The Linguistics Structure of Modern English

http benjamins http benjamins comseriesz156workbookworkbook html The Linguistics Structure of Modern English (Laurel J Brinton and Donna M Brinton) 2010 NOTEː Highlighted exercises are extra (for high achieving students), which requires students to read the textbook besides the slideshows English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2 2 English Consonants 1 Give a complete description of the consonant sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound Example.

The Linguistics Structure of Modern English (Laurel J Brinton and Donna M Brinton) 2010

NOTEː Highlighted exercises are extra (for high-achieving students), which requires students to read the textbook besides the slideshows

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.2: English Consonants

1 Give a complete description of the consonant sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound

Example: /tʃ/

Answer: voiceless alveolopalatal affricate

Word: cherry

(a) /θ/ (e) /r/

(b) /ŋ/ (f) /j/

(c) /ʒ/ (g) /ɡ/

(d) [ɫ]

2 Give the phonetic symbol representing the consonant sound described and then supply

an English word containing the sound

(a) voiced alveolopalatal affricate

(b) aspirated voiceless bilabial stop

(c) alveolar flap

(d) dentalized alveolar nasal

(e) voiced bilabial nasal

(f) voiceless labiodental fricative

(g) voiceless glottal fricative or voiceless vowel

3 Of the sounds in questions (1) and (2)

(a) Which never occur word initially in English?

(b) Which never occur word finally in English?

(c) Which occurs only word or syllable initially before a stressed vowel?

(d) Which sound replaces /t/ or /d/ between vowels for most North American speakers?

(e) Which occurs only before dental sounds?

(f) Which involves labialization?

(g) Which sound can also be analyzed as a complex sound?

(h) Which sound is produced only following vowels?

(i) Which are sibilants?

4 Give the phonetic symbol for the initial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words

(a) rhetoric (f) cereal (k) psalm (p) gnat

(b) one (g) jaguar (l) chorus (q) wrong

(c) know (h) unity (m) chaste (r) zero

(d) Thomas (i) pheasant (n) charade (s) ghost

(e) sure (j) theme (o) shave (t) science

5 Give the phonetic symbol for the medial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words

(a) toughen (f) away (k) listen (p) author

(b) visage (g) errand (l) plumber (q) lather

(c) alloy (h) ocean (m) cupboard (r) psyche

(d) descent (i) adjourn (n) soften (s) future

(e) azure (j) aghast (o) measure (t) lawyer

6 Give the phonetic symbol for the final consonant sound(s) in each of the following words

(a) froth (f) itch (k) phase (p) mall

(b) miss (g) sign (l) lathe (q) rough

(c) stomach (h) niche (m) tongue (r) beige

(d) indict (i) hiccough (n) comb (s) hopped

(e) ledge (j) ooze (o) brogue (t) solemn

7 For the words – anger, finger, wringer, as opposed to hanger, ringer, singer – can you

see a rule at work which determines whether the -g is pronounced or not? (Hint: Are the – er's the same in all of the words?)

8 (a) In which of the following words is one of the stops likely to be unreleased?

right leap accent carry scepter backpack

(b) In which of the following words is the /t/ or /d/ likely to be flapped in North American English?

plotter filter muddy hidden middle pattern

(c) In which of the following words is nasal or lateral release likely to occur?

madness maudlin sideline ignore tippler madly

(d) In which of the following words is the /l/ likely to be "dark" (velarized)?

alive Carl pal kill play loom

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.3: English Vowels

1 Give a complete description of the vowel sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound

(a) /uː/

(b) /e/

(c) /ɪ/

(d) /ɔɪ/

(e) /aʊ/

2 Give the phonetic symbol representing the vowel sound described and then supply an English word containing the sound

(a) short low front neutral monophthong

(b) long mid back rounded monophthong

(c) high front (lax) to (upper) mid central diphthong

(d) mid front to high front (lax) diphthong

(e) long mid central neutral monophthong

3 Of the vowel sounds in questions (1) and (2)

(a) Which never occur in a stressed open syllable?

(b) Which diphthong may be "raised" before voiceless consonants?

(c) Which may be replaced by /ɑ/ by some speakers?

(d) Which is a "reduced" vowel?

(e) Which is a centring diphthong?

(f) Which are closing diphthongs?

(g) Which involve labialization?

4 Give the phonetic symbol for the vowel sound in each of the following words.

(a) build (h) young (o) mourn (v) throw (cc) burn

(b) gauge (i) stop (p) style (w) slim (dd) hook

(c) threat (j) fruit (q) heart (x) weigh (ee) goose

(d) plaid (k) wolf (r) war (y) through (ff) blood

(e) earn (l) feud (s) proud (z) their (gg) die

(f) brought (m) vein (t) break (aa) peace (hh) toe

(g) town (n) flax (u) cute (bb) face (ii) shoe

5 Transcribe the full vowel in the word in column A and the corresponding reduced vowel

in column B

(a) diploma diplomatic

(b) assume assumption

(c) notify notification

(d) migrate migratory

(e) implicit implication

(f) emphatic emphasis

(g) harmonic harmony

(h) tempestuous tempest

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.4: Transcription (Elementary)

1 Give complete (broad) transcriptions of the words in Exercise 2.2, questions 4, 5, and 6, and Exercise 2.3, question 4

2 Give broad transcriptions of the following near homophones

(a) click (b) candid (c) tired (d) sweat (e) bade

clique candied tarred sweet bad

tirade

3 Give the two English words represented by each of the following transcriptions.

Example: /heər/ hair, hare

(a) /kærət/ (e) /ɜːn/ (i) /ˈhɒstəl/

(b) /fraɪər/ (f) /nəʊz/ (j) /ɡreɪt/

(c) /kɔːrs/ (g) /ɡrəʊn/ (k) /taɪm/

(d) /deɪz/ (h) /θruː/

4 Each of the following contains one error in transcription; i.e., it indicates an impossible pronunciation of the word for a native speaker of English Give the word and supply the correct transcription.

Example: /pitsɑ/ word: pizza transcription: /pitsə/

(a) /siːteɪʃən/ (g) /mæɡɪkəl/ (m) /ɔrðəpiːdɪk/

(b) /centʃəri/ (h) /ɒɡsədʒən/ (n) /puːnətɪv/

(c) /sʊnflaʊər/ (i) /briθd/ (o) /kwestən/

(d) /tɔːmkæt/ (j) /strenkθ/ (p) /kʊstəməri/

(e) /ɔɪstərs/ (k) /faɪntli/ (q) /pəplekzt/

(f) /umbrela/ (l) /neɪbərhəd/ (r) /sfɪŋx/

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription

Write out the following proverbial expressions, which are given in broad transcription (a) /ðərəʊdtəhelɪzpeɪvdwɪðɡʊdɪntenʃənz/

(b) /bɜːdzəvəfeðərflɒktəɡeðər/

(c) /ərəʊlɪŋstəʊnɡæðərznəʊmɒs/

(d) /əwɒtʃtketəlnevərbɔɪlz/

(e) /tʃærɪtibɪɡɪnzæthəʊm/

(f) /evriklaʊdhæzəsɪlvərlaɪnɪŋ/

(g) /ɡreɪtmaɪndzrʌnɪnðəseɪmtʃænəlz/

(h) /menihændzmeɪklaɪtwɜːrk/

(i) /stɪlwɔːtərzrʌndiːp/

(j) /ðiɜːlibɜːdkætʃəzðəwɜːrm/

(k) /taɪmændtaɪdweɪtfərnəʊmæn/

(l) /ɒpərtjuːnɪtinɒksbətwʌns/

(m) /əfuːlændhɪzmʌniɑːrsuːnpɑːrtəd/

(n) /ɔːlwɜːrkændnəʊpleɪmeɪksdʒækədʌlbɔɪ/

(o) /əstɪtʃɪntaɪmseɪvznaɪn/

(p) /ɪtteɪkstuːtəmeɪkəkwɒrəl/

(q) /jukɑːntɜːrnəsɑʊzɪərɪntuəsɪlkpɜːrs/

(r) /ənæpələdeɪkiːpsðədɒktərəweɪ/

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.6: Transcription (Advanced)

1 Give broad transcriptions of the following words

(a) parochial (o) masculine (bb) athletic

(b) ineligible (p) debauchery (cc) moisturize

(c) quintessential (q) sacrilegious (dd) accumulate

(d) habitual (r) deciduous (ee) gigantic

(e) squelched (s) authoritarian (ff) jewelry

(f) parliamentary (t) literature (gg) masochism

(g) hallucination (u) delinquent (hh) orthographic

(h) infuriating (v) cucumber (ii) sanctuary

(i) embarrassment (w) questionnaire (jj) molecular

(j) relaxation (x) psychological (kk) suggestion

(k) exploratory (y) thankfully (ll) differentiate

(l) kaleidoscope (z) awkwardness (mm) calculation

(m) exhaustion (aa) rectangular (nn) therapeutic

(n) museums

2 Transcribe the following words using your normal pronunciation If you know of any other pronunciations, give these as well Then check your answers against the variant pronunciations given

(a) again (p) been (ee) stereo

(b) Tuesday (q) process (ff) produce

(c) progress (r) lever (gg) vase

(d) schedule (s) genuine (hh) blouses

(e) tomato (t) almond (ii) missile

(f) data (u) interesting (jj) asphalt

(g) aunt (v) bury (kk) arctic

(h) resources (w) species (ll) vehicle

(i) sorry (x) longitude (mm) luxury (j) placate (y) prestige (nn) battery (k) catch (z) garage (oo) brooch (l) tomorrow (aa) offense (pp) bilingual (m) capsule (bb) student (qq) apricot (n) route (cc) without (rr) coupon (o) nuclear (dd) calm (ss) leisure

English Consonants and Vowels

Exercise 2.7: Distinctive Features

1 What distinctive feature(s) do the sounds in each set have in common?

(a) /k/, /u/, /ɑː/, /ŋ/ (d) /l/, /ʒ/, /t/, /n/

(b) /b/, /ŋ/, /e/, /ʊ/ (e) /j/, /k/, /iː/, /w/

(c) /f/, /ʃ/, /ə/, /j/ (f) /r/, /ŋ/, /ɔː/, /æ/

2 What feature or features distinguish each of the following sets of sounds? (a) /v/, /ə/ (f) /iː/, /j/

(b) /f/, /v/ (g) /uː/, /ʊ/

(c) /r/, /j/ (h) /z/, /ð/

(d) /f/, /θ/ (i) /ɡ/, /ŋ/

(e) /e/, /ɒ/ (j) /t/, /s/

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Exercise 3.1: Phonemic Rules

1 Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /ɡ/.

[ləɡwuːn] [bræɡ] [iːɡər] [ɡɒn]

[ɡwəʊt] [ æf] [frɒɡ] [ɡaʊn]

[ɡləʊ] [ iːs] [æŋɡər] [ɡwɔɪɾər]

[ɡwuːs] [ eɪt] [ɡʌɾər] [ɡreɪd]

(a) List the allophones of /ɡ/

(b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found

(c) Write a phonemic rule for /ɡ/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere"

2 Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /r/.

[frr̥iː] [trr̥aɪ] [meri] [rʌf] [ərwəʊz] [hæmrr̩]

[rwəʊd] [bɔːrdrr̩] [pɪər] [prr̥əfesərr̩] [əraɪz] [rʌnrr̩]

[rwuːt] [pɑːrt] [braɪd] [dreɪn] [sɒrwəʊ] [fɪlrr̩]

(a) List the allophones of /r/

(b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found

(c) Write a phonemic rule for /r/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere"

3 Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /k/.

[kʌpəl] [ɑːkk̚teɪn] [mɑːkk̚t] [skɜːrt] [ləʊkəl]

[kwəʊt] [kk̟eɪm] [kk̟æmərə] [lʊkk̟ɪŋ] [kaʊ]

[kwuːlər] [mæsk] [sɪkən] [sɪkk̟ɪl] [kləʊz]

(a) List the allophones of /kk̚/

(b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found

(c) Write a phonemic rule for /kk̚/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere"

4 Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /l/.

[p eɪs] [hɑːɫəʊ] [f eɪm] [lwɔɪtərr̩] [tʌn ] [melən]

[lwunər] [teɫ] [lwəʊn] [leɪm] [kɜːɫ] [teɫɪŋ]

[mɪd ] [ʃʌv ] [əlaɪv] [lɪt ] [laʊd] [jeɫəʊ]

[læf] [klr̥aɪm] [slr̥æp] [pɪk ] [les] [heɫp]

(a) List the allophones of /l/

(b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found

(c) Write a phonemic rule for /l/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere"

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Exercise 3.2: Phonological Processes

1 Write the word indicated by each transcription and identify the phonological process or change responsible for each pronunciation

Example: Transcription Word Phonological Process

[əphizmənt] appeasement aspiration

(a) [twuːθbrʌʃ] (n) [laa͂ːndri]

(b) [sĩmfəni] (o) [laɪtnnɪŋ]

(c) [kɜːɫi] (p) [kʌtləs]

(d) [əphɔɪntmənt] (q) [plr̥ʊrəl]

(e) [ræpk̚tʃər] (r) [beɫəʊ]

(f) [prr̥eri] (s) [pænn̪θər]

(g) [tɑɾər] (t) [daɪdʒestʃən]

(h) [ɑkk̚təpʊs] (u) [maɪɾi]

(i) [pæŋkeɪk] (v) [lwɔɪtər]

(j) [bɪlɪt ] (w) [ɒpk̚tɪməl]

(k) [kk̟ɪtʃən] (x) [ ɪtɑːr]

(l) [heln̪θi] (y) [hɑːrdnr̩]

(m) [tuːzdeɪ]

2 (a) Write a rule for the unreleasing of stops

(b) Write a rule for the monophthongization of [juː]

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Exercise 3.3: Word Stress

1 Using acute and grave accents, mark primary and secondary stress (where present) in the following words.

(a) papyrus (i) pedigree (q) vigilante

(b) feminine (j) hypotenuse (r) peripheral

(c) millionaire (k) summary (s) macaroni

(d) harmonica (l) memorandum (t) imperialism

(e) pelican (m) architecture (u) satellite

(f) geometry (n) discipline (v) characterize

(g) vocabulary (o) caterpillar (w) chromosome

(h) compliment (p) penetration (x) accidental

2 Transcribe the following sets of words and mark primary and secondary stress with Super- and subticks Note the reduction of vowels in unstressed syllables

(a) catastrophe

catastrophic

(b) synonym

synonymous

(c) repeat

repetitive

repetition

How does stress affect the quality of the first t in repetitive and repetition?

How does stress affect the quality of the p?

(d) migrate

migratory

migration

(e) intellect

intellectual

intelligent

(f) apply

application

applicable

applicability

(g) exhibit

exhibition

How does stress affect the voicing of the consonants in exhibit and exhibition?

3 How does stress differentiate these derivationally-related words?

(a) proverb proverbial

reflex reflexive

(b) perfect perfection

tranquil tranquility

(c) injure injurious

enter entertain

4 (a) Give strong and weak forms of that and show how they are used in a sentence (b) Give two sentences in which the word afternoon has a different syllable stressed.

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Exercise 3.4: Intonation

For each of the following sentences, identify

(a) the number of tone group(s)

(b) the tonic syllable(s) in each tone group

(c) the intonation patterns of each tone group

1 We went to a movie last night

(topic of conversation: last night's activities)

2 We went to a movie last night

(topic of conversation: going to movies)

3 Should we see a movie tonight?

(topic of conversation: doing something tonight)

4 Should we see the movie tonight?

(topic of conversation: when we are seeing a movie)

5 Should we see the movie tonight, or tomorrow? (two yes/no questions; see 3d, p 73 in text)

6 Should we see the movie tonight, or tomorrow? (alternative question; see 7a, p 74 in text)

7 We could see a movie tonight or go out for ice cream

8 We could visit a museum this afternoon or go to the zoo tomorrow

9 We could go to a movie, couldn't we?

10 When should we go to a movie?

(topic of conversation: our going to a movie)

11 When should we go to a movie?

(topic of conversation: our doing something)

12 You liked that movie, didn't you? (tag expressing real question; see 6a in text, p 74)

13 You liked that movie, didn't you? (tag eliciting confirmation; see 6b in text, p 74)

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Exercise 3.5: Syllabification

Syllabify the following words, using periods to indicate syllable breaks Note

ambisyllabicity

1 aroma 14 seclusion

2 algebra 15 arithmetic

3 advocate 16 discipline

4 kangaroo 17 periodic

5 obstinate 18 banana

6 codify 19 insinuate

7 altitude 20 nightingale

8 duplicate 21 instrument

9 geometry 22 exclamation

10 temperate 23 already

11 whiskey 24 condemnation

12 integrity 25 esthetic

13 appropriate