INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER subject psychology TOPIC EMOTIONS 2

According to one major theory of emotion, there are two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label.. One of the earliest cognitive theories of emotion was one proposed by Sta

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-INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER

Subject: Psychology

TOPIC: EMOTIONS

Instructor: Mr.Thaddeus Hostetler

Table of content

Introduction……….

3 I, Emotions……….

4 1,1 What is emotion……… 5

1,2 Theories of emotion……… 6

1,3 Emotion Arousal……… 7

1,4 Basic Human Emotions………8

1.4.1 Happiness……….……

……… 9

1.4.2 Sadnes………

….9 1.4.3 Fear……… 9

1.4.4 Disgusting……….10

1.4.5 Anger………

……….10

1.4.6 Surprise……….11

1.4.7 Others emotions………

…11 II, Lesson For Yourself ……….12

III, Contact lessons with Viet Nam………15

List of

conferences……….

16

Introduction

Have you ever wondered which emotions dominate you the most? Does everyone just want to be happy without sadness? Inside Out – Pixar's 15th feature-length film may help you answer this question With unique and novel content, Inside Out takes the audience from one surprise to another in the journey to discover the mysteries of the soul The subtle and interesting expression of the film crew has made viewers have a whole new perspective on a "version" of their own soul

The film brings to the message: All human emotions have meaning, including Sadness In "Inside Out", Joy tries to keep Riley happy by alleviating Anger, calming Fear, and playing to the strengths of Anger Joy even found a way to confine Sadness to a corner Riley has grown up to be a happy person, but she has to keep her sadness locked inside Psychological science has proven that escaping sadness by increasing emotional excess (using a series of pleasures to suppress such as eating, shopping, etc or outbursts of uncontrollable anger) and reducing excessive emotions (repressing all emotions, not showing anything) have equally serious effects One of the biggest misfortunes of modern society lies in the fact that we are often stereotyped into thinking that people need to be happy, and happiness means having to be happy all the time Directing people to desire happiness promotes consumption, increases economic production, but it also makes people short Think of a world without sadness Perhaps it will be a place without quiet Haiku poetry, no Beethoven symphonies, nor films with tragic endings but deeply emotional We will feel nothing when we have to say goodbye

or parting, and we will not know how to shed tears Is such a world really happy? Sadness, if used correctly, will be equally valuable as capturing any joy

The movie is a great lesson for all of us, from adults to children The film shows that life is a neutralization of many emotions Thinking of happy memories, we can laugh, but then we also have to regret it because it is just the past Happy things are easy to forget, but sad things are agonizing and forever settled Perhaps everyone likes the character Joy, but if in the world of Riley's soul there is only Joy, she will forever be just a

monotonous color Therefore, each emotion is a piece of the soul-building puzzle, making us look at life with multi-dimensional and sentimental eyes

My role in society, or any artist's or poet's role, is to try and express what we all feel Not to tell people how to feel Not as a preacher, not as a

leader, but as a reflection of us all That's just one of those emotional quotes.

Coming to psychology, I understand more about the psychology, consciousness, emotions, perception, etc of people in this life Emotions play a role in the life around us, how it affects each person After I understand emotions through the lesson I would like to conclude with an essay with the insight and contacts myself

I, EMOTION:

1.1, What is emotion?

Emotions are psychological states triggered by neurophysiological

changes and are linked to thoughts, sensations, behavioural responses, and a level of pleasure or dissatisfaction There is no scientific agreement on a definition

at this time Mood, temperament, personality, disposition, creativity, and motivation are all interwoven with emotions

Emotions are a mix of:

+ Physiological arousal: Physiological arousal refers to features of arousal

reflected by physiological reactions, such as escalations in blood pressure and rate of respiration and lessened activity of the gastrointestinal system These terms are what allow for the effects physiological arousal has on cognition itself

EX: A real-life example of the effects of physiological arousal on cognition is when

you're walking through the woods and you notice a rattlesnake in front of the walkway on the ground You would feel alarmed and scared (physiological arousal).

+ Expressive behaviors: refers to those aspects of behavior which manifest

motivational states… Labeling some behavior as “expressive” does not imply anything about its function or purpose Expression is not a specific category of behavior, but expressiveness is the result of a perspective on all behavior

EX: For example, a frown, a blush, or a twinkle of the eye are not ordinarily

specifically rehiforced.

+ Conscious experience: Conscious experience is a simultaneous set of events,

this means that it is a space, more than one thing at an instant being the definition of a spatial arrangement of things If we are physicalists then events in a space must have a location in the universe

EX: Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing For

example, in one moment you may be focused on reading this article Your consciousness may then shift to the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a co-worker.

1.2, Theories of Emotion

The major theories of emotion can be grouped into three main categories:

physiological, neurological, and cognitive.

+ Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible

for emotions

+ Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional

responses

+ Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential

role in forming emotions

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

There are many famous emotion theories in history But today we will study about Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion

What exactly makes up an emotion? According to one major theory of emotion, there are two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies Cognitive theories of emotion began to emerge du ring the 1960s, as part of what is often referred to as the "cognitive revolution" in psychology One of the earliest cognitive theories of emotion was one proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, known as the two-factor theory of emotion

What Is the Two-Factor Theory?

Like the James-Lange theory of emotion, and in contrast to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, Schachter and Singer felt that physical arousal played a primary in emotions However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so physical arousal alone could not be responsible for emotional responses The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion

What would happen if you were walking toward your car on a bright sunny day and

an elderly woman began to approach you? Rather than feeling fear, you might interpret your physical response as something like curiosity or concern if the woman seemed to be in need of assistance

EX: For example, if i were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the

Schachter–Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit a physiological response that would be cognitively labeled as fear based on the context.\

Low Road and High Road

In very gross general terms, emotions are evaluated along two roads: the "Low Road" and the "High

Road" The Low Road is highly evolutionary conserved direct emotional

pathway designed to protect individuals from life-threatening danger, and

is designed to elicit defensive responses without conscious thought The

High Road involves and indirect pathway to the amygdala In this case

thalamic info is transmitted to the sensory cortex where it is further

processed and evaluated for level of threat prior to being sent to the

amygdala

One more thing, can you make this sentence simpler as I'm not sure I

understand it: “People have fear they don’t understand or can’t control because it is processed by the low road,” Ledoux says Does it mean that people are afraid of something they do not understand or control because the low road is responsible for it?

1.3, Emotional Arousal

Emotional Arousal is a state of heightened physiological activity This includes having strong emotions like anger and fear and we go to the emotional arousal state in response to our daily experiences For example the fight, flight or freeze response is a state of emotional arousal Some people come into this world with their emotional arousal response on high alert For others it takes a lot to trigger their emotional arousal response However we come into this world, our emotional arousal isn’t set in stone It develops throughout our life Arousal starts with a Nature component as

a hardwired response to our experiences That emotional arousal then develops over time as a reaction to a lifetime of experiences

How do you control emotional arousal?

Have you ever flown off the handle and then wondered, “Where did that come from?” We surprise ourselves sometimes with the range of emotions we’re capable of expressing

While conveying our emotions is an important part of maintaining emotional well-being, experiencing extremes in emotional arousal can be damaging if they occur frequently or for extended periods In fact, severe distress and interference with relationships can occur when emotions become out of control.Luckily, research has shown that we have tools available to us to regulate our emotions The most common way is to reduce emotional arousal, which we’ll talk about here But keep

in mind that we can also regulate our emotions by occasionally expressing strong emotions (in a mindful way) or by activating positive emotions

Here are two ways to reduce emotional arousal:

+ Meditation According to research, meditation may be one of the most effective means for decreasing anxiety, panic, and persistent anger Meditation is also used in about 60% of addiction treatment programs

If you think there’s only one way to meditate and it involves converting to Buddhism, think again Several forms of meditation exist that can be adapted to either be spiritually-focused or not A noticeable benefit of meditation is a reduction

in the constant chattering of the mind and the mental images that produce anxiety Meditation should be done on a regular basis for maximum benefit A simple Internet search can point you to meditation resources and classes near you

+ Progressive muscle relaxation While meditation quiets the mind, progressive muscle relaxation can provide physical rest Progressive muscle relaxation is frequently used by behavioral therapists and is considered a highly effective structured technique that requires regular practice and involves every muscle group in the body

If you experience extreme emotional arousal on a regular basis, I encourage you

to try one or both of these techniques as a way to find more peace in your everyday life

1.4, Basic human emotions

There are many different types of emotions that influence the way we live and interact with others Sometimes, it seems that we are dominated by these emotions The choices we make, the actions we take, and the perceptions we have are all influenced by the emotions we are experiencing at any given time

Psychologists have tried to identify the different types of emotions that people experience Several other theories have been proposed to classify and explain the emotions people feel

+Basic Emotions: During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman identified six

basic emotions that he believed were experienced in all cultures The emotions he found were happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger He then expanded his list of basic emotions to include emotions such as pride, shame, embarrassment, and excitement

+Associating emotions:

Psychologist Robert Plutchik has come up with a model of the "emotional

wheel" that works like a color wheel Emotions can be combined to form

different emotions, just as colors can be mixed to create other shades

According to this theory, basic emotions function like blocks The more

complex emotions, sometimes mixed, are a mixture of more basic

emotions For example, basic emotions like joy and trust can combine to

create love Let's take a closer look at the basic types of emotions and explore their effects on human behavior!

1.4.1 Happiness

Of all the different emotions, happiness tends to be the most sought after Happiness is defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, contentment, contentment and well-being Research

on happiness has increased dramatically since the 1960s in a number of disciplines, including a subfield of psychology known as positive psychology This type of emotion is sometimes expressed through:

Facial expressions such as smiles - Body language as relaxed posture - Soft, cheerful voice.

While happiness is seen as one of the basic human emotions, the things we think make us happy tend to be heavily influenced by culture In fact, what contributes

to happiness is often complex and highly personal

It has long been believed that happiness and health are linked, and research supports that idea that happiness can play a role in both physical and mental health Happiness is associated with a range of outcomes including increased longevity and increased marital satisfaction

In contrast, unhappiness was associated with a wide range of outcomes of poor health

1.4.2 Sadness

Sadness is another type of emotion, often defined as a transient emotional state, characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, despair, loss of interest, and depressed mood Like other emotions, sadness is something everyone experiences from time to time In some cases, people can experience prolonged and severe sadness that can lead to depression Sadness can be expressed in a number of ways:

+ Depressed mood - Silence - Apathetical - Isolate yourself from others: Cry

The classification and severity of sadness can vary depending on the root cause, and how people deal with their emotions can also vary Sadness can cause