 ahd ies in agen and ied respectively

Coastal aquaculture

‘There ate about 26 milion ba of sallow seas, mas and bays sutable for aguaculue in the

<ounsy About 0588 milion ha were under uizaton for aquaculture ia 1993 accountng Tor only 28 percent

‘ofthe suitable aea availble inthe cout Up t0 1997, the area under esse increased 100958 milion ha, thas covering about 36 percent of the available ares, fn 1997, dere were 0168 milion ha of shallow seas, (0.8 mon ha of bays and 0.59 milion ha of md fate used fr aquaculture yelling an average prodtion of B4 kehế,

“Thờ clemly ndates that during the last ive years there was significant vertical s wel as orieonta expansion of aguucultue i Chia

23 Aquaculture species

Along with the improvement of people's living standan, the demand for high valve and more tition aguatie products neessing The demand for conventional species, however is optus 1 se The form s becoming the new srowang rca for aguacultue ad te key factor to easre sustainable development

——

Conventional species: Black carp, grass carp, silver cap and ahead cam are the conventional_spesis for (Chinese aquaculture: ln 1997, these four spetes entries about 7376 milion tomes acownting for st 60 erent of the tla feshvateraquaculee production thereby indicating an ieease of about 174 percent eompared to 1993 production

Softshell turtle culture: Softshell ure s known for its invigorating properties, end mtridonal a6 well 3x

‘edicnal values, Softshell tle culture i also fueraive due to high pice and big maet demaad With the radu improvement in culture techniques during the fas 18 years, hee is pra iperease nts proton It pation his increased from merely 4 000 Torey i 1983 to DOD tonnes in 1997, tenfold ncesse,

‘hu creating an unprecedented growths Chins fisheries history

el culture: Eel cultre sted in Chins ding ealy 1970s, Although price luchAden hah in domestic and

‘ntemational markets has adversely affected the eel evlure dusty, ce cltre isl showing a inesase albeit at slower ate

Mitten erab: From the hogintng of 1990, miten crab clare China has developed fom extensive Farming

‘i open waters fo intensive cage farming I also cultured wth fis la paddy Rls Th culture indy = expanding slowly Within the bt five years, mite crab cutie has boen iereasng at rate of shoot 20/000 toanes per year Minon era ouput yas 17500 tonnes in 199, isreasig wo 100 O00 ronnc by 1997

Status and role of aquaculture in the rural economy

Improvement in rural fod farming

Asan imporast sector in rural coonomy: fishes combats sigiicanly to the rural farming sector providing goinhll employment and improving the overall economy The ahưc øŸ faheievaquseulhue in Sgvcafure i coatiouusly increasing The contbuton Ÿ the fisheries sector inthe overall ral cemomy bac

‘reread rom 1 percent during early day ofthe psoples repli of China to (D6 percent in 1997

‘quate products wil have a sparing effect on coasumprion of gan

Aquaculture production was 20.276 milion toes in 1997 If we consis ts protein convetion cate

‘o guain, i coresponds tô 40.882 milion toones of grain, Fuiber, compared 10 livestock and poly, aguaculae s rain saving Besides, fish can also eabance the yield of paddy trough dices farming by improving land fen and elminaig pests A series of surveys eared out by expers indicated hat cbout {percent increase in gain yield could Be acioved

1s generally agrd tht the development of aauacultre hs significant and postive impact on snmalpetsin supply an nsrtionl standards besides enriching the green basket of ban and rl resents, suring foo seeurity and overal economic improvement of rl communis,

33 Poverty reduction 1d employenent generation in rural areas

China has surplus rural labour fore but lower ve of wtiztion,Inceasing woseployment inthe ral sector ib adversely affecung the ral economy As with other counties, the rua communities of

‘mountainous regions ate rlavey por due to aaiabiliyof ined rosourees and glavely tower level of income Although poverty reduction in these ates is oe of the pity programmes of th goverment the ak

‘sical to achieve due o many constrains andlnitd resources Aquaculture can make a area conbibutoa

to absorbing eal suplusIsbour snd improving people's come ia wpland areas Employment in aqucultire increased ffm 2.274 milion #n 1993 to 3292 milion in 1997 I clearly ncates that within five yeu, aguaeulor has been able to steate over one milion jobs The average net come per sh farmer and pot

Inoue are heen 3974 Y'and 6846 ¥,espectively Avalbiiy of water, inna evel of polation, adequate Period of warmer climatic conditions forthe growth of fish, ete offer great potential for improving the

"3 1

34 Chinas experience in aquaculture develop

The reasons for rpid development of aquaculture are related to he following:

‘The primary factor is considered to be the approptinte policy eavironment forthe development of aquaculire Based on optim use of available aquatic resources, abundant labour force and making

‘provement củtưe teeboolsgie: Aqiaclrre ouput supased marine catches in 1988 Ta 1997, the tland sguaculir ouput reached 12367 mill tonnes, accoing for BO preen 0ƒ the ti ñedmader sh production,

‘Market reforms wih those luted wo fsheris and aquaculture have led tthe development ofa srs

‘of appropriate pice and stating favourable environment for he growth of the sector Fisheries production thyough ạ "conude syste” and approach of “mutual coexistence” has become popula The price of aquaic products is now regulate by the Mael, The management is aking advantage ofa co-ordinated process of Production, sippy and marketing

Research and development have also played an important cole in aquaculture development in China

“Hủy h resulted in ingroung the efficiency af aguacllaretebolopies, Presa fa culture China as boon able to expand by 241 percent ip area while yield merase is about 1119 percent Rescarch and development iastutions, squaculug'sheies education and taping cenes, atl Secondary sehools Tor fishenes have hoon stated or existing instttions have Been strengthened farther i marine, coal sd

‘important land ates Hus esoures developrant efor have ano bean made to spor rent foe the development of farming ecmolgies, genetic iprovernent envzormentl care and cniol a sas,

Efforts bave also been made to ublize wastelands People are encouraged to develop aquaculture in low-lying or slink land, halos waters nd mas, Farther, leehnologies have ave beon developed ar the eur of high vals spocies anon the oer Band extensive fish clei poy ls

In summary, aquacultare has played a moran ole in the overall develope! of teal evoaoay

‘iw China and we are suze it may play asin fle mother counties oF the region

‘Status and role of aquaculture in rural development in Indonesia

Purwanto Directorate of Fishery Resources Management Directorate General of Fisheries

Indonesia

1, Summary of sector overview

Fisheries production in Indonesia increase from 2.7 milion tonnes to 46 milion tonnes during the period from 1987 191997 (Table 1 The annual rae of growth in fisheries production is about 5.55 percent

‘uring his period About 76 percent ofthe teal Fisheries production in 1997 resulted fm marine fishes The

‘quatiy of marine fisheries production in 1997 (2.5 milion tonnes) is about $6 percent of the maxiroum Sustainable yield (MSY) (63 millon tonnes) (National Scenic Commies on the Assessment of Marine Fishery Resouces, 1998) Sine the target reference por in the management of fisher) resources in Indonesia

as about 80 percent of MSY, a allowable crease of marine Fahey production was about |S million tones

“Therefore, the alternative source of fish supply i Indonesia inthe uxt century Would be fom aquaculture

‘rockshwater pends were black tiger prav and mlkfish, while the main species culvatd in Heshwater ponds, cages a paddy feds was common carp There isa possiblity to develop aquaculture to be the main Hee fis supply in Indonesia as this county has a number of comparative advantages which include: (3) availability of natural resoures, for example wild broodstocks and potential areas for aguacufure (i) valabiliy of experienced and shlled human resourees, as aquacuure has been practised by Indonesia fish famers since the begining of the ffeenh century (Rabanal, 198%); (ii) relatively conducive and good nvgonmentleonitons and (close proximity tothe world market o fishery products

20

“The fisheries cco positively contributes othe Indonesian economy, even ding ses of econamic

‘tunnol With the avaabily of fsenes cesources,scuding unde-espoited fish socks and penal teas fo aquaculture development, this sub-scetor yl be develope fires to help boosting the Indonesian eonomy The

‘min objective of he developmen programe is increase the expr of fiers commode nore o ease the faeign exchange etmnings (DG, 1998b), The other objectives of the programme ae to incese ers ad farmers’ income, 10 provac ew emgloyment opporusties and 10 ietease domestic Tah consumption Developmen of aguacultae is exposes to consbute about 74 percent of foregn exchange earings (DGF, 1%)

‘The rin clued species wll be maine dưinge chat an backishwater ponds, wih are expeced to

<contibut wo this oF the foreign exchange earnings expec Other species that wil be elated ince seo

‘ass, groupers, peal oysters and seaweeds, Freshwater agile, conducted in ponds ad cages Wi aso be eveloped further o secure and increase fish supplies as cheap source of protein fr domestic consumption,

‘bjetves of the development included increasing domestic fish consumption sereaing foreign exchange arungs, supplying raw mses for industries apd raising the income and standart of living of fishers aod Rà-Bemen,

Aquaculre development sas carried nại (ưnngh ae main actives, namely extensifation, imtensifestion and aiversiieation, Extesieaion amples bingiae more areas unde Ue fold of aguacultre Consructon of ew ponds or or aguaculure files ad sing fess sophisticated technologies and ewer level of inputs fteasiieton 15 geared to inerease the productivity ofthe exiting care practices, while iveriiation relates to the culture of oer spaces besides those tadinaly grown befere,

‘The success of aquaculture development depends not ony onthe availabilty of production inputs bu tho on several olerfitos which ich, among others, the Skill F the Tames, availablity of approprite Production and postharvest technologies, availablity of infastuctre faites (or example ap gation

‘stem, conducive aproimatic and envionment conditions, markets ahd price Therefore, development

‘scuries to achieve the objectives of aquaculture development consisted of () extension and Waning fr fishers tnd fshfamers in order to increase their skills, (i) development of extension and taining faites, (i) evelopment of packages of reduction and postharvest chuologies, (i) development of inastuctre facies, an (9) sustainable environmental manngstent

About 4 000 extension officers had boon recruited hy 1993 to intensify he waning and extension aetlilee To futher support thei activites, the government had aso developed extension and waning cents,

‘demonstration pons an ages in ares tht have potential for aquaculture development,

Apmroprsteaquacukure technologies have been developed by three eentss under the Directorate General of Fisheries, samely the Backishwater Asuaculture Development Cente, eshwater Ageacltue Development Cee, and the Freshwater and Marcutue Development Cente The Cente for Fish Quality and Processing Development under the DGF developed asious packages of postharvest technologies Prior to inteeaction tothe farmers, production technologies developed by there centres were tested though extensive Field ils ard ajused for different sites by rovinil Technical Implemeaation Unis

“To supp de aquacultire ative, the Central and Provincia Governments of Indonesia developed sand hiilntel smigation systems and hatcheries, The Central Government fs developed and rehabilitated

1309 of brachishater iigation canal, 77 Fish hatchery ceates, seven marine shrimp Rachey cee, ad five feshwater prawn hatchery centres by 1993, Tae devslopment of htchey cetres i aimed at ensuring the vali of quality of broedsock an ee

a

LBetesen 1909 and 1991, there were sin mor projects supporting the development of brackishwater aquaculture These projets wer’

+ Grckishwater Aqueculture Development Project fonded by the Asian Development Bonk This projet commenced from 19840 1985

+ String und Fist Cultre Development Prost

«Fisheries Support Services Projet funded by the Wodd Bank This project commenced from 1987 0 198s,

+ Second Brackishwater Aquculture Development Projet fimded by the Asian Developmest Bank This projet commenced ih 1990

+ Transmigration Development Projestcormenced frm 1990 to 1991,

‘+ Bckishwater Aquaculture Development Project commenced frm 199219 1993,

In onder to boost the production of evltred shrimps, the Government aso inroduced special programmes of brackishvate pon incusficaon in 12 provinces Ths rogram commenced fons 193 to 1988, a inonsfcation programme was an inodueed to boost fish clare production in pady-felds The Programe commenced in 1989 inolving farmers in to provinces ad fom 199210 1983 involving faces in

1 provines loner to hep those farmers who lak capital, a collaboration between small-seale aguacltare and large-scale aquaculture had also been troduced by the government in 1988 Tas type of collaboration has be>n adopted in the svi ealare industry i at east fur province

‘The govemnent also introduced a poverty allevttion programe from 1992 to 93 to help maleate Ssh farm operators in remate areas Through ths programme he government conducted training and provided cerai ficities and allocated protion costs ow munber of farmers in 138 sts

A sllvofishery programme, stich i a form of integratad mangrove eulvation and brackishwate sqwacaltas, was introduced Before [090 in onder to conserve the mangrove resources whl allowing people to

am an income through aguacultre, The svovfshen projet under the Coastal Area Development Projet

‘ontmenced from 1994 101995 involving fers from eleven dicts in four provinces

‘The programmes an project between 1969 an 1993, a mentioned before, were aimed at ieresing fisheries production Having commenced in 1984, the development was aimed a increasing the quality of Tumaa resources th order to develop a modernising indus The goverument, however, i aso commited alleviating poverty and to sisain natural resources The objectives of te fisbeies developmen programmes Twore 1: () ierease the quay of human resources and their income By optimising the sunuable use of fisheresaquacutreresourees; (i) 4 ineease the supply and dstbution of fisheries eomealtes in ore 10 improve the murs quality ofthe human dt (is) to irene ational employment opperanies: and)

to support tbe development of industry by ensuring increased supply of raw materials wit the ulate im of increased forign exchange earings The policies to achieve these objectives seloded human resources

‘evelopment, fod selF-uticeney, poverty alleviation, ntgrted agribusiness developmen, fisheries reorsee uiization and management, regional development, postlarvest and marketing developmen, development of lnfesuehts, development and ansfr of aquaculture technologies, institutional stengthening txt ner sectoral collaboration

Activities relating tothe development af aquaculture include the following

‘ening or Fish-famers in order increase thei sil;

intensification of rackshwater pon esltae in {provinces

imensificaion of fsh etre in payed in ode o support the development of cape culture evelopment of cage catue in open waters:

‘evelopment and rhabihation of gation canal lo provide water fr brackishwater ponds:

evelopment of fs manne shrimp and feshwaer pray hatcheries including small-salebckyant btehenes and

1 deslopment of appropiate aquaculture techlogis,

The polities and econonne tol ofthe lite 0s as push he goverment to make fan chang

in their development eogrununs Since 189% the jevernnent his comiitel 9 res programe in ont 0

‘eoover the nauonal eonomsAquacitre develope Flitedprogratnies and pects have steed x positive impact By inceaing fish rodasio, farmers acon, export af ate pets, Fish consuption

‘ia enplosment generation

22 Status and development impacts

Various aquaculture developmen activites have resulted in a significant snereace in aguacviire productos (igure 1 Aquaculture production recoded an aml ros ale of 63 petent fom 1993 1997,

“Annual grow rates of aquaculture production frm brackiswater pols freshwater ponds, capes ad pad Fields ane 43 perent 7.6 percent 1S percent and 89 peresn, spective

As mentioned previously, the development of aguacutte in Indonesia i aim to increase fsbeies production for domes consumprion and for export Bsa on the sata! data puis by DOF (39), Ssuaculire production sokl for domestic conwimion was eximated $9 be abu 7 percent of the tte Sguaculue producon iz 1996 The bale of fch produced i Backishwatr and freshwater pons, cages sa

ah fields ere sold in domestic marks Ship an ptoupers produced fort backshwater aquaculture a

‘arcu facies vespoctively were largely exported

‘sn increase in fish supplies for domestic consumption has esl wan inesase in pe capita fh consumption The average quali of sh eonsuned has ereased Tom 15.6 hy person it 98) to 19 kg erson in 1997, The per capita fish consumption in rl ares as ines đệm 98 hg af fs Fis an 2k kg of processed Bah in 1997,40 1.2 hg of Fes fish and 308 ke of processed Hh in 1990 (DG, 1993)

‘Table 2, Number of fish farmers by type of culture, 1992-1996 in 1000 people)

Fresbwater pd clue Cốc olure TH 8 ECE ms as see

Riess ule a vU d6 toss

Toil Tây HN) Tân

See DFT

‘The tums of local employees engaged inthe shrimp entre indasty, for example, was estimated 0

‘be about 287 000 in 1995 Cables) The oa esinated amount received as wages by the rmployses during this ena was about Rp 488 billion yea

Previously, the role of women in aquaculture management was smaller than dat of men Women

‘managed less tan 10 pores! of te houscold squaculure in tesbwater and brackisbwate ponds and in cages 1m 1993 (CBS, 1996), Women had « more significant roe in managing maceutre, about 16 percent of the

‘arcaltire hosel in 1993 ing managed by women However, the opportunity for women 10 gain

‘employment as paid workers on fish fam was egual that of men About 48 percent of wakers employed in freshwater aquacultie and cage culture were women (CDS, 1996) Dering (993, the percentage of women

‘employed as frm workers in brockshwaer assure and marculewe Wete 34 and 6 percent especvely (CBS, 1996}

Table 3, Estimation of the number of employees and hel total wages, 1995

shrimp ponds of workers number of workers estat

‘Aquaculture development has had a significant ad positive impact on the income of fumes The resus of eases conducted by the Directorate General of hes show thatthe itcome of brackishwater fish fannste in Pasunian Distst increased from Rpt milion Howser" in 1990 10

pS milion howshold "year! in 1991 (DG, 1998), However, aguaeutue was not the mai source oF icome for freshwater pond, eae a ee-sh culture househols in 1998 (CBS, 1996) Aquaculture was the ony oF :maia source of income for percent ofthe Ireshvaier pond and ce-fis culture households ab 23.6 perent

‘te ee alte hansen 1098 (CBS, {996) Their ain sete of income was hom agrelave, ah onary, aquscultue Was the main sour of income for 63 percent of the bracishwater pond ature households and $7 percent ofthe marci houseolds in 1993 (CBS, 1996) The second main source of income was also fom sgrcutate

Development of aquacultue also resulted in indiret benefits to the mal communes The indrest benefits of shamp eultue development, for example, inctuded improvement of roads, iigaion syste, vali oflsciely an the opportunity to carryout New economic aeivities related to shiny cute and Servies for shin culture employees,

3 Rural aquaculture systems

Pond fi cultures the most popu form of squacultre system practised by Innes farmers The area of pond culate wis aout 744 peeent ofthe toll aquacultue aes (Table 4), Developmeat isthe late

Ds, hotter shows a considerable iorease of cage culture wih an annual growth rte of 57 pee

Table 4 Aquaculture area by type af culture i Indonesia (1987-1996),

tse

‘The mais species cultivated in brickshwster ponds are black tiger svi and milks (Figure 2 However, common camp # the mai species culvaled in feshwater ponds, cages and paddy feds, As

‘mentions earier, some ih species ne also cited in Brackihwater ponds The prction of fisies from,

‘ckishwater ponds also india! aniactessng teal daring the peed 1986-1996 (Figure 2 Based on the data on brackish water pond ealire production for 1985-1996 (DG, 1998) here were virtually ao nestve effet rom shiny cltze onthe supply of elt fish

Figure 2: Aquacolture prodction by the main cultured specles, 1979-1997 Indonesian farmers followed a thee pronged approach to develop their shrimp culture, name imensitication of the ening shrimp monecalture ponds conversion of mikish cult ponds iio simp ronoeulse ponds and extension of shrimp monoculture and poiyeuiture ponds, The shrimp culture industry was Supported by 233 hatcheries with the taal production capi of 5 ton polars Year The indy was so sopprted by 45 feed factors, producing 526 ON Tonnes of fee pe yar

Tn the carly stages ofthe Indonesian shrimp cule development, simp fet had 1 be imported

‘esting in sizible amount of thei foreign exchange earings beng use to Pay for the ipo of fed Fortunately, the investment in he sin fed est in Indonesia has seresed eh the developmen f the shrimp cukute The feed mul industry producing 526 000 tonnes of fod per year ia 1995, cou sap the Simp cular indus al the precton level of 263 00 tones per yer when is fod conversion fat ws

“1 Looking at the prosuston of cultured ship in 1996, whieh as about 151 O00 tones, seem that the Teva requirement fo sbi eultr could be sulin et bythe domestic ee fctois and heretore could

‘Sse sient proporson of foreign exchange emings

2s

Direct bane of shiny culture 1 the farmers ws indicated by thee net eum, Results of the socio conomic studies two dsc, Pasuruan and Pat, eondocted by the Dnetorte General of Fists show Thar te average income of fers gained fom shim culture Was gfeate Han that fom milMfeh cú (DGF, 1994, 1998) Vanable cost, gross ress and gross margin gained fom sr claret 2.5 ba pond

‘in Karavang (nnesi) 3 erent stocking densities preserted in Tale S The resis shown in Table 3 Indicate Wat intensification of production resulted in subsantal inctease in famets’ income, Howeset, intensification of cultured shrimp production i asocied with ghe level of isk (Purwanto, 1997)

roc, ro Pare ad gost mara

Ea gaMe prions vary according to the size of harvested shrimp and the season (Purwante, 1997), CConsequeily, te farmers income abo Cuctates aceording Seasons

There are a mumber of environmental issues flevant to aquaculture development The isms suerounding simp calure in brackihwater ponds and warp cule sn cages are manly related Wo the Intensification of production, The ilemifcation shoul nt be higher than the environmental caring capaci tevsinain aguacoltire srt reduce the sk ae HE ith the Setensics ot produeton, The ether sues

‘eleva to shiz culture aclu the removal of mangroves and the outbreak of daca

.Oxerinesifedionnf eufueel strimp production may resin a declining tend of pond produstivi CCamsegtsmy, te prot of shri pods may decrease With tine (Purwan, 1997), However, tian be

"Sgnfiestlyinproved by the proper tanagement af the soi quality (Parent, 1997) Te desing rate oF ond prodsctvity wth time en ifr sith locations (Purwanto, 1997}, which nenh đen so eatmest

‘asus to manta the soi quality Consegucutly the cst of management of sol quality could also dite for

“ferent festons,

‘The itensiication of eared shrimp production i associated with several isk factors Consequently maximising income by intensifying proicion reslls in increased isk Purwanto (1997) analysed the frvionmental risk involved in shrimp Taxing and showed he wade-of between maximising income and Fnimising risk n shrinp coftre One example of the nhà reAling Eọm te intensification of tp

‘rodustion was Be outbeak and the spread of discases along the nother coast of Java This ws cased by

‘ral daemex sich as monodon baculovis and hepatopanetcae parvelie ins, end bacteia is the Icpatopancres (ADB and GÓI 1998), The lowss resting from the dsease probleme seed by the Ipdoneuen shrimp suture inary’ from 2989 t9 1902 were about USS 248 mullion (ADB and GO, 1994),

However, only few farmers considered the isk inthe eaeulaton of rection cost sn inthe panning of thế production setiviies, Paras (1997) incorporated she environmental rein the analysis for prediction

“Scholuling and allocating ited resources ofthe stiaied fas in Karesang (indonesia) The result suggest

‘hot ty mers thold sigt xem lens pndacie sytem sith the stocking densites of [4 and 18 sip fey m for most ofthe ponds scheduled là bẹ tpgrled in orler tý vmalanesely mayimis Instmne and cmủnmie the Fk

Mangroves play important sole it sipping the costal soaystem Martosbroto and Nain (1977) showed a postive coelation between wld shin proton ad the ates of mangtove Toteore the

‘eforestation of mangrove aes ca rest dovtaxe i the production of id snp The are of mangrove

in Indonesia reported to deerme during the period 1982-1993 fs shown in Table 6 The arc of mangrove has estes by about | lion ha and about 8 nillion he dn the period 1982-1987 an 1987-1998, respocavely On the oer hand she area of tackisivatee ponds speeased enly by about 40-000 ha and thousand dng the pero fom 1982 to 1987 and tom T9KT to 1993, respectively This mđeatox at oss aquaculture was not the main activity causing the mangrove desuctin a Indonesia,

“Table Areas of mangrove and brachshwater ponds i Indonesia (in 1000 ha)

(Cop cure is praised in pons, raceways, loting net cages an bamboo cages It seems that the problems ated eo the ensronmen ve fund ih cage cule sing ota hanh cages i seers aM Inkes Considerable development of sb eats ete nthe ket nổ cute However, the fi airs rating et cage wllre i aks and reservoirs fen sue from seasonal eop fare The tance among str of eages and beticen cages andthe edge of the eerste lke a Well the mou of pation Svante seems obs the major factors responsible fr sich proms

Losses suffered by fish farmers ia Lake Maninjau West Sumatera Province, resting Som crop faite, for exanple, amounted to 1126 tonnes of cultured Tish in Oster (997 The Toes suing from similar peobloms in Cit, Saguling a Jtuur ceservors, West Java Provinces, wore exc gree han tht Figure A comprehensive management sate Tor aquculire development seeded 4 ope wa fe problem,

4 Current development policies and programmes

As mentioned previously, the levet of shee resoces ization was estimated 9 be about

‘6 percent ofthe potent prodution (626 milion toanes) in 1997, The sour slo bas poten aca for farhcr ental aqunelre development, with more tan 8500 sale fr tracisuster pods and Ll afc sabe for msiulture of mae thar Sli ha (DGF 19984) These potential Tiseres resources cat

re m consilerble benefits to tral communities, provided tha the natural resources ae ated Vo 8 Stsinable way though proper plains nl managemet

‘The fisheries sector sil positively conrbuies to (he Indonesia ecoaoty đưểng thế cưng seonoPic

‘urmo Comparing the contituton f ch economic sector to the growth of the national sonoma the fist

‘quer of 1998, agsicultue, ncuding faeries, tthe only actor tat grew postvely (Strom, 1998) Further,

‘ven the total foreign exchange eamings of Indonesia for export also decreased during the st quarter of

1998 (Surono, 1998), foreign exchange earings fom sgrcutural export neessed considerably (Suron, 198; Sohagyo, 1998) This wns mini dục tothe ness in the export of» aumber of commodities including frozen sHvinps and fish (Surono, 1998) Share of ship and fish expt inthe foreign exchange earning fom the export ofall agricultural cmmesities was about 4 percent is ems oF value (Subaaye, 1998),

Realising the conibution of the Fisheries sco 1th national economy during the period of economic crisis and the pteatial avaiable for developmeat of ths sectr, etfs are Deng made to develo fares se & esse fo recover the Inmesian esonomy A special scheme called “Programme to Boost Fisheries Export (PROTEKAN 2005)", hat eon intoduced fo the iterated development of cape Fisheries and aguaculire, Including thế đownsncam and upsteam industes, to boost the economy The sain objective of this rojranime i to hoo he export of fisheries emis in det ere foreign exshnge earings The oer Objectives of the programine are to inoeaee hen" sai Tamers’ income, fete aionl erplayrent

‘oppor alto inrese the availabilty of fish for domestic consumption, However, the area munber of

‘Strains that may act te accomplishment of hese objets robles in aguas iclae rimp disease

‘utbrens,inadoqiste irigation sym, and nitions of capa and ice caahitcs, To achieve the fbjeutives, aquaculure will e sippored with product gusty provement, peek civesifistion, maskel

‘development, he development of inosmucure fais and the improvement ofthe quay of him resources engaucd in the series sector Hazard Analysis and Ceca Control Point (HACC) wil be appli a5 one efor to

“n#sse the quality of aquatic products Meanwhile, the code of eo for respoonibe Titres management

“Moped in arying ou the development programms i order 1 gurance the usualy ofthe Resouces ad Thế cmuirommenl

Aquacultre will ke developed though ) intesifcation of under-usized existing auaeshuse aca, and i) the extension of agarvlare areas mo the penal areas cube the Java Ish The developnent of

‘quacuhure i expected o contibute about 74 percent of targeted foreign exchange earings The main euturcd Species will be mare shrimps, which ae expected to conbute two-brd of the fore exchange earings tangted” Other species tut wil be culated elude scabs, groupes, peal oyster and seuvesd Frese set leo be developed fae to sesure apd o increase fish supplies ea cheap poten source for

‘domestic consumption

An integrated projet tbe fared hy the Government of Japan, hasbeen proposed by the Government

of Indonesia in onder to boost the quaniiy and quality of aquaeutie production and 10 stan Pesent

‘guacultare activites The projet activites would consist oF

rehabilitation of boackishwatesiigtion cal;

‘emonsiaton of brackishater pod cult

relnbltation of shshrimp disease laboratories

ouision of mobile Fists disease laboratories

‘onstruction of simpTsh handling space and povsin of handling equipment: and

‘kvciopment and rehablation of ental shin fsh hatcheries wider the Provincial Goverment tnd hatceces managed by Technical Implementation Unts under the Disetorae General of

Fisheries

“The project was planed to he implemented during the period from 1999 v0 2000

5 References

Asian Development Bank & the Goverament of Indonesia 1994, Shrinp healt management ant disease

‘omol stds USA, Aquatic Farms Li, Cans, Hlfeld Consultants Li and Indonesia Amyths Experts &

—

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ational cleat Conamitte onthe Asessneat of Marine Fishery Resouress 198, Potent de

pemvebaan sumberday ln id perairan Indonesia, [Marine cry resources ad dsribation bx Indonesian wary akat, Komi Nasional Penghajan Siok Sumer ha Lat

“Ministry of Eovironment, Department of Forestry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Department of Home [Affairs and the Mangrove Foundation 1997 National rote fr mangos managemont Indo (Onis ofthe Minister of Favionment, Deparment of Fores, indonesian lsiate of Sienees, Depurtmest of ome Affas, and te Mangrove Foundavon July 1997

‘he policy and programe of mercsin the expo oF Fishery pro's, DOF, Jakarta,

ono, S 1998 Passi prods dan indus peranian Indonesia serta cntxpas terhadp er plohalicast dan Dperdagangan bebar {Position of Ionian sarcurarl indies and products and anticipation of

‘lobalzaton and re rade ea and econone criss) paper presented inthe meting for peparns the policy

Si programme of meres the export of Fishery prits, DO, aka,