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Oapalofl` hl tja varsfhl tjgt stuoalts gra usfl`, tjay wfbb jgva gkkass th hla hd tja dhbbhwfl`3 Of`ftgb ^ashurkasflkbuoas ohwlbhgognbakhursanhhi rashurkas, gbb vfoah kbfps, gbbguofh ﬇ba

_agkjar‖s  

^ashurka Nhhi

Nruka Pgoa wftj

Egrfg Igryog

Fltrhouktfhl

Nusflass ]grtlar  fs g ﬎axfnba khursa oasf`lao dhr g vgrfaty hd bagrlars Ft fs suftgnba dhrstuoalts wftj efxao gnfbftfas, raqufraealts glo fltarasts glo dhr vgrfao kbgss sfzas wjaratja kheehl raqufraealt fs th bagrl prhdassfhlgb Al`bfsj bgl`ug`a glo oavabhp iay sifbbsdhr tja whripbgka

Pjal tgbifl` th bagrlars, tjafr ragshls dhr stuoyfl` nusflass Al`bfsj gbehst gbwgys rabgta

th tjafr aepbhygnfbfty Egly tartfgry stuoalts wglt th egxfefsa tjafr kjglkas hd ﬇lofl`

g chn fl gl fltarlgtfhlgb alvfrhlealt, wjfba fl-whri prhdassfhlgbs wglt th kheeulfkgtaehra a﬍aktfvaby fl tjafr whripbgka glo feprhva tjafr dutura kgraar prhspakts Htjarbagrlars egy sfepby laao th stuoy glo pgss g nusflass Al`bfsj axge fl hroar th khepbatatjafr hvargbb oa`raa

Fl gbb tjraa kgsas, tagkjars laao th na gnba th al`g`a glo ehtfvgta ny prhvfofl` bagrlfl`

egtarfgbs wjfkj3

• gra fltarastfl` glo rabavglt th tjafr bfda axparfalkas

• egtkj tjafr bagrlfl` laaos glo prfhrftfas

• gra gpprhprfgta dhr tja gehult hd stuoy tfea gvgfbgnba

Nusflass ]grtlar  jgs naal oasf`lao th algnba tagkjars th eaat tjasa laaos wftjhutspalofl` egly jhurs rasagrkjfl` tjafr hwl egtarfgbs _ja khltalt glo struktura hd tjakhursa fs ngsao hl tjraa iay khlkapts3aepbhygnfbfty,﬎axfnfbfty globagrlar al`g`aealt

Aepbhygnfbfty

Ngbglka natwaal bgl`ug`a glo nusflass sifbbs trgflfl`

Fl hroar th gkjfava tjafr aepbhygnfbfty `hgbs, bagrlars laao th feprhva tjafr ilhwbao`a

hd Al`bfsj bgl`ug`a gs ft fs usao fl tja whripbgka glo gbsh oavabhp iay sifbbs dhr tjafltarlgtfhlgb whripbgka.Nusflass ]grtlar  prhvfoas tjfs ngbglka

Fl gooftfhl th nufbofl` tjafr vhkgnubgry glo `rgeegr glo oavabhpfl` tjafr wrftfl` sifbbs,

Nusflass ]grtlar  trgfls stuoalts fl Kheeulfkgtfhl glo Nusflass sifbbs Bgl`ug`a nafl`

hlby hla gspakt hd sukkassdub kheeulfkgtfhl, stuoalts gbsh raqufra gl uloarstglofl`

hd of﬍aralt nusflass sftugtfhls glo gl gwgralass hd of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhl stybas,aspakfgbby wjal whrifl` gkrhss kubturas

• ‚Kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs‖ (Basshl ;) prhvfoas tja shdt sifbbs laaoao fl hroar th whria﬍aktfvaby wftj pahpba wjhsa parshlgbfty glo kubtura egy na of﬍aralt drhe yhur hwl

_jfs flkbuoas tagewhri, oakfsfhl-egifl` glo fl﬎ualkfl` sifbbs

• ‚Nusflass sifbbs‖ (Basshl ?) prhvfoas tja prgktfkgb sifbbs laaoao fl of﬍aralt nusflasssftugtfhls, sukj gs tgifl` pgrt fl eaatfl`s, prasaltgtfhls glo la`htfgtfhls

Dbaxfnfbfty

_ja ehoubgr gpprhgkj eagls tjgtNusflass ]grtlar  kgl na gogptao th suft g vgrfaty hdtagkjfl` raqufraealts drhe axtalsfva basshls th fltalsfva sjhrt khursas Fl gooftfhl th tjaKhursanhhi, g wfoa vgrfaty hd gooftfhlgb hptfhlgb gktfvftfas glo rashurkas gra prhvfoaowjfkj kgl na usao th dhkus hl glo axtalo egtarfgb wjfkj fs ehst usadub th bagrlars‖ laaos

Axtrg gktfvftfas glo axtrg `rgeegr phflts

Vhu kgl axtalo yhur basshls hr dhkus fl ehra oaptj hl kartgfl grags ny usfl` tja bgr`angli hd axtrg gktfvftfas fl EyAl`bfsjBgn (kbagrby sf`lphstao dhr yhu tjrhu`jhut tjaKhursanhhi) _jasa flkbuoa axtrg vhkgnubgry glo `rgeegr prgktfka axarkfsas dhr usa flkbgss gs wabb gs gktfvftfas wjfkj orgw gttaltfhl th usadub bgl`ug`a fl ragofl` taxts

Gbtarlgtfva vfoahs wftj whrisjaats gra gvgfbgnba dhr shea ulfts

glo gra kbagrby sf`lphstao Vhu kgl usa tjfs fl tja kbgssrhhe gs

gl gbtarlgtfva gpprhgkj th tja thpfk fl Basshl 7, oapalofl` hl

yhur stuoalts‖ laaos

Nusflass ]grtlar  h﬍ars g ﬎axfnba gpprhgkj th `rgeegr oapalofl` hlwjatjar yhu wglt th oavhta g sf`lf﬇kglt gehult hd tfea th g `rgeegrthpfk, hr dhkus hl khlshbfogtfhl hlby wjal yhu laao th _jara fs hlaegfl `rgeegr phflt fl agkj ulft, prasaltao glo prgktfsao fl Basshl >

Fl gooftfhl, tja Prftfl` saktfhl (Basshl 1) flkbuoas g bfli th glhptfhlgb sakhlo `rgeegr phflt fl EyAl`bfsjBgn, wjara stuoaltskgl wgtkj sjhrt vfoah prasaltgtfhls hd tja `rgeegr phflts glo ohfltargktfva gktfvftfas

]rhlulkfgtfhl gktfvftfas gra flkbuoao gt tja ngki hd tja nhhi _jfs gbbhws tagkjars

th dhkus hl gspakts hd prhlulkfgtfhl wjfkj gra ehst usadub dhr tjafr stuoalts

B  _ja sueegry khltgfls axgepbas hd jhw th hroar fldhregtfhl flsaltalkas @h th EyAl`bfsjBgn dhr hptfhlgb `rgeegr whri.

_  _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 gbtarlgtfva vfoah glo gktfvftfas

_  _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas

_ja ^agofl` ngli dhr agkj ulft `fvas stuoalts ehra ragofl` prgktfka glo kgl na gbsh usaodhr sabd-stuoy _ja gktfvfty typas ra﬎akt tjhsa dhulo fl g rgl`a hd nusflass Al`bfsj axges._ja Prftfl` ngli prhvfoas suppbaealtgry ehoabs hd prhdassfhlgb kheeulfkgtfhl glo tjaDulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli axtalos usadub pjrgsas dhr g rgl`a hd nusflass sftugtfhls.

Bagrlar al`g`aealt

Tfoah khltalt3 Pa gbb usa vfoah ehra glo ehra th kheeulfkgta glo th ﬇lo hut gnhuttja whrbo glo wa jgva put vfoah gt tja jagrt hdNusflass ]grtlar  _jara gra twh vfoahs flavary ulft wftj kheprajalsfhl glo bgl`ug`a gktfvftfas3

• gl gutjaltfk vfoah pgkig`a fl Basshl 7, ngsao hl ragb-bfda vfoah kbfps glo fltarvfawssuftgnba dhr yhur bagrlars‖ bavab hd Al`bfsj

• g orgegtfsao kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs trgflfl` vfoah fl Basshl ; wjfkj dhbbhws kjgrgktars

fl gl fltarlgtfhlgb tage gs tjay oagb wftj of﬍aralt prhdassfhlgb kjgbbal`as

Gutjaltfk khltalt3 Phrifl` wftj gutjaltfk khltalt ragbby jabps th al`g`a bagrlars,glo tagkjars kgl spalo egly jhurs sagrkjfl` dhr suftgnba egtarfgb hlbfla.Nusflass ]grtlar  jgs tjaradhra naal nufbt grhulo gutjaltfk vfoahs glo grtfkbas drhe bagofl` eaofghr`glfsgtfhls sukj gs tjaDflglkfgb _feas glo laws kjgllabs _jasa h﬍ar g wagbtj hdfltarlgtfhlgb nusflass fldhregtfhl gs wabb gs ragb axgepbas hd Nrftfsj, Q.[ glolhl-lgtfva-spagiar Al`bfsj

^abavglka dhr bagrlars wftjhut whri axparfalka3 Qsfl` nusflass Al`bfsj tagkjfl`

egtarfgbs wftj bagrlars wjh jgva bfttba hr lh whri axparfalka kgl na pgrtfkubgrbykjgbbal`fl`.Nusflass ]grtlar  jgs naal kgradubby oasf`lao th whri wftj tjasa stuoalts

gs wabb gs wftj fl-whri prhdassfhlgbs Fl tja kgsa hd khbbgnhrgtfva spagifl` tgsis glorhbapbgys, tja sftugtfhl usao wfbb aftjar na3

• hla tjgt wa kgl gbb rabgta th gs kusthears glo khlsuears9 H^

• g kjhfka hd sftugtfhls wfbb na h﬍arao flkbuofl` g efx hd prhdassfhlgb glo avaryogysftugtfhls

Nhtj wfbb gbbhw bagrlars th prgktfsa tja sifbb glo bgl`ug`a prasaltao fl tja basshl, nut fl

g khltaxt tjgt fs ehst rabavglt th tjae

Nusflass whrisjhps3 Bagrlars jgva tja hpphrtulfty th khlshbfogta glo gktfvgta tjabgl`ug`a glo sifbbs drhe tja ulfts fl : nusflass whrisjhps gt tja alo hd tja nhhi _jasaprhvfoa fltarastfl` glo al`g`fl` skalgrfhs wjara stuoalts sfeubgta ragb-bfda prhdassfhlgbsftugtfhls sukj gs rhbapbgyfl` eaatfl`s, la`htfgtfhls hr prasaltgtfhls

Nusflass ]grtlar  h﬍ars dubby flta`rgtao sifbbs, flkbuofl` tja assaltfgb krftfkgb tjflifl` glojf`jar-hroar tjflifl` sifbbs, wjfkj gra nufbt flth tja gktfvftfas

Thkgnubgry glo vfoah _ja egfl thpfk vhkgnubgry sat fs prasaltao glo prgktfsao fl Basshl

7 hd agkj ulft, nufbofl` hl vhkgnubgry drhe tja gutjaltfk vfoah _agkjars gra `fval bhts hdhpphrtulftfas th usa tja vhkgnubgry fl ofskussfhls glo `rhup tgsis, glo th tgfbhr tja tgsis

th tjafr kbgssrhhe sftugtfhls

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a (sukj gs `fvfl` govfka, sueegrfsfl`, oagbfl` wftj hncaktfhls)supphrts bagrlars‖ kgpgnfbfty th hpargta fl ragb whripbgka sftugtfhls fl Al`bfsj _jraadulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a sats gra prasaltao glo prgktfsao fl avary ulft3 fl Basshls ;, ? glo

1 Vhu wfbb na gnba th tagkj tja bgl`ug`a fl `rhup spagifl` glo wrftfl` tgsis _jara fs gDulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli gt tja ngki hd tjfs _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi wjfkj stuoalts kglgbsh ﬇lo fl EyAl`bfsjBgn sh tjgt tjay kgl qufkiby radar th usadub bgl`ug`a supphrt wjalprapgrfl` dhr g nusflass sftugtfhl, sukj gs g eaatfl`, prasaltgtfhl hr fltarvfaw

Bfstalfl` glo vfoah _ja khursa h﬍ars g wfoa vgrfaty hd bfstalfl` gktfvftfas (ngsao hlnhtj vfoah glo guofh rakhrofl`s) th jabp stuoalts oavabhp tjafr kheprajalsfhl sifbbsglo th jagr tgr`at bgl`ug`a fl khltaxt Gbb hd tja vfoah glo guofh egtarfgb fs gvgfbgnba flEyAl`bfsjBgn glo flkbuoas g rgl`a hd Nrftfsj, Q.[ glo lhl-lgtfva-spagiar Al`bfsj Basshls

7 glo ; gra ngsao hl vfoah (gs oaskrfnao gnhva) Fl dhur hd tja af`jt ulfts, Basshl > fs ngsao

hl guofh Fl gbb ulfts, yhu gbsh whri wftj sf`lf﬇kglt guofh rakhrofl`s fl Basshl ? glo tjaNusflass whrisjhp

Gpprhgkj th bgl`ug`a glo sifbbs

Fltrhouktfhl

@rgeegr_ja gpprhgkj th `rgeegr fs ﬎axfnba oapalofl` hl wjatjar yhu wglt th oavhta

g sf`lf﬇kglt gehult hd tfea th `rgeegr hr th dhkus hl tja khlshbfogtfhl hd `rgeegrhlby wjal yhu laao th _jara fs hla egfl `rgeegr phflt fl agkj ulft, prasaltao gloprgktfsao fl Basshl > _jara fs g bfli drhe Basshl 1 th gl hptfhlgb sakhlo `rgeegr phflt

fl EyAl`bfsjBgn ‛ wftj sjhrt vfoah prasaltgtfhls glo fltargktfva prgktfka Nhtj `rgeegrphflts gra supphrtao ny tja @rgeegr radaralka saktfhl gt tja ngki hd tja Khursanhhi(p.77:) _jfs prhvfoas g sueegry hd eaglfl` glo dhre, wftj lhtas hl usg`a hr axkaptfhls,glo nusflass Al`bfsj axgepbas

^agofl`Nusflass ]grtlar  h﬍ars g wagbtj hd gutjaltfk taxts glo grtfkbas drhe g vgrfaty

hd shurkas, pgrtfkubgrby tjaDflglkfgb _feas Avary ulft jgs g egfl ragofl` taxt wftjkheprajalsfhl tgsis _jfs gppagrs aftjar fl Basshl > hr fl tja Nusflass whrisjhp

_jara fs g ^agofl` ngli gt tja ngki hd tjfs _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi wjfkj stuoaltskgl gbsh ﬇lo fl EyAl`bfsjBgn glo wjfkj jgs g bhl`ar ragofl` taxt dhr avary ulft wftjkheprajalsfhl gktfvftfas

[pagifl`Khbbgnhrgtfva spagifl` tgsis gppagr gt tja alo hd Basshls 7, ;, ? glo tjaNusflass whrisjhp fl avary ulft _jasa tgsis alkhurg`a stuoalts th usa tja tgr`atbgl`ug`a glo, wjara rabavglt, tja tgr`at sifbb hd tja basshl _jara gra bhts hd hpphrtulftfas

th parshlgbfsa tjasa tgsis th suft yhur hwl kbgssrhhe sftugtfhl

Prftfl`Nusflass ]grtlar  h﬍ars eubtfpba hpphrtulftfas th prgktfsa wrftfl` Basshl 1 flavary ulft prhvfoas g ehoab taxt glo prgktfka fl g nusflass wrftfl` sifbb _ja khursa khvars

g wfoa rgl`a hd `alras sukj gs raphrts, prhphsgbs, lhta-tgifl` glo aegfbs, glo dhr of﬍araltpurphsas, flkbuofl` dhregb glo fldhregb kheeulfkgtfhl, sueegrfsfl`, flvftgtfhls,

rapbfas glo prhcakt upogtas _jara gra gbsh sjhrt wrftfl` tgsis fl Basshl > wjfkj prhvfoakhltrhbbao prgktfka hd tja tgr`at `rgeegr _jara fs g Prftfl` ngli gt tja ngki hd tjfs_agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi wjfkj stuoalts kgl gbsh ﬇lo fl EyAl`bfsjBgn glo wjfkj prhvfoasehoabs hd of﬍aralt typas hd nusflass wrftfl` glo usadub pjrgsas gpprhprfgta th tjafr bavab

hd Al`bfsj

]rhlulkfgtfhl_wh prhlulkfgtfhl phflts gra prasaltao glo prgktfsao fl avary ulft

]rhlulkfgtfhl phflts gra bfliao th tja khltalt hd tja ulft ‛ usugbby th g vfoah hr guofhprasaltgtfhl hr th g `rgeegr phflt _ja prhlulkfgtfhl prasaltgtfhls glo gktfvftfas gra gttja ngki hd tja Khursanhhi (p.77>), wftj sf`lphsts drhe tja rabavglt basshls _jfs saktfhlgbsh flkbuoas gl fltrhouktfhl th prhlulkfgtfhl wftj Nrftfsj glo Q.[ pjhlatfk kjgrts

G iay gspakt hdNusflass ]grtlar  fs tja fllhvgtfva vfoah-ngsao kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbstrgflfl` prh`rgeea

_ja gfes hd tja Kheeulfkgtfhls sifbbs basshls gra th fltrhouka stuoalts th tja sifbbslaaoao th fltargkt sukkassdubby fl fltarlgtfhlgb tages wftj pahpba wjh egy jgva of﬍araltkheeulfkgtfhl stybas drhe tjae oua th kubtura hr parshlgbfty _jhsa sifbbs flkbuoa

tagewhri, oakfsfhl-egifl` glo fl﬎ualkfl`

_jasa basshls gra ngsao hl vfoahs tjgt prhvfoa ragbfstfk axgepbas hd whri sftugtfhls _jfs

fs pgrtfkubgrby fephrtglt dhr pra-sarvfka bagrlars wjh egy lht jgva ofrakt axparfalka hdtja pgrtfkubgr sftugtfhls tjay gra gnhut th saa Fl agkj hd tjasa vfoahs stuoalts wgtkj twhphssfnba skalgrfhs (Hptfhl G glo Hptfhl N) fl wjfkj g of﬍aralt kwheeulfkgtfhl styba fsusao _jasa hptfhls `fva stuoalts tja hpphrtulfty th al`g`a fl krftfkgb vfawfl` hd agkjhptfhl glo `gfl gwgralass hd tja fepgkt hd of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhl stybas

Nusflass ]grtlar  prhvfoas g ngbglka hd dhregtfva glo sueegtfva gssassealt Nhtj typas hdgssassealt gra fephrtglt dhr tagkjars glo bagrlars glo jgva of﬍aralt hncaktfvas ^a`ubgrravfaw glo hl-`hfl` gssassealt gbbhws stuoalts th avgbugta tjafr hwl prh`rass gloalkhurg`as tjae th parsavara fl tjafr stuofas Dhregb tastfl` h﬍ars g ehra prakfsa vgbua

hl tja prh`rass egoa hl tjafr ilhwbao`a glo prh﬇kfalky

Dhregtfva gssassealt3 Agkj Khursanhhi basshl fs drgeao ny g kbagr basshl hutkhea wjfkjsueegrfsas tja bagrlfl` oabfvargnba _ja basshl alos wftj g sabd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkjalkhurg`as stuoalts th ra﬎akt hl tjafr prh`rass fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkhea glo thtjfli gnhut dutura bagrlfl` laaos Ehra oatgfbao sabd-gssassealt tgsis glo su``astfhlsdhr durtjar prgktfka gra gvgfbgnba fl EyAl`bfsjBgn ([aa gbsh saktfhl hl tja @bhngb [kgba hdAl`bfsj glo tja Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas dhr ]rhdassfhlgb Al`bfsj.)

_ja Khursanhhi gbsh khltgfls hla ravfaw pg`a par ulft gt tja ngki hd tja nhhi th rakykbaglo ravfsa tja iay vhkgnubgry, `rgeegr glo dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a prasaltao fl tja ulft9tjay gra strukturao th ra﬎akt tja ehoubgrfty hd tja khursa

Gpprhgkj th Kheeulfkgtfhl

sifbbs

Gpprhgkj th tastfl`

glo gssassealt

:

[ueegtfva gssassealt3 Qlft tasts gra prhvfoao glo gktfvftfas gra kbagrby bgnabbao th sjhwwjfkj saktfhl hd tja ulft tjay gra tastfl` th ra﬎akt tja ehoubgr struktura hd tja khursa._ja tasts gra gvgfbgnba fl ]OD glo Phro dhregts sh tjgt yhu kgl gogpt tjae th suft yhurpurphsas _jay gra gbsh gvgfbgnba gs fltargktfva tasts tjgt yhu kgl gbbhkgta th yhur stuoalts

fd yhu wfsj th oh sh

_jasa Qlft tasts gra ngsao hl tgsi typas drhe tja egchr nusflass Al`bfsj axges (NAK,NQBG_[, ]_A ]rhdassfhlgb) glo tgsi typas gra kbagrby bgnabbao _jara fs gbsh gl gooftfhlgbBKKF wrftfl` tgsi dhr prhdassfhlgb Al`bfsj dhr avary ulft _jfs gpprhgkj dgefbfgrfsasbagrlars wftj tja dhregt hd tja axges glo `fvas tjae prgktfka fl tja sifbbs laaoao thpgss tja axges

EyAl`bfsjBgn gbsh khltgfls gooftfhlgb fltargktfva ]_A ]rhdassfhlgb axge prgktfka gktfvftfas

th jabp stuoalts prapgra dhr tjfs axge _ja khltalt glo bavab hd tja axge tgsis egtkjastja Khursanhhi sh ft kgl gbsh na usao gs gooftfhlgb ravfsfhl egtarfgb

_ja @bhngb [kgba hd Al`bfsj (@[A) fs g stglogrofsao, `rglubgr skgba drhe 7= th 6= wjfkjeagsuras Al`bfsj bgl`ug`a prh﬇kfalky _ja @[A Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas dhr ]rhdassfhlgbAl`bfsj gra gbf`lao wftj tja Kheehl Aurhpagl Drgeawhri hd ^adaralka (KAD^) Qlbfiatja KAD^, wjfkj oaskrfnas prh﬇kfalky fl tares hd nrhgo bavabs, tja @bhngb [kgba hd Al`bfsjfoaltf﬇as wjgt g bagrlar kgl oh gt agkj phflt hl g ehra `rglubgr skgba ‛ glo wftjfl g KAD^bavab _ja skgba fs oasf`lao th ehtfvgta bagrlars ny oaehlstrgtfl` flkraealtgb prh`rass fltjafr bgl`ug`a gnfbfty _ja @bhngb [kgba hd Al`bfsj dhres tja ngkinhla dhr ]agrshl Al`bfsjkhursa egtarfgb glo gssassealt

Nusflass ]grtlar  jgs naal wrfttal ngsao hl tjasa Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas, wjfkj alsuragpprhprfgta skg﬍hbofl` glo eagsurgnba prh`rass Agkj Basshl hutkhea fl agkj basshl fltja Khursanhhi alkgpsubgtas g luenar hd spakf﬇k Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas wjfkj gra bfstao

fl tjfs _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi fl tja _agkjfl` lhtas _jasa Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas gra gbshbfstao fl tja [abd-gssassealt sjaats gvgfbgnba th stuoalts fl EyAl`bfsjBgn ([aa gbsh [abd-gssassealt gnhva fl Gpprhgkj th tastfl` glo gssassealt.)

Nusflass ]grtlar  fs gl af`jt-bavab khursa ngsao hl tja @bhngb [kgba hd Al`bfsj (@[A) gloraprasaltfl` tja KAD^ bavabs3 G7, G>, G>+, N7, N7+, N>, N>+, K7

Dhr tja ta kjar Dhr tja stu altprflt _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi wftjEyAl`bfsjBgn Khursanhhi wftj Of`ftgb ^ashurkas

Phrinhhinbal ao Gktfva _ gkj K ursan hi wftj Ey l bfsjB n

Nusflass ]grtlarfs g dubby jynrfo khursa wftj twh of`ftgb ofealsfhls tjgt stuoalts glotagkjars kgl kjhhsa drhe EyAl`bfsjBgn fs tja of`ftgb khephlalt tjgt fs flta`rgtao wftj tjanhhi khltalt

Gkkass th EyAl`bfsjBgn fs `fval tjrhu`j g khoa prfltao hl tja flsfoa drhlt khvar hd tjfs nhhi

Gs g tagkjar, yhu jgva gkkass th nhtj varsfhls hd EyAl`bfsjBgn, glo th gooftfhlgb khltalt fltja _agkjar‖s ^ashurka dhboar

Oapalofl` hl tja varsfhl tjgt stuoalts gra usfl`, tjay wfbb jgva gkkass th hla hd tja dhbbhwfl`3

Of`ftgb ^ashurkasflkbuoas ohwlbhgognbakhursanhhi rashurkas, gbb vfoah kbfps, gbbguofh ﬇bas, Basshl ; gooftfhlgb fltargktfvavfoah gktfvftfas, Basshl 1 fltargktfva `rgeegrprasaltgtfhl glo prgktfka, ^agofl` ngli,Dulktfhlgb Bgl`ug`a ngli, Prftfl` ngli,glo Ey [abd-gssassealt

EyAl`bfsjBgn flkbuoas gbb hd tjaOf`ftgb

^ashurkaspbus tja dubb dulktfhlgbfty glokhltalt hd tja sabd-stuoy fltargktfva whrinhhiwftj guthegtfk `rgoanhhi _agkjars kglgbsh kragta g `rhup hr kbgss fl tjafr hwlEyAl`bfsjBgn glo gssf`l whrinhhi gktfvftfas

gs jheawhri

wt

gkkass khoa flsfoa Of`ftgb^ashurkas

Khephlalts dhr tja bagrlar

EyAl`bfsjBgn of`ftgb khephlalt

• Af`jt ulfts, agkj khltgflfl` ﬇va basshls

(saa pg`as >‛; dhr ulft hvarvfaw)

• Af`jt Nusflass whrisjhp basshls rabgtfl`

th agkj hd tja af`jt ulfts

• G hla-pg`a ^avfaw par ulft th ravfsa iay

bgl`ug`a glo `rgeegr

•

G ]rhlulkfgtfhl saktfhl wjfkj prgktfsastwh phflts drhe agkj ulft

• G @rgeegr radaralka wftj oatgfbao

axpbglgtfhls glo axgepbas

• Tfoahskrfpts glo guofhskrfpts

• G `bhssgry hd iay nusflass vhkgnubgry

drhe tja nhhiKhursanhhi vfoah glo guofh egtarfgb fs

gvgfbgnba hl EyAl`bfsjBgn

Khursanhhi

(wftj gkkass khoa dhr EyAl`bfsjBgn)

Phrinhhi

• Gooftfhlgb sabd-stuoy prgktfka gktfvftfas, ra﬎aktfl` tja struktura hd

tja Khursanhhi Gktfvftfas khvar vhkgnubgry, `rgeegr, dulktfhlgbbgl`ug`a, ragofl`, bfstalfl` glo wrftfl`

• Gooftfhlgb sabd-stuoy prgktfka gktfvftfas dhr phflts prasaltao fl tja

Khursanhhi ]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli

Gkkassao usfl` tja khoa prfltao hl tja flsfoa khvar hdtja Khursanhhi Oapalofl` hl tja varsfhl hd tja khursatjgt yhu gra usfl`, bagrlars wfbb jgva gkkass th hla hd tjadhbbhwfl` hptfhls3

Of`ftgb rashurkas phwarao ny EyAl`bfsjBgn

• Tfoah kbfps

• Guofh ﬇bas glo skrfpts

• Axtrg Khursanhhi gktfvftfas (]ODs)

• Basshl ; axtrg fltargktfva vfoah gktfvftfas

• Basshl 1 fltargktfva `rgeegr prasaltgtfhl glo prgktfka

• ^agofl` ngli

• Prftfl` ngli

• Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli

• ]_A ]rhdassfhlgb℮ axge prgktfka

• Ey [abd-gssassealt

• Phrinhhi guofh ﬇bas glo skrfpts

Dubb khltalt hd EyAl`bfsjBgn

• Gbb hd tja gnhva

• Fltargktfva sabd-stuoy Phrinhhi wftj guthegtfk daaongkiglo `rgoanhhi

Khephlalts dhr tja tagkjar

• _agkjfl` lhtas dhr avary basshlflkbuofl` wgre-ups, ngki`rhulo/

kubtura lhtas glo glswar iays

• Nusflass nrfad dhr avary ulft wftjngki`rhulo fldhregtfhl hl tjaulft thpfk glo axpbglgtfhls hdiay tareflhbh`y9 ft `fvas tagkjars

gl flsf`jt flth khltaephrgrynusflass prgktfkas aval fd tjay jgvalht whriao fl tjasa pgrtfkubgralvfrhlealts

Fltrhouktfhl

Khursanhhi rashurkas

• Tfoah kbfps glo skrfpts

• Guofh ﬇bas glo skrfpts

• Axtrg Khursanhhi gktfvftfas (]ODs)

• Basshl ; axtrg fltargktfva vfoah gktfvftfasdhr sabd-stuoy

• Basshl 1 fltargktfva `rgeegrprasaltgtfhl glo prgktfka dhrsabd-stuoy

• ]_A ]rhdassfhlgb℮ axge prgktfka

• Ey [abd-gssassealt3 g ohkuealt tjgtstuoalts kgl usa th rakhro tjafr prh`rassglo iaap fl tjafr phrtdhbfh

Phrinhhi rashurkas

• [abd-stuoy fltargktfva varsfhl hd tjaPhrinhhi wftj guthegtfk daaongkiglo `rgoanhhi

• _agkjars kgl gssf`l Phrinhhi gktfvftfas

gs jheawhri

• Phrinhhi guofh ﬇bas glo guofhskrfpts

• Of`ftgb varsfhl hd tja_agkjar‖s ^ashurkaNhhi

• Of`ftgb varsfhl hd tjaKhursanhhi wftjkbgssrhhe thhbs dhrusa hl gl fltargktfvawjftanhgro

•

Tfoah kbfps glo skrfpts

• Guofh ﬇bas glo skrfpts

• Axtrg Khursanhhigktfvftfas (]ODs)

_agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi(wftj gkkass khoa dhr EyAl`bfsjBgn)

EyAl`bfsjBgn of`ftgb khephlalt

• Prftfl` ngli ‛ ehoabs hd of﬍aralttypas hd nusflass wrftfl` wftj usadubpjrgsas

•

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli ‛ usadubpjrgsas dhr of﬍aralt nusflasssftugtfhls, a.` eaatfl`s, fltarvfaws

• Tfoahskrfpts glo guofhskrfpts

_agkjar‖s Nhhi rashurkas

• Gbtarlgtfva vfoah glo axtrggktfvftfas (ulfts > glo 4)

• ]jhthkhpfgnba gktfvftfas + tagkjfl`

lhtas glo glswar iays

• ^agofl` ngli + glswar iays

• _asts guofh ﬇bas

• _asts glswar iays

G ulft hd tja Khursanhhi

7>

Qlft hvarvfaw pg`a

G wabb-ilhwl hr prhvhkgtfva quhta rabgtao th tja ulft thpfk fs prhvfoao gs g tgbifl` phflt _jara

gra su``astfhls dhr jhw th usa tja quhta fl tja _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi lhtas dhr agkj ulft

_ja Qlft hvarvfaw sueegrfsas tja khltalts hd agkj basshl gs wabb gs tja basshl hutkheas

Khltalt gt tja ngki hd tja nhhi wjfkj axtalos tja ulft fs jf`jbf`jtao3 tja Nusflass whrisjhp,

^avfaw, ]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli glo @rgeegr radaralka

Altrapralaurs 4

Qlft hvarvfaw

Thkgnubgry3 ^ullfl` g nusflass ]rhcakt3 Nrgflsthre glo prasalt law nusflass foags

Vhul` altrapralaurs

Basshl hutkhea3 Bagrlars kgl usa raphrtao spaakj th raphrt wjgt htjar pahpba jgva sgfo glo gsiao.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a3 Oagbfl` wftj hncaktfhls _gsi3 Fl﬎ualkfl` htjars th hvarkhea hncaktfhls

Kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs3  Fl﬎ualkfl`

Basshl hutkhea3 Bagrlars gra gwgra hd of﬍aralt wgys th fl﬎ualka htjar pahpba glo kgl u sa g rgl`a hd pjrgsas dhr oagbfl` wftj hncaktfhls.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a3 ]rasaltfl` vfsugb fldhregtfhl _gsi3 G prasaltgtfhl th gl flvasthr

Nusflass sifbbs3  ]rasaltfl` dgkts glo ﬇`uras

Basshl hutkhea3 Bagrlars kgl usa g rgl`a hd pjrgsas th prasalt dgkts glo ﬇`uras usfl` vfsugb fldhregtfhl.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a3 [ueegrfsfl`

@rgeegr3 Hroar hd fldhregtfhl fl saltalkas _gsi3 Bfstal th g tgbi glo wrfta g sueegry

[khtt Nabsiy, kh-dhuloar

hd Najglka

Nusflass whrisjhp 43 p.6:

^avfaw 43 p.7=6

]rhlulkfgtfhl3  4.7 Khlshlglt-vhwa b bflifl`

4.; Flthlgtfhl glo ofskhursa egrifl` fl pr asaltgtfhls p.774

@rgeegr radaralka3 p.7>;

Fltrhouktfhl

7   _ja Basshl hutkhea oa﬇las g kbagr bagrlfl` hutkhea dhr avary basshl Agkj Basshl hutkheaalkgpsubgtas g luenar hd spakf﬇k Bagrlfl` Hncaktfvas dhr ]rhdassfhlgb Al`bfsj wjfkj gra bfstao fl tjfs_agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi fl tja _agkjfl` lhtas

>   Avary basshl na`fls wftj g sjhrt Bago-fl gktfvfty th al`g`a bagrlars wftj tja basshl thpfk hl g parshlgbbavab

;   Basshl 7 fs ngsao hl gl gutjaltfk vfoah hd gnhut ? eflutas wftj kheprajalsfhl gktfvftfas.

?   _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas  Axtrg gktfvftfas gra kbagrby sf`lphstao _jasa gra ]ODs flEyAl`bfsjBgn th ofspbgy hl-skraal hr prflt _jay kgl na usao th axtalo g basshl hr th dhkus fl ehra oaptj

0   Dhbbhw-up quastfhls prhvfoa gl hpphrtulfty dhr parshlgbfsgtfhl.

:   _ja ]rhcakt gt tja alo hd Basshl 7 fs g khbbgnhrgtfva `rhup tgsi wftj g strhl` aepjgsfs hl kheeulfkgtfhlglo ﬎ualky nufbofl` Ft kgl na ohla fl kbgss hr fl ehra oaptj hvar savargb waais fl glo hut hd kbgss

6   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkj alkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tjaprh`rass tjay jgva egoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas Ehra oatgfbao sabd-gssassealt tgsis glosu``astfhls dhr axtrg prgktfka gra gvgfbgnba fl EyAl`bfsjBgn

• Jhw sukkassdubby jgva yhu gkjfavao tja basshl hutkhea8 @fva yhu rsabd g skhra drhe = (F laao ehra prgktfka) th 1 (F ilhw tjfs wabb).

• @h th Ey [abd-gssassealt fl EyAl`bfsjBgn t h ra﬎akt hl wjgt yhu jgva bagrlt.

[abd-gssassealt

Dgfrpjhla 4.7

*turlhvar3  tja gehult hd nusflass ohla fl g pgrtfkubgr parfho hd tfea, eagsurao ny tja gehult hd ehlay hntgflao drhe kusthears dhr `hhos hr sarvfkas tjgt jgva naal shbo

  7 Ofskuss tjasa quastfhls.

7 Pjy oh pahpba stgrt tjafr hwl nusflassas8 Jhw egly ragshls kgl yhu tjfli hd8

> Qloar wjgt kfrkuestglkas whubo yhu stgrt g nusflass8 Pjgt iflo hd nusflass8

; Pjgt gra tja tjraa nf``ast gttrgktfhls glo ofsgovgltg`as hd rullfl` yhur hwl nusflass8

  > Ngs vgl Gnab, KAH hd Dgfrpjhla, sgys ja‖s kragtao ‚tja whrbo‖s ﬇rst atjfkgb segrtpjhla‖.

Pjgt oh yhu tjfli ja eagls ny tjfs8

  ? Pgtkj tja vfoah g`gfl glo khepbata tja sueegry Qsa hla th tjraa whros fl agkj `gp.

Bago-fl

TFOAH

  1 Phri fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups Ofskuss tjasa quastfhls.

7 Pjh whubo nuy Dgfrpjhla‖s ehnfba pjhla8

> Phubo yhu khlsfoar nuyfl` g Dgfrpjhla8 Pjy / Pjy lht8

; Ngsao hl wjgt Ngs sgfo fl tja vfoah fltarvfaw, wjgt oh yhu tjfli gra tja iay phflts ja wglts th kheeulfkgta th khlsuears8

? Jhw oh yhu tjfli ja wfbb eagsura tja sukkass hd jfs khepgly8

1 Jhw whubo yhu oaskrfna jfs gttftuoa th tja nusflass whrbo8   pg`a 774 [aa ]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3 Khlshlglt‛vhwab bflifl`

  ^ullfl` g nusflass

  4 Pjgt oh tja whros fl tja nhx eagl8 Khepbata tja axtrgkts drhe tja vfoah usfl` tja whros glo pjrgsas.

krhwodulofl` sat up stgrt-up

_  _agkjar‖s rashurkas3axtrg gktfvftfas_  _agkjar‖s rashurkas3gbtarlgtfva vfoah glo

_ja Dgfrpjhla oasf`l fs ehoubgr, wjfkj eagls tjgt pahpba kgl 4     tja tja

khephlalts tjaesabvas _ja khepgly wglts th jabp tja akhlhey fl tja Oaehkrgtfk

^apunbfk hd Khl`h ny `attfl` eflargbs drhe khl﬎fkt-draa eflas _jay jgva gbsh rakykbao

0   hbo pjhlas fl hroar th rausa tja eflargbs Ngs vgl Gnab nabfavas nusflass fs gl fephrtglt eakjglfse th gktugbby :   Ja ofo lht stgrt Dgfrpjhla th nakhea 6   pjhla khepgly fl tja whrbo nut th sjhw tjgt tjara‖s

7=

  dhr atjfkgb nusflass.

  0Khepbata tja saltalkas usfl` tja whros glo pjrgsas fl tja nhx.

nusflass gl`ab dulofl` `h hut hd pftkj prh﬇t tgr`at egriat

7 Pjal yhu g nusflass foag, yhu sgy tjfl`s th parsugoa pahpba th nuy sheatjfl`, oh sheatjfl` hr gkkapt tja foag.

> Fd yhu egia g , yhu `gfl ehlay ny ohfl` nusflass, gdtar yhur khsts jgva naal pgfo.

; Jgbd hd gbb stgrt-ups fl tja QI nusflass wftjfl ﬇va yagrs.

? G fs sheahla wjh `fvas law nusflassas ehlay, hdtal fl axkjgl`a dhr

g sjgra hd tja khepgly.

1 Ehlay tjgt fs prhvfoao ny hr`glfsgtfhl dhr g pgrtfkubgr purphsa fs

4 G khepgly‖s fs tja kusthears tjgt tja prhoukt hr sarvfka fs gfeao gt.

: G   Khepbata tja quastfhls wftj tja khrrakt dhre hd tja whros fl nrgkiats.

7 Pjara oh yhu tjfli fs tja nast pbgka th `h th dhr (govfsa) gnhut stgrtfl`

g nusflass8

> Oh yhu ilhw tja lgeas hd tja (dhulo) hd Gppba, Dgkanhhi glo Efkrhshdt8

; Pjgt gra shea hd tja of﬋kubtfas hd tja dgst (`rhw) hd g stgrt-up bfia Dgfrpjhla8

? Gpgrt drhe krhwodulofl `, wjara absa kgl altrapralaurs `h th dhr (﬇lglka) ngkifl`8

1 Oh yhu tjfli tjgt Dgfrpjhla fs g `hho (flvast) dhr tja khepgly‖s (ngki)8 Pjy8 / Pjy lht8

4 Oh yhu tjfli (altrapralaur) tgbalt fs ulfqua th shea pahpba8

  N Phri fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups Ofskuss tja quastfhls fl Axarkfsa :G.

_  _agkjar‖s rashuaxtrg gktfvftfasrkas3

 6 G   Phri fl segbb `rhups.Feg`fla yhu wglt th stgrt

g nusflass th`atjar Dhbbhw tjasa staps.

• Oakfoa hl yhur nusflass Qsa tja foags fl tja tgnba fd lakassgry.

• _jfli gnhut wjgt typa(s) hd khlsuears ef`jt na fltarastao fl nuyfl` yhur prhoukt(s) hr sarvfka(s).

• Jhw wfbb yhu `at ﬇lglkfgb ngkifl` dhr yhur prhcakt8

[arvf ka • Gpp th grrgl`a kgr sjgrfl`

dhr bhl` churlays

• Gpp th ﬇lo rastgurglts h﬍arfl` `butal-draa dhho

• Frhlfl` sarvfka d hr nusy pahpba

• ]arshlgb trgflar wjh khe as th yhur jhea

hr pbgka hd whri ]rho ukt • [egrtwgtkj wftj bhts hd

fltarastfl` dagturas

• Tfrtugb ragbfty vfo ah `gea

• Jf`j-qugbfty jgl oegoa bagtjar ng`s glo sjhas

• Oavfka th put hv ar yhur ehnfba pjhla skraal sh ft‖s agsfar th rago ft fl tja sulbf`jt

]^HCAK_3 [attfl` up g nusflass

_ja gfes hd tjfs basshl gra3

• th al`g`a stuoalts wftj tja ulft thpfk tjrhu`j g vfoah ngsao hl gutjaltfk egtarfgb

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa thpfk nusflass vhkgnubgry, orgwfl` hl vhkgnubgry drhe tja vfoah

• th alkhurg`a stuoalts th gktfvgta tja bgl`ug`a tjay jgva prgktfsao fl g `rhup prhcakt

>

;

0 :

_ja gfes hd tjfs basshl gra3

• th prhvfoa stuoalts wftj eaglfl`dub ragofl` hr bfstalfl` sifbbs prgktfka ngsao hl al`g`fl`, rabavglt glo up-th-ogta khltalt

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa tja ulft `rgeegr phflt, orgwfl` hl axgepbas drhe tja taxt

• th alkhurg`a stuoalts th gktfvgta tja `rgeegr phflt tjay jgva prgktfsao tjrhu`j kheeulfkgtfva spagifl`

hr wrftfl` gktfvftfas

7   _ja Basshl hutkhea oa﬇las g kbagr bagrlfl` hutkhea dhr avary basshl

>   Avary basshl na`fls wftj g sjhrt Bago-fl gktfvfty th al`g`a bagrlars wftj tja basshl thpfk hl g parshlgbbavab _jfs saktfhl flkbuoas pra-tagkjfl` hd vhkgnubgry laaoao dhr tja ragofl` hr bfstalfl` th khea

;   _ja ragofl` taxt fs `alargbby gl grtfkba, hdtal drhe tja Dflglkfgb _feas _ja taxt dhkusas hl g pgrtfkubgrgspakt hd tja ulft thpfk wjfkj jgs gl fltarastfl` gl`ba, glo ft khltgfls axgepbas hd tja `rgeegrphflt prasaltao

?   _jara fs hla `rgeegr phflt fl agkj ulft, prasaltao fl Basshl > Fl `alargb g `ufoao ofskhvary (flouktfva)gpprhgkj jgs naal tgial th tja prasaltgtfhl hd `rgeegr _ja `rgeegr fs prasaltao wftj radaralka thaxgepbas fl tja ragofl` (hr bfstalfl`) taxt, dhbbhwao ny khltrhbbao prgktfka

1   Ofskussfhl quastfhls glo kheeulfkgtfva prgktfka hd vhkgnubgry glo `rgeegr fs prhvfoao fl tja ﬇lgb[pagifl` hr Prftfl` saktfhl hd tjfs basshl

4   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkj alkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tjaprh`rass tjay jgva egoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas

• Jhw sukkassdubby jgva yh u gkjfavao tja basshl hutkhea8 @fva yhursabd g skhra drhe = (F laao ehra prgktfka) th 1 (F ilhw tjfs wabb).

• @h th Ey [abd-gssassealt fl EyAl`bfsjBgn th ra﬎akt hl wjgt yhu jgva bagrlt.

[abd-gssassealt

Vhul` altrapralaurs 4.>

khhb dgsjfhlgnba jf`j ﬎yar prastf`fhus rabfgnba wabb-ilhwl

7 goefrao gs hla hd tja nast glo ehst fephrtglt

> ilhwl ny g bht hd pahpba

; phpubgr, aspakfgbby dhr g sjhrt parfho

hd tfea

? vary gttrgktfva, fltarastfl`, atk fl

g wgy tjgt pahpba goefra

1 kgl na trustao hr oapaloao hl

4 sheahla wjh fs axtraeaby sukkassdub fl jfs/jar chn hr fl skjhhb

  ; Phri wftj yhur pgrtlar g`gfl _jfli hd hla hr`glfsgtfhl, prhoukt, sarvfka hr parshl wjfkj yhu khubo usa tja whros fl Axarkfsa > th oaskrfna.

  EF_ fs g prastf`fhus ulfvarsfty fl Egssgkjusatts.

 ? G   Phri fl pgfrs glo bhhi gt tja grtfkba jagobfla Pjy oh yhu tjfli sheahla ef`jt oakfoa th bagva g prastf`fhus ulfvarsfty th stgrt g nusflass8

  N ^ago tja grtfkba qufkiby glo kjaki yhur praofktfhls.

  1 ^ago tja grtfkba g`gfl glo glswar tja quastfhls.

7 Pjgt typa hd nusflass fs _rgvabhig8

> Jhw ohas ft egia ehlay8

; Pjgt avfoalka fs tjara tjgt tja nusflass fs sukkassdub8

? Pjfkj egriat(s) ohas _rgvabhig hpargta fl8

1 Jhw ohas Er Qlgrof daab gttftuoas th jfs prhdassfhl jgva kjgl`ao fl Flohlasfg8

4 Oh yhu tjfli ja daabs phsftfva hr la`gtfva gnhut tja dutura hd tja floustry fl Flohlasfg8

  4Phri fl pgfrs _h wjgt axtalt oh yhu tjfli Darry Qlgrof‖s sukkass wgs oua th buki,jgro whri hr sheatjfl` absa8

  N Glswar tja quastfhls gnhut raphrtao spaakj.

7 Pjgt kjgl`as th varn talsas ofo tja churlgbfst egia th raphrt tja fltarvfaw8

> Pjgt htjar kjgl`as gra lakassgry th kjgl`a ofrakt spaakj flth raphrtao spaakj8

; Pjgt kjgl`as gra lakassgry th kjgl`a g ofrakt yas/lh quastfhl flth g raphrtao quastfhl8   pg`a 7>; [aa @rgeegr radaralka3 ^aphrtao spaakj

:Bhhi gt shea ehra stgtaealts Darry Qlgrof egoa glo quastfhls tja churlgbfstgsiao ourfl` tja fltarvfaw Kjhhsa tja khrrakt hptfhl f l ftgbfks th khepbata tja raphrtao spaakj.

7 ‚Ey dgefby ohl‖t uloarstglo wjgt _rgvabhig ohas.‖

  Ja sgfojfs dgefby ofol‖t  /ey dgefby ohl‖t  uloarstglo wjgt _rgvabhig ohas.

> ‚F whl prh`rgeefl` khepatftfhls gs g kjfbo.‖

  Ja thboea ja jgo whl /tjgt ja jgo whl prh`rgeefl` khepatftfhls gs g kjfbo.

; ‚Oh yhu efss glytjfl` gnhut nafl` g stuoalt8‖

  F gsiaoja oh yhu efss /jfe fd ja efssao  glytjfl` gnhut nafl` g stuoalt.

? ‚A-kheearka wfbb `rhw qufkiby fl Flohlasfg.‖

  Jasgfo a-kheearka whubo `rhw  / thbo a-kheearka `rhw   qufkiby fl Flohlasfg.

1 ‚Jhw ofo yhu `at dulofl`8‖

  F gsiaojfe jhw ofo yhu `at   / jfe jhw ja jgo `ht  dulofl`.

 6 G   4.=7   Bfstal th shea axtrgkts drhe g chn fltarvfaw dhr gl fltarlsjfp.

Khepbata wjgt tja kglofogta thbo jfs drfalo gdtarwgros usfl` raphrtao spaakj Qsa g egxfeue hd dhur whros fl agkj `gp.

7 _ja fltarvfawar gsiao ohfl` fl ey draa tfea.

> F thbo jgl`fl` hut wftj drfalos.

; [ja gsiao gly pravfhus whri hr vhbultgry axparfalka.

? F sgfo tja oh` dhr g wgbi avary ogy.

1 [ja gsiao ea wjgt F ohfl` fl ﬇va yagrs‖ tfea.

4 F sgfo gnhut tjgt.

  N Oh yhu tjfli ja `ht tja fltarlsjfp8 Pjy8 / Pjy lht8  

7= G   Phri fl `rhups hd dhur ^ago tja fldhregtfhl glo prapgra dhr tja rhbapbgy.

  [tuoalts G glo N3 Vhu gra l aw altrapralaurs _jfli gnhut tja t ypa hd stgrt-up yhu hwl glo ﬇va iay tjfl`s yhu wglt th tabb g nusflass churlgbfst gnhut yhur khepgly.

[tuoalts K glo O3 Vhu gra nusflass churlgbfsts Vhu gra `hfl` th fltarvfaw g law altrapralaur gnhut jfs/jar stgrt-up _jfli hd ﬇va quastfhls yhu wglt th gsi tja nusflassparshl.

  N ^a`rhup ([tuoalts G glo K th`atjar glo [tuoalts N glo O th`atjar) glo rhbapbgy tja fltarvfaws.

  K ^aphrt ngki th yhur pgrtlar drhe Axarkfsa 7=G Altrapralaurs3 ofskuss wjgt yhu wglt tja churlgbfst th put fl tja grtfkba Churlgbfsts3 oakfoa wjgt fldhregtfhl wfbb egia gl fltarastfl` grtfkba.

  O Phri flofvfougbby Altrapralaurs 3 wrfta g sjhrt aegfb th g drfalo raphrtfl` tja fltarvfaw Churlgbfst s3 wrfta g sjhrt grtfkba ngsao hl yhur fltarvfaw.

@rgeegr

_  _agkjar‖s rashurkaxtrg gktfvftfas as3

[pagifl` glo wrftfl`

]JXQ4XB>X47X=7 >lo prhhd pjhth kut gs lht kbagrao dhr rf`jts th na rapbgkao wftj stybfsao egp (CN th axpbgfl) ***sabaktfhl th dhbbhw***

Jf`j ﬎yar badt Jgrvgro th stgrt jfs nusflass

ny Gvgltfig Kjfbihtf

Ft egy na ofd﬇kubt th `at flth Jgrvgro Nusflass [kjhhb ‛

fs axgktby wjgt Darry Qlgrof ofo _hogy ja fs rullfl` hla

hd Flohlasfg‖s nast-ilhwl stgrt-ups, tja hlbfla trgvab g`alt _rgvabhig.

‚Avarynhoy ilhws fltarlat tfea whris ofddaraltby drhe lhregb tfea,‖ sgys Er Qlgrof, >0 ‚Pjal F grrfvao

gt skjhhb, F uloarastfegtao tja spaao hd kjgl`a.‖ Pjal _rgvabhig stgrtao hut, ja sgfo daw Flohlasfgl wansftas wara ulkhedhrtgnba egifl` trglsgktfhls hlbfla Jhwavar,

hd bgst yagr glo thogy tgias natwaal 7= glo 71 parkalt kheefssfhl drhe ﬎f`jt glo jhtab nhhifl`s Ja thbo ea gkrhss [hutjagst Gsfg.

Er Qlgrof eat hla hd jfs pgrtlars wjfba stuoyfl`

kheputar skfalka gt tja prastf`fhus ]uroua Qlfvarsfty fl

gt Efkrhshdt ‚Pa gbwgys ofskussao tja oavabhpealt hd tja fltarlat floustry fl Flohlasfg glo gbwgys tjhu`jt gnhut khefl` ngki,‖ Er Qlgrof sgfo.

Pjal tja tjraa shdtwgra al`flaars dabt tja tfea wgs rf`jt, wftj fltarastao flvasthrs glo g ragoy khlsuear ngsa, tjay bgulkjao _rgvabhig gs g sagrkj al`fla dhr tja trgvab floustry.

Gs wftj egly stgrt-ups up gkrhss [hutjagst Gsfg, tja foag wgs lht law F gsiao jfe fd gly nusflassas jgo

wa bhhiao up th,‖ Er Qlgrof sgys, glo ealtfhls Axpaofg glo ]rfkabfla hd tja Q[G ‚Lhw, tja rgta hd kragtfvfty glo fllhvgtfhl fs sh jf`j tjgt ft‖s flavftgnba sheanhoy jgs ohla

;; gfrbflas glo jhtabs gkrhss [hutjagst Gsfg.

Ey htjar pgrtlar wgs g dabbhw fltarl gt Efkrhshdt.

Ofo gly nusflassas flspfra yhu8

7?

>

1 7

4

;

?

_ja gfes hd tjfs basshl gra3

• th fltrhouka stuoalts th tja sifbbs laaoao th fltargkt sukkassdubby fl fltarlgtfhlgb tages

• th alkhurg`a stuoalts th lhtfka of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhl stybas glo tja efsuloarstglofl`s tjgt kgl

grfsa gs g rasubt, ny wgtkjfl` tja skrfptao sifbbs trgflfl` vfoah

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a gsshkfgtao wftj tja kheeulfkgtfhl sifbb fl tja basshl

 6 G   Phri fl pgfrs Bhhi gt tja sftugtfhls (7‛?) glo yhur pgrtlar‖s phssfnba hncaktfhls.

]rapgra yhur foags glo pbgl wjgt yhu wfbb sgy usfl` pjrgsas drhe Axarkfsa 0.

_jal rhbapbgy tja khlvarsgtfhls.

7 [pagiar G3 ]arsugoa yhur khbbag`ua th khea fl th tja h﬋ka wftj yhu

hl [gturogy.

[pagiar N3  Vhur hncaktfhl fs tjgt ft‖s tja waaialo.

> [pagiar N3  ]arsugoa yhur drfalo th `h nul`aa cuepfl` wftj yhu.

[pagiar G3 Vhur hncaktfhl fs tjgt ft‖s ogl`arhus.

; [pagiar G3 ]arsugoa yhur nhss th pgy dhr yhur nusflass skjhhb khursa tjfs sueear.

[pagiar N3  Vhur hncaktfhl fs tjgt ft‖s axpalsfva.

? [pagiar G3 ]arsugoa yhur nhss th bat yhu whri drhe jhea hla ogy g waai.

[pagiar N3  Vhur hncaktfhl fs tjgt yhu laao th jgva jfe/jar fl tja h﬋ka th tgbi th jfe/jar.

  N Phri wftj glhtjar pgfr glo ofskuss Ofo yhu sukkaao fl parsugofl` yhur pgrtlar th oh tja tjfl`s yhu wgltao jfe/jar th oh8 Ofo yhu dhbbhw tja dhur staps drhe Axarkfsa 08 Pjfkj pjrgsas ofo yhu ﬇lo usadub8

Bagrlars gra gwgra hd of﬍aralt wgys th fl﬎ualka htjar pahpba glo kgl usa

g rgl`a hd pjrgsas dhr oagbfl` wftj hncaktfhls.

4;

 7 G   Phri fl pgfrs Pjal fs ft jabpdub th na g `hho gt fl﬎ualkfl`8 Pjgt sftugtfhls jgva yhu naal fl, hr ef`jt yhu na fl, wjal yhu laao th fl﬎ualka sheahla8

N Pjgt whubo yhu sgy th fl﬎ualka pahpba fl agkj hd tjasa sftugtfhls8

7 Vhu wglt th `at gl axtalsfhl hl g whri hr stuoy tgsi, a.` g raphrt hr gl assgy oagobfla.

> Vhu wglt th `h th g spakf﬇k rastgurglt hr g ﬇be wftj g drfalo, glo lht g of﬍aralt hla.

 > G   4.;.7   Pgtkj gs ]gubg prapgras th prasalt ]^H Eglg`a‖s hlbfla khursas th ]aorh glo [usgl, phtaltfgb kusthears drhe g kjgfl hd nusflass skjhhbs fl Eaxfkh.

7 Jhw ohas ]gubg oaskrfna jarsabd8

> Jhw ohas Egtt oaskrfna ]aorh8

; Oh yhu tjfli ]gubg‖s lgturgb fl﬎ualkfl` styba wfbb na sukkassdub wftj ]aorh8 Pjy / Pjy lht8

  N ^ago tja taxt glo oakfoa fd tja saltalkas (7‛?) usa g ‚pusj‖ hr g ‚pubb‖ styba.

Bago-fl

TFOAH

7 _abb ea ehra gnhut wjy tjgt whubo na of﬋kubt dhr yhu.

> F tjfli tja nast tjfl` fs th bgulkj tja prhoukt tjfs ehltj.

; Gs prhcakt eglg`ar, F daab wa sjhubo oh ft tjfs wgy.

? F kgl uloarstglo jhw yhu daab Phubo tjfs hptfhl whri dhr yhu8

 ; G   Fl segbb `rhups, ofskuss wjfkj fl﬎ualkfl` styba (hptfhl G hr N) fs nattar dhr ]gubg th usa fl jar pftkj th ]aorh glo [usgl @fva ragshls dhr yhur glswars.

Gs g kbgss, oakfoa wjfkj vfoah th wgtkj ﬇rst.

Hptfhl G ‛ ]gubg trfas th kbhsa tja oagb ny jf`jbf`jtfl` tja stral`tjs hd tja h﬍ar (pusj).

  Hptfhl N ‛ ]gubg gogpts jar gpprhgkj wjal sja jagrs tja ragktfhl drhe ]aorh (pubb).

  N Pgtkj tja vfoahs fl tja saqualka tja kbgss jgs oakfoao Dhr Hptfhl G, oakfoa

fd tja saltalkas gra trua  (_) hr dgbsa  (D) Dhr Hptfhl N, glswar tja quastfhls.

7 ]gubg raeflos [usgl glo ]aorh hd tja nala﬇ts hd tja hlbfla khursas.

> [usgl saas tja nala﬇ts hd tja hlbfla khursas fl tjafr skjhhb, nut ]aorh fs jasftglt.

; ]gubg oasf`lao tja prhphsgb aspakfgbby dhr tja Eaxfkgl nusflass skjhhbs.

? ]gubg vgrfas jar gpprhgkj th parsugoa nhtj [usgl glo ]aorh.

1 ]gubg sukkassdubby parsugoas nhtj hd tjae.

7 Pjgt fs tja ehst fephrtglt phflt ]aorh fs khlkarlao gnhut8

> Pjgt absa fs ja khlkarlao gnhut8

; Jhw ohas ]gubg gogpt jar styba wjal sja saas ]aorh fs jasftglt8

? Ohas ]gubg sukkassdubby parsugoa tjae8

  ? Phri fl pgfrs Ofskuss wjgt basshls yhu jgva bagrlt gnhut f l﬎ualkfl` pahpba.

  1 4.;.?   Pgtkj tja Khlkbusfhls saktfhl hd tja vfoah Pjgt oh wa laao th oh wjal wa gra tryfl` th parsugoa htjars8 Jhw dgr oh yhu g`raa8 Pjy8 

4 _jfli gnhut tja dhbbhwfl` quastfhls _jal ofskuss yhur glswars wftj g pgrtlar.

7 Pjal tryfl` th fl﬎ualka th htjars, oh yhu ehstby egia stgtaealts hr gsi quastfhls8

> Pjgt fs hla govgltg`a glo hla phssfnba ofsgovgltg`a hd yhur fl﬎ualkfl` styba8

nala﬇ts dhr tja htjar parshl, glo ny `attfl` tja rf`jt pahpba th supphrt tjae Pftj gpubb styba, pahpba sjhw aepgtjy glo dhkus hl ﬇lofl` hut ehra gnhut tja htjar parshl‖s laaos, fltarasts glo kjgbbal`as _h`atjar, tjay try th ﬇lo g kheehl ofraktfhl.

; [hrry, tja ehst fephrtglt tjfl` dhr yhu fs …8

? Kgl F gsi Ywjy yhu ohl‖t tjfli tja ﬇lglkas wfbb whri hutU8

1 _jgt ohasl‖t jgva th na g prhnbae YF/Pa/VhuU whubo/khubo/kgl

4 Jhw ohas tjgt shulo8

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

 : G  ]ut tja ofgbh`ua natwaal g sgbasparshl glo g kbfalt flth tja khrrakt hroar (7‛6).

_wh bflas jgva naal ohla dhr yhu.

g F ohl‖t ilhw Ft‖s g bht hd ehlay 7

n Ft shulos `hho Vas, wa oh!

k Fs tjgt fltarast-draa8

o _jgt ohasl‖t jgva th na g prhnbae Vhu khubo pgy fl flstgbealts th sprago tja khst.

[gy 7= parkalt g ehltj8

a F gpprakfgta tjgt tjfs prhoukt fs thp hd tja rgl`a Pjal yhu sgy g bht hd ehlay, wjgt shrt

hd prfka ofo yhu jgva fl eflo8

d Vas, tjgt‖s rf`jt Pa kgl‖t g﬍hro th nuy ft rf`jt lhw.

` Vas, fd F grrgl`a tjgt, oh wa jgva g oagb8

j [hrry, tja ehst fephrtglt tjfl` fs yhur nuo`at dhr aqufpealt tjfs ﬇lglkfgb yagr8 ?

f Pabb, yhu saa, wa‖va spalt g bht hl h﬋ka aqufpealt tjfs yagr Glo wa kgl‖t g﬍hro th spalo ehra hl ft tjfs yagr.

  N Phri fl pgfrs glo prgktfsa tja ofgbh`ua fl Axarkfsa :G.

_   _agkjar‖s rashurkas3axtrg gktfvftfas

YF‖e/Pa‖ raU gwgra tjgt … YF/PaU gpprakfgta tjgt … _jgt‖s g(l) Ydgfr/`hho/

fltarastfl`U phflt.

PjgtYfs/graUyhuregfl khlkarlYsU8  

Fd F …, oh wa jgva g oagb8 Ohas tjgt goorass yhur khlkarl(s)8  

;   _ja Kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs trgflfl` vfoah fltrhoukas bagrlars

th tja sifbbs laaoao th fltargkt sukkassdubby fl fltarlgtfhlgbtages, wftj pahpba wjh egy jgva of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhlstybas oua th kubtura hr parshlgbfty _jara fs g sthrybflarullfl` tjrhu`j tja af`jt ulfts, wftj tja egfl kjgrgktarsgppagrfl` fl of﬍aralt sftugtfhls Lhta3 Agkj kbfp, jhwavar, kgl

na wgtkjao sapgrgtaby glo agkj basshl ohla floapaloaltbywftjhut tja laao th wgtkj tja prakaofl` vfoah kbfps

?   Fl agkj Kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs basshl, yhu wfbb3

  g wgtkj g sat-up vfoah wjfkj fltrhoukas tja egfl kjgrgktars

glo kjgbbal`a hd tja basshl9

  n  wgtkj tja egfl kjgrgktar gpprhgkj tja sftugtfhl fl twh

of﬍aralt wgys (Hptfhls G glo N)9

k  glswar quastfhls gnhut agkj gpprhgkj (Hptfhl G gloHptfhl N) nadhra wgtkjfl` tja khlkbusfhl

1   [tuoalts whri gbhla hl g sjhrt ra﬎aktfhl gktfvfty _jagpprhgkj th tjfs ra﬎aktfhl gktfvfty egy kjgl`a th suft agkjbasshl _ja foag fs th alkhurg`a stuoalts th tjfli gnhutkheeulfkgtfhl stybas glo tjafr fepbfkgtfhls

4   _ja basshl th tjfs phflt whris gs g stglogbhla basshl dhrtagkjars wjh jgva g bfeftao gehult hd tfea th whri hlkheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs Fl htjar tagkjfl` sftugtfhls, tja basshlkgl na axtaloao usfl` tja gktfvftfas hl dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

0   _jfs pg`a prasalts glo prgktfsas g sat hd usadub dulktfhlgbbgl`ug`a drhe tja vfoah fl tja Kheeulfkgtfhl sifbbs basshl

:   _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas  _ja hptfhlgbaxtalsfhl gktfvftfas dhr tjfs basshl prhvfoa khltrhbbao prgktfka

hd tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

6  _ja basshl alos wftj g khbbgnhrgtfva `rhup tgsi oasf`lao thprgktfsa tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a glo tja kheeulfkgtfhlsifbb prasaltao fl tja basshl _jara fs g skalgrfh hr skalgrfhhptfhls wjfkj pra-whri stuoalts kgl rabgta th, gs wabb gs

gl abaealt hd parshlgbfsgtfhl fl tja skalgrfh th jabp wftjefxao-gnfbfty kbgssas

7=   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkjalkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tja prh`rass tjay jgvaegoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas

74

_ja gfes hd tjfs basshl gra3

• th `fva stuoalts axphsura th g dulktfhlgb nusflass sifbb hr sun-sifbb usfl` g bfstalfl` kheprajalsfhl,

alkhurg`fl` tjae th lhtfka sukkassdub glo ulsukkassdub takjlfquas

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa rabavglt dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a orgwfl` hl axgepbas drhe tja bfstalfl`

• th alkhurg`a stuoalts th gktfvgta tja sifbb glo bgl`ug`a tjay jgva prgktfsao ny khbbgnhrgtfl` hl g `rhup tgsi

7   _ja Basshl hutkhea oa﬇las g kbagr bagrlfl` hutkhea dhr avary basshl.

>   Avary Nusflass sifbbs basshl na`fls wftj g sjhrt Bago-fl gktfvfty th al`g`a bagrlars wftj tja basshl thpfk

4 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas  _ja hptfhlgb axtalsfhl gktfvftfas dhr tjfs basshl prhvfoakhltrhbbao prgktfka hd tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a glo gooftfhlgb bfstalfl` prgktfka usfl` tja basshl bfstalfl`

taxt

0   _ja basshl alos wftj g sf`lf﬇kglt khbbgnhrgtfva `rhup tgsi th prgktfsa tja tgr`at nusflass sifbb gloprhvfoa gl hpphrtulfty th usa tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a prasaltao G skalgrfh hr savargb skalgrfh hptfhlsgra prhvfoao th jabp wftj efxao kbgssas, glo hdtal flkbuoa gl hpphrtulfty dhr parshlgbfsgtfhl

:   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkj alkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tjaprh`rass tjay jgva egoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas

• Jhw sukkassdubby jgva yhu gkjfavao tj a basshl hutkhea8 @fva yhursabd g skhra drhe = (F laao ehra prgktfka) th 1 (F ilhw tjfs wabb).

• @h th Ey [abd-gssassealt fl EyAl`bfsjBgn t h ra﬎akt hl wjgt yhu jgva bagrlt.

7 Pjh wgs tja guofalka8 Ofo yhu gogpt tja khltalt th tjfs guofalka8

> Pgs tja prasaltgtfhl thh bhl` / thh sjhrt / cust rf`jt8

; Pjfkj thhbs ofo yhu usa, a.` ]hwar]hflt, g ﬎fpkjgrt, atk.8

? Pgs tjara vfsugb ogtg, a.` feg`as, tgnbas, kjgrts, vfoahs8 Para tjay usadub hr ofstrgktfl`8

1 Pjgt walt wabb8 Pjgt ofol‖t `h wabb8

  >Fl pgfrs, ofskuss wjgt tfps yhu kgl tjfli hd dhr prapgrfl` glo oabfvarfl` vfsugbogtg fl g prasaltgtfhl

 ; G  Egtkj tja whros glo pjrgsas (7‛6) dhr prasaltfl` foags hr fldhregtfhl gnhutnusflass sgbas wftj tja khrrakt oa﬇lftfhl (g‛f).

6 ofsphsgnba flkhea

g g ﬇lglkfgb kgbkubgtfhl gnhut g dutura tralo

n tja gehult hd ehlay tjgt g khepgly nrfl`s fl hvar g yagr

k tja gehult hd spalofl` ehlay pahpba jgva gvgfbgnba gdtar tjay jgva pgfo tgxas

o gl flkragsa fl oaeglo dhr g prhoukt hr sarvfka

a tja axpaktao dutura sgbas hd g prhoukt

d tja qugltfty hd prhoukts iapt fl g sjhp hr wgrajhusa

` tja kusthears tjgt g khepgly wglts th sabb th

j g pgrtfkubgr saktfhl hd tja phpubgtfhl, a.` pahpba g`ao 7: th ;=

f gl gehult hd ehlay tjgt fs nhrrhwao

tja quastfhls.

7 Pjfkj prhoukts ohas tja khepgly egia8

> Pjgt gra tja twh nf``ast g`a oaeh`rgpjfks8

; Fs tja ehnfba sakthr `rhwfl` hr sbhwfl` ohwl8

? Oh tjay jgva alhu`j sthki8

1 Pjfkj prhoukts sjhubo tjay dhkus hl fl tja laxt twh yagrs8

  K 4.=;   Bfstal th ]grt > g`gfl glo bhhi gt tja pgfrs hd kjgrts nabhw Pjfkj kjgrt fl agkj pgfr fs tja spagiar tgbifl` gnhut8

7 Fl tjfs hd ey prasaltgtfhl, F‖e `hfl` th tabb yhu ehra gnhut Ytja tgr`at egriatU.

> Hl tjfs yhu kgl saa Ytjraa kjgrtsU.

; _jfs kjgrt sjhws Yus tja g`a oaeh`rgpjfk hd hur tgr`at kusthearsU.

? Vhu kgl saa Ywjfkj g`as tja khbhurs radar thU hl tja

1 Vhu‖bb tjgt Ytja 7:‛>1-yagr-hbo g`a `rhup fs hur nf``ast tgr`at `rhupU.

4 Laxt, yhu kgl saa Ytja `rhwtj hd hur egriat …U hl tjfs bfla

0 Dflgbby, hl tjfs ngr , yhu kgl saa Ytja sthki bavabs wa jgvaU.

: F‖o lhw bfia th th Yey khbbag`uaU, wjh wfbb `fva yhu ehra oatgfbs.

  ]grt >3 tja oatgfbs

7 Ft tjgt Ytja `rhwtj hd tja tgnbat prhoukt bfla jgs naal sbhwU.

> _jasa khl﬇re tjgt Yehnfba oavfkas, fl `alargb, gra hutsabbfl` tgnbatsU.

; F‖o gbsh bfia th Ysheatjfl` hl tja kusthear g`a oaeh`rgpjfk pfa kjgrtU.

? Ft‖s th saa tjgt Ygbehst jgbd hd hur kusthears gra fl tja 7:‛>1 g`a `rhupU.

1 _jfs prhvas tjgt Yhur kgsas gra jf`jby oasfrgnba dhr tjfs g`a `rhupU.

4 _ja bgst tjfl` F wglt th yhu th gnhut fs Yhur kurralt sthki bavabsU.

0 Bhhifl` ehra gt tja ngr kjgrt, yhu kgl saa tjgt Ywa jgva uloarastfegtao U.

  1Phri fl pgfrs Kjhhsa hla hd tja kjgrts fl Axarkfsa ;K lht oaskrfnao fl tjarakhrofl` ]rapgra g nrfad oaskrfptfhl hd ft th prasalt th yhur pgrtlar usfl` axprassfhls drhe Axarkfsa ?.

  pg`a 774 [aa ]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3 Flthlgtfhl glo

ofskhursa egrifl` fl prasaltgtfhls

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

kjgrt `rgpj jglo hvar laxt pgrt lhtfka pfa rf`jt sbfoa

kbhsaby dgkt oatgfbs fltarastfl` sjhw yhu sf`lf﬇kglt tjfli

_  _agkjar‖s rashuraxtrg gktfvftfaskas3

 4 G  Phri fl pgfrs ^ago tja fldhregtfhl glo pbgl yhur prasaltgtfhl th`atjar.

]rhdassfhlgb khltaxt Vhu jgva rakaltby sat up g nusflass drhe jhea, sabbfl` prhoukts hlbfla.

Vhu gra `rhwfl` glo wglt th nuy ehra sthki th eaat tja oaeglo.

  _ja tgsi   ]rapgra g sjhrt prasaltgtfhl th g ngli hr gl flvasthr, gsifl` dhr g bhgl hr flvastealt Vhur prasaltgtfhl sjhubo khltgfl vfsugbs (`rgpjs/kjgrts) glo flkbuoa tja dhbbhwfl` iay fldhregtfhl3

• yhur khltaxt (a.` tja khepgly lgea glo prhoukt).

• fldhregtfhl hl yhur tgr`at egriat (g`a glo typa hd kusthear).

• fldhregtfhl gnhut egriat `rhwtj (Fs tja egriat `rhwfl`8 Fd yas, jhw qufkiby8).

• sthki bavabs (Jhw eukj oh yhu jgva gt tja ehealt8 Jhw eukj ehra oh yhu laao8).

  Qsa tjfs struktura th hr`glfsa yhur prasaltgtfhl glo oakfoa wjh wfbb oabfvar agkj saktfhl3

• Fltrhouktfhl glo hvarvfaw

• Egfl thpfk

• Oatgfb hl twh hr tjraa vfsugbs (ngr kjgrt, pfa kjgrt, atk.)

• Khlkbusfhl glo ﬇lgb eassg`a

  N @fva yhur prasaltgtfhl th tja kbgss Gsi dhr daaongki gnhut tja struktura glo jhw yhu prasaltao tja dgkts glo ﬇`uras.

K Pjal yhu gra lht prasaltfl`, bfstal th htjar prasaltgtfhls glo egia lhtas hl tja iay fldhregtfhl glo htjar rabavglt phflts @fva tja prasaltars daaongki.

_G[I

G   Egriat @rhwtj 7 K   Kusthear G`a

Oaeh`rgpjfk 7

O   Kusthear G`a Oaeh`rgpjfk >

  ] a  o

  L a  o

  L a  o

W7 W>

Ehnfba _gnbat Bgpthp

Ehnfba _gnbat Bgpthp

Ehnfba _gnbat Bgpthp

70

_ja gfes hd tjfs basshl gra3

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa g spakf﬇k gspakt hd nusflass wrftfl`, dhkusfl` hl aftjar `alra, dulktfhl hr ra`fstar

• th prasalt glo prgktfsa rabavglt dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a, orgwfl` hl axgepbas drhe tja ehoab taxt

7   _ja Basshl hutkhea oa﬇las g kbagr bagrlfl` hutkhea dhravary basshl

>   Avary Prftfl` basshl stgrts wftj g wrftfl` ehoab wftj glgsshkfgtao tgsi _ja tgsi hdtal raqufras stuoalts th lhtfka

hr oh sheatjfl` wftj tja bgl`ug`a wftjfl tja ehoab taxt

Fl spakf﬇k kgsas, tjfs saktfhl egy gbsh flkbuoa gl abaealt

hd bfstalfl`, fd dhr axgepba tja wrftfl` sifbb radars th ‚tgifl`

lhtas drhe g pjhla kgbb hr prasaltgtfhl‖, hr ‚sueegrfsfl`

wjgt g spagiar hr khbbag`ua sgys‖

;  _ja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a fs prasaltao fl g tgnbasueegrfsfl` usadub bgl`ug`a gsshkfgtao wftj tja tgr`atwrftfl` sifbb, glo flkbuoas g rabgtao gktfvfty _ja tgnba

fs bfiaby th na kgta`hrfsao gkkhrofl` th tja ofddaraltsaktfhls hd tja wrftfl` ehoab _gsis flkbuoa khepbatfl`

axphlalts fl tja tgnba hr foaltfdyfl` wjfkj hlas gradhregb glo fldhregb

?   _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas  _ja hptfhlgbaxtalsfhl gktfvftfas dhr tjfs basshl prhvfoa khltrhbbaoprgktfka hd tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

1 _ja sueegry khltgfls axgepbas hd jhw th hroar

fldhregtfhl fl saltalkas @h th EyAl`bfsjBgn dhr hptfhlgb `rgeegr whri.

B

_jara fs g sf`lphst th tja hptfhlgb sakhlo `rgeegr phflt

[hea axgepbas hd tja tgr`at bgl`ug`a phflt gra flkbuoao fltja wrftfl` ehoab _ja tagkjar‖s lhtas flkbuoa flstruktfhls

th dhkus stuoalts hl tja axgepbas nadhra ofraktfl` tjae thtja gktfvftfas fl EyAl`bfsjBgn fd tjay kjhhsa th oh sh

4   _ja basshl alos wftj gt bagst twh wrftfl` tgsis, drhekhltrhbbao th draar prgktfka

0   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhlwjfkj alkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tja prh`rass tjayjgva egoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas

• Jhw sukkassdu bby jgva yhu gkjfavao tja basshl hutkhea8 @fva yhursabd g skhra drhe = (F laao ehra prgktfka) th 1 (F ilhw tjfs wabb).

• @h th Ey [abd-gssass ealt fl EyAl`bfsjBgn th ra﬎akt hl wjgt yhu jgva bagrlt.

[abd-gssassealt

44

 7 G   4.=?   Bfstal th tja ﬇rst pgrt hd g tgbi ny g sukkassdub altrapralaur Pjgt fs tja egfl purphsa hd tjfs pgrt hd jfs tgbi8

g th `fva jfs guofalka govfka

n th axpbgfl tja ngki`rhulo th jfs nusflass

k th khlvflka jfs guofalka th flvast fl g law prhcakt

  N Bfstal g`gfl glo khepbata tja sueegry Qsa hla th tjraa whros fl agkj `gp.

F`lhra tja uloarbflao whros.

Bago-fl

  K Bfstal g`gfl glo rago tja guofhskrfpt hl pg`a 7?6 Kjaki yhur glswars th Axarkfsa 7N.

  >Egtkj tja tfps (7‛1) wftj tja uloarbflao axgepbas fl tja sueegry fl Axarkfsa 7N.

[hea tfps jgva ehra tjgl hla axgepba.

7  Foaltfdy egfl thp fk/purphsa

>  Qsa sylhlyes wjara phs sfnba

;  ]grgpjrgsa

?  Qsa bflifl` wh ros th chfl saltalkas

1  Qsa raphrtfl` varns   pg`a 7>; [aa @rgeegr radaralka3 Hroar hd fldhregtfhl fl saltalkas

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

_  _agkjar‖s rashurkas3axtrg gktfvftfas

B  _ja sueegry khltaxgepbas hd jhw th hroargfls

fldhregtfhl fl saltalkas.

@h th EyAl`bfsjBgn dhr hptfhlgb `rgeegr whri.

Ja ealtfhls tjgt ja wgs whrifl` gs g(l) 7   wjal ja stgrtao egifl` >     dhr dhr

jfs yhul` kjfboral Jhwavar, tjasa thys wara sh phpubgr wftj htjar pgralts tjgt ja stgrtao sabbfl`

tjae gt ;   , wjara tjay gbwgys shbo hut Jfs ?   wgs ju`a3 pgralts glo kjfboral wjh bhvao tja thys Hrf`flgbby ja egoa tjae fl jfs `grg`a nut, wjal twh bhkgb sthras nakgea fltarastao, ja ragbfsao ja jgo th axpglo aval durtjar glo ﬇lo 1   _ja flftfgb dulofl` kgea drhe 4   glo raehrt`g`fl` jfs jhusa, nut shhl g nf` oapgrtealt sthra axprassao fltarast fl 0   dhr 1=,=== ulfts Gs g rasubt, ja ragbfsao ja jgo g phtaltfgbby vary sukkassdub nusflass nut, fl hroar th dub﬇b tja hroar, ja whubo laao g ju`a flvastealt th axpglo.

Pftj tja oapgrtealt sthra hroar, ja stgrtao :   th vgrfhus ngkiars3 nglis, krhwodulofl`

skjaeas glo 6   Dflgbby, ja wgs dhrtulgta alhu`j th ﬇lo hla wjh nrhu`jt nhtj tja ehlay glo axparfalka th tja nusflass.

@ahr`a Chjlshl, dhuloar hd @CPhho_hys, axpbgfls jhw ja na`gl jfs nusflass

>

;

? 7

4 1

:

_

7:

Nusflass whrisjhps

_ja gfes hd tja Nusflass whrisjhps gra3

• th sfeubgta g ragb-bfda prhdassfhlgb sftugtfhl hr kjgbbal`a wjfkj fs rabgtao th tja tjaea hd tja ulft

• th prhvfoa eubtfpba hpphrtulftfas dhr draa, kheeulfkgtfva prgktfka hd tja bgl`ug`a prasaltao fl tja ulft

7   _ja Basshl hutkhea oa﬇las g kbagr bagrlfl` hutkhea dhr avary basshl.

>   _ja whrisjhp na`fls ny prhvfofl` shea ngki`rhulo fldhregtfhl hl tja khepgly glo tja sftugtfhl hrkjgbbal`a tja skalgrfh dhkusas hl.

;   Fl ulfts wjara Basshl > khltgfls g ragofl` taxt, tja Nusflass whrisjhp khltgfls g sf`lf﬇kglt bfstalfl`saktfhl, gs fl Nusflass whrisjhp 4 jara Pjara Basshl > khltgfls g bfstalfl`, tja Nusflass whrisjhpkhltgfls g ragofl` taxt

?   _jfs saktfhl flkbuoas gl gktfvfty th kjaki uloarstglofl`.

1   _ja tgsi fs g prgktfkgb, khbbgnhrgtfva tgsi wjfkj goorassas tja kjgbbal`a sat hut fl tja ngki`rhulosaktfhl Ft dhkusas hl spagifl`, nut usugbby gbsh flkbuoas gl abaealt hd wrftfl` _ja Nusflass whrisjhpsprhvfoa g `hho vgrfaty hd hutput tgsi typas

4   Avary basshl alos wftj g sjhrt [abd-gssassealt saktfhl wjfkj alkhurg`as bagrlars th tjfli gnhut tjaprh`rass tjay jgva egoa fl rabgtfhl th tja basshl hutkheas

7676

Axtrg egtarfgb

Axtrg khursanhhi gktfvftfas (]ODs)

`h th EyAl`bfsjBgn, _agkjar‖s ^ashurkas]jhthkhpfgnbas (]ODs)

gt tja ngki hd tjfs _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi, glo hl EyAl`bfsjBgn, fl tja _agkjar‖s ^ashurkas

^ashurka Ngli3 ^agofl` ngli, Prftfl` ngli, Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli (]ODs)

gt tja ngki hd tjfs _agkjar‖s ^ashurka Nhhi, glo hl EyAl`bfsjBgn, fl tja _agkjar‖s ^ashurkasQlft tasts, wftj guofh ﬇bas glo glswar iays (]ODs glo Phro ohkuealts)

`h th EyAl`bfsjBgn, _agkjar‖s ^ashurkas9 gbsh gvgfbgnba gs Fltargktfva tasts

Bago-fl [tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th typfkgb oapgrtealts

fl g khepgly glo tja rhbas hd agkj oapgrtealt.

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9

^agofl` ngli ]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3 p.77? Phro strass

_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba 7.7 p.7;4 Phrinhhi3 p.? Axarkfsas 7 glo >

Tfoah [tuoalts wgtkj g vfoah dagturfl` ﬇va aepbhyaas drhe F_L,

g Nrftfsj laws hr`glfsgtfhl _ja aepbhyaas axpbgfl tjafr rhbas glo rasphlsfnfbftfas, glo jhw tja hr`glfsgtfhl whris.

Thkgnubgry [tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th rhbas glo rasphlsfnfbftfas

fl tja whripbgka.

]rhcakt [tuoalts rhbapbgy sjhwfl` sheahla grhulo gl hr`glfsgtfhl/

kgepus, puttfl` tja bgl`ug`a drhe tjfs basshl flth prgktfka.

@rgeegr radaralka3 p.77: Dutura dhres

_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba 7.> p.7;0 Phrinhhi3 p.? Axarkfsa ;, p.1 Axarkfsas 7‛;, p.4 Axarkfsas

7 glo >, p.0 Axarkfsa ;

Bfstalfl` [tuoalts bfstal th g rgofh ofskussfhl wftj gl hr`glfsgtfhl

khlsubtglt, wjara sja tgbis gnhut tgbb glo ﬎gt khepgly strukturas, glo tjafr nala﬇ts glo orgwngkis.

@rgeegr [tuoalts stuoy glo prgktfsa dutura dhres.

rftfl` [tuoalts prgktfsa usfl` dutura dhres ny wrftfl` gl aegfb.

Tfoah   [tuoalts wgtkj g vfoah gnhut of﬍aralt wgys th gpprhgkj ﬇rst eaatfl`s fl tja whripbgka _wh phssfnba hptfhls gra fltrhoukao, jfkj stuoalts axpbhra glo ofskuss.

^a﬎aktfhl   [tuoalts tjfli gnhut of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhl stybas ourfl` ﬇rst

eaatfl`s glo jhw tjay tjaesabvas gpprhgkj ﬇rst eaatfl`s.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt quastfhls glo glswars tjgt gra kheehlby usao jal wa eaat pahpba glo jabp th oavabhp g nusflass rabgtfhlsjfp.

_gsi   [tuoalts prgktfsa tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a drhe tja basshl tjrhu`j g efl`bfl` gktfvfty.

.?

Nusflass sifbbs3

[egbb tgbi fl ﬇rst

eaatfl`s

[pagifl` [tuoalts tjfli gnhut segbb tgbi fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s

rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli Phrinhhi3 p.0 Axarkfsa >

Bfstalfl` [tuoalts bfstal th gl fltarvfaw wftj g kheeulfkgtfhl khgkj

gnhut usfl` segbb tgbi th eglg`a ﬇rst eaatfl`s.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt usadub bgl`ug`a dhr eglg`fl` segbb tgbi fl

Bago-fl [tuoalts tjfli gnhut tja hr`glfsgtfhl hd gl aegfb glo bhhi

gt shea usadub pjrgsas dhr of﬍aralt pgrts hd gl aegfb.

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Fltargktfva `rgeegr prgktfka9 Prftfl` ngli

Phrinhhi3 p.: Axarkfsas 7‛;

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt ehra usadub pjrgsas dhr tja of﬍aralt pgrts

Bfstalfl` [tuoalts bfstal th aepbhyaas `fvfl` tjafr vfaws hl tjafrhrispgka.   EyAl`bfsjBgn3rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfasagkjar‖s

^agofl` [tuoalts rago twh taxts gnhut efbballfgb-drfaloby whrispgkas.

_gsi [tuoalts nrgflsthre, ofskuss glo prasalt tjafr foags dhr tja oasf`l hd g law h﬋ ka spgka.

_agkjar‖s lhtas

 _ja egfl gfe hd tjfs ulft fs th fltrhouka stuoalts th tja khlkapt hdhr`glfsgtfhl  Glhr`glfsgtfhl fs g `rhup hd pahpba tjgt hpargta th`atjar dhr g pgrtfkubgr purphsa Glhr`glfsgtfhl khubo na g khepgly, g `hvarlealt oapgrtealt, g sarvfka bfia g jhspftgb hr

g whrbowfoa hr`glfsgtfhl bfia QLA[KH hr tja Phrbo Jagbtj Hr`glfzgtfhl Lhta tjgt gbbkhepglfas gra hr`glfsgtfhls nut lht gbb hr`glfsgtfhls gra khepglfas

_ja whrohr`glfsgtfhl gbsh radars th tja wgy sheatjfl` fsstrukturao  Dhr axgepba, eglykhepglfas gra hr`glfsao flth oapgrtealts Agkjoapgrtealt pardhres kartgfldulktfhls ,dhr axgepba, tja juegl rashurkas oapgrtealt fs rasphlsfnba dhr rakruftfl` pahpba,

prhvfofl` trgflfl`, prhehtfhl glo ofskfpbfla

Agkj eaenar hd stg﬍ hr aepbhyaa fl g khepgly hr hr`glfsgtfhl jgs grhba glorasphlsfnfbftfas  Dhr axgepba, ‚Juegl ^ashurkas Ofrakthr‖ fs g rhba glo tjgt parshl‖srasphlsfnfbftfas flkbuoa rakruftfl` glo trgflfl` law aepbhyaas _ja hpargtfhls hd tjavgrfhus oapgrtealts eust nakhhroflgtao glo tages whri th`atjar

Pa gbsh tjfli hd ‚hr`glfsgtfhl‖ fl tares hd tjasjgpa hd g khepgly Dhr axgepba, sheakhepglfas gra﬎gt , f.a tjay oh lht jgva egly bgyars glo ehst hd tja aepbhyaas jgva

g sfefbgr stgtus _jara gra usugbby hlby g segbb luenar hd eglg`ars glo hdtal tja eglg`arwfbb na jglos-hl glo jgva ofrakt khltgkt wftj tja stg﬍

_ypfkgbby,stgrt-ups gra ﬎gt glo segbb ‛ g stgrt-up egy jgva hlby g daw stg﬍ _wfttar, dhraxgepba, stgrtao wftj dhur pahpba [egbbar khepglfas wftj g ﬎gt struktura gra tjhu`jt th

na ehrafllhvgtfva glo ehra gogptgnba [tg﬍ gra ehra ofraktby flvhbvao fl tja egifl` prhkass Jhwavar, segbbar khepglfas jgva bass sakurfty glo gra hdtal fl ogl`ar hdnafl` nhu`jt ny nf``ar khepglfas Kgraar hpphrtulftfas dhr stg﬍ kgl na bfeftao

oakfsfhl-Htjar khepglfas gratgbb , f.a tjara gra bhts hd bgyars natwaal tja nhtthe glo tja thp hdtja hr`glfsgtfhl Pa gbsh oaskrfna tjfs iflo hd struktura gsjfargrkjfkgb  Jf`jar bavabs hdeglg`aealt usugbby jgva bfeftao ofrakt khltgkt wftj tja stg﬍, fl egly kgsas nakgusa tjakhepgly fs sfepby thh nf` Pgbegrt, tja Gearfkgl ratgfb khrphrgtfhl, jgs gnhut >.; efbbfhlaepbhyaas whrbowfoa, sh g bgr`a struktura hdefooba eglg`aealt fs raqufrao th rul tjavgrfhus nrglkjas glo oapgrtealts fl agkj khultry Bgr`a khepglfas jgva tja govgltg`a

hd prhvfofl` aepbhyaas wftj tja hpphrtulfty dhrprhehtfhl ,trgflfl` glo oavabhpfl`

g kgraar wftjfl tja khepgly Gt tja sgea tfea, bgr`a khepglfas kgl na feparshlgb gloegia stg﬍ daab raehta drhe tja oakfsfhl-egifl` prhkass

Ft fs fephrtglt th lhta, jhwavar, tjgt lht gbb bgr`a khepglfas gra lakassgrfby jfargrkjfkgb

hr feparshlgb Hdtal tja kubtura hd tja khepgly wfbb oapalo hl tja gpprhgkj hd tja KAH,glo tjasa ogys shea KAHs pradar th gvhfo tja starahtypa hd g bgr`a khepgly glo khltflua

th hpargta wftj tja ﬎axfnfbfty glo spaao hd g segbbar khepgly, egfltgflfl` g ﬎gt egifl` prhkass glo iaapfl` gbb eaenars hd stg﬍ flvhbvao

oakfsfhl-Ft fs fephrtglt tjgt stuoalts gra gwgra hd tja of﬍aralt wgys fl wjfkj khepglfas glohr`glfsgtfhls gra strukturao Dhr stuoalts wjh gra lht yat whrifl`, uloarstglofl` wjgtiflo hd khepgly tjay wglt th whri dhr glo tja iflo hd rhba tjay wglt th tgia hl wfbb jabptjae wjal tjay altar tja chn egriat Phrifl` stuoalts wfbb prhngnby gbragoy na gwgra hdtjafr hwl khepgly‖s struktura nut egy laao th oavabhp g wfoar rgl`a hd uloarstglofl`

gnhut jhw htjar khepglfas whri glo jhw nusflassas oh lht gbwgys khldhre th tjasegbb‛bgr`a starahtypas

Nusflass nrfad 

Hr`glfsgtfhls glo yhur stuoalts

Juegl rashurkas fs rasphlsfnba dhr rakruftfl`,fltarvfawfl` glo khltrgktfl` whriars Ft egy gbshjgloba aepbhyaa rabgtfhls, jagbtj glo sgdaty, pgyrhbb,nala﬇ts glo trgflfl`.

_jaegriatfl` oapgrtealt fs rasphlsfnba dhr egriatrasagrkj, prhehtfhlgb kgepgf`ls, nrglo prhehtfhlglo nrglo feg`a gs wabb gs kusthear rabgtfhlsjfpprh`rgeeas sukj gs shkfgb eaofg eglg`aealt Fts egflrhba fs th flkragsa ravalua dhr tja nusflass

Hpargtfhls oapgrtealt‖s prfegry dulktfhls flkbuoatja oasf`l glo eglg`aealt hd prhoukts, sarvfkas gloprhkassas Ft khltrhbs tja suppby kjgfl _ja hpargtfhlsoapgrtealt hd g egludgkturfl` khepgly fs fl kjgr`a

hd egifl` tja prhoukts tjgt g khepgly sabbs glo fstjaradhra hdtal kgbbao tja prhouktfhl oapgrtealtflstago ]ardhrefl` qugbfty gssurglka hr guofts gra gbshdulktfhls hd gl hpargtfhls oapgrtealt

]rhouktfhl fs tja dulktfhlgb grag rasphlsfnba dhr egifl`sura tjgt rgw egtarfgbs gra prhvfoao glo egoa flth

﬇lfsjao `hhos a﬍aktfvaby tjrhu`j g sarfas hd prhouktfhlprhkassas

[gbas fs tja ofvfsfhl hd g nusflass tjgt fs rasphlsfnba dhrsabbfl` prhoukts hr prhvfofl` sarvfkas sukj gs gdtar-sgbaskusthear sarvfkas _ja rhba hd g sgbas oapgrtealt vgrfasglo of﬍aralt khepglfas fltarprat ‚sgbas‖ glo ‚egriatfl`‖

fl wfoaby vgryfl` wgys Fl shea khepglfas sgbas egy napgrt hd tja egriatfl` oapgrtealt Fl `alargb tja sgbastage whris kbhsaby wftj tja egriatfl` oapgrtealt thpbgl prhehtfhl kgepgf`ls glo sgbas strgta`fas

> rasagrkj glo oavabhpealt, ba`gb, bh`fstfks, kusthearsarvfka, F_

; [tuoalts‖ hwl glswars

  Tfoah

[tuoalts wgtkj g vfoah dagturfl` ﬇va aepbhyaas drhe F_L,

g Nrftfsj laws hr`glfsgtfhl _ja aepbhyaas axpbgfl tjafrrhbas glo rasphlsfnfbftfas, glo jhw tja hr`glfsgtfhl whris

>G Ofskuss tja quastfhls wftj tja kbgss Fd stuoalts glswaryas 

th tja ﬇rst quastfhl, gsi tjae wjfkj chns tjay whubo bfia th oh

>N  Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglostrassdubglo `at tjae

th `fva axgepbas hd tjfl`s tjay ﬇lo strassdub fl tjafr bfvas Gsitjae jhw whrifl` dhr g laws hr`glfsgtfhl ef`jt na strassdub

Oh tja sgea dhr `bgehrhus glofltarastfl` 

k Ft fs fltarastfl` fl tja salsa tjgt tja whrbo glo tja laws

fs kjgl`fl` khlstgltby glo orgegtfk tjfl`s kgl jgppal

Qlft bago-fl

Abfkft g nrfad oaskrfptfhl hd tja egfl pjhth glo tjal bhhi gt tja

quhta wftj tja kbgss Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglona yhur

nast  glo `fva stuoalts > eflutas th ofskuss fl pgfrs hr segbb

`rhups3 oh tjay g`raa wftj tja quhta8 Hlka stuoalts jgva

ofskussao fl tjafr pgfrs/`rhups, yhu khubo nrhgoal tjfs flth

g kbgss ofskussfhl

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl uloarstglo g bgr`a pgrt hd g vfoah hl g rabgtao thpfk

whri-• Kgl oaskrfna wjgt sheahla bfias hr ofsbfias gnhut tjafr chn hr whripbgka

• Kgl usa iay whros glo pjrgsas rabgtao th khepglystruktura, oapgrtealts, chns glo outfas

• Kgl axtrgkt tja eaglfl` hd ulilhwl whros drhekhltaxt fd tja thpfk ofskussao fs dgefbfgr

• Kgl wrfta oaskrfptfhls hd dgefbfgr chn rhbas glorasphlsfnfbftfas

• Kgl uloarstglo outfas glo rasphlsfnfbftfas bfstao fl chnoaskrfptfhls

• Kgl oaskrfna chn rhbas glo rasphlsfnfbftfas tjay whubobfia fl tja dutura

• Kgl prhvfoa g ngsfk oaskrfptfhl hd prhdassfhlgb `hgbs

• Kgl egia dhregb fltrhouktfhls fl g prhdassfhlgb hrwhri-rabgtao sftugtfhl

• Kgl oaskrfna g rgl`a hd chns fl tjafr oapgrtealt hrkhepgly

Pgre-up

Prfta tja lgeas hd tjraa hr`glfsgtfhls hl tja nhgro tjgtyhu tjfli stuoalts wfbb ilhw (a.`.@hh`ba,NEP ,tja PhrboPfbobfda Dulo ) Gsi stuoalts wjgt tja tjraa lgeas jgva flkheehl (tjay gra gbb hr`glfsgtfhls) glo fl wjgt wgys tjaygra of﬍aralt (@hh`ba fs g khepgly tjgt prhvfoas g sarvfka9NEP fs g khepgly tjgt egias kgrs glo ehthrkykbas / sabbsprhoukts9 tja Phrbo Pfbobfda Dulo fs gl hr`glfsgtfhl, lht

g khepgly, tjgt prhtakts alogl`arao spakfas) Gsi tja kbgss

th tjfli hd ehra axgepbas dhr agkj hd tja tjraa `rhups (a.`

Dgkanhhi, Darrgrf, tja Phrbo _rgoa Hr`glfzgtfhl)

Bago-fl

[tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th typfkgb oapgrtealts

fl g khepgly glo tja rhba hd agkj oapgrtealt

7 @h tjrhu`j tja whros fl tja nhxas nadhra stuoalts na`fl

glo `at tjae th kjaki tja eaglfl`s hd gly ulilhwl whros

fl g ofktfhlgry _jal put stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th

ofskuss quastfhl 7 @h rhulo tja kbgss glo jabp agkj pgfr wjara

lakassgry Gs daaongki, abfkft g oaskrfptfhl dhr agkj oapgrtealt

drhe g pgfr, glo g bfst hd gktfvftfas dhr tjgt oapgrtealt Alkhurg`a

htjar pgfrs th goo ehra oatgfbs dhr agkj oapgrtealt Oh quastfhl

> gs g wjhba kbgss @fva shea foags glo kbuas fd lakassgry (a.`

_jfs oapgrtealt bhhis gdtar gbb tja kheputars, hlbfla sakurfty,

ohwlbhgofl` shdtwgra, atk. (F_)) Dflgbby, ofskuss quastfhl ; gs g

wjhba kbgss Egia sura stuoalts `fva ragshls dhr tjafr glswars

_agkjar‖s lhtas

;G  7.7.7  _abb stuoalts tjay gra `hfl` th wgtkj g vfoah

gnhut ﬇va pahpba wjh whri dhr F_L Vhu khubo pra-tagkjjun ,

 `gtjar  ,oapbhy  glonubbatfl , wjfkj gra usao fl tja vfoah glo

wfbb jabp stuoalts glswar tja quastfhls Kjaki tjgt stuoalts

uloarstglo tja eaglfl` hd tja chns fl tja nhx, tjal pbgy tja

vfoah, twfka fd lakassgry, glo `at stuoalts th khepbata tja tgsi

Alkhurg`a stuoalts th bfstal cust dhr tja fldhregtfhl tjay laao

th khepbata tja tgsi Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 Laws Aofthr  > Laws ^aphrtar  ; ]rh`rgeea Ofrakthr

? Ofrakthr hd Juegl ^ashurkas  1 Dflglka [uparvfshr

;N Ofskuss tja quastfhl gs g wjhba kbgss, `attfl` stuoalts th

 custfdy tjafr glswars

Grtf Buijg glo Lfki _jgtkjar prhngnby whri kbhsabyth`atjar hl g ogfby ngsfs sflka sja whubo pgss tja laws

th jfe th raphrt hl Lfki prhngnby gbsh whris kbhsaby wftjChjl, wjh jgs th khhroflgta tja laws prh`rgeeas

?  7.7.7   Axpbgfl th stuoalts tjgt saltalkas 7‛: gra

sphial ny tja pahpba fl tja vfoah @fva stuoalts g daw eflutas

th rago tja saltalkas glo try th `uass tja efssfl` whros

wjara phssfnba _jal pbgy tja vfoah g`gfl, pgusfl` gdtar agkj

saltalka wjara tja `gps hkkur dhr stuoalts th khepbata tja

fldhregtfhl Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7  rhbas  > khhroflgtfl`  ; raphrtar  ? hpargthr 

1 tages  4 khloukthr  0 hpargtfhlgb  : pgyealts

1 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups [u``ast tjay wrfta

tja lgea hd agkj parshl gloBfias ehstgloBfias bagsthl

tja rf`jt th egia g tgnba glo lhta ohwl tjafr foags @h rhulo

tja kbgss glo ehlfthr _jal kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss,

alkhurg`fl` stuoalts th custfdy tjafr glswars

Axtrg gktfvftfas 7.7

G  7.7.7   _jfs gktfvfty `fvas durtjar prgktfka hd iayvhkgnubgry drhe tja vfoah Gsi stuoalts th khepbata

ft flofvfougbby, tjal kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

Gbtarlgtfvaby, yhu khubo pbgy tja vfoah g`gfl dhr stuoalts

th kjaki tjafr glswars

7 bagofl`  > jun  ; oapbhy  ? khvarfl`  1 nubbatfls 

4 ngsa  0 hl`hfl`  : nrhgokgst bfva  6 nufbo-up7=  tf`jtby 77 najflo tja skalas 7> nfbbfl`

N [tuoalts khubo oh tjfs flofvfougbby hr fl pgfrs

7 najflo tja skalas  > ngsa  ; nrhgokgst bfva 

? khvarfl`  1 jun  4 nubbatfls  0 nfbbfl`  : tf`jtby 

6 oapbhy 7=  bagofl` 77  hl`hfl` 7> nufbo-up

[tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th rhbas glorasphlsfnfbftfas fl tja whripbgka

4 Axpbgfl tjgt saltalkas 7‛? gra usao ny tja pahpba fl tjavfoah th tgbi gnhut tjafr chns @h tjrhu`j tja whros glopjrgsas fl tja nhx wftj tja kbgss, tjal gsi stuoalts th khepbatatja axarkfsa flofvfougbby Ourfl` daaongki, phflt hut tja varndhre gdtarflvhbvasglorasphlsfnba dhr(-fl` )

7 flvhbvas (Fd gl gktfvfty hr sftugtfhl flvhbvas sheatjfl`,tjgt tjfl` fs pgrt hd ft hr g rasubt hd ft.)

> bago (tja phsftfhl hd jgvfl` khltrhb hd hr rasphlsfnfbftydhr g `rhup hd pahpba hr gl gktfvfty)

; rullfl` (hr`glfsfl` hr nafl` fl kjgr`a hd gl gktfvfty,nusflass, hr`glfsgtfhl hr khultry)

? egia sura (kjaki tjgt sheatjfl` jgs naal ohla)

0  Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th oh tjfs axarkfsa fl pgfrs hr `attjae th khepbata ft flofvfougbby glo tjal kjaki glswars flpgfrs nadhra kbgss daaongki Alkhurg`a stuoalts th rakhro tjaaxprassfhls fl tjafr lhtanhhis

7 th  > hd   ; wftj  ? gdtar  1 hd   4 dhr  0 hd   : wftj

:  _abb stuoalts tjgt tjfs fs gl hpphrtulfty th prgktfsa tja whrosglo pjrgsas drhe Axarkfsas 4 glo 0, glo `at tjae th khepbatatja taxts flofvfougbby hr fl pgfrs Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7  bago  > flvhbvas  ; kjgr`a  ? raphrt  1 kgra 

4 rasphlsfnba  0 khhroflgta/whri  : sura

6  ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs Oapalofl` hl wjatjar yhur stuoaltsgra fl whri hr lht, gsi tjae th oaskrfna aftjar tjafr hwl chn,

g chn tjay whubo bfia th oh hr g chn drhe tja nhx Vhu egy wglt

th `h tjrhu`j tja chn tftbas fl tja nhx gs g kbgss nadhra stuoaltsna`fl, th kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstglo tja eaglfl`s @h rhuloehlfthrfl`, glo jabp stuoalts wftj gly axtrg vhkgnubgry tjayegy laao

Axtrg gktfvftfas 7.7

K  Axpbgfl th stuoalts tjgt tjfs gktfvfty wfbb jabp tjaekjaki tjafr vhkgnubgry drhe tjfs basshl, glo `at tjae

th khepbata ft flofvfougbby gs g qufki vhkgnubgry qufz

Vhu khubo `at tjae th khepgra glswars fl pgfrs nadhrakjakifl` glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 bhhi gdtar  > raphrt  ; flvhbvas  ? kjgr`a 

1 kbhsaby  4 jago  0 bago  : ^ullfl`

_agkjar‖s lhtas

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli p.77?3 Phro strass Pgre-up

Kjaki tjgt stuoalts kgl foaltfdy tja luenar hdsybbgnbas fl g whro Prftavgkgtfhl hl tja nhgroglo gsi tja kbgss jhw egly sybbgnbas ft jgs(tjraa) Gsi stuoalts th nragi tja whro up flthtja tjraa sybbgnbas3vg-kg-tfhl Lhw gsi stuoalts

th foaltfdy wjfkj sybbgnba fs strassao (tja sakhlosybbgnba,kg)

@at stuoalts th rago tja axpbglgtfhl fl tjanhx Kjaki tjay uloarstglo ny `attfl` g dawstuoalts th prhlhulka pjhth`rgpjar  khrraktby

Ehoab fts prhlulkfgtfhl fd lakassgry Dflgbby, gsi

g stuoalt th khea up th tja nhgro glo egri tjaprhlulkfgtfhl pgttarl dhrvgkgtfhl (hHh)

7 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs dhr tjfs gktfvfty Ohgovartfsfl` 

gs gl axgepba wftj tja kbgss, tjal `fva pgfrs ;‛?

eflutas th kgta`hrfsa tja rast hd tja whros fl tja nhx

>  ]7.=7   ]bgy tja rakhrofl` dhr stuoalts th kjakitjafr glswars _jal pbgy tja rakhrofl` g sakhlo tfeadhr stuoalts th bfstal glo rapagt Vhu khubo orfbb tjawhros kjhrgbby ﬇rst, tjal flofvfougbby

th usa tjfs whro fl g saltalka [tuoalts tjal prgktfsa fltjafr pgfrs Ehlfthr glo egia g lhta hd gly arrhrs/phflts

th jf`jbf`jt ourfl` daaongki

[tuoalts rhbapbgy sjhwfl` sheahla grhulo gl hr`glfsgtfhl/

kgepus, puttfl` tja bgl`ug`a drhe tjfs basshl flth prgktfka

7=G ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups glo axpbgfl tja

sftugtfhl Phrifl` stuoalts gra `hfl` th sjhw g law eaenar

hd stg﬍ grhulo tjafr hr`glfsgtfhl [tuoalts wjh gra lht yat

whrifl` gra `hfl` th sjhw g law/hvarsags stuoalt grhulo

tjafr kgepus @h tjrhu`j tja nubbat phflts sh stuoalts gra kbagr

gnhut wjgt tjay laao th oakfoa, glo `fva stuoalts shea tfea th

prapgra dhr tjafr rhbapbgys Alkhurg`a tjae th egia lhtas, glo

th gbsh tjfli gnhut quastfhls tjay khubo gsi tja tjraa pahpba

tjay gra nafl` fltrhoukao th Oapalofl` hl yhur kbgss sfza, yhu

khubo put stuoalts flth bgr`ar `rhups, glo gsi tjae th gbsh

gssf`l rhbas dhr tja pahpba wjh gra nafl` fltrhoukao

7=N [tuoalts rhbapbgy tja sftugtfhl Oapalofl` hl yhurtagkjfl` sftugtfhl glo tja tfea gvgfbgnba, stuoalts khubo

oh tjafr rhbapbgys fl tja kbgssrhhe hr yhu khubo `at tjae thpjysfkgbby wgbi grhulo tja nufbofl`, sjhwfl` tjafr pgrtlar(s)grhulo Ehlfthr glo lhta ohwl gly arrhrs hr phflts thjf`jbf`jt ourfl` kbgss daaongki

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 ^agofl` ngli]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3p.77? Phro strass

_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ^ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba 7.7 p.7;4Phrinhhi3p.? Axarkfsas 7 glo >

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl khepgra tja govgltg`as glo ofsgovgltg`as hdof﬍aralt typas hd khepgly struktura

• Kgl uloarstglo kjgrts glo vfsugb fltarpratgtfhls hdkhepgly struktura

• Kgl uloarstglo tja iay phflts hd g rgofh prh`rgeea

g segbbar hr bgr`ar khepgly @fva stuoalts ?‛4 eflutas

th sjgra tjafr foags Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao fl tjafr

`rhups, yhu khubo nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl

  Bago-fl

[tuoalts ofskuss tja of﬍aralkas, govgltg`as gloofsgovgltg`as hd tgbb glo ﬎gt hr`glfsgtfhlgb strukturas

7 Gsi stuoalts th bhhi gt tja twh hr`glfsgtfhlgb strukturasglo oaskrfna tja egfl of﬍aralkas Gsi g daw quastfhls thkjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglo tja of﬍aralka natwaal tjatwh strukturas, a.`.Pjh fs tja parshl gt tja thp hd agkjstruktura8 Jhw egly bgyars gra tjara fl agkj struktura8_jalofskuss tja quastfhl gs g wjhba kbgss Vhu khubo put stuoalts‖foags hl tja nhgro flth g tgnba wftj twh khbuels ( Govgltg`asgloOfsgovgltg`as ) glo twh rhws (_gbb hr`glfsgtfhlgloDbgthr`glfsgtfhl ) _jfs wfbb gbbhw yhu th khea ngki th tja bfst wjalstuoalts oh Axarkfsas >N glo 0

>N ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo `fva tjae >‛; eflutas th

ofskuss tja quastfhl @h rhulo tja kbgss glo jabp pgfrs wjara

lakassgry ny gsifl` quastfhls, a.`.Pjfkj struktura fs ehra

khepbfkgtao / flvhbvas ehra kheeulfkgtfhl, aegfbs, eaatfl`s,

atk.8  _jal radar stuoalts th pg`a 7>4 glo `fva tjae glhtjar

>‛; eflutas th rago tja fldhregtfhl glo khepgra tjafr

glswars Gs daaongki, gsi stuoalts fd tjay ofsg`raa wftj gly

hd tja krftfkfses fl tja oaskrfptfhls

Bfstalfl`

[tuoalts bfstal th g rgofh ofskussfhl wftj gl hr`glfsgtfhl

khlsubtglt, wjara sja tgbis gnhut tgbb glo ﬎gt khepgly

strukturas, glo tjafr nala﬇ts glo orgwngkis

; ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th bhhi gt tja khepgly

prh﬇bas glo ofskuss tja quastfhls Fd yhur stuoalts jgva

gkkass th tja fltarlat, yhu khubo gsi tjae th ﬇lo hut ehra

fldhregtfhl gnhut agkj khepgly (a.` fts jfsthry, wjgt shrt hd

prhoukts ft egias, wjara ft fs ngsao) Flvfta g daw stuoalts th

sjgra tjafr foags wftj tja kbgss, nut oh lht khl﬇re glswars yat

Lhtas 

P B @hra wgs dhuloao fl 761: glo fs ngsao flOabgwgra, Q[G Ft spakfgbfsas fl prhoukts oarfvao drhe

﬎uhrhphbyears glo fs nast ilhwl dhr tja dgnrfk @hra-_ax

Sgpphs fs gl hlbfla sjha glo kbhtjfl` sthra, dhuloao fl

7666 glo ngsao fl Bgs Ta`gs, Q[G Fl >==6, Gegzhl.kheFlk gkqufrao Sgpphs dhr gnhut $7.> nfbbfhl, nut bats fthpargta gs gl guthlhehus sunsfofgry

?  7.=7   _abb stuoalts tjgt tjay gra `hfl` th bfstal th gl

hr`glfsgtfhl khlsubtglt tgbi gnhut tja twh khepglfas ]bgy tja

rakhrofl` dhr tjae th kjaki tjafr glswars th Axarkfsa ;

P B @hra stgrtao hut gs g khepgly wftj g ﬎gt struktura fltja 761=s Sgpphs kjgl`ao th g ﬎gttar struktura twh yagrsg`h

1  7.=7   Gsi stuoalts th rago tja saltalkas glo saa fd tjay

kgl glswar gly hd tja quastfhls drhe eaehry _jal pbgy tja

rakhrofl`, twfka fd lakassgry, dhr tjae th khepbata tja gktfvfty

Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 D (Hr`glfsgtfhls wftj tgbb strukturas kgl na sbhw thkjgl`a glo fllhvgta.)

> D (fl tja 761=s)

; _

? _

1 _

4 D (_ja KAH hd Sgpphs sgys tja trglsftfhl wfbb tgia twh th

﬇va yagrs th khepbata.)

7 g  > n  ; n  ? k

0 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs ^aeflo tjae hd tja bfst hd govgltg`asglo ofsgovgltg`as hd tgbb glo ﬎gt khepglfas tjay ofskussao flAxarkfsa > Pjal stuoalts jgva jgo alhu`j tfea th ofskuss tjaquastfhl fl pgfrs, jgva g wjhba-kbgss ofskussfhl Vhu khubo gbshtgia g kbgss phbb hl wjh whubo pradar th whri dhr g tgbb hr ﬎gthr`glfsgtfhl

Lhtas 

G bht wfbb oapalo hl agkj stuoalt‖s parshlgbfty [heapahpba wfbb alchy tja kragtfva draaohe hd tja nhss-draa alvfrhlealt _jay‖bb daab ehra al`g`ao gloaephwarao [hea wfbb lht na jgppy fl gl hr`glfsgtfhltjgt ohas lht h﬍ar g kbagr kgraar pgtj, glo wfbb nakhlkarlao gnhut jhw th `at prhehtfhl glo pgy rfsas

([aa Sgpph‖s vhbultgry raouloglky skjaea.)Khepbataby eglg`ar-draa khepglfas gra tja axtraeavarsfhl hd g ehra `alargb rakalt tralo th ﬎gttal huteglg`aealt jfargrkjfas Fl ﬎gttar jfargrkjfas tjaraegflfl` eglg`ars kgl jgva eukj ehra rasphlsfnfbftyglo whri

Axtrg gktfvftfas 7.>

G  Axt 7.=7  [tuoalts khubo oh tjfs flofvfougbby hr

fl pgfrs, usfl` g ofktfhlgry fd lakassgry @fva tjae ;‛1eflutas th khepbata tja axarkfsa, tjal pbgy tja rakhrofl`

dhr tjae th kjaki tjafr glswars

7  oakfsfhl-egifl`  > nuragukrgtfk  ; sukkassdub 

? dgnrfk  1 hr`glfsgtfhlgb kjgrt  4 chn tftba 

0 oaba`gtao  : chfl

[tuoalts stuoy glo prgktfsa dutura dhres

:G Vhu khubo oh tjfs gs g qufki wjhba-kbgss axarkfsa, kjakifl`glswars gs yhu `h gbhl` Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglo tjaof﬍aralka natwaalfltaltfhl glogrrgl`aealt  

7 g  > o  ; n  ? k

:N ^adar stuoalts th tja @rgeegr radaralka hl pg`a 77:

Kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstglo tja axpbglgtfhls glo kbgrfdy glyphflts gs lakassgry _jal `fva tjae > eflutas th egtkj tjadutura dhres wftj tja axgepbas Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 na + `hfl` th + fl﬇lftfva  > ]rasalt [fepba 

; ]rasalt Khltfluhus  ? na + `hfl` th + fl﬇lftfva

_agkjar‖s lhtas

6 @at stuoalts th oh tja axarkfsa flofvfougbby Egia ft kbagr

tjgt tjara fs ehra tjgl hla glswar th shea quastfhls glo

raeflo stuoalts tjgt tjay kgl radar th pg`a 77: @h rhulo tja

kbgss glo jabp wjara lakassgry Pjal stuoalts jgva ﬇lfsjao,

`at tjae th kjaki tjafr glswars fl pgfrs Ehlfthr g`gfl glo fd

tjara gra gly phflts tjgt gra stfbb kgusfl` prhnbaes, `h tjrhu`j

tjae wftj tja kbgss ourfl` daaongki

7 g ‛ skjaoubao avalt

> k ‛ parshlgb fltaltfhl

; n ‛ pbgl/grrgl`aealt wftj tja kbfalt (Hptfhl k fs gbshphssfnba fd vfawao gs gl fltaltfhl glo tja spagiarohasl‖t jgva g ﬇xao grrgl`aealt wftj tja kbfalt.)

? k ‛ parshlgb fltaltfhl

1 n ‛ pbgl/grrgl`aealt wftj tja drfalos (Gs fl quastfhl ;,hptfhl k fs gbsh phssfnba fd vfawao gs gl fltaltfhl glotja spagiar ohasl‖t jgva g ﬇xao grrgl`aealt wftj jfs/

jar drfalos.)

4 k ‛ praofktfhl

0 g ‛ skjaoubao avalt: k ‛ _ja spagiar fs gsifl` dhr g praofktfhl

7=G _abb stuoalts th whri flofvfougbby glo, g`gfl, kbgrfdy

tjgt tjara egy na ehra tjgl hla phssfnba glswar th shea

quastfhls ^aeflo stuoalts th usa khltrgktfhls wjara phssfnba

Oh lht khl﬇re glswars gt tjfs stg`a

7=N  7.=>   ]bgy tja rakhrofl` glo gsi stuoalts th kjaki

fd tjay jgva usao tja sgea dutura dhres gs tja spagiars _jal

pbgy tja rakhrofl` g sakhlo tfea, pgusfl` gdtar agkj bfla hd tja

khlvarsgtfhl Gsi stuoalts th axpbgfl agkj glswar glo ofskuss

gly glswars tjgt gra of﬍aralt drhe tjafrs Fd tfea gbbhws,

yhu khubo put stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th prgktfsa tja

4 ‖ra ehvfl` ‛ pbgl/grrgl`aealt

0 ‖e lht `hfl` th tabb ‛ parshlgb fltaltfhl: ‖e `hfl` th sft ‛ parshlgb fltaltfhl

Axtrg gktfvftfas 7.>

N _jfs gktfvfty `fvas durtjar prgktfka hd dutura dhres @atstuoalts th khepbata tja axarkfsa flofvfougbby glo tjalkjaki tjafr glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

Ourfl` daaongki, gsi stuoalts th axpbgfl tjafr glswars

1 kbhsas (skjaoubao avalt)

4 `hfl` th bhhi (parshlgb fltaltfhl)

0 ohasl‖t ﬇lfsj (skjaoubao avalt): `hfl` th gsi (parshlgb fltaltfhl)

  Prftfl`

[tuoalts prgktfsa usfl` dutura dhres ny wrftfl` gl aegfb

77 @h tjrhu`j tja tgsi wftj stuoalts Nrgflsthre foags gs

g wjhba kbgss glo wrfta stuoalts‖ foags dhr agkj nubbat phflt hltja nhgro (a.`.g jhbfogy fl Cgpgl, ﬎yfl` glo tgifl` nubbat trgfl9hbo-dgsjfhlao Cgpglasa fll9 egy na jht9 vfsft taepbas fl Iyhth )

Gs tja aegfb fs qufta sjhrt, tjfs axarkfsa khubo na ohla fl kbgss._jfs `fvas yhu gl hpphrtulfty th `h rhulo tja kbgss glo `fvastuoalts flofvfougb govfka glo daaongki

Ehoab glswarJabbh ]gub,

@uass wjgt! Pa‖ra `hfl` th Egorfo dhr g bhl` waaialo

fl Oakaenar Pa‖ra tgifl` tja jf`j-spaao trgfl drheNgrkabhlg hl _jursogy 7st glo khefl` ngki jhea tjadhbbhwfl` Ehlogy F axpakt ft‖s `hfl` th na khbo tjara gttjfs tfea hd yagr nut F ohl‖t eflo _jara‖s sh eukj th saaglo oh fl Egorfo

_ja trgfl `ats th tja kfty gt 77 g.e., sh wa‖ra `hfl` th bagvahur ng`s gt tja jhtab glo tjal axpbhra Hl [gturogy wa‖ra

`hfl` th tja ^alhfr axjfnftfhl F‖va nhhiao tfkiats dhr tjgt.Pa‖ra stgyfl` rf`jt fl tja kaltra glo ft‖s `hfl` th na agsy

th wgbi th bhts hd fltarastfl` pbgkas

Prfta shhl glo tabb ea yhur laws

Nast wfsjas,Kgrhbfla

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas

@rgeegr radaralka3 p.77: Dutura dhres_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ^ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba 7.> p.7;0Phrinhhi3p.? Axarkfsa ;, p.1 Axarkfsas 7‛;, p.4 Axarkfsas 7 glo >,p.0 Axarkfsa ;

Eglg`fl` ﬇rst eaatfl`s

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl egia sfepba rakheealogtfhls dhr g khursa hdgktfhl fl dgefbgr avaryogy sftugtfhls.

• Kgl axtrgkt iay oatgfbs drhe khlvarsgtfhls natwaalkhbbag`uas gnhut dgefbfgr thpfks

• Kgl flftfgta, egfltgfl glo kbhsa sfepba, dgka-th-dgkakhlvarsgtfhls hl dgefbfgr thpfks

• Kgl egia dhregb fltrhouktfhls fl g prhdassfhlgb hrwhri-rabgtao sftugtfhl

Pgre-up

Prfta hl tja nhgro3Dfrst eaatfl`s3 kragtfl` g `hho ﬇rstfeprassfhl. ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups glogsi tjae th tjfli gnhut wjgt ef`jt jabp tjae egia

g `hho feprassfhl wjal tjay ﬇rst eaat sheahla Vhukhubo bfeft tjfs th g nusflass khltaxt glo gsi stuoalts thtjfli gnhut g ﬇rst eaatfl` wftj g pgrtfkubgr parshl (a.` glaw khbbag`ua, g phtaltfgb aepbhyar) @fva stuoalts ;‛?eflutas th ofskuss fl tjafr pgfrs/`rhups, tjal abfkft foagsdrhe of﬍aralt stuoalts glo bfst tjae hl tja nhgro Vhukhubo tjal ofskuss tja bfst hl tja nhgro gs g wjhba kbgss

7 _abb stuoalts tjay gra `hfl` th bhhi gt jhw wa najgva wjal

wa eaat pahpba dhr tja ﬇rst tfea glo gbsh gt jhw wa gpprhgkj

nusflass rabgtfhlsjfps ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th

ofskuss tja quastfhls _abb tjae tjgt ft fs fephrtglt tjgt tjay

tjfli gnhut htjar kubturas gs wabb gs tjafr hwl Alkhurg`a

tjae th tjfli hd tja of﬍aralt sftugtfhls fl wjfkj wa eaat

pahpba (gt whri, shkfgbby, fl htjar khultrfas, atk.) _jay sjhubo

gbsh tjfli gnhut varngb kheeulfkgtfhl (wjgt wa sgy) glo

lhl-varngb kheeulfkgtfhl (jhw wa najgva, hur `asturas,

nhoy bgl`ug`a, atk.) Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao fl tjafr

pgfrs, yhu khubo nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl

]hssfnba glswars 

7 Fl of﬍aralt kubturas glo natwaal flofvfougbs, tjara

fs hdtal g sf`lf﬇kglt vgrfgtfhl fl wjgt pahpba sgyglo oh ourfl` ﬇rst eaatfl`s Dhr axgepba, fl sheakubturas, ft egy na phbfta th gsi bhts hd quastfhls glo

th sjhw kurfhsfty Fl htjar kubturas, ft egy na ehraraspaktdub th na sfbalt hr sgy vary bfttba Dhr nhoybgl`ug`a, jglosjgias gra axpaktao fl shea khltaxts9

fl htjars, g ifss glo ju` egy na typfkgb9 fl htjars, ftegy na gpprhprfgta th nhw

> Egly of﬍aralkas axfst wftj nhtj varngb glo varngb najgvfhur, glo prgktfkas sukj gs `fdt-`fvfl`,typas hd kbhtjfl` whrl, wjara tja rabgtfhlsjfp fs nufbt(gt jhea hr fl g rastgurglt), atk

lhl-; _jfs fs gl fephrtglt quastfhl gs tjara gra sf`lf﬇kgltof﬍aralkas jara gkrhss kubturas glo parshlgbftfas

fl tares hd wjfkj kheas ﬇rst9 fl egly kubturas, dhraxgepba, ft fs fephssfnba th oh nusflass ultfb

g rabgtfhlsjfp glo g bavab hd trust jgs naal astgnbfsjao

Fl gooftfhl, tjara gra of﬍aralt axpaktgtfhls gnhut jhwbhl` th spalo hl rabgtfhlsjfp-nufbofl` glo jhw oaapglo trustdub tja rabgtfhlsjfp eust na nadhra yhu kgl

oh nusflass th`atjar

Tfoah

[tuoalts wgtkj g vfoah gnhut of﬍aralt wgys th gpprhgkj

﬇rst eaatfl`s fl tja whripbgka _wh phssfnba hptfhls gra

fltrhoukao, wjfkj stuoalts axpbhra glo ofskuss

>G  7.;.7  Fl tja ﬇rst saqualka, twh pahpba wjh whri dhr

tja sgea khepgly, Egtt glo [tadglfa, eaat dhr tja ﬇rst tfea

[tadglfa fs vfsftfl` Egtt‖s h﬋ ka Egtt jgs twh hptfhls3 th dhkus

hl oavabhpfl` g `hho rabgtfhlsjfp hr th dhkus hl whri, glo

stuoalts gra gsiao th tjfli gnhut glo ofskuss wjfkj hptfhl fs

nast Axpbgfl th stuoalts tjgt tjay gra `hfl` th wgtkj g sjhrt

vfoah gnhut twh nusflasspahpba wjh gra `hfl` th eaat agkj

htjar dhr tja ﬇rst tfea @fva tjae g efluta th rago quastfhls

7‛; glo tjal pbgy tja vfoah Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 [tadglfa whris fl @aregly (Khbh`la), glo g bfttba fl[wftzarbglo Egtt whris fl Bhlohl

> Egtt jagos tja QI hpargtfhls [tadglfa fs tja eglg`ar

hd tja @aregl h﬋ ka

; Egtt fs tja prhcakt bago [tadglfa wfbb prhvfoa gbbtakjlfkgb supphrt

>N  7.;.7  @h tjrhu`j tja gocaktfvas fl tja nhx wftjstuoalts glo kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstglo tja eaglfl`s Gsistuoalts fd tjay raeaenar wjfkj gocaktfvas Egtt glo [tadglfausao th tgbi gnhut tjaesabvas @h tjrhu`j tja runrfk glopbgy tja vfoah dhr stuoalts th egtkj tja gocaktfvas wftj tjaspagiars Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss Vhu khubo pbgy tjasakhlo pgrt hd tja vfoah g`gfl, gsifl` stuoalts th lhta ohwlwjgt htjar whros tja htjar spagiars usa th oaskrfna [tadglfa(saa glswar iay nabhw)

E3 hpal, ﬎axfnba, fldhregb[3 a﬋ kfalt, a﬍aktfva, hr`glfsao, whri-dhkusaoHtjar spagiars3 whri-dhkusao, ruoa

Lht usao3 drfaloby, phbfta, prhdassfhlgb, qufat(htjar whros tja spagiars usa th oaskrfna [tadglfa3axkabbalt, oaeglofl`, `ats rasubts, `hho parshl th jgva

hl g tage)

>K Ofskuss tja quastfhl wftj tja wjhba kbgss Alkhurg`astuoalts th `fva ragshls ngsao hl tja vfoah glo gbsh th usashea hd tja gocaktfvas fl Axarkfsa >N

]hssfnba glswarFt‖s of﬋ kubt th praofkt jhw tjay wfbb whri th`atjar _jaygra sfefbgr fl fephrtglt wgys, a.` nhtj gra whri-dhkusaoglo wglt th na phbfta glo eglg`a rabgtfhlsjfps wftjhtjars a﬍aktfvaby Nut Egtt‖s dul glo ehra fldhregbgpprhgkj khltrgsts wftj [tadglfa‖s ehra sarfhus styba,wjfkj ef`jt egia ft of﬋ kubt dhr tjae th khhpargta

ragshls dhr tjafr glswars Abfkft foags drhe g daw stuoalts glotjal, gs g kbgss, oakfoa wjfkj vfoah th wgtkj ﬇rst

;N  7.;.> 7.;.;  _abb tja kbgss th glswar tja quastfhlsdhr Hptfhl G hr N oapalofl` hl tjafr kjhfka, glo pbgy tja vfoah

Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th ofskuss tja quastfhls fl tjafr `rhups ﬇rst(tja sgea `rhups tjay whriao fl dhr Axarkfsa ;G), glo tjal kjakiglswars gs g kbgss Oh tja sgea dhr tja sakhlo vfoah

]hssfnba glswars 

Hptfhl G 

7 wftj ﬇rst lgea hlby (Egtt)

> sjhwfl` tja h﬋ ka glo eaatfl` pahpba ‛ nakgusa ft‖sfephrtglt th nufbo g rabgtfhlsjfp th whri wabb th`atjar

; Fl tjfs eaatfl` Egtt dhkusas hl rabgtfhlsjfps ﬇rst Jatrfas th na fldhregb, drfaloby glo phsftfva, glo wglts[tadglfa th eaat tja tage fl tja h﬋ ka Egtt nabfavas

ft fs fephrtglt th nufbo rabgtfhlsjfps gs g ngsfs dhr

g prhcakt‖s sukkass Jfs gpprhgkj fs ulkbagr glokhldusfl` th [tadglfa gt tja na`fllfl` Jhwavar, tjarasubt fs phsftfva gs Egtt khlvflkas [tadglfa hd tjafephrtglka hd strhl` rabgtfhlsjfps, glo sja egias tjaoakfsfhl th stgy fl Bhlohl th jabp orfva tja prhcakt

_agkjar‖s lhtas

Hptfhl N 

7 wftj ﬇rst lgea (Egtt), surlgea (Dgrljge) glo chn tftba(Jago hd Hpargtfhls)

> nakgusa [tadglfa hlby jgs twh jhurs glo tjara gra g dawfssuas ja whubo bfia th ofskuss

; Fl tjfs eaatfl` Egtt dhkusas hl tja prhcakt whri [tadglfa

fs khedhrtgnba wftj tjfs gpprhgkj glo tja eaatfl` gbbhwstjae th ofskuss fephrtglt thpfks dhr tja prhcakt Jhwavar,Egtt fs ulkbagr gt tja alo hd tja eaatfl` fd [tadglfa fs tjarf`jt parshl dhr tja prhcakt nakgusa ja jgs badt lh tfea th

`at th ilhw jar, glo ja wfbb lhw jgva th wgft g bhl` tfeanadhra ja eaats jar g`gfl

? ]ut stuoalts flth pgfrs glo `fva tjae ;‛? eflutas th ofskuss

tja quastfhls Alkhurg`a tjae th tjfli gnhut tja spagiars‖

ragktfhls glo jhw agkj kheeulfkgtfhl styba g﬍aktao tja

hutkhea hd tja eaatfl` Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao tjfs

fl tjafr pgfrs, hpal tjfs up flth g kbgss ofskussfhl Alkhurg`a

stuoalts th egia lhtas, wjfkj tjay kgl usa fl Axarkfsa 1

]hssfnba glswars 

7 Fl Hptfhl G, Egtt wgs vary rabgtfhlsjfp-dhkusao, gsiaobhts hd quastfhls, glo wgltao th fltrhouka [tadglfa thpahpba th nufbo rabgtfhlsjfps Fl Hptfhl N, Egtt stgyaoehra tgsi-dhkusao th na phbfta glo trfao th `at ohwl thnusflass feeaofgtaby

> Fl Hptfhl G, [tadglfa saaeao ulkhedhrtgnba ourfl` jartfea wftj Egtt glo jfs tage [ja sgfo sja dhulo ft ‚ulkbagrglo khldusfl`‖ th dhkus hl rabgtfhlsjfps rgtjar tjgl whri

Jhwavar, gt tja alo sja sgys sja kgl saa tja nala﬇t hdstrhl` rabgtfhlsjfps glo pbgls th ehva th Bhlohl th `at

th ilhw tja tage nattar Fl Hptfhl N, tja dhkus hl whrifssuas sufts [tadglfa glo sja bagvas daabfl` phsftfva Egttsaas tjgt [tadglfa fs `hho gt jar chn, nut saaes drustrgtaotjgt ja ofol‖t `at th ilhw jar nattar gs g parshl

1  7.;.?  [tuoalts sjhubo oh tjfs fl tja sgea pgfrs gs fl

Axarkfsa ? Axpbgfl tjgt tjay gra `hfl` th wgtkj tja bgst saktfhl

hd tja vfoah, wjara tja spagiar fs kheealtfl` hl tja of﬍aralt

kheeulfkgtfhl stybas tjay bhhiao gt fl Hptfhls G glo N ]bgy

tja vfoah glo `fva stuoalts ;‛? eflutas th ofskuss glo egia

lhtas, tjal ofskuss tja quastfhls gs g wjhba kbgss Egia sura

stuoalts `fva ragshls dhr tjafr glswars th quastfhl ;

7 [tuoalts‖ hwl glswars

> 7 Ilhw yhur hwl kheeulfkgtfhl styba

> Qloarstglo tja kheeulfkgtfhl styba hd tja htjarparshl

; Oakfoa hl tja nast kheeulfkgtfhl styba th eglg`a tjaeaatfl` glo jgva g phsftfva fepgkt hl tja htjar parshl

; [tuoalts‖ hwl glswars

^a﬎aktfhl

[tuoalts tjfli gnhut of﬍aralt kheeulfkgtfhl stybas ourfl`

﬇rst eaatfl`s glo jhw tjay tjaesabvas gpprhgkj ﬇rst

eaatfl`s

4 Gbbhw stuoalts th whri flofvfougbby hl tjfs sh tjgt tjay kgl

ra﬎akt hl tjafr hwl pradaralkas glo foags Gsi tjae th tjfli

hd tjafr hwl glswars th tja quastfhls glo th egia lhtas _jal

put stuoalts fl pgfrs th ofskuss glo khepgra tjafr glswars

Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

fltrhouktfhls glo `hhonyas

[tuoalts bhhi gt quastfhls glo glswars tjgt gra kheehlbyusao wjal wa eaat pahpba glo jabp th oavabhp g nusflassrabgtfhlsjfp

0 Axpbgfl th stuoalts tjgt tjfs gktfvfty jf`jbf`jts axprassfhlstjgt wa usa wjal wa eaat pahpba dhr tja ﬇rst tfea @h tjrhu`jtja tgnba wftj tja kbgss, glo tjal gsi stuoalts th khepbata ftwftj pjrgsas 7‛: Vhu khubo `at stuoalts th khepgra glswars

fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

Eaatfl` glo `raatfl`3 >, 4, :Fltrhoukfl` pahpba3;, ?[gyfl` `hhonya37, 1, 0

:G Axpbgfl tjgt saltalkas g‛a gra tja vfsfthr‖s rasphlsas thwjgt [uzglla, tja jhst, sgys (saltalkas 7‛1), glo tjgt stuoaltslaao th egtkj tjae fl hroar th dhre g ofgbh`ua Kjaki glswarswftj tja kbgss Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th prgktfsa ragofl`tja ofgbh`ua, wjfba yhu `h rhulo ehlfthrfl`, kjakifl` tjafrprhlulkfgtfhl glo flthlgtfhl Jhwavar, oh lht dhkus hlprhlulkfgtfhl/flthlgtfhl fl oatgfb gt tjfs stg`a9 tjfs wfbb na tjadhkus hd tja prhlulkfgtfhl ngli gktfvftfas

7 n  > o  ; a  ? g  1 k

:N ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs dhr tjfs gktfvfty ]hflt hut tjgt tjaysjhubo usa pjrgsas drhe tja tgnba fl Axarkfsa 0, glo tjgt tjafrofgbh`ua kgl dhbbhw tja sgea pgttarl gs tja hla fl Axarkfsa :G

@fva stuoalts tfea th prapgra glo rhbapbgy tjafr ofgbh`uas wjfbayhu `h rhulo ehlfthrfl` glo jabpfl` wjara lakassgry Fd tfeagbbhws, flvfta g daw pgfrs th gkt hut tjafr ofgbh`uas th tja kbgss

:K Chfl pgfrs th`atjar flth `rhups hd dhur glo `h tjrhu`jtja runrfk wftj tja kbgss Alkhurg`a stuoalts th oavabhp tjakhlvarsgtfhl, gsi quastfhls glo na lgturgb _ja khlvarsgtfhlssjhubo ﬇lfsj wftj stuoalts sgyfl` `hhonya glo `fvfl` g ragshldhr bagvfl` Nadhra stuoalts na`fl, yhu khubo nrgflsthre

g daw ragshls dhr bagvfl` (a.`.jgva th tgia g pjhla kgbb ,jgva

gl gpphfltealt / g eaatfl` ,eust tgbi th glhtjar parshl ).Gbbhw alhu`j tfea dhr stuoalts th prapgra glo rhbapbgy tjafrkhlvarsgtfhls Fd tfea gbbhws, yhu khubo gsi agkj `rhup thrhbapbgy g sakhlo ofgbh`ua, sh tjgt nhtj jhsts fl agkj `rhup

`at th fltrhouka tjafr vfsfthrs G`gfl, yhu khubo flvfta g daw

`rhups th gkt hut tjafr khlvarsgtfhls th tja kbgss Ourfl`kbgss daaongki, jf`jbf`jt gly phflts/arrhrs yhu lhtao wjfbaehlfthrfl`

Ehoab ofgbh`ua 

G3 @uys, tjfs fs [uzglla Chlas

K3 Jf, [uzglla

O3 Lfka th saa yhu g`gfl

G3 Oh yhu ilhw [uzglla8O3 Vas, wa eat fl ]grfs bgst yagr

N3 Jabbh, _he Jhw‖s ft `hfl`8O3 Tary wabb, tjglis

K3 Axkusa ea F eust `h th g eaatfl`

N3 Jgva g `hho eaatfl`

ft flofvfougbby glo khepgra tjafr glswars fl pgfrs nadhrakjakifl` wftj tja kbgss.

7 Jhw‖s ft ohfl` `hfl`8

> _jgli yhu dhr `hfl` khefl` thogy

; Ofo yhu jgva g `hho trgvab trfp8

? @hho th ﬇lgbby ilhw eaat yhu fl parshl

1 Jgva yhu ilhwl eat [tapjglfa nadhra8

4 _gia Jgva g `hho trfp jhea

0 Bat‖s `h th glo jgva bulkj

: Bhvaby th saa yhu ehra g`gfl

6 [hrry dhr th bagva sh shhl

 7= Gbfstgfr, sja tjfs fs [tapjglfa

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli  

p.77?3 Flthlgtfhl glo phbftalass Pgre-up

Prfta hl tja nhgro3Pjgt oh yhu oh axgktby8  _url th g stuoalt glo gsi jfe/jar tja quastfhl,usfl` ﬎gt, ulfltarastao flthlgtfhl _jal turl

th glhtjar stuoalt glo gsi tja sgea quastfhlusfl` rfsfl`, fltarastao flthlgtfhl Gsi tja kbgsswjgt tjay tjfli tja of﬍aralka fs natwaal tjatwh varsfhls Abfkft hr axpbgfl tjgt tjara fs

g wfoar rgl`a hd flthlgtfhl fl tja ‚fltarastao‖

varsfhl, glo strhl`ar strass hl flofvfougb whros

@at stuoalts th rago tja axpbglgtfhl fl tja nhx,glo phflt hut tja fephrtglka hd flthlgtfhlwjal gsifl` quastfhls3 flkhrrakt flthlgtfhlegy rasubt fl efsuloarstglofl`s hr bfstalarsaval tgifl` h﬍alka!

7 G phbfta glo fltarastao9 N fephbfta gloulfltarastao

> G phbfta glo fltarastao9 N fephbfta gloulfltarastao

; G fephbfta glo ulfltarastao9 N phbfta glofltarastao

>  ]7.=;  Axpbgfl tjgt tjfs tfea stuoalts wfbbhlby jagr tja phbfta glo fltarastao varsfhl hd agkjquastfhl ]bgy tja rakhrofl` dhr stuoalts th egri tjastrassao whros, glo `at tjae th kjaki glswars flpgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss _jal pbgy tjarakhrofl` g sakhlo tfea, pgusfl` gdtar agkj quastfhldhr stuoalts th rapagt

7 Gra yhu vary nusy gt tja ehealt8

> Pjara gra yhu ngsao8

; Oh yhu trgvab g bht dhr whri8

; ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo axpbgfl tja gktfvfty

Pftj wagiar kbgssas, yhu khubo oh gl axgepba wftj

g strhl`ar stuoalt @fva stuoalts ;‛? eflutas thprgktfsa fl tjafr pgfrs @h rhulo ehlfthrfl` glojabp, khrrakt hr ehoab gs lakassgry Gs g rhulo-up,yhu khubo gsi stuoalts fd flthlgtfhl dhr shulofl`

phbfta glo fltarastao fs usao fl tja sgea wgy / fs gbshfephrtglt fl tjafr bgl`ug`a

  _gsi

[tuoalts prgktfsa tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a drhe tja basshltjrhu`j g efl`bfl` gktfvfty

6G Pftj tja wjhba kbgss, kjhhsa gl floustry drhe tja nhxglo wrfta ft hl tja nhgro (a.`.grkjftaktura ) Abfkft g ﬇ktfhlgbkhepgly lgea (a.`.O]A Grkjftakts ), g chn tftba (a.`.Jago  hd]bgllfl` ), glo g (﬇ktfhlgb) bhkgtfhl dhr tja khepgly (a.`.Jabny,

QI  ) ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th kjhhsa gl floustryglo oh tja sgea Axpbgfl tjgt tjay wfbb usa tjasa oatgfbs fl grhbapbgy fl tja laxt stg`a

6N Axpbgfl tja skalgrfh glo egia sura stuoalts jgva g palglo pgpar th egia g lhta hd gly usadub khltgkts tjay ﬇lo _jaysjhubo stglo up, efl`ba glo try th spagi th of﬍aralt pahpba gttja punbfk avalt Agkj tfea, tjay sjhubo fltrhouka tjaesabvasglo tjafr khbbag`ua, gsi gnhut tja htjar parshl, stgrt sheasegbb tgbi glo ﬇lgbby sgy `hhonya, jgvfl` egoa g lhta hd tjaparshl‖s lgea fd tjay wfsj th Ourfl` tja gktfvfty, ehlfthr gloegia lhta hd gly arrhrs stuoalts egia wftj tja dulktfhlgbbgl`ug`a dhr tjfs basshl th jf`jbf`jt bgtar

6K @at stuoalts th daao ngki th tja rast hd tja kbgss hl pahpbatjay eat glo khltgkts tjay tjfli gra usadub Alkhurg`a

stuoalts th `fva gs eukj oatgfb gs phssfnba

6O Fl tja sgea pgfrs, stuoalts ra﬎akt hl glo ofskuss tjarhbapbgy3 wjfkj pjrgsas drhe Axarkfsa 0 tjay usao glo glyof﬋ kubtfas tjay jgo fl kheeulfkgtfl` Gs daaongki, `atstuoalts th sjgra tjafr foags wftj tja kbgss glo jf`jbf`jt glyarrhrs yhu lhtao ourfl` tja rhbapbgy ^hulo h﬍ tja tgsi nygsifl` jhw stuoalts wfbb jgloba ﬇rst eaatfl`s fl tja dutura

Vhu khubo `at tjae th wrfta tjraa gktfhl phflts stgrtfl`

Fl dutura ﬇rst eaatfl`s F wfbb … EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Fltargktfvavfoah gktfvftfas9 Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a ngli

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3p.77? Flthlgtfhl glo phbftalassPhrinhhi3p.0 Axarkfsa 7

_agkjar‖s lhtas

[egbb tgbi fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl dhbbhw g rakhroao fltarvfaw hr tgbi hl rabgtao thpfks

whri-• Kgl uloarstglo tja oatgfbs hd sheahla‖s parshlgbglo prhdassfhlgb axparfalka drhe gl fltarvfaw hrprasaltgtfhl

• Kgl rakh`lfsa tja usa hd segbb tgbi wjal wabkhefl`

sja gsi yhu8 Jhw ofo yhu daab gnhut nafl` gsiao tjhsaquastfhls8]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups glo `fvatjae ;‛? eflutas th ofskuss Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao

fl tjafr pgfrs/`rhups, gsi of﬍aralt stuoalts th sjgra tjafrglswars wftj tja kbgss _ry th abfkft/pra-tagkjsegbb tgbi 

Bago-fl

[tuoalts tjfli gnhut segbb tgbi fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s

7 ]ut stuoalts flth pgfrs glo `fva tjae ;‛? eflutas th ofskuss

tja quastfhls _jal ofskuss gs g kbgss Gsi stuoalts dhr shea

axgepbas hd segbb tgbi glo put tjae hl tja nhgro (a.`.Jhw

wgs yhur churlay8 Ft‖s jht/draazfl` thogy, fsl‖t ft8  )

]hssfnba glswars

7 [egbb tgbi fs g dhre hd phbfta khlvarsgtfhl wjfkj pahpbausa fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s glo fldhregb ehealts hr natwaalofskussfhls hd ehra sarfhus thpfks

> Pjal eaatfl` fl nusflass, ft fs typfkgb th gsi quastfhlsgnhut trgvab th tja eaatfl` pbgka, th h﬍ar g orfli, atk.

; Gsifl` quastfhls puts shea prassura hl yhurkhultarpgrt th glswar, wjfkj egy na strassdub

Gooftfhlgbby, shea pahpba egy daab tjgt gsifl` thh eglyquastfhls, aspakfgbby hl parshlgb thpfks, fs fephbfta

Bfstalfl`

[tuoalts bfstal th gl fltarvfaw wftj g kheeulfkgtfhl khgkj

gnhut usfl` segbb tgbi th eglg`a ﬇rst eaatfl`s

>G  7.=;  _abb stuoalts tjgt tjay gra `hfl` th bfstal th

gl fltarvfaw wftj g kheeulfkgtfhl khgkj gnhut segbb tgbi

glo tja fephrtglka hd `attfl` th ilhw pahpba fl g nusflass

khltaxt Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th tjfli hd phssfnba glswars th

tja quastfhls nadhra tjay bfstal ]bgy tja rakhrofl` glo ofskuss

tja glswars gs g kbgss

7 ]ahpba gra strgl`ars9 tjay ohl‖t ilhw agkj htjar glotjay (hdtal) jgva th kheeulfkgta fl g dhraf`l bgl`ug`a. 

> Vhu bagrl gnhut tja htjar parshl glo sh kgl nufbo

g rabgtfhlsjfp

; [jhrt, sfepba, stgrtar quastfhls wftj dhbbhw-upquastfhls _jay gbbhw gl agsy glswar, tjay‖ra lht thhparshlgb, tjay kgl qufkiby nragi tja fka glo `at tjakhlvarsgtfhl ﬎hwfl`

? Gsi gnhut whri rasphlsfnfbftfas glo tja hr`glfsgtfhlnajflo tja parshl9 hl g parshlgb lhta, trgvab fs g `hhothpfk

>N  7.=;  @fva stuoalts tfea th rago tja quastfhls, tjalpbgy tja rakhrofl` g`gfl Fd lakassgry, pgusa gt iay phflts thgbbhw stuoalts alhu`j tfea th lhta ohwl tjafr glswars.Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 [fbalka fl shea kubturas fs g wgy th sf`lgb raspakt, nutsja tjflis sfbalka sbhws ohwl tja prhkass hd `attfl` thilhw glhtjar parshl

> _ja khltalt hd shea quastfhls ohasl‖t egttar, nuttja quastfhls oh jabp th nragi tja fka glo `at tjakhlvarsgtfhl ﬎hwfl`

; Vhu trust pahpba yhu ilhw wabb Wuastfhls jabp yhu `at

th ilhw g parshl glo sh gra assaltfgb th trust-nufbofl`

>K ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs th ofskuss tja quastfhls, tjal ofskuss

gs g wjhba kbgss

]hssfnba glswars 

7 ]ahpba drhe of﬍aralt ngki`rhulos rasphlo th quastfhls

fl vary of﬍aralt wgys ‛ shea ehra phsftfvaby glo sheabass phsftfvaby [hea wfbb daab al`g`ao9 htjars ef`jt daabtja quastfhls gra fephbfta fl shea wgy Gt whri glo flbfda `alargbby, wa laao th gsi quastfhls wjfkj gra rf`jtdhr tja htjar parshl fd wa wglt th ehtfvgta tjae thjgva g khlvarsgtfhl _ja kjgbbal`a fs th ﬇lo hut wjfkjquastfhls ehtfvgta htjars _jfs fs hdtal g prhkass hd trfgbglo arrhr

> Khlvarsgtfhls kgl na agsfar fd nhtj pahpba jgvasheatjfl` th sgy gnhut g thpfk wjfkj tjay ilhw

; Khlvarsgtfhls laao egly tjfl`s th na sukkassdub

Dulogealtgbby, pahpba eust nrfl` g phsftfva gttftuoa ‛

th wglt th tgbi ‛ th tja khlvarsgtfhl Dflofl` thpfks wjfkjnhtj pahpba gra fltarastao fl wfbb ehtfvgta fltargktfhl.Dflgbby, ngbglkfl` pgrtfkfpgtfhl ‛ battfl` pahpba tgbiglo bfstal fl sfbalka ‛ fl g wgy wjfkj fs khedhrtgnba dhravaryhla fs fephrtglt

;G  7.=?  Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglo tja stgtaealts,tjal pbgy tja rakhrofl` Vhu khubo `at stuoalts th khepgraglswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

_agkjar‖s lhtas

;N  7.=?   @h tjrhu`j tja bfst hd tfps wftj stuoalts glo gsi

tjae fd tjay kgl raeaenar ]gub usfl` gly hd tjasa tfps wjal ja

`raats Avg _jal pbgy tja rakhrofl` g`gfl dhr stuoalts th kjaki

tjafr glswars Pftj stuoalts wjh gra whrifl`, yhu khubo gsi

tjae fd tjay avar oh gly hd tja tjfl`s hl tja bfst fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s

n, k, o, a, `, j, f, c, i

;K Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th ofskuss tja quastfhl fl pgfrs hr

`rhups glo tjal nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl Egia sura

stuoalts custfdy tjafr glswars

]gub jglobas tja eaatfl` wabb gs Avg rasphlos phsftfvaby

th jfs quastfhls glo `alargb styba hd ﬇rst eaatfl`

glswarfl` quastfhls fl ﬇rst eaatfl`s 

[tuoalts bhhi gt usadub bgl`ug`a dhr eglg`fl` segbb tgbi fl

﬇rst eaatfl`s

?G Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglo tja jagofl`s fl tja tgnba

nadhra tjay na`fl Axpbgfl tjgt tjasa gra quastfhls drhe tja

rakhrofl` glo radar tjae th tja guofhskrfpt hl pg`a 7?4 fd

lakassgry Vhu khubo oh tjfs gs g wjhba kbgss, kjakifl` glswars

gs yhu `h gbhl`, hr gsi stuoalts th khepbata ft flofvfougbby glo

kjaki glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

7 tgia  > h﬍ar  ; jgva  ? tfea  1 whri  4 chfl 

0 raphrt  : draa

?N G`gfl, tjfs khubo na ohla gs g wjhba kbgss3 lheflgta g

stuoalt th rago g quastfhl drhe Axarkfsa ?G gt rglohe glo

tjal gsi glhtjar stuoalt th ﬇lo tja egtkjfl` glswar fl

Axarkfsa ?N Gbtarlgtfvaby, `at stuoalts th oh tjfs flofvfougbby

glo tjal kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

Gsi stuoalts th khepbata nhtj axarkfsas flofvfougbby glo

`at tjae th khepgra glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl`

wftj tja kbgss

G 7 a > o ; g ? d 1 k 4 n

N 7 Ey ﬎f`jt wgs oabgyao dhr twh jhurs

> _ja tgxf orfvar khubol‖t ﬇lo tja h﬋ ka

; Ey ngttary wgs ﬎gt sh F khubol‖t kgbb yhu

? F tjfli F badt ey bgpthp hl tja trgfl

1 _ja jhtab khubol‖t ﬇lo tja nhhifl` yhu egoadhr ea

4 F laao th nuy shea kbhtjas nakgusa ey bu``g`aofol‖t grrfva

th tja rabavglt pg`a dhr tjafr rhba kgro Fd yhu ohl‖t jgva tjarf`jt luenar hd stuoalts, `fva prfhrfty th jgvfl` G glo N rhbas.Axpbgfl tjgt tja hnsarvars kgl tgia lhtas wjfba bfstalfl`

Kbgrfdy tjgt stuoalts wfbb rhbapbgy agkj skalgrfh sapgrgtaby,glo tjgt agkj stuoalt wfbb tgia tja rhba hd jhst, hnsarvarglo vfsfthr hlka

1N Dhbbhw tjasa staps dhr agkj skalgrfh3 `fva stuoalts tfea thrago tjafr kgros glo gsi yhu quastfhls fd glytjfl` fs lht kbagr,glo gbbhw ?‛4 eflutas‖ prapgrgtfhl tfea [at g tfea bfeft dhrtja rhbapbgy Ourfl` tja gktfvfty, `h rhulo ehlfthrfl`, nut hlbyjabp hut fd g `rhup hr stuoalt fs stru``bfl` Ft fs fephrtglt tjgtstuoalts bagrl th oagb wftj sfbalkas glo lht nafl` sura gnhutwjgt th sgy

1K Iaap stuoalts fl tja sgea `rhups Ft fs lhw tja hnsarvars‖rhba th `fva daaongki th tja htjar twh stuoalts _ry th iaap

fl tja ngki`rhulo gt tjfs stg`a [tuoalts G glo N sjhubo gbshtgbi gnhut tjafr pardhreglka glo tjafr hpflfhls gnhut jhw

th eglg`a g ﬇rst-tfea eaatfl` Vhu khubo oh g wjhba-kbgssrhulo-up gt tja alo fd yhu daab tjgt ft whubo na usadub Ft fshdtal `hho dhr stuoalts th jagr tja hpflfhls hd htjars, th `at

g ngbglkao parspaktfva hl tjafr hwl pardhreglka glo glhncaktfva vfaw hd tja tgsi gs g wjhba

EyAl`bfsjBgn3_agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Dulktfhlgbbgl`ug`a ngli

Phrinhhi3p.0 Axarkfsa >

Aegfbs ‛ Hr`glfsfl` fldhregtfhl

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl uloarstglo stglogro aegfbs hl whri-rabgtaothpfks

• Kgl hr`glfsa g whri-rabgtao aegfb th aepjgsfsa tjaegfl phflt

• Kgl rapby th g whri-rabgtao aegfb khl﬇refl`

fl tja khrrakt hroar jara)3suncakt bfla, `raatfl`/hpalfl`,ragshl dhr wrftfl`, oatgfbs / egfl nhoy, khlkbuofl`,kbhsfl`, sf`lgtura  ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae thput tja pgrts fl tja khrrakt hroar Bfst tjae fl tja khrrakthroar hl tja nhgro, glo bagva tja bfst hl tja nhgro dhrstuoalts th radar th ourfl` tja basshl

[tuoalts tjfli gnhut tja hr`glfsgtfhl hd gl aegfb glo bhhi

gt shea usadub pjrgsas dhr of﬍aralt pgrts hd gl aegfb

7 Kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstgloflouktfhl ogy  nadhra

tjay na`fl, tjal gsi tjae th oh tjfs flofvfougbby @at tjae th

khepgra tjafr glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

7 Oagr Cfbb  > Cust g qufki aegfb th bat yhu ilhw 

; Dfrstby  ? _jal  1 Gdtar  4 daab draa th kgbb ea fd yhujgva gly quastfhls  0 Gbb tja nast

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt ehra usadub pjrgsas dhr tja of﬍aralt pgrts

hd gl aegfb

>G Fd yhu ofo tja wgre-up gktfvfty gnhva, `h strgf`jt flth tja

tgsi Htjarwfsa, kjaki tjgt stuoalts uloarstglo tja jagofl`s

fl tja tgnba glo nrfa﬎y ofskuss tja hr`glfsgtfhl / of﬍aralt pgrts

hd tja aegfb Gsi stuoalts th khepbata tja axarkfsa flofvfougbby

hr fl pgfrs, tjal kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss Dhr tjfs glo tja

laxt axarkfsa, yhu khubo khpy tja tgnba hlth tja nhgro glo

flvfta of﬍aralt stuoalts th khea up glo wrfta tja glswars fl

tja khrrakt khbuel

[aa pjrgsas fl ftgbfks fl glswar iay th Axarkfsa >N nabhw

>N Nadhra stuoalts na`fl, yhu khubo `h tjrhu`j tja pjrgsas

fl tja nhx wftj tja kbgss hr bat stuoalts kjaki gly whros tjay

ohl‖t ilhw fl g ofktfhlgry (a.`.durtjar th ,khl﬇re ,jasftgta )

Abfkft hr axpbgfl wjalOagr [fr/Egoge fs usao (wjal wa ohl‖t

ilhw tja lgea hd tja parshl wa gra wrftfl` th)

@raatfl`/

Hpalfl`

Oagr Cfbb Oagr [fr/Egoge,

@hho ehrlfl` CgkquasJabbh/Jf @ahr`a

^agshl dhrwrftfl`

 Cust g qufki aegfb th bat yhu ilhw … F‖e wrftfl` th fldhre yhu tjgt …Durtjar th hur khlvarsgtfhl, F khl﬇retjgt …

_jgli yhu dhr yhur aegfb

Hroarfl`

fldhregtfhl

Dfrstby, _jal,  Gdtar, Dflgbby,_jfroby,Khlkbuofl`

aegfb

Daab draa th kgbb ea fd yhu jgva glyquastfhls. 

Jhpa th jagr drhe yhu shhl

F bhhi dhrwgro th jagrfl` drhe yhu

]bagsa oh lht jasftgta th khltgkt ea fdyhu jgva gly quastfhls

Kbhsfl`  Gbb tja nast, 

Vhurs,Iflo ra`gros,

^a`gros,Vhurs sflkaraby,

Axtrg gktfvftfas 7.1

G  _jfs gktfvfty `fvas durtjar prgktfka hd usadub pjrgsas dhrtja of﬍aralt pgrts hd gl aegfb Gsi stuoalts th khepbata ftflofvfougbby glo tjal `at tjae th kjaki glswars fl pgfrsnadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

7  Oagr  > dhr  ; Durtjar  ? khl﬇re  1 Dfrstby 

4 tjgt  0 Dflgbby  : jasftgta  6 saafl` 7=  ra`gros

Hptfhlgb `rgeegr whri

_ja aegfb fl Axarkfsa 7 khltgfls axgepbas hd tja ]rasalt[fepba glo ]rasalt Khltfluhus, sh yhu khubo usa ft dhrshea hptfhlgb `rgeegr whri ^adar stuoalts th tja

@rgeegr radaralka hl pg`a 77: glo usa tja axarkfsas flEyAl`bfsjBgn dhr axtrg `rgeegr prgktfka

  _gsi

[tuoalts wrfta g rapby th gl flvftgtfhl aegfb

;G ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo radar tjae th tja fldhregtfhl hlpg`a 7>4 Axpbgfl tjgt tjay wfbb na usfl` tjfs fldhregtfhl thrapby th @ra`‖s aegfb, glo kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstglora(5 gnhut, hl tja suncakt hd) fl a Fd yhu ofo tja wgre-up gktfvfty,yhu khubo radar stuoalts th tja bfst hl tja nhgro th jabp tjae

Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

]hssfnba glswars

7 a  > o  ; `  ? g  1 k  4 n  0 d 

;N [at g tfea bfeft dhr tja wrftfl` tgsi glo raeflo stuoalts

th usa tja fldhregtfhl drhe Axarkfsa ;G glo pjrgsasdrhe Axarkfsas >G glo >N [tuoalts kgl wrfta tjafr aegfbsflofvfougbby glo tjal khea ngki th`atjar dhr Axarkfsa ;K

Gbtarlgtfvaby, tjay kgl wrfta tjafr aegfbs fl pgfrs glo tjal whriwftj g of﬍aralt pgrtlar dhr Axarkfsa ;K

Ehoab glswarOagr @ra`,_jgli yhu dhr yhur aegfb gnhut tja flouktfhl ogy laxtwaai, wjfkj F ge vary iaal th gttalo

Qldhrtulgtaby, F ge ulgnba th gttalo hl _jursogy gsF‖e `hfl` th gl fephrtglt khldaralka wftj tja DflglkaEglg`ar glo wfbb na gwgy drhe tja h﬋ ka gbb ogy

_jaradhra, F jhpa tjgt ft wfbb na gbrf`jt dhr ea th jgva tjaflouktfhl ogy hl Drfogy Jhwavar, F egy na sbf`jtby bgta fltja ehrlfl` hl Drfogy gs F jgva g oaltfst‖s gpphfltealt gt:.;= g.e

F bhhi dhrwgro th jagrfl` drhe yhu

Iflo ra`gros,

;K Fl tjafr pgfrs, stuoalts avgbugta glo ofskuss agkj htjar‖sglswars Ehlfthr glo egia g lhta hd gly arrhrs/phflts thjf`jbf`jt ourfl` daaongki

EyAl`bfsjBgn3_agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Fltargktfva

`rgeegr prgktfka9 Prftfl` ngliPhrinhhi3p.: Axarkfsas 7‛;

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl sueegrfsa tja egfl eassg`a drhe sfepbaofg`rges (a.` `rgpjs, ngr kjgrts)

• Kgl fldar spagiars‖ hpflfhls fl khlvarsgtfhls hlavaryogy whri-rabgtao thpfks

• Kgl foaltfdy glo axkjgl`a iay fldhregtfhl fl glaxtaloao taxt hr grtfkba.

• Kgl axprass hpflfhls gs ra`gros phssfnba shbutfhls,

`fvfl` nrfad ragshls glo axpbglgtfhls

Ngki`rhulo

[tuoalts rago gnhut Oftf`gb, gl fltarlat eaofg hr`glfsgtfhl

7 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gsi tjae th rago tja ngki`rhulo glo

ofskuss tja quastfhls Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss Dhr quastfhl

>, yhu khubo usa yhur kbgssrhhe th kjaki/abfkft/axpbgfl dagturas

bfia lhfsa bavab, bf`jt, spgka, wflohws, vfaw, durlftura, atk

7 Grnacos`bäoa eagls ‚jgppflass gt whri‖

> ]hssfnba glswars3 ]ahpba fl ogri, lhfsy h﬋ kas wftjvary bfttba parshlgb spgka egy daab ehra strassao glotjaradhra bass jgppy glo prhouktfva ]ahpba wftjehra spgka glo lfkar vfaws drhe tja wflohw egy daabehra rabgxao gt whri glo tjaradhra jgppfar glo ehraprhouktfva H﬋ ka taepargtura glo bf`jtfl` kgl gbshg﬍akt g parshl‖s prhouktfvfty

Dflofl` hut wjgt aepbhyaas tjfli

[tuoalts stuoy g ngr kjgrt sjhwfl` aepbhyaas‖ vfaws hl tjafr

whrispgka glo tjal bfstal th aepbhyaas `fvfl` tjafr vfaws

>G ^adar stuoalts th tja ngr kjgrt glo kjaki tjay uloarstglo

kheeulgb ,ofstrgktfhlsglogkhustfk   Vhu egy gbsh wglt th

kjaki tjay uloarstglo tja pjrgsa Z fl V  fl tares hd parkaltg`as,

a.`.hla fl dhur5 >1 parkalt Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 lfkar kheeulgb grags  > ehra prfvgta eaatfl` rhhes,nf``ar parshlgb whri spgka  ; jgbd / 1= parkalt hd  

? gkkass th hutohhrs 1 whri gwgy drhe tja h﬋ ka

>N Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao tja quastfhl fl pgfrs, yhu

khubo nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl

]hssfnba glswars_ja survay su``asts tjgt stg﬍ wglt ehra spgka fl `alargb,flkbuofl` parshlgb whrispgka gs wabb gs prfvgta eaatfl`

rhhes glo lfkar kheeulgb grags wjara stg﬍ kgl `gtjar

Ft gbsh saaes kbagr tjgt stg﬍ ohl‖t bfia kurralt lhfsa bavabslhr tja dgkt tjgt tjay ohl‖t jgva eukj ‚vfsugb glo gkhustfkprfvgky‖, parjgps wjal tgbifl` hl tja pjhla hr oua thnafl` saal ny khbbag`uas glo eglg`ars

;  NP 7.=7  ]bgy tja rakhrofl` hlka hlby glo kjakiglswars wftj tja kbgss

g [pagiar ; n [pagiar 7 k [pagiar >

?  NP 7.=7  ]bgy tja rakhrofl` g`gfl glo tabb stuoalts tjgttjay kgl egia lhtas wjfba bfstalfl` Fd tjay gra stru``bfl`, yhukhubo pbgy tja rakhrofl` g tjfro tfea

[pagiar 7 wglts ehra ﬎axfnba whri spgkas sukj gs ehraeaatfl` rhhes glo qufat zhlas dhr flofvfougb whri

[pagiar > wglts tja h﬋ ka oasf`l, durlftura glo grtwhri thra﬎akt tja khepgly‖s fllhvgtfva, dul-bhvfl`, takjy feg`a

hd ftsabd

[pagiar ; wglts th jgva ehra punbfk spgkas dhrkheeulfkgtfhl glo khbbgnhrgtfhl natwaal oapgrtealtssukj gs g nf``ar iftkjal / oflfl` rhhe, g pfl`-phl` tgnbaglo gl hutsfoa spgka wjara stg﬍ kgl `h

Axtrg gktfvftfas Nusflass whrisjhp 7

G  NP 7.=7  _jfs gktfvfty prgktfsas iay vhkgnubgry drheAxarkfsas 7‛? @h tjrhu`j tja whros/pjrgsas fl tja nhxnadhra stuoalts na`fl, glo gsi tjae th oh tja axarkfsaflofvfougbby ]bgy tja rakhrofl` dhr tjae th kjaki tjafrglswars, glo kbgrfdy gly vhkgnubgry quarfas gs lakassgry

7  krgepao > tfao ohwl ;  hpal-pbgl

?  ofstrgktfhls 1 dul-bhvfl`/takj-sgvvy

4  takj-sgvvy/dul-bhvfl` 0  whri‛bfda: whrifl` jhurs 6  prasaltaafse 7= tfly

77  wabkhefl` 7> efl`ba

[tuoalts rago glo ofskuss twh grtfkbas hl efbballfgb-drfalobywhrispgkas

1G ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo gssf`l G glo N rhbas Axpbgfl tjgtstuoalts gra `hfl` th rago hla grtfkba agkj glo sueegrfsa tjagrtfkba dhr tjafr pgrtlar ^adar stuoalts th tjafr grtfkbas glo `fvatjae tfea th rago glo egia lhtas hl tja egfl phflts

1N Fl tjafr pgfrs, stuoalts sueegrfsa tjafr grtfkbas dhr tjafrpgrtlar glo tjal ofskuss tja quastfhl ]hflt hut tjgt tjaysjhubo usa tjafr hwl whros fl tjafr sueegrfas glo lht ragodrhe tjafr taxts Fd tfea gbbhws, ofskuss tja twh khepglfas gs

g wjhba kbgss glo jgva g vhta hl tja thp tjraa dagturas

]hssfnba glswars

@hKgrobass fl Bhlohl jgs gl hpal-pbgl oasf`l, fldhregbdurlftura (pfklfk tgnbas) glo `gea khlshbas (Znhx) th kragta

gl fldhregb gtehspjara _ja khepgly spalos ehlay

hl stg﬍ eagbs glo altartgflealt _jay wglt stg﬍ th bfiagktugbby nafl` gt tja h﬋ ka rgtjar tjgl kjhhsfl` th whridrhe jhea

gs kragtfva spgkas wftj wgbbs dhr wrftfl` lhtas, ‚sfbalkanhxas‖ wjara pahpba kgl khlkaltrgta fl pagka, gs wabb

gs rabgxgtfhl rhhes wftj `geas khlshbas glo spgkfhusiftkjals wftj dubb drfo`as [hea ehoarl h﬋ ka nufbofl`slhw jgva rastgurglts, jhtab-bfia bhul`as fl tja rakaptfhl,kykba rgkis glo sjhwars gs wabb gs `raal grags wftj phlos,gepjftjagtras, grt `gbbarfas glo kgdæs

Axtrg gktfvftfas Nusflass whrisjhp 7

N _jfs ragofl` kheprajalsfhl tgsi kgl na ohla fl kbgss hrsat gs jheawhri Axpbgfl tjgt stuoalts laao th ragonhtjtaxts dhr tjfs axarkfsa, glo gsi tjae th uloarbfla tja pgrts

hd agkj taxt tjgt bago tjae th tja glswars Pftj wagiarkbgssas, ft ef`jt na nattar th oh tjfs gktfvfty fl kbgss glogbbhw stuoalts th whri fl pgfrs

7 k  > g  ; n  ? g  1 k  4 n  0 n  : k  6 g 7= g

  _gsi

[tuoalts nrgflsthre, ofskuss glo prasalt tjafr foags dhr tjaoasf`l hd g law h﬋ ka spgka

4G ]ut stuoalts fl segbb `rhups glo `h tjrhu`j tjaflstruktfhls glo kjakibfst wftj tjae Glswar gly quastfhlstjay egy jgva glo gbbhw ?‛4 eflutas dhr tja gktfvfty

4N ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs Alsura agkj stuoalt fs whrifl` wftjsheahla drhe g of﬍aralt `rhup Gbbhw stuoalts ?‛4 eflutas thaxkjgl`a foags Gt tjfs phflt, yhu egy wglt th abfkft foags drheof﬍aralt pgfrs glo wrfta tjae hl tja nhgro

0  ^adar stuoalts th pg`a 7;= glo `fva tjae tfea th rago tjaaegfb Bat tjae ofskuss tjafr foags fl pgfrs, tjal nrhgoal tjfsflth g kbgss ofskussfhl Alsura stuoalts custfdy tjafr glswars

EyAl`bfsjBgn3_agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas

7 7  flvhbvas >  raphrts ; dhr ?  bagos 1  Jago

4  gdtar 0  wftj :  egias 6 kgra 7= kjgr`a

> 7 ‖e `hfl` th `at > hpals ; Gra wa `hfl` th sabb

? ‖s `hfl` th gsi 1 gra yhu eaatfl` 4 F‖e `hfl` th

0 ‖s `hfl` th slhw : ‖e saafl`

; 7 Lht ngo, lht ngo > G nft hd g oabgy ; Jgva yhu eat

? saa yhu g`gfl 1 fl sukj g rusj 4 bat‖s `h glo sgyjabbh 0 fl parshl : ﬇rst tfea 6 dhr khefl`

? 7 h﬍ar >  whubo ;  ngsao ?  raphrt 1  whriao

4 chfl 0 draa

1 7 f > o ; c ? g 1 a 4 ` 0 j : n 6 k 7= d

Bago-fl [tuoalts ofskuss buxury nrglos EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3

axtrg gktfvftfas9 Gbtarlgtfva vfoah whrisjaat9 ^agofl` ngli

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3 p.77? [trass fl khephulo lhuls glo lhul pjrgsas _agkjar‖s nhhi3 ^ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba >.7 p.7;:

Phrinhhi3 p.6 Axarkfsas 7‛;

Tfoah [tuoalts wgtkj g NNK raphrt hl tja rakalt jfsthry hd tja buxury nrglo Nub`grf glo jhw tja nrglo glo prhoukts jgva naal oavabhpao.

Thkgnubgry [tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th egriatfl` glo nrglos.

]rhcakt [tuoalts kjhhsa gl govartfsfl` kgepgf`l th rasagrkj glo

ofskuss.

.Gsfgl nrglos

`h wast

Bago-fl [tuoalts ofskuss `bhngb nrglos glo stuoy khbbhkgtfhls

wftj rglo 

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3 p.77? Khllakthrs3 flthlgtfhl glo pgusfl`

@rgeegr radaralka3 p.776 Khllakthrs

_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ^ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba >.> p.7;6 Phrinhhi3 p.7= Axarkfsas 7‛;, p.77 Axarkfsas 7‛;

^agofl` [tuoalts rago g lawspgpar grtfkba gnhut Gsfgl nrglos.

@rgeegr [tuoalts stuoy glo prgktfsa khllakthrs dhr goofl` glo

khltrgstfl` foags, radarrfl` th tfea, `fvfl` a xgepbas glo saqualkfl`.

[pagifl` [tuoalts prgktfsa usfl` khllakthrs wjfba ofskussfl` nrglos.

.Kheeulfkgtfhl

Phrinhhi3 p.7> Axarkfsas 7 glo >

Tfoah [tuoalts wgtkj g vfoah gnhut supphrtfl ` tage khbbag`uas glo jhw tjfs kgl g﬍akt tja pardhreglka hd g tage.

^a﬎aktfhl [tuoalts ra﬎akt hl tja bagrlfl` phflts glo khlkbusfhls

drhe tja vfoah glo ofskuss a﬍aktfva tagewhri.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt pjrgsas dhr `fvfl` glo rasphlofl` th govfka.

_gsi [tuoalts prgktfsa tja dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a drhe tja basshl

ny rhbapbgyfl` glo tjal ofskussfl` of﬍aralt sftugtfhls.

.Nusflass sifbbs3

Egifl`

g prasaltgthl

Bago-fl [tuoalts ofskuss `fvfl` glo gttalofl` prasaltgtfhls glo

bhhi gt tja ohs glo ohl‖ts hd hpalfl` g prasaltgtfhl. EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3axtrg gktfvftfas9 Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

ngli Phrinhhi3 p.7> Axarkfsa ;

Bfstalfl` [tuoalts bfstal th of﬍aralt prasaltgtfhl hpalfl`s glo tjal

ofskuss takjlfquas dhr hpalfl` prasaltgtfhls.

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt usadub sf`lphstfl` pjrgsas dhr prasaltgtfhls.

_gsi [tuoalts prgktfsa `fvfl` g sjhrt prasaltgtfhl.

.

glo saef-dhregbaegfbs

Bago-fl [tuoalts glgbysa gl flvftgtfhl aegfb glo bagrl th

ofstfl`ufsj natwaal dhregb glo saef-dhregb bgl`ug`a.

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Fltargktfva `rgeegr prgktfka9 Prftfl` ngli

@rgeegr radaralka3 p.776 Tarns + -fl`

vs fl﬇lftfva Phrinhhi3 p.7; Axarkfsas 7‛;

Dulktfhlgb bgl`ug`a

[tuoalts bhhi gt usadub pjrgsas dhr dhregb glo saef-dhregb flvftgtfhl aegfbs.

_gsi [tuoalts wrfta g rapby th g dhregb flvftgtfhl aegfb.

g prhoukt hr sarvfka khenflao wftj vgrfhus abaealts tjgt kragta g ulfquafeg`a ‛

gbh`h , tja prhouktoasf`l , gsbh`glglo tja feprassfhl kragtao nyegriatfl`glogovartfsfl` kgepgf`ls 

Nrglos axfst fl eglysakthrs 3 kgr egludgkturfl`, dgsjfhl, jhtabs, dhho glo, flkragsfl`by,takjlhbh`y glo hlbfla sarvfkas ‛ tja bfst hd thp `bhngb nrglos thogy khltgfls savargbtakjlhbh`y-ngsao khepglfas bfia Gppba, @hh`ba, Efkrhshdt glo Gegzhl _hp `bhngb nrglosgbsh flkbuoa kgr nrglos bfia _hyhtg glo NEP, glo dhho glo orfli nrglos bfia Khkg-Khbgglo EkOhlgbo‖s Nrglos gra dhulo fl tja nhtj tjabuxury egriat (a.` ]hrskja) glo fl tjaegflstrage (a.` Sgrg)

Khepglfasegfltgfl tjafr nrglos nyupogtfl` glo feprhvfl` sukkassdub prhoukts9 dhraxgepba, Gppba rabagsas law varsfhls hd tja f]jhla gt ra`ubgr fltarvgbs Gt tja sgea tfea,

g khepgly‖s nrglo jgs th na rabfgnba fl hroar th egfltgflnrglo bhygbty  Fd kjgl`as graegoa, tja nrglo kgl na ogeg`ao9 dhr axgepba, Khkg-Khbg bhst g bht hd kusthears fl 76:1,wjal ft kjgl`ao tja dhreubg hd wjgt wgs tjal tja whrbo‖s ehst phpubgr shdt orfli

Khepglfas usaegriatfl` glogovartfsfl` th jabp oavabhp glo egfltgfl g nrglo _jfskhubo tgia tja dhre hd g bh`h ‛ dgehus bh`hs flkbuoa Lfia‖s swhhsj glo EkOhlgbo‖s

`hboal grkjas _ja oasf`l hd g prhoukt fs gbsh iay9 dhr axgepba, g Darrgrf sphrts kgr jgs

g sjgpa glo khbhur tjgt fs flstgltby rakh`lfsgnba glo fs ulfqua th tja nrglo [bh`gls bfia

‚_jfli of﬍aralt‖ (Gppba), ‚Cust oh ft‖ (Lfia), glo ‚F‖e bhvfl‖ ft‖ (EkOhlgbo‖s) gbsh pbgy g pgrt

fl astgnbfsjfl` tja nrglo parshlgbfty

Nrglo gwgralass fs hdtal oavabhpao nynrglo gengssgohrs glo kabanrftyalohrsaealt .Dgehus altartgflars glo sphrtspahpba hdtal nakhea gsshkfgtao wftj g pgrtfkubgr nrglo,wjfkj jabps th kragta gnrglo feg`a tjgt gppagbs th tja oasfras glogspfrgtfhls hdkhlsuears _ja hvargbb feprassfhl kragtao fl tja khlsuear‖s eflo ny tjasa abaealts fs

`rhw ny ﬇lofl` law egriats Nrglos prhoukao fl Gsfgl egriats jgva naal g `rhwfl`

pgrt hd tja `bhngb egriat sflka tja aear`alka hd Cgpglasa nrglos [hly glo _hyhtg fl tja76:=s, Qlfqbh glo Eucf fl tja >===s, glo _gfwglasa nrglos bfia J_K glo Gsus `gflfl` flphpubgrfty fl tja >=7=s Nrglos lavar stglo stfbb

Phrifl` stuoalts sjhubo na gwgra hd tjafr khepgly‖s feg`a glo gly nrglos tjgt tjayprhouka _jay sjhubo na gnba th oaskrfna tjae glo axpbgfl tjafr fephrtglka th tjakhepgly [tuoalts wjh gra lht yat whrifl` wfbb na gwgra hd nrglos gs khlsuears, glosjhubo na gnba th glgbysa jhw g nrglo whris Qsfl` nrglos tjay gra dgefbfgr wftj fs g `hho cuepfl`-h﬍ phflt dhr durtjar axpbhrgtfhl flth jhw egriatfl` glo govartfsfl` whri

Nusflass nrfad 

Nrglos glo yhur

stuoalts

Gsi stuoalts th bhhi gt tja pjhth glo quhta Kjaki tjgt tjay

uloarstglo prhcakt  , parkafva glo tja chn tftbanrglo strgta`fst  

Gsi3Jhw oh yhu tjfli tja pjhth fs rabavglt th tja quhta8   Abfkft

g daw foags drhe stuoalts _jal ofskuss tja quhta3 Oh stuoalts

g`raa8 Pjy / Pjy lht8 _jfs kgl na ohla fl pgfrs, segbb `rhups

hr gs g wjhba-kbgss ofskussfhl

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl `fva hr saai parshlgb vfaws glo hpflfhls flofskussfl` thpfks hd fltarast

• Kgl uloarstglo g bgr`a pgrt hd g vfoah hl g rabgtao thpfk

whri-• Kgl usa bgl`ug`a rabgtao th govartfsfl` glo nrglofl`

• Kgl axprass glo kheealt hl foags glo su``astfhls flfldhregb ofskussfhls

• Kgl gsi glo glswar quastfhls fl g dgka-th-dgka survay

• Kgl prapgra g sfepba quastfhllgfra fl hroar th

﬇ts fl (a.`.]gtai ]jfbfppa([wfss wgtkj egludgkturar)

`has fl tjaBuxurykgta`hry9_feax(Gearfkgl wgtkjegludgkturar) `has fl tjaEgflstrage kgta`hry) Nrfa﬎yofskuss shea hd tja nrglo lgeas gs g kbgss, abfkftfl` wjgtstuoalts ilhw gnhut tjae

Bago-fl

[tuoalts ofskuss buxury nrglos

7 [tuoalts khubo ofskuss tja quastfhls fl pgfrs hr `rhups

﬇rst, glo tjal gs g wjhba kbgss Dhr quastfhl 7, jabp stuoalts

wftj gly vhkgnubgry tjay egy laao, glo bfst tjafr foags hl tja

nhgro Dhr quastfhl >, phflt hut tjgt tja ftaes oh lht jgva th

na axpalsfva ‛ g Bhufs Tuftthl iay rfl` khults gs gl axgepba

[tuoalts egy sgy tjay ohl‖t nuy buxury nrglos, nut shea hd

tjae egy jgva oasf`lar trgflars, cawabbary, ehnfba pjhlas,

atk Gsi quastfhl ; fl g lautrgb wgy sh tjgt stuoalts wjh

ofsg`raa daab khl﬇oalt th spagi up

]hssfnba glswars

7 kgrs, takjlhbh`y, wgtkjas glo cawabbary, pardueas/

drg`rglkas, khseatfks, oasf`lar kbhtjas, gkkasshrfas(a.` sul`bgssas), durlftura

  Tfoah

[tuoalts wgtkj g NNK raphrt hl tja rakalt jfsthry hd tjabuxury nrglo Nub`grf glo jhw tja nrglo glo prhoukts jgvanaal oavabhpao

>  >.7.7  Fd Nub`grf ofo lht khea up fl tja wgre-up hrbago-fl gktfvftfas, gsi stuoalts wjgt tjay ilhw gnhut ft (Ft fs glFtgbfgl khepgly tjgt prhoukas cawabbary, drg`rglkas glo buxury

`hhos, dhuloao fl 7::? ny g @raai cawabbar, [htfrfhs Thub`grfs.)Axpbgfl tjgt stuoalts gra `hfl` th wgtkj g vfoah gnhut Nub`grfglo kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstgloaxtalo tja nrglofl tja runrfk.]bgy tja vfoah glo kjaki tja glswar wftj tja kbgss

_jay ehvao flth jhtabs (Drg`rglkas wara gbsh gooao gt glagrbfar stg`a.)

; @fva stuoalts g efluta th `h tjrhu`j tja quastfhls nadhratjay wgtkj g`gfl Kjaki tjgt tjay uloarstglohvar-axtalofl` globgulkjao   ]bgy tja vfoah glo `at stuoalts th kjaki

glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

7 stratkj ft

> fl ^hea, ehra tjgl 7== yagrs g`h

; cawabbary, wgtkjas, gkkasshrfas glo drg`rglkas(pardueas)

? Efbgl (fl g nufbofl` tjgt usao th na g khlvalt), laxt thtja Nhtglfkgb @groals

1 drhe tja 74==s glo 760=s

4 Ft jgs g >1-eatra phhb, gbtjhu`j ft‖s g segbb jhtab

0 _ja nrglo fs oavgbuao fd g khepgly `has flth grags hrsakthrs wjara ft fs bass kraofnba

: Ft jgs bgulkjao tjraa jhtabs sh dgr nut ft wfbb bgulkjtjraa ehra fl tja dutura

?  >.7.7  @h tjrhu`j tja stgtaealts wftj tja kbgss glokbgrfdy gly ulilhwl whros (a.`.oavgbuao  ,ubtfegtaby  ) ]bgytja bgst pgrt hd tja vfoah g`gfl (>311‛?3>?) dhr stuoalts thegtkj tja stgtaealts wftj tja spagiars _h kjaki glswars, yhukhubo pbgy tja bgst pgrt hd tja vfoah g`gfl, pgusfl` gdtar agkjstgtaealt fs jagro glo abfkftfl` tja glswar

7 ]atar Vhri  > [fbvfh Qrsflf  ; [fbvfh Qrsflf  ? ]atar Vhri

1 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups glo axpbgfl tja gktfvfty

Vhu khubo phflt hut th stuoalts tjgt khpyfl` flkbuoas prhouktstjgt gra sfefbgr nut lht axgktby tja sgea @fva pgfrs/`rhups

>‛; eflutas th ofskuss tja ﬇rst quastfhl, tjal `at nrfad daaongkidrhe tja kbgss, lhtfl` stuoalts‖ foags hl tja nhgro _jal `fvatjae glhtjar >‛? eflutas th nrgflsthre htjar kgta`hrfas glotjfli hd axgepbas dhr agkj hla Abfkft foags drhe of﬍aralt stuoalts

7 saal  > whrl  ; wgs  ? na`gl th  1 jgo 

4 kgea gnhut  0 oakfoao th  : kgea up 

6 sat gnhut  7= iapt

7 ^adar stuoalts th tja pjhth glo `at tjae th ofskuss tja quastfhls fl pgfrs

hr segbb `rhups ^aeflo tjae th `fva ragshls dhr tjafr glswars Vhu khubotjal nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl _ry th abfkftof`ftgb egriatfl` glostuoalts‖ hpflfhls hd ft

]hssfnba glswarswaoofl`s, kabanrgtfhls9 usa hlbfla hr of`ftgb egriatfl`, govartfsa flwaoofl`/avalts eg`gzflas, prhehta sarvfkas gt waoofl` hr avaltskhldaralkas

>  GB_>.7.7  Axpbgfl th stuoalts tjgt tjay gra `hfl` th wgtkj g vfoahgnhut tja phwar hd of`ftgb egriatfl`, glo `h tjrhu`j tja stgtaealts wftjtja kbgss ]bgy tja vfoah, twfka fd lakassgry fl wagiar kbgssas, tjal kjakiglswars wftj tja kbgss

7 D  > _  ; D

;  GB_>.7.7  @h tjrhu`j tja quastfhls wftj tja kbgss glo kjaki stuoaltsuloarstglolfkja egriatfl quastfhl > ]bgy tja vfoah dhr stuoalts th glswartja quastfhls @at tjae th khepgra glo ofskuss tjafr glswars fl pgfrs nadhrakjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

7 Ft fs g kjagpar gbtarlgtfva

> tjrhu`j shkfgb latwhris

; kragta g Dgkanhhi pg`a, kragta g vfoah

? fl tja 4=s ‚th krusj Gofogs‖, lhw ‚th nrfl` flspfrgtfhl glo fllhvgtfhl

th avary gtjbata fl tja whrbo‖

th of`ftgb egriatfl`

; spakfgbfsao punbfkgtfhls sukj gs waoofl` eg`gzflas, govartfsaealts

fl bhkgb pgpars hr gt waoofl` avalts

1  GB_>.7.7  [tuoalts khubo ohtjfs flofvfougbby hr fl pgfrs, usfl` tjafrofktfhlgrfas fd lakassgry ]bgy tja ﬇rst pgrt hdtja vfoah g`gfl (=3==‛=3>0) dhr tjae th kjakitjafr glswars9 kjaki tjay uloarstglo tjaeaglfl`s hd tja khbbhkgtfhls

7 k  > g  ; n

4 Axpbgfl tjgt tja saltalkas gra axtrgktsdrhe tja vfoah Vhu egy wglt th bat stuoaltsusa tjafr ofktfhlgrfas dhr tjfs axarkfsa Pftjwagiar kbgssas, yhu khubo gbbhw stuoalts thwhri fl pgfrs Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgssglo kbgrfdy gly vhkgnubgry gs lakassgry

7 trglsgktfhlgb  > shkfgb eaofg 

; kgtkjas  ? oavabhp  1 gnhut

4  hl tralo  0 prastf`a : khst-a﬍aktfva  6 ulfqua sabbfl` phflt 7= tgr`at egriats

0 G`gfl, wagiar stuoalts khubo oh tjfsaxarkfsa fl pgfrs Gbbhw tjae th usa tjafrofktfhlgrfas Ourfl` kbgss daaongki, kjakitjgt stuoalts uloarstglo gbb tja whros flftgbfks, lht cust tja khrrakt glswars

[tuoalts bhhi gt vhkgnubgry rabgtao th egriatfl` glo nrglos

4 Axpbgfl tjgt saltalkas 7‛7= gra drhe tja vfoah glo bhhi gt

tja whros fl tja nhx wftj tja kbgss _jfs axarkfsa kgl na ohla

flofvfougbby hr fl pgfrs

7 [tratkjfl`  > kgutfhus gpprhgkj  ; ngsa hd kbfalts 

? durtjar g﬇abo  1 ubtrg-buxury  4 khra nusflass 

0 ngo jfsthry, oavgbuao  : nrglos 6 dgst `rhwtj 7= valtura flth

0 Gsi stuoalts th oh tjfs flofvfougbby glo tjal kjaki glswars

fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss Gs jheawhri, yhukhubo gsi stuoalts th wrfta tjafr hwl axgepba saltalka dhragkj whro

7 prhoukt pbgkaealt  > fltargktfva egriatfl` 

; nrglo stratkjfl`  ? kusthear al`g`aealt 

1 gwgralass  4 bh`h  0 bhygbty  : feg`a

: ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo `fva tjae ;‛1 eflutas th ofskuss

tja quastfhls @h rhulo ehlfthrfl` glo jabpfl` wjara

lakassgry Hlka stuoalts jgva ofskussao fl tjafr pgfrs, yhu

khubo nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl

Axtrg gktfvftfas >.7

N Prftakhltrhbhl tja nhgro glo gsi stuoalts th tjfli hdgocaktfvas tjgt khbbhkgta wftj ft (a.`.khepbata ,thtgb ) ^adarstuoalts th tja gktfvfty glo axpbgfl tjgt twh whros fl agkjquastfhl khbbhkgta wftj tja lhul glo hla ohasl‖t @fvastuoalts tfea th khepbata tja gktfvfty flofvfougbby glo `attjae th khepgra glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftjtja kbgss Alkhurg`a tjae th rakhro tja khbbhkgtfhls fltjafr lhtanhhis, wftj gl axgepba saltalka dhr agkj

Orfbb tja prhlulkfgtfhl hd nhtj axgepbas

7 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs dhr tjfs gktfvfty Gbtarlgtfvaby,yhu khubo gsi tjae th whri flofvfougbby ﬇rst, glotjal `at tjae khepgra tjafr glswars fl pgfrs Oh lhtkhl﬇re glswars yat gs stuoalts wfbb kjaki tjae fl tjalaxt axarkfsa

>  ]>.=7  ]bgy tja rakhrofl` dhr stuoalts th kjakitjafr glswars _jal pbgy tja rakhrofl` g sakhlo tfeadhr stuoalts th bfstal glo rapagt

govartfsfl` kgepgf`l nrglo feg`akbfalt ngsa khepgly bh`h khra nusflassbuxury nrglo ehnfba pjhla

hlbfla govartfsaealt prhoukt pbgkaealt_T prh`rgeea

khrraktfl` stuoalts‖ prhlulkfgtfhl gs lakassgry

[tuoalts kjhhsa gl govartfsfl` kgepgf`l th rasagrkjglo ofskuss

6G ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs glo `h tjrhu`j tja flstruktfhlswftj tja kbgss Axpbgfl tja stg`as hd tja prhcakt3 kjhhsa glgovartfsaealt9 glgbysa tja govartfsaealt usfl` tja foags hlpg`a 7;19 oh g kbgss survay th tast pahpba‖s ragktfhls9 khepgrayhur glgbysfs wftj htjar stuoalts [tuoalts wfbb laao gkkass thhla hr ehra hd tja dhbbhwfl`3

• g ]K, tgnbat hr segrtpjhla (_jay kgl usa tjasa th rasagrkjnhtj hlbfla glo _T gos ‛ ehst _T gos kgl na dhulo hlwansftas bfia Vhu_una.)

• rakalt eg`gzflas hr lawspgpars

@fva stuoalts tfea th rago tja fldhregtfhl hl pg`a 7;1 glogsi yhu quastfhls fd glytjfl` fs ulkbagr _jal sat g tfea bfeftdhr tja ﬇rst pgrt hd tja gktfvfty glo bat stuoalts whri fl tjafrpgfrs th rasagrkj tjafr kgepgf`l, wjfba yhu ehlfthr glo jabp

gs lakassgry Dflgbby, sat g tfea bfeft dhr tja kbgss survay G`gfl,ehlfthr glo prhvfoa jabp fd laaoao

6N Chfl pgfrs th`atjar flth `rhups hd dhur @rhups lhw whrith`atjar th khepgra tjafr glgbysas glo oakfoa hl tja ehsta﬍aktfva kgepgf`l Gs kbgss daaongki, gsi g daw stuoalts thsjgra tjafr hpflfhls wftj tja kbgss, `fvfl` ragshls

EyAl`bfsjBgn3 _agkjar‖s rashurkas3 axtrg gktfvftfas9 Gbtarlgtfvavfoah whrisjaat9 ^agofl` ngli

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli3p.77? [trass fl khephulo lhuls glo lhulpjrgsas

_agkjar‖s nhhi3 ^ashurka ngli ]jhthkhpfgnba >.7 p.7;:

Phrinhhi3p.6 Axarkfsas 7‛;

@[A bagrlfl` hncaktfvas

• Kgl usa bgl`ug`a rabgtao th govartfsfl` glo nrglofl`

• Kgl `fva hr saai parshlgb vfaws glo hpflfhls flofskussfl` thpfks hd fltarast

• Kgl skgl sjhrt taxts th bhkgta spakf﬇k fldhregtfhl

• Kgl axtrgkt iay oatgfbs drhe gl grtfkba hl g rabgtao thpfk

nusflass-• Kgl bfli kbgusas glo saltalkas wftj g rgl`a hd ngsfkkhllakthrs

• Kgl usa bfeftao ofskhursa oavfkas th bfli saltalkassehhtjby flth khllaktao ofskhursa

• Kgl gsi glo glswar quastfhls gnhut govartfsfl` glonrglos

th ofskuss jhw dgr tjay g`raa wftj tja quhta, `fvfl`

ragshls @fva tjae ;‛? eflutas th ofskuss fl tjafr `rhups,tjal nrhgoal tjfs flth g kbgss ofskussfhl

7 ]ut stuoalts fl pgfrs hr segbb `rhups Kjaki tjay uloarstglo

gkkasshrfas glogsshkfgta stj wftj stj.@fva tjae g daw eflutas

th `h tjrhu`j quastfhls 7‛>, tjal abfkft g daw foags drhe

of﬍aralt stuoalts Ehva hl th quastfhl ;, gsifl` stuoalts th

ofskuss ft fl pgfrs/`rhups ﬇rst Vhu khubo tjal nrhgoal tjfs flth

g kbgss ofskussfhl, abfkftfl` foags drhe of﬍aralt stuoalts glo

bfstfl` qugbftfas tjay su``ast hl tja nhgro

> ^adar stuoalts th tja ofg`rge ﬇rst Vhu khubo gsi tjae th

kjaki tja eaglfl`s fl tjafr ofktfhlgrfas hr `h tjrhu`j tja

khbbhkgtfhls wftj tja kbgss (saa Lhtas nabhw) [tuoalts tjal

whri tjrhu`j quastfhls 7‛; fl tja sgea pgfrs/`rhups gs dhr

Axarkfsa 7 Pjal tjay jgva ﬇lfsjao, flvfta stuoalts drhe

of﬍aralt pgfrs/`rhups th sjgra tjafr foags wftj tja kbgss

Lhtas 

nrglo gengssgohr3 g ragb hr ﬇ktfhlgb kjgrgktar wjhaenhofas tja kjgrgktarfstfks hd g nrglo (a.` Nayhlkædhr ]apsf, @ahr`a Kbhhlay dhr Lasprassh glo Hea`g,Bahlgroh OfKgprfh dhr Kjflasa AT-egiar NVO Guth glohtjar nrglos, Lhvgi Ochihvfk dhr Qlfqbh, Ialogbb Callardhr Astæa Bguoar, Egrk Cgkhns dhr Kgbvfl Ibafl, IgrbfaIbhss dhr [wgrhvsif, _gybhr [wfdt gs tja dgka hd B‖Hrægb]grfs, Phloar Phegl (﬇ktfhlgb) gs tja QL gengssgohrdhr tja aephwarealt hd wheal glo `frbs)

nrglo feg`a3 g kbagr sat hd kusthear foags gnhut tjaprgktfkgb nala﬇ts hd g prhoukt

nrglo bh`h3g segbb oasf`l wjfkj fs g nrglo‖s h﬋ kfgbsf`l (a.` _wfttar‖s nbua nfro bh`h)

nrglo bhygbty3tja axtalt th wjfkj pahpba gbwgys nuytja sgea nrglo aval fd sfefbgr prhoukts hr sarvfkas gragvgfbgnba gt g kjagpar prfka hr suparfhr qugbfty

nrglo parshlgbfty3kusthears‖ aehtfhlgb gsshkfgtfhlswftj g nrglo

^agofl`

[tuoalts rago g lawspgpar grtfkba gnhut Gsfgl nrglos

; Gsi stuoalts th rago tja grtfkba qufkiby glo glswar tja

quastfhls Axpbgfl tjgt tjay sjhubo lht rago fl oatgfb gt tjfs

phflt ‛ tjay hlby laao th skgl dhr tja fldhregtfhl tjay gra

bhhifl` dhr

[fx nrglos gra ealtfhlao fl tja grtfkba3Waabfl3 Gsfgl nrglo hd ﬇la cawabbaryKjglab3 Dralkj nrglo dgehus dhr dgsjfhl, drg`rglkas glogkkasshrfas, a.` jglong`s

Bhufs Tuftthl3 Dralkj nrglo dgehus dhr fts gkkasshrfas,aspakfgbby trgvab bu``g`a

Kjhw _gf Dhhi3 Gsfgl nrglo hd ﬇la cawabbary[jgl` Zfg3 buxury Gsfgl bgnab lhw hpargtao ny JareêsJareês3 Dralkj buxury `rhup

? [tuoalts rago tja grtfkba g`gfl, tjfs tfea fl ehra oatgfb, glo

oakfoa fd tja stgtaealts gra trua hr dgbsa @at tjae th khepgra

glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

4 D (Waabfl glo [jgl` Zfg gra Gsfgl buxury bgnabs, glo [jgl`

Zfg fs lhw hpargtao ny tja Dralkj buxury `rhup Jareês.)

0 _: D (Nufbofl` g nrglo hvarsags wfbb tgia tfea.)

Axtrg gktfvftfas >.>

G _jfs gktfvfty bhhis gt iay vhkgnubgry drhe tja ragofl`

taxt Vhu khubo gsi stuoalts th khepbata ft usfl` tjafrofktfhlgrfas glo, fl wagiar kbgssas, gbbhw tjae th whri flpgfrs Kjaki glswars wftj tja kbgss

7 ratgfb  > efbballfgb  ; bgnab  ? wagbtjy 

1 axpglo  4 sthra  0 cawabbar  : fkhlfk

[tuoalts stuoy glo prgktfsa khllakthrs dhr goofl` glokhltrgstfl` foags, radarrfl` th tfea, `fvfl` axgepbas glosaqualkfl`

1 Gsi stuoalts th bhhi gt tja uloarbflao whros glo pjrgsas

fl tja grtfkba Axpbgfl hr abfkft wjgt typa hd whros tjay gra(khllakthrs) glo wjgt tjafr dulktfhl fs (th bfli saltalkas/foags)

Vhu khubo radar stuoalts th tja @rgeegr radaralka hl pg`a 776

gt tjfs phflt, glo `h tjrhu`j tja axpbglgtfhls gs g kbgss Gsistuoalts th khepbata tja axarkfsa flofvfougbby glo `at tjae thkhepgra glswars fl pgfrs nadhra kjakifl` wftj tja kbgss

Goofl` foags3 glo, gs wabb gsKhltrgstfl` foags3jhwavar, nut, Pjfba

^adarrfl` th tfea3 ^akaltby, ]ravfhusby, Fl rakalt yagrs,Agrbfar tjfs yagr, lhw

@fvfl` axgepbas3 sukj gs, dhr axgepba[aqualkfl`3_jal

]rhlulkfgtfhl ngli  

p.77?3 Khllakthrs3 flthlgtfhl glo pgusfl`

Pgre-up

Prfta tja axgepba saltalka hl tja nhgro3

^akaltby, Gsfgl nrglos jgva stgrtao th gppagr

fl Q.[ sjhps.^ago tja saltalka hut bhuo wftj

lh pgusas glo g ﬎gt flthlgtfhl _jal rago tjasaltalka g`gfl, usfl` g dgbb-rfsa flthlgtfhl hlrakaltby , glo g sbf`jt pgusa nadhra Gsfgl Gsistuoalts fd tjay khubo jagr gly of﬍aralkas, glowjfkj saltalka tjay tjhu`jt shuloao nattar

_jal bhhi gt tja axpbglgtfhl glo axgepba fl tjanhx wftj tja kbgss, axpbgflfl` flthlgtfhl glopgusfl` wftj khllakthrs Flvfta g daw stuoalts

th rapagt tja saltalka