84 ^ Nghien cun Ton giao So7 &8 2009 TON GIAO 0 Ntrte NGOAI ^ VAN DE Tir DO TON GIAO TRONG XA HOI HOA KY NGUYEN VAN DUNG'' 1 V a i n e t v e hxic t r a n h d a n g u y e n t o n g i a o d H o a K y Hoa Ky la m d t t r o n g sd' it cac qud'c gia t r e n t h e gidi m a d dd h i e n d i e n d a y d u c i c g i a c hdi t d n giad ldn n h d , eac g i a c p h a i eu mdi d u leai, vdi n h i e u l e a i q u a n d i e m , k h u y n h hfldng tfl b i e t h u d e n c a p t i e n , t h a m chi la cfle d o a[.]
Trang 184 ^ Nghien cun Ton giao So7 &8-2009
TON GIAO 0 Ntrte NGOAI
^
VAN DE Tir DO TON GIAO TRONG XA HOI HOA KY
NGUYEN VAN DUNG''
1 V a i n e t v e hxic t r a n h d a n g u y e n
t o n g i a o d H o a K y
Hoa Ky la mdt t r o n g sd' it cac qud'c gia
t r e n t h e gidi m a d dd h i e n dien d a y d u c i c
giac hdi tdn giad ldn nhd, eac giac p h a i eu
mdi d u leai, vdi n h i e u leai q u a n diem,
k h u y n h hfldng tfl b i e t h u d e n cap tien,
t h a m chi la cfle doan N e u nhfl trflde
nhflng n a m 70 t h e ki XX eon sd' thd'ng k e
eac giao hdi va giae p h a i d H e a Ky mdi
ehi la 250"', thi den n a m 1993, t h e o
t h d n g ke cua cudn "Tii dien to chiic tdn
gido My", cen sd' n a y da la 2500 td chflc
tdn giae, ngoai r a cdn cd h a n g n g h i n td
chflc tdn giao tfldng ddi nhd chfla dfldc
thd'ng ke*^' Hoa Ky la m d t t r d n g s d eac
nfldc m a d dd, t h e d each ndi eua C M i e , "y
thflc tdn giao hfldng lac va n g a p chim
t r o n g sfl m u d n m a u m u d n ve cua sfl k h a c
biet tdn giae va sfl d a d a n g tdn giae"'^' O
da't nfldc nay, ngfldi t a tha'y t a t c i eae tdn
giao t h e gidi c u n g nhfl cae t i n ngfldng b a n
dia cflng c h u n g sd'ng, cflng c a n h t r a n h
t r c n g xa hdi t h i trfldng dac trflng k i e u
My, dd la cac g i i c hdi Tin Lanh', giae hpi
Cdng giae, C h i n h Thd'ng g i i o Do T h a i
giae, I s l a m giao A n Dp g i i o , S i k h giae,
P h a t g i i e , B a h a ' i giao, D a e giae, tdn giao
tin ngfldng b i n dia cua ngfldi I n d i a n , cac
tdn giao mdi, v.v Sfl d a n g u y e n tdn giao
d Hoa Ky la k e t q u a cua q u a t r i n h p h a t
t r i e n ljch s d c u a da't nfldc n a y D a n cfl
Hoa Ky, ngoai nhflng ngfldi I n d i a n (thd
d a n D a dd), la nhflng ngfldi di cfl va hau due cua hp thude eae c h d n g tdc, dan tdc
k h a c n h a u tfl c i c nfldc C h a u Au, C h a u A,
C h a u Phi Hp la nhflng tin dd cua eae tdn giae, tin ngfldng k h a e n h a u va khi den Hoa
Ky hp m a n g theo c i tdn giao, tin ngfldng cua m i n h Q u a t r i n h di cfl dd dien r a treng lich sd va cho d e n n g a y n a y v a n d a n g tiep tuc Do vay, bflc t r a n h tdn giae H e a Ky da
da dang, n a y c a n g t h e m d a dang
D a i bp p h a n c i c t i n dd d H d a Ky tbupc cac giac hdi T i n L a n h D i e u n a y dfldc giai
t h i c h nhfl s a u Nhflng ngfldi di cfl tdi Hoa
Ky tfl c i c nfldc A n h , P h a p va cac nfldc
C h a u Au k h a c c h u yeu la tin dd tbupc cac
n h d m t d n giae bi G i a o hpi Cdng g i i e d a n g thd'ng t r i d C h a u Au t r u y bflc va x u a dudi
K h i tdi H e a Ky h p d a t a p h p p lai t h a n h cac td chflc tdn g i i e phfl hdp vdi td chflc tdn giao m a h p d a t h e o dudi d C h a u Au,
dd la cac giao hdi Tin L a n h T h i du, nhflng ngfldi t h e e giae p h a i Calvin ( C a l v i n i s m ) d e n H o a Ky tfl cae nfldc Ha
L a n , T h u y S i , S c d t l e n v a n h f l n g nfldc
* TS., Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giao
1 Theo: L.N.Velikovich Tdn gido vd gido lipi crHoa Ky NXB Nauka Moskva 1978, U 22 (tidng Nga)
2 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai NXB
van hien KHXH, Bic Kinh 2001 Bin dich cua Trin Nghia Phuong linj tai thu vien Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giio, phin I nam 2007, ir 12
3 C Mic, Ph Angghen Tdc pham T.l, tr 397
(tieng Nga)
Trang 2Ngyiyan Van Dung Vd'n de tii do tdn gido 85
Chau Au khac da thanh lap Giao hdi phai
TrUdng Lad (Presbyterian church) va cac
giac hdi Cii each (Reformed church)
Nhflng ngfldi nhap cfl den tfl Italia, Aden
va cac nfldc khac thanh lap cac cdng ddng
Cdng giao, nhflng ngfldi den tfl Nga va
mdt sd' nfldc khac thi thanh lap cac cdng
ddng Cbinb Thd'ng giad Tat c i tin dd cac
tdn giae deu ed mdi lien he den ngudn gd'c
dan tdc cua minh Thi du, cae tin dd Cdng
giae, p h i n ldn la ngfldi Italia, ngfldi
Aden, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha Cung vdi sd'
Ifldng ldn tin dd 3 tdn giad chinh la Tin
Lanh giac, Cdng glad Do Thai giae, d
Hda Ky cdn cd cae tin dd Chfnh Thd'ng
giad, Phat giad, Islam giad An Dp giao va
cac tdn giae khac sinh sd'ng Cen sd' thd'ng
ke che thay 10 giae hdi, giao phai Kitd
•giao ldn d Hda Ky chiem tdi 90% tin dd
tdn giao cua nfldc nay la: Giao hdi Cdng
giae La Ma, phai Baptit (Baptist), phai
Methedit (Methodist), phai Luther
(Lutheran), phai Trfldng Lao
(Presbyterian), hay phai "Mdn dd cda
Chua Kitd (Disciple sof Christ), Giao bdi
Chua Kitd (Churches of Christ), Giao hdi
Chinh Thd'ng giae Phfldng Ddng (Eastern
Orthdddx Church), Giao hdi The che
(jiam muc (Epicopalian Church), phai
Mermen (Mermen/Latter Day Saints) va
Giae hdi Lien hpp Chfla Kitd (United
Church of Christ)'^' Theo mdt sd lieu
khae cda cudc "Dieu tra tinh hinh tdn
gido todn qude" nam 1990 do Vien Nghien
cflu sinh thude Dai hpc thanh phd New
York tien hanh, trong tdng sd'ngfldi tfl 18
tudi trd len d 48 bang eua Hea Ky (trfl
bang Alaska va Hawaii), tin dd Kitd giad
fldc khding 151.220.000 ngfldi, chie'm
86,2% so ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dd Dd
Thai giao fldc khoang 3.130.000 ngfldi,
chie'm 1,8% so ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dc
Islam giad fldc k h e i n g 527.000 ngfldi, chiem 0,5% sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tin dd Phat giao fldc khoang 401.000 ngfldi,
chiem 0,4%) sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra; tfn do
An Dp giad fldc khding 227.000 ngfldi, chie'm 0,2"% sd' ngfldi dfldc dieu tra Cac tdn giad khac cflng chi chiem met ti le kha nhd, khoang 0,4%o sd'ngfldi dfldc dieu tra Trong khi dd cd 2.3% sd' ngfldi dfldc hei tfl chdi tra ldi khuynh hfldng tdn giao
cua minh va S,2% sd' ngfldi dfldc hdi da
tra ldi la hp khdng thee tdn giad nad'^' Day la nhflng sd lieu dfldc Chinh phu Hea Ky va cac hpc gii My sfl dung nhieu
vi chdng cd dp tin cay kha cao
Mdt dac diem khac cua tinh hinh tdn giao d Hda Ky la, tuy sd' Ifldng cac td chflc tdn giao rat nhieu, cbi rieng Tin Lanh giae da vfldt qua cen sd 220 giad phai cflng hdat ddng vad eudi the ki XX, nhflng khdng cd met giao hdi tdn giao nao dfldc thfla nhan la giad hdi chiem dia vj thd'ng tri - hay cdn gpi la qude giae Dac diem nay da dfldc C.Mac va
Ph Angghen nhan xet ngay tfl the ki
XIX treng tac pham "Gia dinh thdn
thdnh" Hai dng viet; " Tdn giao dfldc
phat trien met each tean dien tren thflc
te chi d nhflng ndi ma d dd khdng cd bat
ki mdt tdn giao nad dfldc flu dai (chung tdi n h i c tdi cae bang Bic My)""^'
Da nguyen tdn giac d Hda Ky la mdt khai niem rat rdng O Hda Ky cd rat nhieu td chflc ten giae cflng boat ddng, canh tranh lan nhau treng cudc chien gianh con tim, khdi dc cua ngfldi dan My
4 L.N.Velikdvi'ch Tdn gido vd gido hdi a Hoa Ky
Sdd.,tr 23
5 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai Sdd
Phin I, nim 2007, tr 14
6 C.Mic, Hi Angghen Tdc pham T.2, tr 129 (tid'ng
Nga)
Trang 386 Nghien cun Ton giao So 7 & 8-2009
Cflng vdi cac giae hdi cd tdi hang trieu,
tham chi hang chue trieu tin dd la cae td
chflc tdn giae nhd le tach ra rdi lai sap
nhap trdng mdt ddng chay lien tuc Met
thi du dien hinh, vae gifla the ki XIX d
Hoa Ky cd tdi gan 300 td chflc k h i c nhau
thude giao phai Luther, nhflng den
nhflng nam 70 the ki XX do qua trinh hpp
nhat, eon sd'nay ehi cdn lai 10'''
Nam 1974, theo sd' lieu thd'ng ke cua
cac giae hdi Kitd giao d Hda Ky cd
48.460.427 tin dd Cdng giao, 27.588.478
tin dd phai Baptit (Baptist), 13.303.126
tfn dd p h i i Methedit (Methodist),
8.658.055 tin dd phai Luther, 4.015.524
tin dd phai Trfldng Lao (Presbyterian),
3.503.758 tfn dd phai Mermen, 3.198.212
tin dd phai The che Giam mue
(Episcopalian), 1.876.810 tin dd phai Giao
dean (Congregatienalist), 1.355.458 tin
dd phai Mdn dd cua Chua Kitd (Disciples
of Christ), 498.177 tin dd phai Chflng
nhan Giehdva (Jehovah's Witnesses),
494.518 tin dd phai Ngu T u i n
(Pentecostat), 361.571 tin dd phai Quan
Cflu The (Salvation Army), 4.420.000 tin
dd Chinh Thd'ng giae va 5.500.000 tin dd
Do Thil giao'"
Den nam 1990, theo sd' lieu thd'ng ke
cua cudc "Dieu tra tinh hinh tdn gido todn
qud'c" de Vien Nghien cflu sinh thude Dai
hoc thanh phd New Yerk tien hanh, cen
sd' tin dd eae giao hdi Kitd giad Hda Ky ed
it nhieu thay ddi Cd giae hdi sd' tin dd
tang them, song cung ed giae hdi sd'tin dd
lai giam di se vdi thdi diem g i n 20 nam
trflde dd Cu the nhfl sau; Tin dd Cdng
giae - 46.004.000 ngfldi (giam hdn 2
tneu), tin de phai B i p t i t - 33.964.000
ngfldi (tang hdn 6 trieu), tin dd phai
Metbddit - 14.116.000 ngfldi (tang g i n 1
trieu), tin dd phai Luther - 9.110.000
ngfldi (tang gan 500 nghin), tin dd phai Trfldng Lad - 4.985.000 ngfldi (tang g i n 1 tneu), tin dd phai Mormon - 2.487.000 ngfldi (glim hdn 1 trieu), tin dd phai The che G i i m muc - 3.042.000 ngfldi (giim hdn 100 nghin), tfn dd phai Giad ddan -438.000 ngfldi (giam hdn 1 trieu), tin dd phai Mdn dd eua Chua Kitd - 144.000 ngfldi (giam hdn 1 trieu), tin dd phai Chflng n h a n Giehdva - 1.381.000 ngfldi (tang g i n 1 trieu), tin dd phai Ngfl T u i n -3.116.000 ngfldi (tang g i n 3 trieu), tin dd phai Quan Cflu The - 27.000 ngfldi (giim hdn 300 nghin), tin dd Chinh Thd'ng giao
- 502.000 ngfldi (giim g i n 4 trieu), tin dd
Dd Thai giad - 3.130.000 ngfldi (giam hdn
2 tneu)<^'
Mdt thd'ng ke khac trcng cudn
Encyclopedia Britannial xua't ban nam
1998 chd ta mdt sd'lieu it nhieu k h i c biet
se vdi so' lieu cua cudc dieu tra cua Vien Nghien cflu sinh Dai hpe thanh phd' New York Theo dd, nam 1997 d Bie My sdtin
dd cac giao phai Tin Lanh la 257.129.000 ngfldi, tin dd Do Thai giae la 5.904.000 ngfldi, tin dd Islam giao la 4.066.000 ngfldi, tin dd tdn giio mdi la 649.000 ngfldi, tin dd An Dp giae la 1.129.000 ngfldi, tin do P h a t giao la 2.132.000
ngfldi, tin do dad Baha'i la 740.000 ngfldi,
tin dd dao Sikh la 491.000 ngfldi, tin dd tdn giao dan gian Trung Qude la 832.000 ngfldi, tin dd T h i n Dad Nhat B i n la 54.000 ngfldi <'°'
7 Western religion A Country b\ country
Sociological inquiry H.Mol (Ed.) Hague, 1972, p.538
8 La documentation catholique 1977, 6 Mar, p.237
9 Xem: Liru Banh Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd
Phin I, nim 2007, tr 14-16 (phin so sanh trong ngoac dem li cua tic gia bii vidi nay)
10 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd
Phin I nim 2007, tr 17
Trang 4Nguyen Van Dung Vc'in de tiido tdn gido 87
Tuy cac sd lieu cd khac nhau, dd cac
ngudn tfl heu khac nhau va thdi diem
thdng ke cflng nhfl phfldng phap dieu tra
khac nhau, nhflng deu ed the di den bai
ket luan chung la: Thfl nhat, Hea Ky
thflc sfl la met nfldc da nguyen tdn giao;
Thfl bai, trong bflc tranh da nguyen tdn
giao cua Hoa Ky, cac giao hpi Kitd giao
chiem mau dam nhat, dac biet la Tin
Lanh giae Seng neu tach Tin Lanh giao
ra tflng giae phai eu the thi Cdng giao lai
chiem vi tri diu'bang, tiep dd mdi den cac
giae phai Tin Lanh Mau dam cua Kitd
giao cdn dfldc the hien qua viec Ifla chpn
tdn giad cua cac cfl dan thude cac chung
tec khac nhau d Hea Ky Dieu nay dfldc
the hien qua sd' lieu dieu tra cua td chflc
Gallup (Hda Ky) nhflng nam 1994 - 1995
va cudc dieu tra cua Vien Nghien cflu
sinh Dai hpe thanh phd' New Yprk nam
1990"" Ket qua cudc dieu tra nam 1995
cua td chdc Gallup cho thay, trong tdng
so' tin dd Tin Lanh giae Hoa Ky ngfldi da
trang chiem 84%, ngfldi My gd'c Phi
chie'm LS'Xi, ngfldi My Latinh gdc Tay Ban
Nha chiem 2%) Ddi vdi Cdng giae Hda
Ky, tin dd ngfldi da trang ehiem 84'>o, tin
de ngfldi My gd'e Phi chie'm 4%, tfn dd
ngfldi My Latinh gd'c Tay Ban Nha chie'm
20/^(12) rpj jg j^^y pj.^^ j^^p ^^j ^^ pgj'^ chung
tdc treng thanh p h i n dan sd' Hea Ky,
theo dd ngfldi da trang vfla ehiem da sd
• trong dan sd nfldc nay vfla chiem da sd
trong tdng so tfn dd Kitd giae (Cdng giao
va Tm Lanh giae) d Hoa Ky
Seng vj the cua Kitd giao treng thj
trfldng tdn giad Hda Ky cung dang chju
sfl canh tranh manh me cua cae tdn giae
khac, dac biet la Islam giao Nhfl chung
ta da biet, trong vdng nda the ki qua
(1950-2000) sd Ifldng tin dd Islam giao d
Hea Ky da tang tdi 14 lan Theo dfl bao
cua cac chuyen gia, trong vdng 7-8 nam tdi Islam giao se vfldn len vj tri thfl 2 ve sd'Ifldng tin dd, ehi sau Kite giao"^'
Ngeai giae hdi, giao phai, bflc tranh da nguyen tdn giao d Hda Ky cdn dfldc ve nen bdi eae ehi phai treng mdi giae hdi, giao phai Thi du, giao phai Baptit cd 20 chi phai dec lap giao phai Luther cd 12 chi phai ddc lap, giae phai Trfldng Lad cd
9 cbi phai dec lap, giac phai Ngu T u i n cd hdn 30 chi phai dec lap, giae phai Mormon cd 4 he phai dec lap rat ldn, giao phai Mennonite cd 12 cbi phai ddc lap, v.v Dd la mdi chi ndi tdi cac cbi phai treng Tin Lanh giae Ne'u xet tdi cac tdn giae khac nhfl Chinh Thd'ng giao Do Thai giao, Islam giae, Phat giae, v.v thi chdng ta khdng the tfldng tfldng ndi sd' Ifldng eac td chflc tdn giae, giao phai, chi
phai d Hda Ky Thee sd' lieu cda cudn Tii
dien cdc td chdc tdn gido My, xuat ban
nam 1993, trong the ki XX d Hda Ky, sd giao phai Kitd giao tang them mdi la hdn
900, cdn cac giae phai cda cac ten giae khac la hdn eOO""" Sfl da dang tdng phai, giad phai, chi phai d Hda Ky dia tad ra mdt sfl Ifla chpn rdng rai ve tdn giae, tin ngfldng chd cfl dan My Sfl Ifla chpn nay
ed the dfla vae giae li hay can cfl vae dac diem chung tdc, bdi cinh van hda, hoac cd the ket hdp bdi nhieu yeu td' Ngeai viec Ifla chpn nhflng tdn giao cd san, ngfldi My cung cd the tae ra nhflng tin ngfldng mdi cho minh, tfl dd xuat hien tren bdc tranh
11 Nhiing sd lieu cu the xin xem trong: Luu Binh
Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd., Phin I, nim 2007,
tr.17-18
12 Princeton Religion Research Center Religion in America 1996 Report, p.42
13 Xem: Nguydn Van Dung Vdn de Islam gido trong xd hdi Hoa Ky hien nay Tap chi Chdu My ngdy nay Sd 9/2008, tr.54
14 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai .Sdd
Phin I nam 2007 tr 19-20
Trang 588 Nghien cun Ton giao So7 &8- 2009
da nguyen tdn giae My nhflng cai gpi la
giae hdi "Lien giae phai"
(Interdeneminatien), giao hpi "khdng giao
phai" (Nondenomination) hoac du loai cac
"tdn giae mdi" Viec lap ra eac "tdn giio
mdi" d Hda Ky khdng cd khd khan gi, chi
cin nd khdng trai vdi luat phap cua Lien
bang va chinh quyen dia phfldng la cd the
boat ddng Dieu quan trpng la duy tri va
phat trien boat ddng eua nd nhfl the nao
Neu khdng thu hut dfldc tin do, hay vi
pham phap luat, thi ta't yeu nd se di den
sfl diet vong Nhflng "cai mdi" khae lai
tiep tuc ra ddi Cung ed "eai mdi" tru
vflng vdi thdi gian va tim dfldc chd dflng
tren bflc tranh da nguyen tdn giao d Hda
Ky Thed sd' lieu thdng ke treng cudn
"Bdch khoa thii ton gido My" xua't b i n
nam 1993, d Hea Ky cd 1.700 td chdc ton
giao mdi Sd' lieu dieu tra nam 1997 cho
biet d nfldc nay ed k h e i n g 1,4 trieu tin dd
eac tdn giae mdi*'"' Nhfl vay, d Hoa Ky td
chflc tdn giao mdi thi nhieu, song sd' tin
dd lai khdng dang ke Quy md eua mdi td
chflc tdn giao mdi d nfldc nay p h i n ldn chi
tfl vai chue ngfldi den vai tram ngfldi, sd'
tdn giao mdi cd sd' Iflpng tin dd k h e i n g
chue nghin ngfldi rat it Sfl xuat hien va
dao t h i l cua cae tdn giae mdi d Hoa Ky
tao thanh met vdng t u i n bean va ngfldi
My gpi hien tfldng nay la "phdng trad tdn
giad mdi" Nguyen nhan xuat hien eua
phong trao nay r a t phflc tap va cd nhieu
each li giai khac nhau, song met dieu ed
the ndi rang, day la s i n p h i m cua met xa
hdi thi trfldng My dien hinh nhin tfl gdc
dp van hda - tdn giae
Ngoai ra, tren bflc tranh da nguyen
tdn giao d Hda Ky cdn cd mdt mang mau
cua nhflng "ngfldi khdng tdn giio" M i n g
mau nay trflde day cdn md nhat, nhflng
tfl nhflng nam 50 the ki XX nd da dam
d i n len Sd' ngfldi khong tdn giao da tang tfl 3% dan sd nfldc My nam 1957 len 6,7% vao d i u nhflng nam 80 the ki XX va den nam 1990 con sd' nay la 7,5% vdi kheing 14.330.000 ngfldi Sd ngfldi khdng tdn giae tap trung nhieu d cac bang mien Tay
- Bac Hoa Ky, trong dd bang Oregon cd ti
le cae nha't, chie'm 17% dan so'bang nay
vi tri thfl hai la bang Washington vdi 14% dan sd' cua bang"^' Td chflc Gallup Hoa
Ky dfla ra nhflng sd' lieu cu the hdn ve ti
le nhflng ngfldi khdng tdn giad d nfldc nay Cu the, trdng eac nam 1988, 1990,
1991, 1992 con sd nay dat tdi tfl 10% den ll?'o dan sd'toan qud'c, cdn cac nam khac tfl 1977-1995 con sd' nay dn dinh vao
k h e i n g tfl 7% - 9%"'" Nha nghien cflu Trung Qude - Lflu Banh nhan xet; "Tieng ndi eua nhflng "ngfldi khdng tdn giao" van
la rat yeu dt, sfl tdn tai cua hp lam tang them sac thai dac thu cho cai c i n h quan
da nguyen tdn giao eua nfldc My""*'
De hinh dung tiep ve bflc tranh da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky, chung ta hay xem xet sfl phat trien tdn giae d mdt sd thanh phd' qua sd Ifldng va kien true cac
ed sd thd tfl O eae dd thj eua Hea Ky, nha thd, thanh that, giao dfldng, chfla chien mpe len d khap mpi nPi Sd' Ifldng cic cd
sd thd tfl, tu vien, tru sd cua cic td chflc tdn giao va cac cd sd hdat ddng tdn giie khae d Hea Ky dflng hang dau the gidi Thee sd' lieu thd'ng ke chfla day dd eua eac giao hdi tdn giie, cen sd' dd vao khoang 330.000"^' va nd khdng ngflng gia
15 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd
Phin II nam 2008.tr 115
16 Theo: Luu Banh Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd.,
Phin I, nim 2007, tr 24
17 Princeton Religion Rescach Center Religion in America 1996 report Princeton NJ, 1996, p 47
18 Luu Banh Tdn gido My duang dai Sdd., Phin I
nim 2007, tr.25
\9 The Pilot 1977, 18 Mar
Trang 6Nguyen Van Dung Vdn de tii do tdn gido 89
tang de viec xay mdi h i n g nam Khi
danh gia ve tinh hinh tdn giae Hea Ky,
chdng ta can luu y met diem la mdi
ngfldi My deu cd quyen xay dflng nha thd
cua minh Bat cfl ngfldi My nao cung ed
the dflng tien de ed dfldc met tam b i n g
tien si t h i n hpe va truyen ba cac quan
diem tdn giae
Chflng tdi xin ddn cd mdt vai vi du
Tai thanh phd' Atlanta, thu phu bang
Geergia d mien Ddng - Nam cua Hea Ky,
vdi dan sd' hdn 1,8 trieu ngfldi (nam
1977) da cd tdi 3.000 nha thd Tai cac phd
chinh cda thanh phd' cd tdi 14 nha thd,
thanh dfldng va chua, treng dd cd 2 dai
giao dfldng va mdt nha thd ldn nhat cua
phai Baptit d khu vflc nay
Tai khu vflc cua Dai hpc Berkeley ndi
tieng d Hda Ky, Hdi ddng Lien tdn dfldc
thanh lap nam 1972 da tap hdp dfldc 204
nha thd, thanh dfldng va cac nhdm phai
tdn giae O ca thanh phd' va vflng ndng
thdn, cae cdng ddng tdn giae deu sd hflu
nhflng tda nha d i y du tien ngbi'^"'
Ngoai sd Ifldng nha thd, thanh dfldng
va cac cdng trinh tdn giac khac, pheng
each kien true cda cac cdng trinh nay
cflng r a t da dang Mdi cdng trinh tdn
giae d Hda Ky deu cd ve dang rieng Ve
van de nay, treng tac pham Tdn gido
My diidng dai, nha nghien cflu cua
Trung Qud'c - Lflu Banh da viet nhfl
sau: "Tuy giao dfldng treng cung mdt he
thd'ng tdn giao, giao phai d cac thdi ki
ljch sd khac nhau v i n gifl dfldc mdt sd'
diem gid'ng nhau, nhflng nhin chung ma
ndi, binh thflc bieu hien cua giao dfldng
d nfldc My tran day ca tinh tfldi mdi
Trcng mdt thanh phd, h i u nhfl khdng
the tim thay hai giao dfldng nad cd hinh
thflc gid'ng nhau Tfl giao dfldng kieu
thap ehudng nhpn mau trang truyen thd'ng cua vflng New England den giae dfldng kieu Latinh mau trang xen lan mau hdng d bang Califdrnia; tfl dai giad dfldng t i m cd qud'c gia d Washington hung vi uy nghi den giao dfldng thuy tinh kien true dien hinh cua phai bien dai d Lds Angeles; tfl giae dfldng mai vdm cua Chinh Thd'ng giae mang phong each Bizantine den thanh dien Mormon giao dac sac sflng sflng chdt vdt tan may xanh; tfl nha thd Islam giao mang phong each Arap den nhflng ngdi chfla Phat giao mai ngdi lflu li vdi d i u dae cong vflt mang dam sac thai Phfldng Ddng Giad dfldng, nha thd, den mieu, chua chien, hdi sd, mdi cai mdt ve, mudn binh, nghin sac, chflng lang le dflng tren m i n h dat Hea Ky va mudn phdi bay, gidi thieu vdi mpi ngfldi rang, tdn giad nfldc My bet sflc pheng phu, da dang Neu ndi nfldc My la b i e tang tdn giae ldn nhat the gidi hien nay, thi cac giae dfldng vdi nhflng bdi c i n h tdn giao
va truyen thd'ng van hda khac nbau se
la nhflng hien vat trflng bay vd cflng pheng phd va bap dan nhat cua cai b i e tang hoanh trang nay"'^"
Da nguyen tdn giao d Hoa Ky dfldc tuyen truyen quang cae va ca ngdi nhfl mdt chi sd' quan trpng nhat cua dan chu
va tfl de tdn giao Nhflng nhin lai ljch sfl Hea Ky chung ta thay khdng phii bean tean nhfl vay Da nguyen tdn giao chfla ban luc nao cung la sfl d i m bae cho tfl do tdn giae Chinh da nguyen tdn giae d Hda
Ky da ve nen met ae anh ve tfl do tdn giae d nfldc nay
20 Informations Calholiqiies Internationales 1976,
No 507, p.27
21 Luu Banh 7"c)/i gido My dirang dai Sdd Phin I
nam 2007, tr 13
Trang 790 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd'7 & 8 - 2009
2.Lich sU v a n de ti^ do t o n giao d
H o a K y
Da sd ngfldi di cfl vac My deu la nhflng
tin dd eua eac tdn giae ma hp da tin
ngfldng khi cdn d Chau Au Khi cdn d ed
hfldng nhflng ngfldi nay da bid ve nhflng
nguyen tac cua tfl dc tdn giao Nhflng khi
vfldt dai dfldng sang My, hp den djnh cfl d
nhflng vflng di dan (colony) ma d dd dang
thflc hien chinh sach phan biet ddi xd vdi
cac tdn giac thieu sd' Treng sd' 13 vflng di
dan (colony) lap nen nha nfldc Hdp
Chung Qud'c My hay thfldng gpi la Hda
Ky vad nam 1776 thi cd tdi 9 cdldny da
cbinh thflc cdng nhan he thdng tdn giac
nha nfldc Hp ed eac giao hdi ddc lap eua
minh va giae hdi dflpc chu cap thu nhap
tfl tien thue cda ngfldi dan Xem xet
nhflng quyet dinh cua Tda an Tdi cac Hoa
Ky nam 1847 cd the thay rang, nhflng
ngfldi Cdng giad da bj truy bflc va bj dat
ra ngdai vdng phap luat, nhflng ngfldi
thed phai Quaycd (Quaker) da bi bd tfl
Nhflng ngfldi dan dng, dan ba d dja
phfldng nay hay dja phfldng k h i c vi thee
cac tdn giae thieu so' ma bi truy dudi Hp
phil nop thue va tien le quyen de chu cap
cho giae bdi dflpc nha nfldc nang dd, cdn
gidi tang Id thi truyen ba cae thuyet giao
nham cung cd giao hdi nha nfldc va gay
ban thfl ddi vdi cac tin dd khac giae
Thi du nhflng di dan d Massachusetts
dac biet khdng cd thai dp than thien ddi vdi
nhflng ngfldi thuoc giao phai Quaycd va gpi
hp la "giad phai dang nguyen rda cua nhflng
ke ta dao" Cd dao luat d Massachusetts cci
"nhiing quan diem ta dae" la trpng tdi phai
bj cim tfl, bj danh 20 roi da va hi dudi khdi
Colony Tham ehi da cd 4 ngfldi theo giae
phai Quaycd hi td hinh Theo Bd luat cua
bang Virginia, ne'u khdng di li nha thd thi
ed the bi phat lao ddng khd sai
Theo Hien phap eua bang New Hampshire dfldc thdng qua nam 1784 nhflng ngfldi khdng p h i i la tin dd Tin Lanh thi khdng the dfldc vae Ha vien hoac Thfldng vien eua bang nay
Hien phap eua bang Delaware dfldc thdng qua nam 1776 cd dieu kbcin quy dinh khi dfldc b i u vac Ha vien hay dfldc bd nhiem vao chflc vu nao dd ngfldi dfldc biu
p h i i tuyen the rang minh tin vae Chua Cha va Chua Giesu Kitd ecn mdt cda Ngfldi va Chua Thanh Thin, ddng thdi xac tin Kinh Thanh - Cflu fldc va Tan fldc Dieu khein nay dfldc ghi trong Hien phap bang Delaware che tdi tan nam 1972
Hien phap bang North Carolina quy dinh rang, neu ngfldi nae phu nhan sfl tdn tai eua Chfla phu nhan tinh xac thflc cda Tin Lanh giao, tinh thieng lieng cda Cflu fldc va Tan fldc heac theo tdn giao khdng dung hpp vdi tfl de va an nmh cua bang thi se khdng cd quyen gifl cac chflc
vu Cdn d bang Maryland ngfldi ta td thai
dp khdng the dung thfl ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi khdng thude Giae hdi Kitd giao va khdng tin vao nhflng tin dieu cua Chua
Ba Ngdi
Hien phap bang Massachusetts dfldc thdng qua nam 1780 cflng quy djnh rang, thd'ng dd'c, phd thd'ng dd'c bang, ba nghj si
va thfldng nghi si trflde khi nham chflc phai ki met tuyen bd' rang hp theo Kitd giae va tin tflpng met each vflng chic vao tinh xie thflc cua tdn giae nay
Nhflng vi du neu tren treng lieh sfl d Hoa
Ky chflng td ring, cac nha lam luat cua cic bang p nfldc nay hoan toan khdng ddng tren lap trfldng khoan dung tdn giao
Nha xa hpi hpc My - Glenn Vernon viet
r i n g , nhflng tin dd Thanh giao (Puritan)
d Anh Qud'c den My khdng phai de thiet
Trang 8Nguyin Van Dung Vd'n de tu do tdn gido 91
lap nen d a n c h d m a la de xay diing m e t
xa hdi tdn giao phfl hdp vdi q u a n diem
eua bp Hp t h i e t l a p m e t c h i n h t h e t h i n
quyen gid'ng nhfl chfnh the m a J e a n
Calvin da t h i e t l a p d G e n e v e 6 nfldc My
tbupc dia, nhflng t i n dd Tin L a n h giao
t r u y bflc tin dd giao p h a i Quaycd Theo
Glenn V e r n e n , trflde k h i nfldc My g i a n h
dfldc ddc lap, chi cd m e t so' it ngfldi My
u n g hd viec tach G i a e hdi khdi N h a nfldc
Thfla n h a n m e t sfl t h a t la, d H e a Ky
viec tach Giae hdi khdi N h a nfldc chfla
khi nao dfldc thflc h i e n m e t each triet de,
Glenn V e r n e n k h a n g djnh r a n g , viec tach
Giae hdi khdi N h a nfldc mdt each t r i e t de
k h d n g t h e ed dfldc bdi vi ca h a i t h e che
deu la m e t bd p h a n cua cflng mdt mdi
trfldng van hda - xa hdi Tfl dd dng cho
r a n g , viec t a c h h a i t h e che n a y chi m a n g
tinb c h a t tfldng ddi Tiep dd Glenn
Vernon da liet ke cac linh vflc dan xen
quyen ldi gifla Giao hdi va N h a nfldc,
t r e n g dd b a e gdm; Ket hdn, li hdn, kiem
s e a t sinh de, lao ddng t r e em, b i e hiem
xa hdi, g i i e due, t e a a n va n h a tu, p h u n g
vu tdn g i i e t r o n g eae Ifle Ifldng vfl t r a n g ,
le t u y e n t h e , l u a t ve sfl xfle p h a m nhflng
t h a n h tich cua giao hdi, l u a t ve sfl t u a n
t h u ngay c h u a n h a t , l u a t ve sfl t u a n t h u
cac ngay le tdn giae, k i e m duyet, p h a t
t h a n h va t r u y e n hinh'"^' Nhfl vay, sfl hdp
tac c h a t che gifla Giad hdi va N h a nfldc d
Hda Ky dfldc quy djnh bdi sfl cdng ddng
quyen Ipi giai c a p gifla Giao hdi va N h a
nfldc Hoa Ky Viec tach Giao bdi khdi
N h a nfldc k h d n g d a n tdi viec loai bd Giae
bdi ra khdi bd m a y cua giai cap thd'ng tri
Nhfl vay, do sfl d a n xen quyen ldi gifla
Giao hdi va N h a nfldc t r e n g xa hdi Hea
Ky d n h i e u linh vflc, nen viec tach Giae
hdi khdi N h a nfldc k h d n g the thflc hien
met each t r i e t de
N a m 1786, n g h i a la 10 n a m sau Tuyen ngdn ddc lap cua Hdp C h u n g Qud'c Hda
Ky, mdt dad l u a t ve tfl dd tdn giao da
dfldc t h d n g q u a vdi ten gpi Dcio luat Virginia m a tac g i i cua nd c b i n b la tac gia cua Tuyen ngdn doc lap - T o m a s
Jefferson - ngfldi ma vad n a m 1801 da trd
t h a n h t d n g thd'ng thfl 3 eua Hea Ky
n h i e m ki 1801 - 1809 220 n a m sau, vj tdng thd'ng thfl 43 cua H e a Ky - George W.Bush da chpn n g a y t h d n g qua Dao l u a t
Virginia (16-1-1786) la Ngdy tii do tdn gido Dao l u a t Virginia da t u y e n bd' ve sfl
doe l a p cua Giae hdi ddi vdi N h a nfldc
T r o n g dao l u a t n a y viet; " Khdng mdt ngfldi nad se bj ep budc p h i i duy tri sfl sflng bai m e t tdn giao nao dd, b a t ki gidi
t a n g Ifl n a o Nhflng t a t ca mpi ngfldi se tfl dd tin t h e e , b i e ve y kien eua m i n h
t r o n g cac sfl viec tdn giao, va dieu nay
t r e n g mpi trfldng hdp deu k h d n g dfldc giam bdt, k h d n g dfldc md rong hoac xflc
p h a m den cac quyen cua hp"'^"
N a m 1784, Hien p h a p cua Hoa Ky dfldc t h d n g qua Ngay n a m sau, T o m a s Jefferson da viet thfl cho J a m e s Madison, ngfldi da tflng dieu k h i e n phien hep Qude hdi d i u tien cda Hea Ky, t r e n g bflc thfl
dd dng p h a n tich r a n g , nhfldc diem ldn
n h a t cua b i n H i e n p h a p nay la cdn thieu
Luat ve cdc quyen (Bill of rights), trong
dd can neu rd quyen tfl de Ifla chpn tdn
giae N a m 1789 Luat ve cdc quyen da
dfldc Qud'c hdi c h a p t h u a n va dfldc t h d n g qua tai t a t c i cac b a n g cua Hea Ky va cd hieu Iflc vao n a m 1791 L u a t nay gdm 10 dieu ve eae q u y e n tfl de ngdn luan, tfl do bao chi tfl do hdi hpp, tfl de tdn giae, tach
22 Xem: L.N.Velikovich Tdn gido vd guio hot a Hoa Ky Sdd., tr 26-27
23 The best of church slate 1948-1975 N.Y 1975,
p 44
Trang 992 Nghien cun Ton giao Sd'7 & 8 - 2009
giao hdi khdi nha nUdc, quyen bat k h i
xam pham ca nhan, v.v Dieu d i u tien
trong sd' 10 dieu cua Luat ve cdc quyen
ndi ve quyen tfl do Ifla chpn tdn giao
Dieu nay viet: "Qude hdi khdng dfldc ban
hanh dad luat lap ra mdt tdn giad nad dd
heac cam dean sfl tfl do tin 'ngfldng cua
nd'"'^' Dieu sfla ddi d i u tien nay quy
djnh rang, d Hoa Ky tdn tai nhieu td chflc
tdn giao cua eac tdn giac khac nhau,
trong dd khdng cd met td chdc tdn giae
nae manh den mflc cd the gianh vj tri
thd'ng trj d nfldc nay Dieu sda ddi nay
cua Hien phap da xac dinh mdi quan he
gifla Nha nfldc va Giac hdi
Tuy nhien, thee nhan xet cua chinh
cac hpc gii My, Luat ve cdc quyen, van
b i n bd sung met each cd ban che Hien
phap Hea Ky, da khdng d i m bae dfldc
met each thflc sfl quyen tfl do tdn giao d
nfldc nay'^"" Nd mdi chi neu len quyen tfl
dd Ilia chpn tdn giao Nhflng trong nhflng
dieu kien ljch sd cua Hea Ky luc dd, khi
ma d tflng bang rieng biet van cd nhflng
hanh ddng khdng khoan dung ddi vdi cae
tdn giio thieu so', thi viec thdng qua Luat
ve cdc quyen, trong dd ed quyen tfl de Ifla
chpn tdn giae, van cd mot y nghia tien bd
nhat djnh
Tren thflc te, ehi sau khi thdng qua
sda ddi l i n thfl 14 Hien phap Hea Ky vao
nam 1868, trong dd neu rd khdng mdt
bang nao dfldc ban hanh hay tien hanh
sda ddi cac dieu luat ban che dac quyen
va tfl dd eua cdng dan'^^', thi luc dd dieu
k h e i n cua sda ddi l i n thfl nhat Hien
phap Hea Ky mdi thflc sfl trd thanh bd
luat chung che ca nfldc
Viec thdng qua nhflng sda ddi cua
Hien phap Hoa Ky v i n khdng xda bd
dfldc sfl bat khoan dung tdn giao d nfldc
nay Trcng sudt the ki XIX va ca nda dau the kl XX, nhflng tin dd Tin Lanh giao van cd thai dp thu djeh del vdi ngfldi Cdng giad va ngfldc lai nhflng ngfldi Cdng giad ddi vdi tin dd Tin Lanh giae Sfl bat hda va cudc dau t r a n h gifla eae giao phai Tin Lanh vdi Giao hdi Cdng giae chd yeu khdng phai vi nguyen nhan tdn giao, ma
vi nhflng nguyen nhan chinh trj Mdt mat, Tin Lanh giao mudn gianh vj tri thd'ng trj trong ddi sd'ng ehinh tri - xa bdi Hea Ky; mat khac, nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao cflng mud'n nang cao vai trd cua minh treng nha nfldc My Dieu nay dfldc the hien rd net trong cudc b i u cfl tdng thdng Hoa Ky nam 1928, khi cac giae bdi Tin Lanh tien hanh chien djeh chd'ng lai flng ed vien tdng thd'ng ngfldi Cdng giao dau tien treng ljch sd Hea Ky - E.Smith Thee truyen thd'ng d Hda Ky, Tong thd'ng bad gid cung dfldc b i u tfl nhflng flng cd vien Tm Lanh giio Va E.Smith da that bai trong cudc b i u cfl nay Truyen thd'ng nay l i n d i u tien va cflng la duy nhat cho den nay bi p h i vd khi vae nam 1961, dng chu Nha Trang la met ngfldi Cdng giad -Jdhn Fitzgerald Kennedy'^^'
B i t dau tfl nhflng nam 60 the ki XX, cac cd quan thflc thi p h i p luat d Hda Ky
cd xu hfldng md rdng pham vi ung hd viec thflc thi quyen tfl do tdn giae Den nhflng nam 70 the ki XX, cae nhdm tdn giio thieu sd' vd'n trflde day bi d i y ra ngeai le thi nay bat dau nhan dflpc sfl quan tam dac biet Nam 1993, Qud'c hdi Hoa Ky da
24 Tri'ch theo: L.N.Velikovich.7o/i gido vd Gido hdi dHoa Ky Sdd ir 21-28
25 Mott P.The organization of society 1965, p.235
26 Hieii phdp ciia cdc qud'c gia Chdu My M.,1959,
tr.245 (tieng Nga)
27 Xem them: Nguydn Vin Dung Tdn gido vd sir phdn chia quyen luc chinh tri a Hoa K\ T/c Chdu
My ngdy nay Sd 3/2008 tr.62, 64-65
Trang 10Nguyin Van Dung Vdn de tii do tdn gido 93
thdng qua dieu k h o i n khdi phuc tii de tdn
giao n h i m thiic hien nghien tuc cac dieu
luat ve tu do tdn giae, chan cbinh lai
nhflng dieu luat cda Lien bang liay eua
cac bang trai vdi nhflng quy dinh ve tfl do
thflc hanh tdn giao, tfl do Ifla chpn tdn
giao, da dflpc ghi treng dieu khoan sda
ddi cua Hien phap Hea Ky l i n thfl nhat
Tuy nhien, den nam 1997 Tda an Tdi cae
Hoa Ky da bac bd dieu khoin khdi phuc
tfl de tdn giao dfldc Qud'c hdi thdng qua
nam 1993 vdi li do Qud'c hdi da dam len
chinh quyen Iflc cua minh va cho rang
dieu khoin nay da lam cbia re quyen Iflc
trong cbinh quyen Lien bang Nhflng sau
dd, mdt sd' bang da thdng qua heac gidi
thieu luat phuc hdi tfl do tdn giao'^*"
Tfl de tdn giae d Hoa Ky, thflc ra cbi la
sfl tfl dd Ilia chpn tdn giae va tfl dd thflc
banh cac le nghi tdn giae Cdng dan My cd
the tfl dd trdng viec Ifla chpn tdn giao,
nhflng hp lai it cd tfl de treng viec tfl bd tdn
giao Thdng thfldng, mdi ngfldi dan My deu
phai tbupc ve met tdn giae nao dd va tham
gia mdt td chdc tdn giad nad dd Tren thflc
te nhflng ngfldi khdng thee tdn gian nad
bay tham ehi ed t h i i dp thd d vdi tdn giao,
va hdn nfla la nhflng ngvfdi cd quan diem
vd thin thfldng bi ban che ve quyen ldi O
met sd' bang, sfl han che nay cdn dfldc quy
djnh bang luat phap cua bang
Trdng ljch sfl chinh trj Hea Ky, chflng
ta khd tim thay mdt yeu nhan cbinb trj
nae la ngfldi "khdng tdn giad" hoac vd
thin Nhflng tin dd cac tdn giae thieu sd
cung khd cd dfldc cd hdi nay'^*"
Mac dfl vay, sd Ifldng "ngfldi khdng tdn
giad" trdng xa hdi Hda Ky van khdng
ngflng tang len, tfl 3% dan sd nude My
vao nhflng nam 50 the ki XX den khding
tren dfldi 9%o vao cudi nhflng nam 90 the
ki XX Trong dd ca biet ed bang con so' nay la kha cae, thi du bang Oregon, ti le nay la 17% dan so bang'""
Hoa Ky la qud'c gia dau tien tuyen bd' tach Giae hdi khdi Nha nfldc Nhflng, nhfl V.l.Lenm da chi rd, viec tach Giae hdi khdi Nha nfldc, trfldng hpc khdi nha thd, nhfl mdt phfldng sach ma nen dan chu tfl san da hfla hen, chfla d dau thflc bien dfldc met each triet de'^" C) Hea Ky, Nha nfldc hdp tac chat che vdi nhieu td chflc tdn giac Trdng ldi md d i u hien phap cua
42 bang deu ndi den Chua Le nham chflc tdng thd'ng dfldc tien hanh cflng vdi cac nghi le tdn giao Tdng thd'ng tuyen the dat tay len Kinh Thanh, chflc sac cac tdn giao - muc sfl Tin Lanh giao, Giam muc Cdng giae va tfl nam 1957 cd ci chflc sac Chfnh Tbdng giao dpc kinh cau nguyen Chua ban phuc lanh che tdng thd'ng'"', Nhflng thi du neu tren ndi len mdt dieu rang, viec tach Giao bdi khdi Nha nfldc d Hda Ky ngay cang mang tfnh hinh thflc, nd ban che quyen tfl dd tdn
giad dfldc neu trong Luat ve cdc quyen
(Bill of rights) dfldc thdng qua tfl cudi the ki XVIII
Cin phai ndi them rang, d Hoa Ky, trcng hien phap cda nbieu bang cd nhflng dieu khoin chd'ng lai hien phap cua Lien
28 Xem: Barbara Cohen Tdn gido My the ki XX Tap chi Nghien ciru Tdn gido, sd 3/2006, tr 64
29 Xem them: Nguyen Van Dung Tdn gido vd sir phdn chia quyen luc chinh tri a Hoa Ky T/c Chdu
My ngdy nay Sd 3/2008, tr.62, 64-66
30 Xem: Luu Banh Tdn gido My dirang dai Sdd,
phin II nam 2007, tr 16, 24
31 Xem: V.I.Lenin Todn ldp T.38 tr.95 (tieng
Nga)
32 Xem them: Nguydn Van Dung Budc ddu lim hieu vi tri ciia tdn gido trong ddi sdng chinh In - td hpi Hoa Ky mia sau the ki XX Tap chi Nghien ciru Tdn gido sd 7/2007 tr 61-65