Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd 1 2010 71 DIEM SACH GlCr "LY CU" H A Y T H E O "LY MOI" B A N C H A T NHITNG C A C H P H A N L T N G K H A C N H A U CUA NGU^O Î H M O N G O VIET N A M V 6 l A N H HU^ONG C U A D A O TIN LANH * NGUYEN ANH TUAN "Cai ly" cua ngudi Hmdng la mdt chu de thu hiit sy quan tam trong nghien ciiu dan tdc hgc nhung thap ky qua Trong bdi canh hien nay, khi mdt bd phan tdc ngudi nay a Viet Nam cd sy bien ddi nhat dinh ve ddi sdng tin nguong tdn giao thi van de nay cang trd nen hap dan[.]
Trang 1Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd 1 - 2010 71
DIEM SACH
GlCr "LY CU" HAY THEO "LY MOI" -BAN CHAT NHITNG CACH PHAN LTNG KHAC NHAU CUA NGU^O^I HMONG
O VIET NAM V 6 l ANH HU^ONG CUA D A O TIN LANH *
NGUYEN ANH TUAN
"Cai ly" cua ngudi Hmdng la mdt chu
de thu hiit sy quan tam trong nghien ciiu dan
tdc hgc nhung thap ky qua Trong bdi canh
hien nay, khi mdt bd phan tdc ngudi nay a
Viet Nam cd sy bien ddi nhat dinh ve ddi
sdng tin nguong tdn giao thi van de nay cang
trd nen hap dan voi nhieu y kien tham gia
thao luan quanh van de "ly eii" (tin nguong
tmyen thdng) va "ly mdi" (dao Tin Lanh)
cua ngudi Hmdng Cudn sach GiU "ly eii"
hay theo "ly moi" - Bdn chdt ciia nhiing
cdch phdn icng khdc nhau eita nguoi Hmong
d Viet Nam voi dnh huong eua dgo Tin Ldnh
gdp them mdt cau tra ldi thu vj
Nhu ten ggi cua cudn sach, tac gia
Nguyen Van Thang va cac cdng sy dat van
de nghien ciiu "Tgi sao ngieoi Hmdng d Viet
Nam lgi ed nhitng edeh phdn icng trdi nguge
nhau voi dnh huong cita dgo Tin ldnh?"
Thdng qua viec phan tich cae tai lieu hien cd
ve chu de nay, cae tac gia lya chpn tiep can
nghien ciiu ban chat ciia van de qua hai phan
ling trai ngugc nhau eiia ngudi Hmdng voi
anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh, sii dung cac
phuang phap nghien eiiu Dan tde hgc nhu la
mdt the manh de bdc tach tim hieu nguyen
nhan "ben trong" va "ben ngodi" Ngoai phan
md dau va ket luan, cudn sach dugc chia
thanh 5 chuang
Chuang I trinh bay ve ngudn gdc lich sir ngudi Hmdng va mdi quan he ciia hp vdi cac tdc ngudi khac d Viet Nam ciing nhu nhiing ngudi ddng tdc d cae nudc trong khu vuc va tren the gidi.Qua dd, cac tac gia da phac hpa Idia ro net moi quan he giua ngudi Hmdng va ngudi Mieu a Viet Nam voi nhdm tdc ngudi Mieu d Trung Qude, Thai Lan, Myanmar va Lao
Chuong II ban ve nhiing dac trung ciia tfn nguong truyen thdng eua ngudi Hmdng
va vai trd ciia nd ddi voi xa hdi va van hoa Hmdng qua tim hieu quan niem ciia nguai Hmdng ve cai ly cu dugc cy the hda bang
"ldm cimg" va "ldm ma" Tir dd, cac tac gia
tim each tra ldi nhirng cau hdi: Vi sao ngudi
Hmdng phai "ldm eung"! Hg "ldm cimg" nhu thl nao? Nhung ai la ngudi cd the "ldm
cung"? Vi sao ngudi Hmdng phai "lam ma"
va hg "ldm ma" nhu thl nao? Chuong sach
nay da thanh cdng trong viec chi ra mdi lien
he giua ban chdt ciia "ly CM", vai trd va anh
hudng cua nd ddi voi ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Hmdng trong bdi canh hien nay Trong Chuang III cac tac gia khang
dinh "ly moi" cua ngudi Hmdng la dao Tin lanh, tim hilu nhung anh hudng ciia "ly moi"
cimg nhung each phan img khac nhau cua ngudi Hmdng ddi voi nd Chuong nay cdn
* Nguyin van ThSng (Chu bien) (2009), G/i? "ly cii" hay theo "ly mdi" - Bdn chdt ciia nhung edeh phan img khdc nhau ciia nguai Hmong a Viet Nam vdi dnh huang cua dgo Tin Ldnh, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi,
kh6 14,5 X 20,5cm
Trang 272 Nguyin Anh Tudn
Idiai quat ve dao Tin Lanh tren the gidi, so
sanh diem khac biet giua Tin Lanh Au Chau
va My, phan tfch con dudng du nhap cua Tin
Lanh vao Viet Nam va vao cac vung ddng
bao dan tdc thieu sd qua cae thdi ky lich sir:
trudc nam 1954, 1954-1975, 1975 tdi nay
Cac tac gia tap trung lam ro anh hudng ciia
cae yeu td khu vyc, tdc ngudi, he phai Tin
Lanh den ngudi Hmdng qua timg thdi ky
Cac tac gia phan tich sau ban chat ciia
nhung each phan img khac nhau cua ngudi
Hmdng vdi anh hudng cua "ly moi" trong
chuong IV Trong khi mdt bd phan ngudi
Hmdng tiep thu anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh
thi da sd cdn lai chdng lai anh huong cua tdn
giao nay bang each bao luu tfn nguong
truyen thdng Tuong quan hai chieu trai
ngugc: gift "ly eu." hay theo "ly moi" da
dugc dua ra phan tfch Day chfnh la dieu tao
nen thanh cdng cua chuong nay ndi rieng va
cudn sach ndi chung Trudc het, cac tac gia
da chi ra 7 nguyen nhan chfnh khien ngudi
Hmdng chdng lai anh huong cua Tin Lanh
Ban chat cua van de ngudi Hmdng gift "ly
eii" tuy la sy tdng hda ciia nhieu nguyen
nhan nhung co ban nhat, chinh la tyc thd
Cling td tien Ben canh do, chuong sach cdn
chi ra 6 nguyen nhan giai thich viec ngudi
Hmdng tiep thu anh hudng ciia dao Tin
Lanh Trong dd, ban chat cua viec tiep thu
"ly moi" hay cai dao theo Tin Lanh la phong
trao "don Vua ra" hay "xung Vua" eua ngudi
Hmdng ket hgp vdi su lgi dyng phong trao
nay eiia Tin Lanh de tao ra budc chuyen ddi
tir "ddn Vua" thanh "ddn Chiia"
Chuong V tap trung lam ro anh hudng
ciia nhung each phan iing khae nhau cua
ngudi Hmdng voi "ly moi" tdi xa hdi va van
hda tdc ngudi bang each nhin nhan van de
trong tinh hai mat ddi lap cung tdn tai Ben
canh viec thira nhan nhiing diem tfch cue ma
"ly moi" dem lai (tao ra sy cd ket, giiip da
nhau ve vat chat va tinh than rdng hon trong pham vi ddng hg, ddi mdi va binh dang ban trong quan he gidi, xda bd nhiing tap tyc lac
hau, giup nang cao trinh do dan tri), cac tac
gia Cling chi ra nhiing idifa eanh tieu eye ciia
viec theo "ly moi" (Lam mat di chiic nang
ciia tin nguong truyen thdng; Gay ra sy phan ehia ddi lap va cang thang trong ndi bp ngudi Hmdng; Gay ra tinh trang di dan tu do
va vugt bien trai phep)
Cd the ndi, day la mdt cudn sach ed gia tri hgc thuat, phong phii ve cac ngudn tu lieu Tuy nhien, cudn sach se hoan thien hon neu khac phyc dugc mdt sd han ehe Diem dang tiec nhat, cudn sach nay cdn nhieu so suat ve bien tap ky thuat Ben canh cac ldi chfnh ta nhd (trang 93 ddng 9 tren xudng; trang 123 ddng 3 dudi len) thi ldi nghiem trgng nhat nam d tua de chuong IV (trang 105) Viec sira chua, in dinh chfnh kem theo cudn sach vdn thudng thay trong cdng tac xuat ban, dang tiec lai bi Nha xuat ban bd qua Cudn sach cd sd lugng bang bieu va anh tu lieu phong phii va
cd gia trj tu lieu Tuy nhien chii thich anh 11 dudng nhu chua that thda dang Hai bang 11
va 12 (trang 113) cd the bd di cdt "ghi chii"
de trdng Mdt sd cau d trang 47, cd the do ldi bien tap nen ndi dung khdng ro
Mac du cd mdt sd han ehe vira neu tren, cudn sach nay da nhan dien "cai ly" ciia ngudi Hmdng mang tfnh he thdng, hudng den ban chat trong tiep can nghien ciiu vdi the manh cua nganh Dan tdc hgc Dat van de
trong mdi tuong quan day mau thuan: gift "ly
cii" hay theo "ly moi", eudn sach da thao
luan va ddng gdp cau tra ldi thii vi ve hien tugng ngud;i Hmdng voi anh hudng eua dao Tin Lanh trong bdi eanh hien nay