The nature of language and linguistics English Consonants and Vowels

The Nature of Language and Linguistics English Consonants and Vowels Answer to Ex 2 2 English Consonants 1 (a) voiceless dental fricative thesis (b) velar nasal thing (c) voiced alveolopalatal fricative measure (d) velarized alveolar lateral pill (e) alveolar retroflex rough (f) palatal glide euphemism (g) voiced velar stop guilty 2 (a) dʒ jam (b) ph apart (c) ɾ pretty (d) n̪ tenth (e) m monkey (f) f fun (g) h harm 3 (a) ŋ, ʒ, ɾ, ɫ, n̪ (b) j, ph, ɾ, n̪, h (c) p.

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English Consonants and Vowels

Answer to Ex 2.2: English Consonants

1 (a) voiceless dental fricative thesis

(c) voiced alveolopalatal fricative measure

(d) velarized alveolar lateral pill

(e) alveolar retroflex rough

(g) voiced velar stop guilty

2 (a) /dʒ/ jam

(b) [ph] apart

(c) [ɾ] pretty

(d) [nn̪] tenth

(e) [m] monkey

(f) /f/ fun

(g) /h/ harm

3 (a) /ŋ/, /ʒ/, [ɾ], [ɫ], [nn̪]

(b) /j/, [ph], [ɾ], [nn̪], /h/

(c) [ph]

(d) [ɾ]

(e) [nn̪]

(f) /ʒ/, /r/

(g) /dʒ/

(h) [ɫ]

(i) /dʒ/, /ʒ/

4 (a) /r/ (f) /s/ (k) /s/ (p) /n/

(b) /w/ (g) /dʒ/ (l) /k/ (q) /r/

(c) /n/ (h) /j/ (m) /tʃ/ (r) /z/

(d) /t/ (i) /f/ (n) /ʃ/ (s) /ɡ/

(e) /ʃ/ (j) /θ/ (o) /ʃ/ (t) /s/

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5 (a) /f/ (f) /w/ (k) /s/ (p) /θ/

(b) /z/ (g) /r/ (l) /m/ (q) /ð/

(c) /l/ (h) /ʃ/ (m) /b/ (r) /k/

(d) /s/ (i) /dʒ/ (n) /f/ (s) /tʃ/

(e) /ʒ/ (j) /ɡ/ (o) /ʒ/ (t) /j/

6 (a) /θ/ (f) /tʃ/ (k) /z/ (p) /l/

(b) /s/ (g) /n/ (l) /ð/ (q) /f/

(c) /k/ (h) /ʃ/ or /tʃ/ (m) /ŋ/ (r) /ʒ/

(d) /kt/ (i) /p/ (n) /m/ (s) /pt/

(e) /dʒ/ (j) /z/ (o) /ɡ/ (t) /m/

7 In anger, finger, and wringer, the -er is part of the root of the word, whereas in

hanger, ringer and singer, the -er is a derivational suffix added to hang, ring, and sing, where the ng is actually word final.

8 (a) right leap accent scepter backpack

(b) plotter muddy pattern

(c) madness maudlin sideline madly

(d) Carl pal kill

Answer to Ex 2.3: English Vowels

1 (a) long/tense high back rounded monophthong spoon

(b) short mid front unrounded monophthong pet

(c) short/lax high front unrounded monophthong silly

(d) mid back to high front (lax) diphthong soil

(e) low central to high back (lax) diphthong mouse

2 (a) /æ/ sand (d) /eɪ/ pale

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(b) /ɔː/ corn (e) /ɜː/ shirt

(c) /ɪə

/

fear

3 (a) /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɪ/

(b) /aʊ/

(c) /ɔ/

(d) /ə/

(e) /ɪə/

(f) /eɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/

(g) /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /uː/, /ɔː/

4 (a) /ɪ/ (h) /ʌ/ (o) /ɔː/ (v) /əʊ/ (cc) /ɜː/ (b) /eɪ/ (i) /ɑ/ or /ɒ/ (p) /aɪ/ (w) /ɪ/ (dd) /ʊ/ (c) /e/ (j) /uː/ (q) /ɑː/ (x) /eɪ/ (ee) /uː/ (d) /æ/ (k) /ʊ/ (r) /ɔː/ (y) /uː/ (ff) /ʌ/ (e) /ɜː/ (l) /uː/ (s) /aʊ/ (z) /eə/ (gg) /aɪ/ (f) /ɔː/ or /ɑː/ (m) /eɪ/ (t) /eɪ/ (aa) /iː/ (hh) /əʊ/ (g) /aʊ/ (n) /æ/ (u) /uː/ (bb) /eɪ/ (ii) /uː/

5 A B

(a) /əʊ/ /ə/

(b) /uː/ /ə/

(c) /aɪ/ /ə/

(d) /eɪ/ /ə/

(e) /ɪ/ /ə/

(f) /æ/ /ə/

(g) /ɒ/ or /ɑː/ /ə/

(h) /e/ /ə/

Answer to Ex 2.4: Transcription (Elementary)

1 (2.2) 4 (a) /ˈretərɪk/ (f) /ˈsɪəriəl/ (k) /sɑːm/ (p) /næt/

(b) /wʌn/ (g) /ˈdʒæɡjʊər/ (l) /ˈkɔːrəs/ (q) /rɒŋ/ (c) /nəʊ/ (h) /ˈjuːnəti/ (m) /tʃeɪst/ (r) /ˈzɪərəʊ/

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(d) /ˈtɒməs/ (i) ˈ/fezənt/ (n) /ʃəˈreɪd/ (s) /ɡəʊst/

(e) /ʃɔːr/ or /ʃʊr/ (j) /θiːm/ (o) /ʃeɪv/ (t) /ˈsaɪəns/

5 (a) /ˈtʌfən/ (f) /əˈweɪ/ (k) /ˈlɪsən/ (p) /ˈɔːθər/

(b) /ˈvɪzədʒ/ (g) /ˈerənd/ (l) /ˈplʌmər/ (q) /ˈlæðər/

(c) /ˈælɔɪ/ (h) /ˈəʊʃən/ (m) /ˈkʌbərd/ (r) /ˈsaɪki/

(d) /dɪˈsent/ (i) /əˈdʒɜːn/ (n) /ˈsɒfən/ (s) /ˈfjuːtʃər/ (e) /ˈæʒər/ (j) /əˈɡɑːst/ or /ə

ˈɡæst/ (o) /ˈmeʒər/ (t) /ˈlɔɪjər/

6 (a) /frɒθ/ (f) /ɪtʃ/ (k) /feɪz/ (p) /mɔːl/

(b) /mɪs/ (g) /saɪn/ (l) /leɪð/ (q) /rʌf/

(c) /ˈstʌmək/ (h) /nɪʃ/ or /nɪtʃ/ (m) /tʌŋ/ (r) /beɪʒ/

(d) /ɪnˈdaɪt/ (i) /ˈhɪkʌp/ (n) /kəʊm/ (s) /hɒpt/

(e) /ledʒ/ (j) /uːz/ (o) /brəʊɡ/ (t) /ˈsɒləm/

(2.3 4.) (a) /bɪld/ (j) /fruːt/ (s) /praʊd/ (bb) /feɪs/

(b) /ɡeɪdʒ/ (k) /wʊlf/ (t) /breɪk/ (cc) /bɜːn/

(c) /θret/ (l) /fjuːd/ (u) /kjuːt/ (dd) /hʊk/

(d) /plæd/ (m) /veɪn/ (v) /θrəʊ/ (ee) /guːs/

(e) /ɜːn/ (n) /flæks/ (w) /slɪm/ (ff) /blʌd/

(f) /brɔːt/ (o) /mɔːrn/ (x) /weɪ/ (gg) /daɪ/

(g) /taʊn/ (p) /staɪl/ (y) /θruː/ (hh) /təʊ/

(h) /jʌŋ/ (q) /hɑːrt/ (z) /ðeər/ (ii) /ʃuː/

(i) /stɑp/

/stɒp/ (r) /wɔːr/ (aa) /piːs/

2 (a) /klɪk/ (b) /ˈkændɪd/ (c) /ˈtaɪərd/ (d) /swet/ (e) /beɪd/

/kliːk/ /ˈkændid/ /tɑːrd/ /swiːt/ /bæd/

/ˈtaɪreɪd/

3 (a) carrot, carat, caret (e) urn, earn (i) hostel, hostile (also /ˈhɒstaɪl/) (b) fryer, friar (f) knows, nose (j) great, grate

(c) course, coarse (g) grown, groan (k) time, thyme

(d) daze, days (h) through, threw

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4 Word

(a) citation (g) magical (m) orthopedic (b) century (h) oxygen (n) punitive (c) sunflower (i) breathed (o) question (d) tomcat (j) strength (p) customary (e) oysters (k) faintly (q) perplexed (f) umbrella (l) neighborhood (r) sphinx Correction

(a) /saɪˈteɪʃən/ (g) /ˈmædʒɪkəl/ (m) /ɔːθəˈpiːdɪk/ (b) /ˈsentʃəri/ (h) /ˈɒksədʒən/ (n) /pjuːnətɪv/ (c) /ˈsʌnflaʊər/ (i) /briðd/ (o) /ˈkwestʃən/ (d) /ˈtɒmkæt/ (j) /streŋkθ/ (p) /ˈkʌstəməri/ (e) /ˈɔɪstərz/ (k) /ˈfeɪntli/ (q) /pəˈplekst/ (f) /əmˈbrelə/ (l) /ˈneɪbərhʊd/ (r) /sfɪŋks/

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Answer to Ex 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription

(a) The road to Hell is paved with good intentions

(b) Birds of a feather flock together

(c) A rolling stone gathers no moss

(d) A watched kettle never boils

(e) Charity begins at home

(f) Every cloud has a silver lining

(g) Great minds run in the same channels

(h) Many hands make light work

(i) Still waters run deep

(j) The early bird catches the worm

(k) Time and tide wait for no man

(l) Opportunity knocks but once

(m) A fool and his money are soon parted

(n) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

(o) A stitch in time saves nine

(p) It takes two to make a quarrel

(q) You can't turn a sow's ear into a silk purse

(r) An apple a day keeps the doctor away

Answer to Ex 2.6: Transcription (Advanced)

1 (a) /pəˈrəʊkiəl/ (o) /ˈmæskjʊlɪn/ (bb) /æθˈletɪk/ (b) /ɪˈnelɪdʒəbəl/ (p) /dɪˈbɔːtʃəri/ (cc) /ˈmɔɪstʃəraɪz/ (c) /kwɪntɪˈsenʃəl/ (q) /sækrɪˈlɪdʒəs/ (dd) /əˈkjuːmjʊleɪt/ (d) /həˈbɪtʃu(ə)l/ (r) /dɪˈsɪdʒuəs/ (ee) /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/ (e) /skweltʃt/ (s) /əθɔːrɪˈteriən/ (ff) /ˈdʒuːəlri/ (f) /pɑːlɪˈmentəri/ (t) /ˈlɪtərɪtʃər/ (gg) /ˈmæsəkɪzəm/ (g) /həluːsɪˈneɪʃən/ (u) /dɪˈlɪŋkwənt/ (hh) /ɔːθəˈɡræfɪk/ (h) /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪtɪŋ/ (v) /ˈkjuːkʌmbər/ (ii) /ˈsæŋktʃʊəri/ (i) /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ (w) /kwestʃəˈneər/ (jj) /məˈlekjʊlər/ (j) /rɪlækˈseɪʃən/ (x) /saɪkəlˈɒdʒɪkəl/ (kk) /sə(ɡ)ˈdʒestʃən/ (k) /ekˈsplɒrətəri/ (y) /ˈθæŋkfəli/ (ll) /dɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/ (l) /kəˈlaɪdəskəʊp/ (z) /ˈɔːkwərdnəs/ (mm) /kælkjʊˈleɪʃən/ (m) /ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/ (aa) /rekˈtæŋɡjʊlər/ (nn) /θerəˈpjuːtɪk/ (n) /mjuːˈziːəmz/

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2 (a) /əɡeɪn/

/əɡen/

(p) /biːn/

/bɪn/

(ee) /steriəʊ/

/stɪriəʊ/

(b) /tuːzdeɪ/

/tjuːzdeɪ/ (q) /prɑːses/ /prəʊses/ (ff) /prɒd(j)uːs/ (N) /prɑːd(j)uːs/ (N)

/prəd(j)uːs/ (V) (c) /prɑːɡres/ (N)

/prəʊɡres/ (N)

/prəgres/ (V)

(r) /levər/

/liːvər/

(gg) /veɪs/

/vɑz/

/veɪz/

(d) /skedʒəl/

/ʃedʒuːl/

(s) /dʒenjuɪn/

/dʒenjuaɪn/

(hh) /blaʊsəz/

/blaʊzəz/ (e) [təmeɪɾəʊ]

/təmɑːtəʊ/

[təmæɾəʊ]

(t) /ɑːmən(d)/

/ɑːlmən(d)/

/æmən(d)/

(ii) /mɪsɪl/

/mɪsaɪl/

(f) [dæɾə]

/deɪtə/

(u) /ɪnt(ə)restɪŋ/

/ɪnərestɪŋ/

/ɪntrəstɪŋ/

(jj) /æsfɔːlt/

/æsfælt/

/æʃfɑːlt/

(g) /ɑːnt/

/ænt/ (v) /beri/ /bɜːri/ (kk) /ɑːrtɪk/ /ɑːrktɪk/

(h) /rɪsɔːrsəz/

/risɔːrsəz/

/rɪzɔːrsəz/

(w) /spiːʃiːz/

/spiːsiːz/

(ll) /viːɪkəl/

/viːhɪkəl/

(i) /sɔːri/

/sɑːri/ (x) /lɒndʒət(j)uːd/ /lɒŋɡətuːd/ (mm) /lʌkʃ

əri/

/lʌɡʒəri/

(j) /pleɪkeɪt/

/pləkeɪt/

(y) /prestiʒ/

/prestɪdʒ/

(nn) [bæɾəri]

/bætri/

(k) /kætʃ/

/ketʃ/

(z) /gərɑːʒ/

/gərɑːdʒ/

/gərædʒ/

/gærɪdʒ/

(oo) /bruːtʃ/

/brəʊtʃ/

(l) /təmɑːrəʊ/

/təmɔːrəʊ/

(aa) /əfens/

/əʊfens/

(pp) /baɪlɪŋɡwəl/ /baɪlɪŋɡuəl/ (m) /kæpsəl/

/kæpsjuːl/ (bb) /st(j)uːdənt/ (qq) /eɪprɪkɒt/ /æprɪkɑːt/ (n) /ruːt/

/raʊt/

(cc) /wɪðaʊt/

/wɪθaʊt/

(rr) /kuːpɒn/

/kjuːpɑːn/

(o) /n(j)uklɪər/

/nuːkulər/

(dd) /kɑː(l)m/ (ss) /leʒər/

/liːʒər/

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Answer to Ex 2.7: Distinctive Features

(c) [+CONTINUANT] (f) [+SONORANT], [+VOICE]

(c) [±ANTERIOR], [±SYLLABIC] (h) [±SIBILANT]

(e) [±BACK], [±ROUND] (j) [±CONTINUANT], [±SIBILANT]

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English Phonology, Phonotactics, and

Suprasegmentals

Answer to Ex 3.1: Phonemic Rules

1 (a) [ɡw] [ ] [ɡ]

(b) [ɡw] occurs before rounded vowels

[ ] occcurs before front vowels

[ɡ] occurs initially before consonants and central and back unrounded vowels,

word medially and word finally (c) /ɡ/ → [ɡw] / — Vorounded

[ ] / — Vo

front

[ɡ] / elsewhere

2 (a) [rr̥] [rw] [rr̩] [r]

(b) [rr̥] occurs following voiceless consonants

[rw] occurs before rounded vowels

[rr̩] occurs following consonants word finally

[r] occurs before front and central vowels, word medially in the environment of

front vowels, preconsonantally, and word finally (c) /r/ → [rr̥] / Cvl—

[rw] / — Vorounded

[rr̩] / C — #

[r] / elsewhere

3 (a) [kw] [kk̚] [kk̟] [k]

(b) [kw] occurs before rounded vowels

[kk̚] occurs before other stops and word finally

[kk̟] occurs before front vowels

[k] occurs initially and medially before central vowels and consonants and

following /s/

(N.B We are ignoring aspiration All of the allophones with the exception of [kk̚]

would also be aspirated in the proper environment.)

(c) /k/ → [kw] / — Vorounded

[kk̚] / — #, — Cstop

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[kk̟] / — Vofront

[k] / elsewhere

4 (a) [ ] [lw] [ ] [ɫ] [l]

(b) [lr̥] occurs following voiceless consonants

[lw] occurs before rounded vowels

[lr̩] occurs following obstruents and nasals word finally

[ɫ] occurs following vowels and approximants, medially in the environment of

back vowels [l] occurs before front and mid vowels, medially in the environment of mid and

front vowels (N.B syllabic [ḷ] is probably "dark" as well, hence [ɫr̩].)

(c) /l/ → [lr̥] /Cvl —

[lw] / — Vorounded

[ ] /C — #

[ɫ] /Vo —, Approx —

[l] / elsewhere

English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals

Answer to Ex 3.2: Phonological Processes

1 Word Phonological Process

(a) toothbrush labialization

(b) symphony nasalization

(c) curly velarization

(d) appointment aspiration

(e) rapture unreleased/palatalization

(f) prairie devoicing

(g) totter flapping

(h) octopus unreleased

(i) pancake velarization

(j) belittle syllabic consonant

(k) kitchen fronting

(l) healthy dentalization

(m) Tuesday monophthongization

(n) laundry nasalization

(o) lightning nasal release

(p) cutlass lateral release

(q) plural devoicing

(r) bellow velarization

(s) panther dentalization

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(t) digestion palatalization

(u) mighty flapping

(v) loiter labialization

(w) optimal unreleased

(x) guitar fronting

(y) harden syllabic consonant

2 (a) Cstop → C k̚/ — Cstop, — #

(b) [juː] → [uː]/ C alveolar —

Answer to Ex 3.3: Word Stress

1 (a) papýrus (i) pédigrèe (q) vìgilánte

(b) féminine (j) hypótenùse (r) perípheral

(c) mìllionáire (k) súmmery (s) màcaróni

(d) harmónicà (l) mèmorándum (t) impérialìsm

(e) pélican (m) árchitècture (u) sátellìte

(f) geómetry (n) díscipline (v) cháracterìze

(g) vocábulàry (o) cáterpillar (w) chrómosòme

(h) cómpliment (p) pènetrátion (x) àccidéntal

2 (a) /kəˈtæstrəfi/

/kætəˈstrɑːfɪk/

(b) /ˈsɪnənɪm/

/səˈnɒnəməs/

(c) /rəˈpiːt/

/rəˈpetətɪv/

/ˌrepəˈtɪʃən/

In repetitive, the first t is flapped [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv] because the accent immediately precedes, but in

repetition, flapping does not occur because the accent follows In repeat [rəˈpʰiːt] and

repetitive [rəˈpʰeɾətɪv], the /p/ is aspirated because it occurs before a stressed vowel, but in repetition it is not aspirated Note that the same principles for flapping and aspiration would

apply in 2(a) and 2(e) Also, the same principle for aspiration would apply in 2(f)

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(d) /ˈmaɪɡreɪt/

/ˈmaɪɡrəˌtɔːri/

/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/

(e) /ˈɪntəˌlekt/

/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/

/ɪnˈtelədʒənt/

(f) /əˈplaɪ/

/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

[əˈplɪkəbḷ] or [ˈæplɪkəbḷ]

/əˌplɪkəˈbɪlɪti/ or /ˌæplɪkəˈbɪləti/

(g) /eɡˈzɪbɪt/

/eksɪˈbɪʃən/

Voicing occurs when the consonants are not stressed Compare of /əv/, an unstressed

preposition, and off /ɑf/, a stressed adverb.

3 (a) The N has initial-syllable stress (próverb, réflex), while the A has stress on the

second syllable (provérbial, refléxive).

(b) The A has initial-syllable stress (pérfect, tránquil), while the N has stress on the

second syllable (perféction, tranquílity).

(c) The V has initial-syllable stress (ínjure), énter, while the A has stress on the second

syllable (injúrious) or third syllable (entertáin).

4 (a) strong: [ðæt] I want that one (demonstrative)

That is the best one (pronoun)

weak: [ðət] I know that I am right (conjunction)

(b) I saw him this afternóon

I attended an áfternoon cóncert

Answer to Ex 3.4: Intonation

1 (a) one tone group

(b) stressed syllable in movie

(c) long falling

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(b) stressed syllable in night

(c) long falling

(c) long rising

(b) stressed syllable in tonight

(Note that the definite article with movie tells you that this is given information.)

(c) long rising

5 (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow

stressed syllable in tomorrow

(c) long rising

short rising

6 (a) two tone groups: should we see the movie tonight // or tomorrow

stressed syllable in tomorrow

(c) long rising

short falling

7 (a) two tone groups: we could see a movie tonight // or go out for ice cream

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stressed syllable in ice cream

(c) short rising

long falling

8 (a) two tone groups: we could visit a museum this afternoon // or go to the zoo

tomorrow

(b) stressed syllable in museum

stressed syllable in zoo

(c) short rising

long falling

9 (a) two tone groups: we could go to a movie // couldn't we

stressed syllable in couldn't

(c) short falling

short rising

(b) stressed syllable in when

(c) long falling

12 (a) two tone groups: you liked that movie // didn't you

stressed syllable in didn't

(c) long falling

short rising

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