The gidi V a n dd Su kien T a p c h i C d n g s d n ' H (• ;• v ' / ('', '• SAU MU0I NAM QUAN HE NGOAI GIAO VIET NAM TRUNG QUOC NHIN LAI LICH SÛ , HUbNG T 6 | TUONG LAI i;v 'fii; ' NGUYEN HUY QUY }ilU'j 1c 1 frr 'U • j i t ; ' / I'fit Quan he Viet Nam Trung Qudc dang mdra nhUng trien vgng vdi nhieu thdi cff thuan loi, nhung cdng dung trudc nhiing khd khdn thu thdeh De thiet thuc ky niem 60 ndm quan he ngoqi giao Viet Nam Trung Qudc, chung ta cdthe nhin Iqi qud khu, suy ngdm nhiing bdi hge lich[.]
Trang 1The gidi: Van dd - Su kien T a p c h i C d n g s d n
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SAU MU0I NAM QUAN HE NGOAI GIAO VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC: NHIN LAI LICH SU^, HUbNG T 6 | TUONG LAI
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Quan he Viet Nam - Trung Qudc dang mdra nhUng trien vgng vdi nhieu
thdi cff thuan loi, nhung cdng dung trudc nhiing khd khdn thu thdeh De
thiet thuc ky niem 60 ndm quan he ngoqi giao Viet Nam - Trung Qudc,
chung ta cdthe nhin Iqi qud khu, suy ngdm nhiing bdi hge lich sude hudng
tai tuong lai •>' '
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Nhin lai lich su
Nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa va nude
Cong hoa Nhan dan (CHND) Trung Hoa chinh
thirc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao ngay
18-1-1950 Nhung trudc do, "quan he hihi nghi
doan ket chien dau" giua hai Dang va nhan dan
hai nude da trai qua nhimg nam thang lau dai,
kho khan gian kho trong qua trinh dau tranh
each mang dan tpc dan chii ciia moi nude
Trong qua trinh dd, sy nghiep each mang ciia
hai nude, van menh cua hai dan tpc, su menh
lich sir cua hai Dang da gan bo vdi nhau
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va nhieu vi each mang
tien boi ciia Viet Nam da nhieu nam boat dpng
d Trang Qudc, tham gia each mang, dugc sy
giiip dd chl tinh ciia nhan dan Trung Quoc Sau
Cach mang Thang Tam 1945, nude Viet Nam
Dan chii Cpng hoa ra ddi, nhan dan va quan dpi
ta cung da ed nhung boat dpng ehi vien cho
cuoc chien dau cua nhan dan va quan giai
phong Trung Quoc tren chien trudng Quang
Tay (Bien khu Diln Que, chiin trudng Thap
-d^ - van - son ) Sy chi vien ciia each mang
Viet Nam cho each mang Trung Quoc liic bay gid tuy nho, nhung vdi tinh cam Idn giua hai dan tpc Trong buoi gap mat cac thanh vien Doan c6 van quan sy Trung Quoc trudc khi len dudng sang Viet Nam, ngay 30-6-1950 tai Bac Kinh, Chd tich Mao Trach Dong da noi:
"H6 Chl Minh va nhiiu ban Viet Nam da tung tham gia va vien trg cupe dau tranh each mang cua Trung Quoc, c6 ngudi con do mau va hy
sinh Bay gid cae dong chl sang giiip da cuoc
dlu tranh chdng Phap cua hp la mot viec hoan toan nen lam" *^\
Nhd lai nhimg tinh cam gan b6 giua hai Dang, nhan dan hai nude luc bay gid de chiing
ta hieu vi sao quan he ngoai giao Viet Nam -Trung Qudc lai dugc thiet lap ngay sau khi nude CHND Tning Hoa ra ddi (1-10-1949) va
* PGS, tjy vien Thudng vu Trung uomg Hoi hiiu nghj Viet - Trung
(1) Sa-liic, Man-luc: Chin Idn xudt qudn Idn cua
Trung Qudc, Nxb Van nghe Tii Xuyen (Trung Qu6c), 1992
Ban dich tiSng Viet ciia Cue Nghien cmi Bp Quoc phong, tr242
So 807 (thang 1 nam 2010) 8 9
Trang 2The gidi: Vdn dd - Su kien T(9P chi C d n g s d n
nidi quan he dd da ed nhirng nam thang het sue
tdt dep, nhu cau tho cua Chu tich Hd Chl Minh:
"vua la ddng chi, vua la anh em" Nhan dan
Viet Nam thuy chung son sat se kh6ng bao gid
quen sy giup dd to Idn, chl tinh ciia Dang Cpng
san, Chinh phu va nhan dan Trung Quoc trong
sudt hai cupe khang chien ciru nude va edng
cude xay dyng dat nude
Tinh hihi nghi doan ket chien dau, hgp tac,
hiru nghi dd kh6ng nhirng da gdp phan quan
trpng vao sy nghiep each mang va xay dyng dat
nude ciia nhan dan hai nude Viet Nam va
Trung Qu6c, ma con gop phan vao sy nghiep
chung cua nhan dan cac nude trong khu vyc va
tren the gidi phan dau vi muc tieu chung: hda
binh, ddc lap va tien bp xa hoi
Tu sau ngay dugc binh thudng hda vao nam
1991, quan he hai nude da dugc kh6i phue va
phat trien rat nhanh ch6ng
Vi chinh tri, quan he giira hai Dang, hai nha
nude, cae doan the, dia phuong da khdi phuc
nhanh chong tu nhirng nam dau binh thudng
h6a Nam 1999 lanh dao hai nude da xac dinh
phuang cham 16 chir "lang gieng hiru nghi, hgp
tac toan dien, on dinh lau dai, hudng tdi tuong
lai" Sau do lai b6 sung tinh than "b6n t6t":
"lang gieng tot, ban be tot, d6ng chl tot, ddi tac
tdt" Gan day, nam 2008, lanh dao hai nude da
dinh vi quan he Viet Nam - Trung Qudc la
"quan he ddi tac hgp tac chien luge toan dien"
Ve kinh ti - thuong mqi, kim ngach thuong
mai Viet Nam - Trung Qu6c tu 32 trieu USD
nam 1991 da tan^ len 19,4 ti USD nam 2008^2)
Hi?n Trung Qu6c giir vi tri thu nhat trong cac
qu6e gia va vung lanh thd ve xuat khau sang
Viet Nam (chiem 18,7% thi phIn) va vi tri thu
ba ve nhap khau tir Viet Nam (6,9%) Nhiiu
mat hang mau dich thuong mai giira hai nude
rat CO y nghia bd sung cho nhau trong phat trien
kinh te va phuc vy dan sinh Dau tu tryc tiip
(FDI) cua Trung Qu6c vao Viet Nam (qua cac
hinh thuc 100% vdn nude ngoai, lien doanh,
hgp tac kinh doanh, cdng ty cd phIn) tinh din
nam 2008 da co 629 dy an, tdng sd vdn theo
hgp ddng 2,172 ti USD, vdn da thue hien
274,387 trieu USD^^) Tmng Qudc da danh cho
Viet Nam nhiiu khoan vien trg tin dung va vien trg khdng hoan lai
Hgp tac Viet Nam - Trung Qudc trong cae linh vyc van hda, du lich, khoa hpc - ky thu|t, giao due, y tl, the due thi thao ciing dat nhiiu thanh qua dang ghi nhan
Tiin trien quan trpng trong quan he giira hai nude thdi gian qua la viec ky ket "Hiep udc bien gidi tren dat liin giua nude Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia (CHXHCN) Viet Nam va nude CHND Tning Hoa" nam 1999; "Hiep dinh phan dinh lanh hai, vdng dac quyen kinh tl va thIm luc dia trong Vinh BIC Bd giua nude CHXHCN Viet Nam va nude CHND Tning Hoa"; "Hiep dinh hgp tac nghi ca d Vinh BIC
Bd giira Chinh phu nude CHXHCN Viet Nam
va Chinh phu nude CHND Trun^ Hoa" nam
2000 Din nay, viec phan gidi cam mde toan tuyen bien gidi tren bd va ky ket Nghi dinh thu phan gidi cam mde va Hiep dinh quy che quan
ly bien gioi mdi da dugc hoan tat, tao dieu kien
de xay dyng dudng bien gioi hda binh, dn dinh, hgp tac, hihi nghi lau dai giua hai nude
Mat khac, quan he Viet Nam - Trung Quoc hien cdn tdn tai nhirng van de trd ngai, chu yeu
la van de tranh chap chu quyen Bien Ddng Do cdng la van de chii yeu ma hai ben phai ciing n6 lye giai quyet thda dang
Nhin lai quan he Viet Nam - Trung Quoc
60 nam qua co the suy ngam ve nhirng bai hpc lich sir:
1 - Quan he Viet Nam - Trung Qudc cd mot vai trd dac biet quan trpng ddi voi lpi leh ciia hai nude, van menh cua hai dan tdc Do bdi canh lich su va dia ly, hai nude Viet Nam va Tmng Qudc, nhu each ndi cua nhieu ngudi,
"son thuy tuong lien, van hda tuong thdng, ly tudng tuong ddng, van menh tuong quan" Trude day, doan ket chien dlu trong each mang dan tdc dan chu da gdp phan quan trpng vao
(2) Nguon: Nien gidm Thdng ke, To'ng cue Th6ng ke
Viet Nam 2008 (3) Ngu6n; Cue Dlu tu nunc ngoai, Bo KS hoaeh - DSu
tu Viet Nam
9 0 Sc) 807 (thang 1 n a m 2010)
Trang 3Thd gidi: Van dd - Su kien T p p chl C d n g s d n
thing lpi ciia nhan dan hai nude, thi ngay nay
hgp tac huu nghi ciing gop phan quan trpng vao
su phat trien cua hai quoc gia Nhan dan Viet
Nam nhan thuc ro tam quan trpng dd, cam nhan
sau tinh cam va sy ung hp ciia nhan dan Trung
Quoc, va cQng y thuc sau sac trach nhiem cua
minh iing hp nhan dan Trung Qudc Ngay tu
thdi Trang Qudc khang chien ch6ng phat-xit
Nhat, dong chi Nguyen Ai Qu6c (Chu tich
Ho Chl Minh) da de cap cau ca dao luu hanh d
Viet Nam liic bay gid: "Ciiu Trang Qu6c la ty
ciru minh" Trong cupe khang chien ch6ng My,
ciru nude cua nhan dan Viet Nam, Chu tich
Mao Trach Ddng cirng da keu gpi nhan dan
Trang Qudc ung hd Viet Nam Ngay nay, trong
boi canh lich su mdi, "quan he d6i tac hgp tac
chien luge toan dien" Viet Nam - Trang Qu6e
cang c6 vai tro quan trpng doi vdi hoa binh, on
djnh va phat trien ciia m6i nude, gop phan quan
trong vao hgp tac Dong A, va cac phong trao
quoc te nham cae mue tieu hoa binh, doe lap
dan tpc va tien bp xa hoi
2 - Quan he hiru nghi Viet Nam - Trang
Quoc CO CO sd viing chac, phir hgp vdi Igi Ich
hai quoc gia, the hien tinh cam ciia hai dan tpc,
nen c6 kha nang vupt qua mpi kh6 khan, thu
thach de tiep tue phat trien nhanh chong tren
tat ca cae linh vyc Hien tugng dd co the vl nhu
cay CO thu da s6ng ngan nam tren bien gidi hai
nude, viia qua mira d6ng gia lanh trui la kho
canh, nhung nhya am tu long dat van nuoi su
song, va khi mira xuan toi lai dam choi nay lpc,
dam hoa ket trai Ngay nay, quan he Viet Nam
-Trang Qu6c ciing dang dung trudc nhimg thu
thach kh6ng nho, nhung co hoi de vugt qua
cung rat Idn Vdi sy n6 lyc chung, hai ben hoan
loan CO the vugt qua thu thach kh6 khan, phat
huy thai co thuan lpi, dua quan he hihi nghi
Viet Nam - Trang Qudc len nhirng tam cao
mdi, tiep tuc phat trien tot dep
3 - De giai quyet thda dang nhimg van de trd
ngai trong quan he Viet Nam - Trang Quoc, hai
ben can xuat phat tu tim cao chien luge, tu lpi
ich can ban va lau dai cua nhan dan hai nude
Khong de nhimg van de cue bp, trade mat, lam
hong Igi Ich can ban lau dai; khdng dl nhimg
nhan t6 ngoai lai tac dpng tieu cue den quan he song phuong; khong de nhung tan du cua chu nghia dan tpc eye doan tac hai den quan he binh dang Do la nhirng kinh nghiem lich su co the rut ra tir thye tien quan he Viet Nam - Trang Qu6c may ehuc nam qua Tat nhien, de thye hien dugc nhu vay dieu quan trpng trudc het la xuat phat tir thien chl, quyet tam, su kien nhan
va long tin ciia mdi ben
Hmmg toi tmmg lai
Tinh hinh the gidi va khu vyc dang c6 nhirng bien d6i sau sac va nhanh chong Quan
he hiru nghi Viet Nam - Trang Qu6c ciing dang dung trudc nhirng thdi co va thu thach mdi
Xu the hoa binh va phat trien tren the gidi, toan cau hda va lien ket khu vyc doi hoi va tao
CO hoi thuan loi cho quan he hgp tac hiru nghi giira hai nude phat trien on dinh Ve mat dia ly,
va ca ve phuang dien kinh te van h6a, Viet Nam la cau noi giira Trang Quoc vdi khu vyc Dong Nam A Ve phuong dien chinh tri, Viet Nam va Trang Qu6c cang co quan he gan giri Dudng loi d6i ngoai cua cac nude deu xuat phat
tu lpi Ich qu6c gia Lpi Ich qu6c gia co khi kh6ng thuan chieu vdi sy tuong dong ve y thirc
he chinh tri- Nhung trong trudng hqp quan he
Viet Nam - Trang Quoc hien nay, su tuong d6ng ve y thuc he phir hpp vdi lpi Ich qu6c gia
Ve phuang dien kinh te - thuong mai, quan he Viet Nam - Trang Qu6c hien nay cung nhu quan he giira cac nude tren the gidi, vua co mat hgp tac, vira co mat canh tranh, nhirng van de nay sinh can khIc phuc, c6 the thong qua n6 lyc hgp tac cua hai ben de timg budc giai quyet tren nguyen tac binh dang, ciing co lpi Van de hien nay la hai ben thuc hien t6t y tudng hgp tac "mot vanh dai, hai hanh lang" giira hai nude, 16ng ghep vdi hpp tac "mot true hai canh" giira Trang Qudc vdi cac nude ASEAN Trd ngai chu yiu, cung la thir thach Idn nhlt ddi voi quan he Viet Nam - Trang Quoc hien nay va trong tuong lai la van de tranh chap chu quyin d Bien Dong vdi hai quan dao Hoang Sa
va Tradng Sa Giai quyet tot van de d6 se mang
S6 807 (thang 1 nam 2010) 9 1
Trang 4Thd gidi: Van de - Su kien Tqp c h i C » n g sAw
lai trien vpng rat tot dep cho quan he Viet Nam
-Trang Qu6c
Lanh dao hai nude nhan thuc dugc tam quan
trpng, nhimg kho khan trong viec giai quyet
van de nay, xuat phat tu tam cao chien luge, da
c6 nhiing thoa thuan dugc noi rd trong "Tuyen
bd chung ve Hgp tac toan dien trong the ky mdi
giira nude CHXHCN Viet Nam va nude CHND
Trang Hoa" (nhan chuyen tham Trung Qudc
cua Chu tich Viet Nam Tran Due Luong ngay
25-12-2000)
"Hai ben nhat tri cho rang, viec hai nude ky
ket "Hiep udc bien gidi tren dat hen giira nude
CHXHCN Viet Nam va nude CHND Trang
Hoa", "Hiep dinh phan dinh lanh hai, virng dac
quyen kinh te va them lire dia trong Vinh Bac
Bd giua nude CHXHCN Viet Nam va nude
CHND Trang Hoa", "Hiep dinh hgp tac nghi
ca d Vinh Bac Bp giira chinh phu nude
CHXHCN Viet Nam va chinh phu nude
CHND Trang Hoa" cd y nghia lich su sau rong,
se thuc day hon nua quan he lang gieng hihi
nghi, hgp tac toan dien giira hai nude phat trien
manh ban nira trong the ky XXI Hai ben cam
ket se nghiem chinh thye hien cac thda thuan
hen quan da ky ket giira hai nude, tich eye hgp
tac, n6 lyc xay dyng bien gidi hai nude thanh
bien gidi boa binh, hiru nghi, 6n dinh lau dai
Hai ben khang dinh tiep tuc duy tri ca chl
dam phan hien cd ve van de tren bien, kien tri
thong qua dam phan hoa binh de tim ra mot
giai phap co ban, lau dai ma hai ben dlu cd thi
chap nhan dugc Trudc khi van de dugc giai
quyet, vdi tinh than de trudc kh6 sau, hai ben
tich eye ban bac, tim kiem kha nang va giai
phap trien khai hgp tac tren biln trong cac linh
vyc nhu: bao ve m6i trudng bien, khi tugng
thiiy van, phong chong thien tai Dong thoi, hai
ben deu kh6ng tien hanh cac boat dpng lam
phuc tap them hoac md rong tranh chap, kh6ng
su dung vii luc hoac de dpa su dung vii lyc Hai
ben can ban bac kip thdi va giai quyit thda
dang nhirng bat d6ng nay sinh vdi thai dp binh
tinh xay dyng, kh6ng dl bat ddng anh hudng
din sy phat triin binh thudng cua quan he hai nuac .(4)
Nhiing nguyen tic da thda tiruan giira hai ben va tinh thin hihi nghi the hien trong Tuyen
bd chung cln dugc tiep tuc ton trpng va quan triet trong viec giai quyet cac van de Uen quan din Bien Ddng "Tuyen bd chung Viet Nam -Trung Qudc" nhan chuyin tham -Trung Quoc cua Thu tudng Viet Nam Nguyen Tin Diing thang 10-2008 cung da neu rd: "Hai ben da trao ddi y kiln mdt each thln^ than va huu nghi ve viec gid gin hda binh, dn dinh d Bien Ddng; khlng dinh man thu nghiem tuc nhan thirc chung giira lanh dao cap cao hai nude va tinh thin "Tuyen bd ve each ung xir cua cac ben d Biln Ddng", duy tri ca che dam phan van de tren bien, can cu nguyen tac va che dp phap ly dugc xac dinh bdi luat phap qudc te, bao gom c6ng udc Luat Bien cua Lien hgp qudc nam
1982 tim kiem giai phap ea ban va lau dai ma hai ben cd the chap nhan dugc, tich eye nghien ciru va ban bac ve hpp tac cung phat trien de tim ra mo hinh va khu vyc thich hgp Trong qua trinh dd, hai ben cung nd luc gin giir tinh hinh dn dinh d Bien Ddng, khdng ap dung hanh ddng lam phiix; tap hda hoac md rdng them tranh chap "^^\
Trong thdi gian vira qua, vdi sy nd luc ciia hai ben, cdng tac phan gidi tren bd da hoan thanh, Nghi dinh thu phan gidi cam mde va Hiep dinh quy che quan ly bien gidi mdi da dugc ky ket, tao thuan lpi de xay dyng dudng bien gidi hda binh, 6n dinh, hgp tac huu nghj lau dai giira hai nude
Nam 2010 la "Nam Hihi nghi Viet - Tmng" Chung ta hy vpng cung la nam cd nhirng biln chuyen thye chat theo hudng tdt dep ban cua quan he huu nghi Viet Nam - Trung Qudc vi Igi Ich lau dai cua hai nude, vi tinh cam hihi nghi cua hai dan tdc •
(4) "Tuyen bo chung ve Hop tie toan di?n trong th6 ky
moi giira nuw CHXHCN Viet Nam va nuac CHND Trung
Hoa", Bdo Nhan ddn so ra ngay 16-12-2000
(5) "Tuyen bb chung Viet Nam - Trung Qu6c", Tsip chi
Nghien ciiu Trung Qudc S6 7-2008
9 2 So 807 (thang 1 nam 2010)