Tìm hiểu một số phương pháp dạy học Vật lý ở trường phổ thông: Phần 2

Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1, phần 2 cuốn sách giới thiệu tới người đọc các nội dung: Giáo dục kỹ thuật tổng hợp trong dạy học vật lý, các phương tiện dạy học trong dạy học Vật lý; một số phương tiện dạy học hiện đại trong dạy học Vật lý; thí nghiệm trong dạy học Vật lý,... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

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HƠo omjib icŽib h˚^ odÅp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ kcÈĩ ocÜib g{

^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i{ib ^∆i ocdŸo ß‹

cÊ ^Đ oc‹ ic\ic ^cĐib oc\h bd\ q{j ^z^ cj¡o ßƠib n√i spƒo ß\_¡ib omjib s} cƠd cd‡i ß¡d* Omjib ocÙd ß¡d ib{t i\t( ]ƒo fØhƠo ib{ic cj¡o ßƠib s} cƠd i{j ^Ỉib kc√d nŠ _˚ib icŽibhzt hĐ^( ocdŸo ]‰ fÐ ocpÀo ß≥˘^ ^cŸ o¡j _ž\ omÅi ^z^ ß‰ic ‚pÀoqÀo g¶* >Đ icd€p gj¡d hzt hĐ^( ocdŸo ]‰ ơ§ÁZ nŠ _˚ib omjib mƒoicd€p ib{ic n√i spƒo* >Ỉib ^Đ icd€p gj¡d hzt ^cptÅi _âibomjib hƠo ib{ic ic≥ib ibptÅi g¶ qÀo g¶ ocÉ q»i g{ kcÏ ]dŸi(

^c‚ fcz^ omjib ^cd odŸo fÐ ocpÀo* >cœib c¡i ic≥ ßƠib ^± ßd‡iomjib hzt od‡i( omjib lp¡o hzt c\t omjib hzt fcj\i m©ib ^˝\]z^ n≠ ic\ fcj\ ocÉ q€ ibptÅi oÃ^ g{ bdÈib ic\p* ?˚ib ^˚ ßj

^≥Ùib ßƠ _Ưib ßd‡i( ßj cd‡p ßd‡i ocŸ ocÉ ^Đ oc‹ _âib ß‹ ßj ^z^ß¡d g≥˘ib ßĐ omjib ]ƒo fØ ib{ic n√i spƒo i{j* Ib{t i\t( omjibhÊd ib{ic n√i spƒo( ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠib ^Ỉib ^∆i ^Đ icŽib fdŸiocˇ^ q{ fÐ i©ib nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ßĐ*

Qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k fcÜib ßƯd cÁd kc√d _¡t

^cj cÊ^ ndic oƒo ^√ ^z^ hzt hĐ^( ocdŸo ]‰( ic≥ib ßƯd cÁd kc√d_¡t icŽib ^± nˆ ^˝\ ^Üib ibcd‡k cd‡i ß¡d iĐd ^cpib* IÃhơ§ÁZ icŽib ibptÅi oÃ^ ^cpib ßĐ( cÊ^ ndic n◊ _ﬁ _{ib n\p i{t

ßd q{j nŠ _˚ib oŁib gj¡d hzt hĐ^ ^cptÅi _âib ^˚ oc‹ omjib

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hÌd ib{ic n√i spƒo*

Opt icdÅi fcÜib oc‹ cd‹p _¡t cÊ^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^c‚ß±i ocp∆i g{ mÄi gpt‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic fÐ i©ib ocž^ c{ic*

>càib o\ ^c‚ om\ib ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib oc\j oz^ ß±i bd√iomÅi icŽib hzt hĐ^ _˚ib ^˚ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib kcÏ ]dŸi* Ib\t ^√

^z^ oc\j oz^ ßĐ ^Ỉib kc√d op|i oc`j ^z^ ibptÅi køZ qÀo cị ß‹ß√h ]√j \i oj{i( ^cÇic sz^( ^Đ cd‡p lp√* QÇ _˚6 oc\j oz^ omÅi

^z^ hzt ßd‡i ocÉ kc√d op|i oc˝ ^z^ lpt oÃ^ q€ \i oj{i ßd‡i( nŠ_˚ib ^z^ hzt ßj ocÉ kc√d ^cà ¶ ßŸi bdÚd c¡i ßj( ßŸi oc\ib

^cd\ ßƠ ***

Qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^{ib oÁ m\ lp\i omÊibomjib ßd€p fd‡i fcj\ cÊ^ fÐ ocpÀo kczo omd‹i ic≥ qỈ ]}j cd‡ii\t* IcŽib ˇib _˚ib ^˝\ qÀo g¶ q{j fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib icŽib o¡jm\ icŽib kc≥±ib kczk n√i spƒo hÚd( _»i oÈd i©ib npƒo g\jßƠib ^\j h{ icd€p fcd ^Ưi oc\t ßÏd ^± ]√i ^cˇ^ i©ib ^˝\ ^jiib≥Ùd q{ ^˝\ hzt hĐ^ omjib ^z^ lpz omÉic n√i spƒo* >cœibc¡i ic≥ omjib icd€p g≠ic qž^ n√i spƒo cd‡i i\t _} ß≥˘^ ožßƠib cĐ\ cj{i oj{i c\t hƠo kc∆i( hzt hĐ^ cj¡o ßƠib oc`jhƠo ^c≥±ib omÉic cj{i oj{i sz^ ß‰ic qÚd hƠo hˇ^ ßƠ ^cÇic sz^

^\j c±i ^√ fcd ^ji ib≥Ùd oc\j oz^ omž^ odŸk omÅi hzt* Q\d omƯ

^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd ˆ ß|t lpt q€ qd‡^ fd‹h om\ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ c‡ocÜib ož ßƠib( kczo cd‡i q{ ßd€p ^c‚ic icŽib om˚^ om“^ nž ^Ư (

^cˇ fcÜib ^Ưi kc√d oc\j oz^ omÅi qÀo gd‡p ^∆i bd\ ^Üib* IŸpic≥ om≥Ú^ ß|t( ib≥Ùd ^Üib ic|i ßˇib omÅi hzt od‡i ^∆i kc√domž^ odŸk ßd€p fcd‹i c§Â` _\j ß‹ ^Ão bÊo hƠo ocÁd fdh gj¡d ocÉib{t i\t( qÈd hzt hĐ^ ož ßƠib( ib≥Ùd ^Üib ic|i ^c‚ ^Ưi gÀk

^c≥±ib omÉic cj¡o ßƠib ^cj hzt( cj“^ g{ ^{d ß“o q{j hzt hƠo

^c≥±ib omÉic ß{ ß≥˘^ gÀk oŁ om≥Ú^( hzt ož ßƠib cj¡o ßƠib o¡jm\ n√i kc«h ßàib ic≥ lpt ß‰ic omjib ^c≥±ib omÉic* Ib≥Ùd

^Üib ic|i ^c‚ ^Ưi kc√d ^cÊi ^c≥±ib omÉic ocÇ^c c˘k ß≥\ q{j

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hzt( ƒi iào m\ g‡ic ^cj hzt cj¡o ßÔib q{ oc`j _ád fd‹h om\s`h ^Ñ om˚^ om“^ bÉ ocÉ ßd€p ^c‚ic( bdàk ^cj hzt cj¡o ßÔib]Éic oc≥Ùib ßàib ic≥ _ž ß‰ic* Omjib icd€p g≠ic qž^( ^Üibqd‡^ ^˝\ ^Üib ic|i oz^ ßÔib omž^ odŸk gÅi n√i kc«h ß} ß≥˘^

^z^ mÜ]Üo ß√h icÀi( ^√ hÔo kc|i s≥ˆib ^c‚ ^∆i q{d ]\ ib≥Ùdoc`j _ád ^z^ ßÎib cÎ fd‹h om\ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ mÜ]Üo*

=≥Ú^ q{j oc◊ f¦ -( n◊ spƒo cd‡i icd€p ^Üib ibc‡ n√ispƒo cd‡i ß¡d( omjib ßÑ ož ßÔib cÑ\ bdŽ hÔo q\d omÖ lp\i omÊib(ib≥Ùd g\j ßÔib ^∆i kc√d ^Ñ fdŸi ocˇ^ ^± ]√i q€ ož ßÔib cÑ\*Omjib oÉic cÉic kczo omd‹i mƒo ic\ic ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ fÐocpÀo cd‡i i\t( mƒo icd€p kczo hdic qÀo g¶ ß≥˘^ ic\ic ^cÑibˇib _˚ib q{j fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo* Opt icdÅi( qd‡^ ^cpt‹i oŁfdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ n\ib ˇib _˚ib fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib kc√d g{ omž^odŸk h{ kc√d om√d lp\ hÔo lpz omÉic nzib o¡j ocž^ nž* QÀo g¶cÊ^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp icŽib oÇic ^cƒo( icŽib lpt gpÀo ^cpib ^˝\hÔo gÚk ßÈd o≥˘ib( ic≥ib fcd ˇib _˚ib q{j fÐ ocpÀo g{ ˇib_˚ib q{j hÔo om≥Ùib c˘k ^˚ oc‹( omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i mdÅibcj{i oj{i sz^ ß‰ic* Omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹ ßÑ( cd‡io≥˘ib qÀo g¶ ß≥˘^ ]d‹p cd‡i ß˝ má( ß˝ h¡ic ß‹ ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥\ q{jn√i spƒo q{ kc√d nŠ _˚ib hÔo ^z^c ocpÀi od‡i( oc\j oz^ _ﬁ_{ib* Cd‡i i\t( omjib ic{ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib( ^Ñ icÆib hÜicÊ^ mdÅib ic≥ fÐ ocpÀo ^Üib ibcd‡k( fÐ ocpÀo iÜib ibcd‡k*Omjib icŽib hÜi cÊ^ i{t( cÊ^ ndic ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^c˝ tŸp fŸo

^ƒp( qÀi c{ic ^˝\ ^z^ hzt hÑ^ ocdŸo ]‰ _âib omjib ^Üibibcd‡k( iÜib ibcd‡k( icŽib lpt omÉic oc\j oz^ omÅi ^z^ hzthÑ^ ^˚ oc‹* >Öi qÀo g¶ cÊ^ g¡d lp\i o|h ^cÇic ßŸi cd‡i o≥˘ibqÀo g¶( lpz omÉic qÀo g¶ s√t m\ omjib ^z^ hzt ßÑ g{h ^± nˆ ^cj

nž ^cŸ o¡j( qÀi c{ic ^z^ hzt ßÑ* QÇ _˚6 ^√ hÜi qÀo g¶ q{ hÜi

fÐ ocpÀo ^Üib ibcd‡k ß€p ibcdÅi ^ˇp hzt kczo ßd‡i sj\t

^cd€p* QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ocÉ spƒo kczo oŁ ß‰ic gpÀo ^√h ˇib ßd‡i oŁ(

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^cj o\ ]d‹o ^z^c o¡j _Öib ßd‡i omjib hÔo fcpib _|t _»i fÇi

fcd ^cj fcpib _|t lp\t omjib oŁ om≥Ùib( ic≥ib _Öib ßd‡i ^√h

ˇib h{ o\ ^Ñ oc‹ kczo cd‡i ô§ÁZ omjib ^z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h ˆ omÅi

gÚk c\t omjib kcÖib ocÇ ibcd‡h oc≥Ùib ^Ñ ^≥Ùib ßÔ mƒo tŸp q{

icƒo g{ fcÑ h{ ^Ñ ocŸ gƒt m\ ibj{d ß‹ nŠ _˚ib fcd h{ fcpib

_|t lp\t gdÅi o˚^* Fcd ibcdÅi ^ˇp hzt kczo ßd‡i sj\t ^cd€p

omjib hÜi qÀo g¶( kc√d ^c‚ m\ ibptÅi oÃ^ _âib ^Ï bÑk ß‹ gƒt

ß≥˘^ _Öib ßd‡i m\ ibj{d q{ o©ib nÈ qÖib _|t( o©ib oÈ^ ßÔ lp\t

icÕh o¡j m\ hÔo _Öib ßd‡i ^√h ˇib ß˝ h¡ic ^Ñ oc‹ _âib ß‹

ocÃk nzib ]Ñib ßÄi( ßŸ ^c¡t ô§ÁZ hzt* Ic≥ib qÀo g¶ cÊ^

fcÜib ßd n|p q{j fŸo ^ƒp ^˝\ mÜoj( ^z^c ^pÈi _|t( fŸo ^ƒp ^˝\

mÜoj ß‹ bd√h c\j kcÇ i©ib g≥˘ib( o©ib cd‡p npƒo ^˝\ hzt* ^z^ßd€p fd‡i \i oj{i fcd nŠ _˚ib hzt( qÀo gd‡p ß‹ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ ^cd

odŸo ^˝\ hzt* IcŽib iÔd _pib i{t ß≥˘^ ß€ ^Àk ˆ hÜi fÐ ocpÀo

Om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ^Ñ icd‡h q˚ bdzj _˚^ oj{i _d‡i( ^pib

^ƒk ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ kcÏ ocÜib ^± ]√i( ^Ñ c‡ocÈib ß‹ n\p i{t ^Ñ oc‹ odŸk o˚^ cÊ^ gÅi ^\j _fƒZ ož cÊ^* Ic≥qÀt( fcÜib oc‹ lpz ocž^ _˚ib ßd ib\t q{j hÔo g≠ic qž^ fÐocpÀo n√i spƒo i{j ßÑ( ^cj _â mÕib g≠ic qž^ ßÑ g{ kcÏ ]dÅi ˆß‰\ kc≥±ib hÉic* >c≥±ib omÉic qÀo X¶ q»i kc√d ]\j bÎhicŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^Ñ c‡ ocÜib( ^càib ^Ñ icd€p ˇib _˚ibomjib icd€p ib{ic n√i spƒo( icd€p g≠ic qž^ fÐ ocpÀo* QÇ _˚6ßÔib ^± g{ hÔo gj¡d hzt ^∆i _âib omjib mƒo icd€p g≠ic qž^ n√ispƒo icÕh o¡j m\ gž^ kczo ßÔib ß‹ ocž^ cd‡i icŽib icd‡h q˚

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^˚ oc‹ fcz^ ic\p ic≥ hzt ]±h i≥Ú^( hzt opỈo gă\( hzt s\tszo omjib iÜib ibcd‡k( hzt od‡i( hzt ^≥\ omjib ^Üib ibcd‡k(lp¡o hzt omjib ßÖd nÜib *** Ic≥ib fcÜib kc√d qĨ ocŸ h{ omjibhÜi qĂo g¶ cÍ^( cÍ^ ndic ßd ib\t q{j ibcdƠi ^ˇp ßÔib ^± ßd‡iic≥ hÔo ßỈd o≥˘ib ßÔ^ gĂk* >căib o\ kc√d ]Êo ß∆p ibcdƠi ^ˇp

oŁ icŽib lpt gpĂo ^± ]√i ^cd kcỈd6 oz^ _˚ib o≥±ib cÌ bdŽ\ oŁom≥Ùib q{ _Öib ßd‡i( ^± ^cŸ ^cpt‹i cÑ\ oŁ ßd‡i i©ib n\ib ^±i©ib* ™Ôib ^± ßd‡i ^c‚ g{ hÔo ˇib _˚ib omjib icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^qĂo g¶ oÏib lpzo i{t* >Ñ icd€p gj¡d ßÔib ^± ßd‡i omjib fÐ ocpĂo

^Ñ ^ƒp omă^ mƒo fcz^ ic\p ic≥ib ibptƠi oÊ^ cj¡o ßÔib q»i_ž\ omƠi lpt gpĂo ^cpib ßÑ* H“o fcz^( icŽib lpt gpĂo ^cpib

ßÑ ^Öi ß≥˘^ ˇib _˚ib omjib qd‡^ ^cƠ o¡j icŽib ocdŸo ]‰ fÐocpĂo fcz^ ibj{d ßÔib ^± ßd‡i( QÌ _˚ g{h hzt ßj ßd‡i( g{h gj\ßd‡i ßÔib( g{h hzt kczo ßd‡i***

+' =Yk^ TƒS ZÕ cXd¶c cº]W X√_ _X°Y \Q]W cr]X XY¥] ợY%S¶_ ]X¶c'

H¡^ ßÌ^c ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpĂo oÏib c˘k g{ ß‹ ^cp«i ]‰

^cj cÍ^ ndic ^Ñ oc‹ ic\ic ^cÑib oc\h bd\ ß≥˘^ q{j ^z^ cj¡oßÔib n√i spƒo ^˝\ s} cÔd ib{t i\t* =ˆd qĂt( icŽib ßỈd o≥˘ibß€ ^Ăk ßŸi kc√d g{ icŽib ßÜd o≥˘ib ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib mÔib m}d* QÌ_˚6 e^tp eXp kife^ cüe_ mˆZ kilp»e kè' e^_\ e_{e' e^§‚` kX_đib _˚ib ^˚ ]zi _»i( om\iudoj* H“^ _đ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ßÔißd‡i oŠ ]\ ^ž^ _fi lp\i nzo( _fi cd‹p c±i qÚd cÍ^ ndic( ic≥ib _jcd‡i i\t fcÜib ^Öi _đib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib fÐ ocpĂo iƠi omjib

^c≥±ib omĨic qĂo g¶( kc√d ]Â ßÔi ßd‡i oŠ ]\ ^ž^ h{ oc\t ]Õibom\iudoj ]zi _»i*

>Ưib qĨ op|i oc˝ ibptƠi oÊ^ oÌic cd‡i ß¡d( ^Ăk icĂo i{th{ icd€p fcd ^∆i kc√d ß≥\ q{j ^c≥±ib omĨic qĂo g¶ icŽib ß€o{d hÚd h’ ^Ñ gdƠi lp\i ßŸi fÐ ocpĂo cd‡i ß¡d( fcÜib ß≥˘^ ß€

^Ăk h{ omjib ^c≥±ib omĨic ompt€i ocỈib om≥Ú^ ß|t* QÌ _˚

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icŽib ibptƠi g¶ qĂo g¶ ^˝\ ož ßÔib cÑ\( ^˝\ ßd€p fcd‹i oŁ s\(

nŠ _˚ib hzt oÌic*** g{ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ q€ ^z^ g≠ic qž^ hÚd ^∆i

ßÌ ^Ăk icÕh ^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÍ^ ndic odŸk ocp ^Üib ibc‡ hÚdomjib n√i spƒo cd‡i ß¡d*

,' =Yk^ TƒS ZÕ cXd¶c cº]W X√_ _X°Y [l\ SX^ X∏S bs]XXY≤d ờ√S ]X…]W ]Wdhq] [ê Sí R°] S≈Q c¢c S° SkS `dk cas]Xb°] gd¢c% ơª]W cX¿Y _X°Y ap] [dh¥] SX^ X∏S bY]X cXtY L∂dU] RYØcTy]W ]X…]W Tƒ]W Sƒ ở] WY°] _Xº RYØ] ca^]W SkS ]Wl]X b°]gd¢c'

Ic≥ qĂt( bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpĂo oÏib c˘k ^Ñ c\d h“o6 hÔoh“o( ßÖd cÂd cÍ^ ndic kc√d ]dŸo ô§ÂZ icŽib ^± nÂ# fcj\ cÍ^

^cpib ^˝\ ^z^ ib{ic n√i spƒo ^Üib ibcd‡k q{ iÜib ibcd‡k ^c˝tŸp icƒo( cd‹p ß≥˘^ ibptƠi g¶ qĂi c{ic ^Š\ ^z^ hzt hÑ^ ocdŸo]‰ ^Ưib ic≥ lpz omĨic fÐ ocpĂo kcÏ ]dŸi icƒo omjib i€i fdic

oŸ lpỈ^ _|i7 h“o fcz^( kc√d mÔi gpt‡i ^cj cÍ^ ndic ^Ñ fÐ i©ib(

fÐ s√j nŠ _˚ib icŽib ^Üib ^˚ ß±i bd√i icƒo ^˝\ ^z^ ib{icn√i spƒo( fÐ i©ib g\j ßÔib omjib ^z^ ib{ic n√i spƒo ßÑ* Qd‡^g{h i{t n◊ o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cÍ^ ndic n\p i{t ^Ñ oc‹ ic\ic

^cÑib ßd n|p q{j ]ƒo fØ hÔo ib{ic n√i spƒo i{j ßÑ*

-' >∏S bY]X _X°Y St JMb+ cXtY `dU] e¶] Tƒ]W bk]W cü^]X…]W ZYØ] cX∆S e¶c [ê ơn cYØ_ cXd ờ√S ơ≤ cµ\ XYqd ]Wdhq]cßS S¢d cü^ el X^üc ơư]W S≈Q SkS ơvY cì√]W `dQ] ca∏]W ]X¢cca^]W ]∞] ZY]X cØ `d∫S Tm] S≈]W ]Xì ơq WY°Y `dhØc SkS ]XY¥\

eƒ [Q^ ơư]W Xl]W ]Wlh'

HpỈi qĂt( _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ kc√d gpÜi gpÜi bÊi qÑd ßÙd nÜibq{ n√i spƒo( g{h ^cj cÍ^ ndic ocƒt ô§ÂZ icŽib ˇib _˚ib ^˝\fdŸi ocˇ^ qĂo g¶ omjib ßÖd nỈib q{ fÐ ocpĂo( ßÎib ocÙd icĂi m\ß≥˘^ icŽib ßÖd cÂd kc√d bd√d lptŸo icŽib qƒi ß€ hÚd ^˝\ ^pÔ^nỈib ^˝\ ßÙd nÜib q{ fÐ ocpĂo ßÜd qÑd qĂo g¶ cÍ^( qÚd ib≥Ùd cÍ^qĂo g¶*

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H_§ qÀt( bdzj _˚^ b˘ ocpÀo oÏib _Ág ơ}` _’` g_µ` b«k _Ág

^c“o ^c◊ qÚd _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶( qĐd ocž^ odﬁi g\j ßƠib n√i spƒo*

0).) H›C >£HA =Í; ACèI 9áO E˜ NBOΩN N€HA B ﬁgNLIHA >≤S B”= PΩN FĩÉ % É

*' DX…]W ZỲ] cX∆S e¶c [ã St ã ]WXêQ cXÀS cY≥]% St ]XY∞d

^c| o q{ odic oc∆i ^ji ib≥Ùd* >c≥±ib omÉic qÀo g¶ kc√d ^|i ßÜd

^√ c\d gj¡d fdŸi ocˇ^ ßĐ* Opt icdÅi( qÉ icd€p g¶ _j( icd€p fcdib≥Ưd o\ lpz ocdÅi q€ fdŸi ocˇ^ g¶ ocptŸo fcdŸi ^cj hÜi qÀo g¶omˆ oc{ic s\ mƯd ßÙd nÜib( n√i spƒo( fcÜib ^Ưi ^Đ oz^ _˚ib

^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic ]≥Ï^ q{j cj¡o ßƠib n√i spƒo g{ gj¡d cj¡oßƠib ^c˝ tŸp ^˝\ s} cƠd*

>âib hƠo qƒi ß€ qÀo g¶( ^Đ oc‹ icƒi h¡ic h“o g¶ ocptŸoc\t icƒi h¡ic h“o fÐ ocpÀo h{ _»i ßŸi ^z^c omÉic ]{t iƠd_pib q{ sz^ ß‰ic kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ fcz^ ic\p* QÇ _˚6 qÚd

^cƒo ]zi _»i( iŸp icƒi h¡ic h“o g¶ ocptŸo ocÉ kc√d g¶ bd√d ^±

^cŸ _»i ßd‡i ^˝\ ^z^ gÚk odŸk bdzk i)kìi c\t kìiìk* ™d€p i{tfcÜib ß±i bd√i( fcÜib oc‹ cÊ^ ˆ ompib cÊ^ ^± nˆ h{ kc√d ß˘dgÅi gÚk * >Ưi iŸp ^cà ¶ ßŸi h“o fÐ ocpÀo ^˝\ iĐ ocÉ o\ ^Đ oc‹fc√j nzo icŽib ß“^ oÇic q≠ hÜ ^Đ oc‹ lp\i nzo ơ§ÁZ ^˝\ ^z^

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om\iudoj c\t ^˝\ ßdÜd ß≥˘^ ^cŸ o¡j ]Õib ^cƒo ]zi _»i* Ic≥ ocŸ(cÊ^ ndic ib\t ˆ ompib cÊ^ ^± nˆ ^Æib ^Ñ oc‹ icÀi ]dŸo ß≥˘^icŽib oÇic ^cƒo q≠ hÜ ^˝\ om\iudoj( ^˝\ ßdÈo( cd‹p ß≥˘^ ˇib_˚ib ^˝\ ^càib omjib fÐ ocpÀo ß‹ ^c‚ic g≥p c\t fcptŸ^c ß¡doÇi cd‡p ßd‡i* Cd‡i i\t( _˚ib ^˚ ]zi _»i g{ kc∆i oŠ fcÜib oc‹ocdŸp ß≥˘^ omjib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ßd‡i* ?j ßÑ( fdŸi ocˇ^ q€ _˚ib ^˚]zi _»i ^∆i ocdŸo ^cj hÊd ib≥Ùd g\j ßÔib( fcÜib oc‹ ß˘d ßŸigÚk hÚd cÊ^7 c±i iŽ\( cd‡i i\t ^Öi ^Ñ icd€p ib≥Ùd fcÜib ^Ñßd€p fd‡i ß‹ cÊ^ ßŸi gÚk * Qƒi ß€ ß“o m\ Á ß|t g{ sz^ ß‰icßàib tÅp ^∆p ^∆i ß¡o ß≥˘^ q{ kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ ^cƒo ]zi_»i n\j ^cj ocÇ^c c˘k*

+' =Yk^ cas]X e¶c [ã ¡ caì¿]W _Xº cXv]W å∞ S¶_ cøY ]XY∞dZXkY ]Y¥\% å∑]X [d¶c [l Sí b¡ ZX^Q X∏S S≈Q ]Wl]X ]ç]W [ì√]WX∏S

QÇ _˚ ^z^ fczd id‡h ^Üib( ocÅ i©ib( ßÔib i©ib( iÔd i©ib(

^z^ lpz omÉic ]dŸi ßÏd icd‡o oc{ic ^Üib ^± cÊ^( ß‰ic gpÀo Epi )G`is_( cd‡i o≥˘ib ^√h ˇib ßd‡i oŁ( ß‰ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i q{

^cpt‹i cÑ\ i©ib g≥˘ib***

?ž\ omÅi icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ i{t( bdzj omÉic ^Æib ibcdÅi

^ˇp ^√ ibptÅi oÃ^ ^ƒp o¡j q{ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt hÑ^ fc\docz^( ]dŸi ßÜ‚ i©ib g≥_ib _âib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib i€i fdic oÅlpÈ^ _|i*

Q€ ^z^ ßÔib ^± icd‡o( ^càib o\ ^Ñ oc‹ f‹6 hzt ]±h i≥Ñ^(ßÔib ^± ßÈo omjib( op\ ]di i≥È^( op\ ]di c±d( ßÔib ^± kc√i gž^*

>± nˆ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt i{t g{ ^z^ ß‰ic gpÀo icd‡o ßÔibgž^ cÊ^* ˆ ß|t( iÔd i©ib ^˝\ ^cƒo ßÈo ß≥˘^ ^cpt‹i cÑ\ oc{ic

^± i©ib*

Q€ ^z^ ßÔib ^± ßd‡i ocÉ bdzj omÉic ^Ñ ibcdÅi ^ˇp6 ^z^ hztkczo ßd‡i hÔo ^cd€p( sj\t ^cd€p( ^z^ ic{ hzt icd‡o ßd‡i q{oc˝t ßd‡i( ic{ hzt ßd‡i ibptÅi oŠ( ^z^ gj¡d ßÔib ^± ßd‡i* Nž

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cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ß\ b∫ ^z^ hzt i{t _ž\ omÅi ß‰ic gpÀo ^√h ˇibßd‡i oŁ( nž ^cpt‹i cĐ\ i©ib g≥˘ib ˆ ß|t oc‹ cd‡i om≥Ùib c˘kmdÅib ^˝\ ß‰ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i q{ ^cpt‹i cĐ\ i©ib g≥˘ib*

Nž ompt€i i©ib g≥˘ib ßd s\ ]Õib _Ưib ßd‡i ^\j ocŸ ^Đ q\domƯ lp\i omÊib omjib qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib i©ib g≥˘ib ßd‡i q{ ßd‡i fcÇcĐ\*

™d‡i fcÇ cĐ\ ^Đ q\d omƯ ^c˝ ß¡j omjib qd‡^ s|t _žib ^± nÁqÀo ^cƒo fÐ ocpÀo ^˝\ ^c˝ ibc≠\ s} cƠd* I©ib g≥˘ib ßd‡i ß≥˘^

nŠ _˚ib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib i€i ^Üib ibcd‡k q{ iÜib ibcd‡k cd‡iß¡d* >z^ omd ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i©ib q€ ßd‡i g{ icŽib tŸp oÈ lp\iomÊib icƒo ^˝\ qd‡^ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k* Qd‡^ ibcdÅi

^ˇp icd€p ß€ o{d omjib bdzj omÉic qÀo gq ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib g{kc≥±ib od‡i g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic iÃh ß≥˘^ g¶ gpÀi q{ ocž^ odﬁißd‡i fcÇ cĐ\*

,' 8°] SX¢c S≈Q Sí ZXr XtQ [l bÀ cXQh cX Ø b∆S Rß_ cX∑cS≈Q S^] ]Wì¿Y el [Q^ åỉ]W SXm] cQh Zo\ ]ç]W bd¢c R©]W]X…]W \kh \tS ZXkS ]XQd

Omjib ^z^ hzt hĐ^( ]\j bdƯ ^Ỉib ^Đ ]\ ]Ơ kcÀi6 hztßƠib ^ß( ^± ^cÅ ompt€i( hzt ^Üib ^˚*

O{d gd‡p bdzj fcj\ ß€ ^Àk ßŸi icŽib gj¡d ^± ^cŸ ompt€ikcÏ ]dŸi icƒo6 ]zic s` m©ib ^≥\( _|t ^p\ mj\( ompt€i ]Õib h\nzo* Bdzj omÉic ^Ỉib ß“^ ]d‡o ^cà ¶ ßŸi q\d omƯ ^˝\ ^z^ gj¡d h\nzo6 h\ nzo ibc‚( om≥˘o q{ g©i ^Ỉib ic≥ qd‡^ zk _˚ib ^z^ Ï ]d*

CÊ^ ndic ^Ỉib ß≥˘^ g{h lp`i qÜd ibptÅi oÃ^ cj¡o ßƠib

^˝\ icd€p hzt6 ^∆i om˚^( hzt sà^( hzt n\i ßƒo( h “o kcœibibcdÅib ß≥˘^ _âib icd€p omjib ib{ic s|t _žib* IbptÅi g¶

^c˝ tŸp cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt i{t g{ lpt oÃ^ q{ib ^˝\ ^± cÊ^

$ß‰ic gpÀo ]√j oj{i ^Üib%*

Fcd ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^cpt‹i ßƠib omƯi cÊ^ ndic ^Ỉib ơ§ÁZ g{h

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lp`i qÚd icd€p gj¡d hzt lp\t gt o|h _đib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib ^Üibibcd‡k q{ iÜib ibcd‡k*

IbcdƠi ^ˇp ^Üib npƒo cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt( bdzj omĨic

^Ñ ß≥\ m\ ^Üib ocˇ^ I 9 Aq ß‹ ^cˇib oÂ ^cj cÍ^ ndic oc|Q mÕib6qÚd hÔo hzt ^Ñ ^Üib npƒo icƒo ß‰ic( fcd o©ib gž^ oz^ _˚ib( ocĨkc√d bd√h oỈ^ ßÔ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ hzt*

GdƠi c‡ hĂo ocdŸo qÚd nž ^± fcÌ cÑ\ ^z^ lpz omĨic n√ispƒo g{ nž o©ib cd‡p npƒo q{ o©ib ^Üib npƒo* Nž o©ib cd‡p npƒo

^˝\ ^z^ ßÔib ^± icd‡o ß≥˘^ lpt ßdic ]ˆd ^Üib ocˇ^6

Qd‡^ i|ib ^\j cd‡p npƒo ô§ÂZ bd√d lptŸo oc`j ^z^ kc≥±ibc≥Úib6 i|ib ^\j icd‡o ßÔ ^˝\ ibpÎi iÑib( c¡ ocƒk icd‡o ßÔibpÎi g¡ic q{ lpt omĨic ocp cÑ\ icd‡o* >z^ hzt c±d i≥Ú^ ^Ñcd‡p npƒo ocƒk ô§ÂZ oc\t _∆i ]Õib ^z^ op\ ]di( ßÔib ^± ßdƠ_`ic\t ßÔib ^± ßd‡i*

-' Cưc gd Xìø]W XY¥] ợY S≈Q bĂ _Xkc caY≤] ]∞] b°] gd¢c[l cĂ ơư]W XtQ

IcŽib tŸp oỈ q€ nž ož ßÔib cÑ\ ^cdŸh q‰ omÌ ib{t ^{ibgÏi omjib bdzj omĨic qĂo g¶ Â ic{ om≥Ùib* CÍ^ ndic ô§ÂZ ibcdƠi

^ˇp ^z^ gj¡d hzt ocp ]dŸi( m±g` $icd‡o( ßd‡i( oŁ q{ lp\ib ßd‡i%*CÍ^ ndic ^Ưib ß≥˘^ ibcdƠi ^ˇp ßdÜo ]zi _»i( om\iudoj q{ ˇib_˚ib ^˝\ ^căib q{j qd‡^ ^c‚ic Ĩ≥p _Öib ßd‡i( fcptŸ^c ß¡d q{ocp kczo nÑib qÜ optŸi7 ibcdƠi ^ˇp cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ oŸ ]{jlp\ib ßd‡i( hÔo _˚ib ^˚ _đib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ožßÔib cÑ\*

Bdzj omĨic qĂo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ^Ưib ß€ ^Ăk oÚd ^± nˆfcj\ cÍ^ ^˝\ icd€p ib{ic lp\i omÍib ic≥ bd\j ocÜib qĂi o√d(

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ocÜib odi gdƠi g¡^ ***

.' Cv] e¶c [ê S≈]W St ]XY∞d ơY∞d ZY¥] ap] [dh¥] SX^ X∏SbY]X ]X…]W ZÕ ]ì]W% ZÕ g°^ cXĂS Xl]X% ]X…]W [^üY ZÕ ]ì]W]lh S£] cXYØc SX^ eY¥S ]ß\ e…]W ]X…]W Sv]W Sƒ ở] WY°] ]X¢cS≈Q ]XY∞d ]Wl]X b°] gd¢c'

™Ñ g{ ^z^ gj¡d fÐ i©ib6 ßÍ^ q{ q◊ ^z^ cĨic( n± ßÎ( ßÎ oc‰7

nŠ _˚ib ^z^ _˚ib ^˚ ßj g≥Ùib ic≥ k\ih`( oc≥Ú^ f”k( gž^ fŸ(

^|i7 nŠ _˚ib ^z^ hzt ßj ßd‡i q{ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ kc~k ßj ß±ibd√i( nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ibpÎi ßd‡i( gÊk ^z^ h¡^c ßd‡i fcÜib kcˇ^o¡k7 ocž^ cd‡i icŽib ^Üib qd‡^ gÊk mzk ß±i bd√i q€ fÐ ocpĂoßd‡i q{ fÐ ocpĂo qÜ optŸi ßd‡i7 ]dŸo nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ßÔib ^± kcÏ]dŸi icƒo*

IcŽib ßd€p kc|i oÌ^c omƠi ^cj ocƒt6 qd‡^ _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ Âom≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib o¡j icd€p fc√ i©ib ^cj bdzj qdƠi odŸi c{icbdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpĂo oÏib c˘k ^cj cÍ^ ndic* Icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ bdzjqdƠi g{ kc√d ]dŸi icŽib fc√ i©ib ßÑ oc{ic cd‡i ocž^*

0)/) JB£°HA JBỉJ NBˆ= BCŒH H›C >OHA ACỉI >Ị=Ư Ĉ Ư ƯE˜ NBOΩN N HA B°J\ Ĩ

Kc≥±ib kczk ^± ]√i bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpĂo oÏib c˘k omjib_¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ ß≥˘^ odŸi c{ic omƠi ^± nˆ qd‡^ _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶(ib\t omjib lpz omĨic bdzj qdƠi oÏ ^cˇ^ qd‡^ cÍ^ oĂk ^˝\ cÍ^ndic ˆ omƠi gỈk( ˆ ic{ q{ omjib ^z^ cj¡o ßÔib ibj¡d fcÑ\ q€ qĂog¶* OcÜib lp\ qd‡^ _¡t cÍ^ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qĂo g¶( bdzj qdƠi

^cj cÍ^ ndic cd‹p ô§ÂZ icŽib ˇib _˚ib lp\i omÍib ^˝\ ^căib(ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ^z^ ˇib _˚ib ^˝\ ^z^ ß‰ic gpĂo( ^z^ ocptŸo qĂo g¶omjib fÐ ocpĂo q{ omjib ßÙd nÜib* IcŽib ˇib _˚ib i{t kc√do¡j oc{ic hÔo c‡ ocỈib sz^ ß‰ic q{ ^Ñ gdƠi c‡ ^c“o ^c◊ qÑd iÔdĨ Ĩ Ö f Ĩ Ö % Ĩ

_pib bdzj omĨic* Fcd gž\ ^cÍi o{d gd‡p( ^∆i ^că ¶ oÚd6 o∆h lp\i

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omÊib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈd o≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ßÈd qÚd i€i fdic oŸ lpÈ^ _|i(ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ßÈd qÈd oÉic cÉic n√i spƒo ^˝\ ß‰\ kc≥±ib( oÇic kcÏ]dŸi q{ oÇic ßd‹i cÉic ^˝\ ^càib ßÈd qÚd icd€p ib{ic n√ispƒo( √ic c≥ˆib ^˝\ qd‡^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ ßÈd o≥˘ib ßĐ ßÈd qÈdqd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt fcj\ cÊ^ fÐ ocpÀo q{ Đ^ nzib o¡j ^˝\cÊ^ ndic7 oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ o≥ o≥Áib ^˝\ o{d gd‡p ßĐ*

IcŽib tÅp ^∆p f‹ omÅi ^Đ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ơ§ÁZ iŸp ^càibo\ gž\ ^cÊi o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k g{h nzib oÁ ^± nˆ fcj\cÊ^ ^˝\ icŽib ib{ic n√i spƒo ^Ỉib ic≥ icŽib kc≥±ib c≥Èiblp\i omÊib ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i i‹i fdic oŸ lpÈ^ _|i h{ ^càibo\ ß} iÅp* Omjib lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶( bdzj qdÅi kc√doc≥Ùib sptÅi ^cà ¶ oÚd ^z^ ]d‡i kczk icÕh g{h ^cj hÌd ]{dcÊ^ q€ qÀo g¶ ß€p bÃi gd€i qÚd ocž^ odﬁi fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo q{ßÙd nÈib( ßỴib ocÙd ^cà ¶ o©ib ^≥Ùib ^z^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ cÊ^ndic ^Đ bÃi gd€i qÚd ocž^ odﬁi n√i spƒo q{ ßƯd nÈib* N\p ß|t g{hƠo nÜ ]d‡i kczk bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k omjib nž _¡t cÊ^qÀo g¶6

0)/),) ú§X kt` c`œl b˘ k_lỉk n√i ol∑k mt [‚` j◊e^ mtf]{d cÊ^ qÀo g¶

™≥\ o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo q{ ßÙd nÜib q{j ]{d cÊ^qÀo g¶ g{ qd‡^ bdzj qdÅi kczd g{h oc≥Ùib sptÅi* >c‚ ^Đ ic≥ ocŸocÉ ]{d cÊ^ hÚd g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic _ﬁ cd‹p( _ﬁ icÚ q{ ^c‚ ^Đ ic≥f 2

ocŸ( cÊ^ ndic hÚd cd‹p ß≥˘^ hƠo ^z^c c‡ ocÜib icŽib ˇib_˚ib lp\i omÊib ^˝\ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ omjib ^z^ ib{ic n√ispƒo lp\i omÊib icƒo q{ hÚd ^Đ ^± nˆ qÀi _˚ib nzib o¡j fdŸiocˇ^ ß} odŸk ocp q{j ocž^ odﬁi*

IcŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ ocž^ oŸ( icŽib o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo ß≥\ q{j]{d cÊ^ om≥Ú^ cŸo g{ icŽib o{d gd‡p ^Đ oÇic ^cƒo fÐ ocpÀo oÏibc˘k( icŽib o{d gd‡p mào m\ oŁ ocž^ oŸ g\j ßƠib n√i spƒo ^˝\ cÊ^ndic ^Ỉib ic≥ icŽib o{d gd‡p q€ i€i n√i spƒo ^˝\ i≥Ú^ o\*

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QÉ i€i fdic oŸ i≥Ú^ o\ ^Öi ibcÄj i{i q{ g¡^ cÀp( n√ispƒo icÁ h\ib i“ib oÇic ^cƒo oc˝ ^Üib iÅi icŽib o{d gd‡p fÐocpÀo iÅp m\ omjib bdzj omÉic qÀo g¶ kcÏ ocÜib icd€p fcd ^Öi s\g¡ ßÈÉ qÚd cÊ^ ndic* QÉ qÀt( ]Åi ^¡ic qd‡^ bdÚd ocd‡p qÚd cÊ^ ndicicŽib c≥Úib kczo omd‹i ^˝\ i€i n√i spƒo i≥Ñ^ o\ omjib hÔoo≥±ib g\d fcÜib s\( ^∆i kc√d oÉh icŽib qÇ _˚ ocž^ g{ b∆i bŽdqÚd ßÙd nÜib cÊ^ ndic( kc√d oÀi _˚ib hÊd ßd‹p fd‡i fÐ ocpÀo n√ispƒo q{ ^√ icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ož icdÅi n—i ^Ñ ¡ ß‰\ kc≥±ib ß‹

^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic cd‹p ß≥˘^ ^z^ ßÈd o≥˘ib cd‡i ß¡d*

Bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥\ o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo q{j ]{d cÊ^ qÀo g¶oc`j icd€p ^z^c* OcÜib oc≥Ùib icƒo g{ ß≥\ q{j _≥Úd cÉic ocˇ^

qÇ _˚ hdic cÊ\ ˇib _˚ib ocž^ oŸ ^˝\ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ qŁ\ibcdÅi ^ˇp sjib* >Æib ^Ñ oc‹ _âib o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒoß‹ ß€ spƒo qƒi ß€ ibcdÅi ^ˇp( icÕh o¡j m\ icp ^∆p cÊ^ oÀk*Omjib fcd bdÚd ocd‡p o{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo n√i spƒo( bdzj qdÅi

^cà omÊib om≥Ú^ cŸo ßŸi ibptÅi oÃ^ qÀo g¶ ^˝\ ^z^ lpz omÉic*Qd‡^ hÜ o√ ^z^ ^cd odŸo fÐ ocpÀo fcÜib kc√d g{ h˚^ ßÇ^c ^˝\ ]{dcÊ^ qÀo g¶( bdzj qdÅi ^c‚ ß€ ^Àk oÚd fcd ^∆i ocdŸo q{ oÚd hˇ^ ßÔqŁ\ ß˝ ß‹ cÊ^ ndic cd‹p ß≥˘^ ibptÅi oÃ^ qÀo g¶ ^˝\ ^z^ lpzomÉic fÐ ocpÀo ß\ib ibcdÅi ^ˇp* QÉ ocÖd bd\i ibcdÅi ^ˇp ]{dhÚd ˆ omÅi gÚk ^Ñ c¡i iÅi qd‡^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp hÔo nÜ qƒi ß€ fÐocpÀo ^∆i ocdŸo kc√d _{ic ^cj cj¡o ßÔib ibj¡d fcÑ\*

O\ c}t s~o hÔo nÜ qÇ _˚ n\p ß|t6

>c≥±ib omÉic qÀo g¶ gÚk -, ^Ñ lpt ß‰ic cÊ^ q€ ^z^ gj¡d h\nzo( g˘d Ç^c q{ oz^ c¡d ^˝\ h\ nzo* O{d gd‡p fÐ ocpÀo q€ ß€ o{di{t mƒo kcjib kcà* Njib bdzj qdÅi ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ ^cÊi gÊ^ hÔo nÜ o{d gd‡p i{j ßÑ q{ ^Æib kc√d ß≥\ m\ icŽib o{d gd‡p i{t q{j ]{dcÊ^ _∆i _∆i hÔo ^z^c ocÇ^c c˘k* >cœib c¡i ic≥ fcd iÑd q€ g˘dÇ^c ^˝\ h\ nzo( bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹ _ž\ omÅi cd‡i o≥˘ib ib≥Ùd ßdomÅi h“o ß≥Ùib gà^ ß≥Ùib om±i ß‹ iÅp gÅi mÕib6 cd‡i o≥˘ib h\

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nzo g{ ibptÅi ic|i ^˝\ gž^ f~j ^˝\ s` ^Ô q{ bdÚd ocd‡p qÈd cÊ^ndic hÔo kc≥±ib kczk g{h o©ib gž^ f~j h{ cÊ ^Ñ oc‹ ß} b“k6ib≥Ùd o\ mÃ^ ^zo spÈib ß≥Öib m\t cj“^ gÑo m±h m¡( ^{ic ^|tspÈib h“o ß≥Ùib fcd omÙd h≥\ om±i cj“^ fcd s` gŠ\ q{ ÜoÜ gÅißÜ^* N\p fcd cÊ^ ndic ß} ibcdÅi ^ˇp qÅ ß‰ic gpÀo ocˇ ]\ ^˝\Idpo±i( bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹ omˆ g¡d qƒi ß€ i{t( kc|i oÇ^c hÔo ^z^c

^˚ oc‹ nž spƒo cd‡i gž^ f~j ^˝\ s` ^Ô( ßÎib ocÙd ß€ ^Àk oÚd ^z^

^z^c o©ib gž^ f~j ^˝\ s`6 o©ib c‡ nÈ h\ nzo ibc‚ q{ o©ib gž^ ~k

ˆ ^z^ ]zic s` kczo ßÔib( q€ icŽib o{d gd‡p ^Ñ gdÅi lp\i ßŸig\j ßÔib n√i spƒo ^˝z cÊ^ ndic ocÉ bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹ kc|i oÇ^ccd‡i o≥˘ib h\ nzo ibc‚ bdŽ\ ßdic q{ bÌ g{h ^cj ßdic ]zh ^cÃ^q{j bÌ q{ bd√d ocÇ^c qÉ n\j hÔo ^zd ßdic ßÑib q{j qŸo ßdic ^Æg¡d fcÜib bdŽ ß≥˘^ ^cÃ^* Fcd iÑd q€ ^z^c bd√h h\ nzo ]Õib

^z^c _âib Ï ]d( bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹ iÅp gÅi icŽib o{d gd‡p ^˚ oc‹q€ o©ib i©ib npƒo g\j ßÔib icÙ _âib Ï ]d omjib ^z^ ^Üib ^˚ ^√dodŸi ^˝\ ß‰\ kc≥±ib( ^˝\ bd\ ßÉic*

HÜi qÀo g¶ ^Æib ^Ñ icd€p fc√ i©ib bdÚd ocd‡p qÚd cÊ^ndic hÔo b∫ qƒi ß€ q€ fÐ ocpÀo ^cdŸi om\ic* Omjib fcd bdÚdocd‡p kc√d ^cà ¶ ßŸi oÇic o≥ o≥ˆib ^˝\ icŽib qƒi ß€ omÉic]{t( ß“^ ]d‡o g{ omzic g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic fcÜib ocƒt ß≥˘^ q\d omÖ

^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd omjib ^pÔ^ ^cdŸi om\ic ic|i _|i* QÇ _˚6 cÊ^ndic ^Ñ oc‹ qÀi _˚ib icŽib cd‹p ]dŸo q€ ß‰ic gpÀo Idpo±i ocˇc\d q{ ^cpt‹i ßÔib ]dŸi ßÏd ß€p ß‹ bd√d ocÇ^c qÉ n\j icŽib ^Ìkczj ]Ãi o∆h s\ oc≥Ùib ^Ñ iÖib nàib _{d* Bdzj qdÅi ^Ñ oc‹bdÚd ocd‡p qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib ibptÅi oÃ^ ^cpt‹i ßÔib ]Õib kc√i gž^omjib ^z^ gj¡d qÆ fcÇ ož ßÔib q{ qÆ fcÇ kc√i gž^ fcd cÊ^ ß‰icgpÀo ]√j oj{i ßÔib g≥˘ib* Fcd ß€ ^Àk ibptÅi oÃ^ ocp kczo nÑib

qÜ optŸi ßd‡i( ^Ñ oc‹ iÑd ßŸi qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib qÜ optŸi ßd‡i omjib

^cdŸi om\ic( ic|i ßÑ bdÚd ocd‡p icŽib h«p ^cpt‡i ^cˇib oÁoz^ _˚ib ^˝\ icŽib kc≥±ib od‡i fÐ ocpÀo ßÑ kc˚ ocpÔ^ q{j

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0)/)/) Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ZsZ _f≥k ơﬁe^ e^f≥` b_|X mÀ mỉk cị

SIGN IĖĦMH K Ỵ SIT ĜS SĤMH IÌO

>Đ oc‹ ^Đ ^z^ cÉic ocˇ^ n\p6

) Oc{ic gÀk ^z^ icĐh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ qÀo g¶*CÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib i{t ibj{d oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀooÏib c˘k q{ o≥ o≥ˆib ^cj cÊ^ ndic( ^Ưi ^Đ oz^ _˚ib om\ib ]‰_˚ib ^˚ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^cj ic{ om≥Ùib* Qd‡^ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ hÜ cÉiccj¡o ßƠib ß≥˘^ ^Đ oz^ _˚ib oÈo ßÈd qÏd qd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _ptnzib o¡j ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic* Fcd ^cŸ o¡j hÜ cÉic( qÇ _˚ hÜ cÉic hztodŸo ^cŸ Jzo( hÜ cÉic nĐib ib\ib( nĐib _Ê^( hÜ cÉic ßƠib ^±ßd‡i / kc\( cÊ ocƒt má ß≥˘^ ibptÅi oÃ^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈdo≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ^˚ oc‹ ^Ỉib ic≥ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ß}ß≥˘^ qÀi _˚ib q{j ßĐ*

) >∆i ß“^ ]d‡o ^cà ¶ ßŸi cj¡o ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ q€ ßd‡i fÐocpÀo q{ qÜ optŸi ßd‡i fÐ ocpÀo* >Đ oc‹ ^cj ^z^ icĐh ßĐ q◊ g¡dn± ßỴ h¡^c ßd‡i omjib ^z^ ic{ icd€p cƠ ˆ fcp kcÈ q{ ß€ spƒo ¶fdŸi nŠ\ g¡d icŽib ^cÌ fcÜib c˘k g¶ ^Ỉib ic≥ odŸi c{ic nŠ\

^cŽ\ ß‹ ß√h ]√j \i oj{i ßd‡i* >Ỉib ^Đ oc‹ ^cj cÊ^ ndic gÀk n±

ßỴ ß≥Ùib _|t ompt€i oc\ic omjib ocÜi sĐh( ß√h icd‡h qd‡^hÃ^( ]√j lp√i( nŠ\ ^cŽ\ ß≥Ưib _|t ^cj c˘k oz^ s}*

) HƠo cÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ cƒk _»i g{ cƠd qpdqÀo gq* Omjib cƠd qpd i{t( hƠo h“o cÊ^ ndic ocƒt ß≥˘^ oÀi hÃo

^z^ fŸo lp√ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ icĐh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ic≥ hzt ocp oc\ic ß±i bd√i( icŽib omƯ ^c±d qÀo g¶7 h“o fcz^(omjib lpz omÉic qŁ\ ^c±d qŁ\ cÊ^( fdŸi ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i©ib fÐocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ^Ỉib ß≥˘^ hˆ mƠib*

1*0*1* Oc\h lp\i n√i spƒo ^Đ iÜd _pib qÀo g¶

Oc\h lp\i n√i spƒo ^Đ iƠd _pib qÀo g¶ ß≥˘^ ^jd g{ ]d‡ikczk lp\i omÊib bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^cj cÊ^ ndic*IcŽib ]pÏd oc\h lp\i ^z^ ic{ hzt q{ iÜib om≥Ùib bdàk ^cj

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cÊ^ ß≥˘^ ß‹ bd√d lptŸo hƠo qƒi ß€ i{j ßĐ ^˝\ n√i spƒo* QÇ _˚6

) O¡d kc∆i s≥ˆib gÃk mzk ^˝\ hƠo ic{ hzt kc√d ß≥\_Ưib ßd‡i oÚd hƠo ßƠib ^± ^˝\ hƠo hzt od‡i ^Đ ^Üib npƒo g{3(/fR* >cÊi _|t ßỴib ^Đ odŸo ßd‡i g{ ]\j icdÅp( iŸp ]√ibkc|i kcÜd ßd‡i ˆ ^z^c hzt od‡i g{ /,h* Ọi c\j ^Üib npƒo omÅi_|t ^cj kc~k g{ 0! ^Üib npƒo odÅp oc˚* ™d‡i zk ^˝\ h¡ib g{/4,Q* =dŸo ßd‡i omˆ npƒo ^˝\ _|t ßỴib g{ -3*-,x4ãÉ*h*

) O¡d ^Üib om≥Ùib s|t _žib om¡h ]±h S( ib≥Ưd o\ ^∆i _d

^cpt‹i hƠo fcÈd g≥˘ib gÚi ßƒo oŁ ß‰\ ßd‹h i{t n\ib ß‰\ ßd‹hfcz^ ]Õi`Ç s`* C}t ibcdÅi ^ˇp hƠo kc≥±ib zi qÀi ^cpt‹i c˘kg¶ o©ib ß≥˘^ i©ib npƒo* OcÜib lp\ ocž^ oŸ g\j ßƠib ^˝\ cÊ^ndic( bdzj qdÅi bdàk cÊ^ ndic kc|i oÇ^c ß‹ ocƒt ß≥˘^ bdz om‰ ^˝\

^ji ß≥Ùib gzo qzi ibcdÅib _âib ßŸ qÀi ^cpt‹i o¡d ^Üibom≥Ùib* Fcd s` ßƒo ßd ocÉ ß≥Ùib spÈib _È^ iÅi g˘d q€ gž^( ^Ưifcd s` fcÜib ßd q€ ocÉ opt kc√d ß«t gÅi _È^( njib s` ic” gdÅi ^Đk_À ơ∫p ơ§ÁZ [Õ [te^)

>Ỉib ^∆i ^cà ¶ ßŸi kc≥±ib od‡i bd√d ]{d oÀk ]Õib ßỴ oc‰

qÉ iĐ ^Đ oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ fÐ oc p Ào oÏib c˘k oj gÚi*

0)/).) Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ixe clpœe b˘ ẽe^ k_ˆZ _te_ Z_f_‘Z j`e_

O©ib ^≥Ùib mÄi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib ocž^ c{ic ^cj cÊ^ ndic g{]d‡i kczk g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic ỵ^Đ ocĐd lp`i ]dŸo _âib icŽib

^Üib ^˚ ß±i bd√i icƒo ^˝\ oƒo ^√ ^z^ ib{ic n√i spƒọ* >z^ fÐi©ib ^Đ oÇic ^cƒo fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k h{ o\ ß} iÅp m\ ß≥˘^ mÄigpt‡i ^c˝ tŸp lp\ ^z^ ]{d ocÇ ibcd‡h ocž^ oÀk ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*CÉic ocˇ^ i{t ^Ưi ^Đ ßd€p fd‡i mÄi gpt‡i o≥ _pt ßƠ^ gÀk ^cjcÊ^ ndic q{ ^Đ oc‹ bd√d lptŸo ^√ icŽib qƒi ß‹ ocž^ nž fÐ ocpÀoß±i bd√i*

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0)/)/) Nõe^ Z§‚e^ ZsZ _f≥k ơﬁe^ e^f≥` b_|X mÀ mỉk cị

SIGN IĖĦMH K Ỵ SIT ĜS SĤMH IÌO

>Đ oc‹ ^Đ ^z^ cÉic ocˇ^ n\p6

) Oc{ic gÀk ^z^ icĐh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ qÀo g¶*CÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib i{t ibj{d oz^ _˚ib bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀooÏib c˘k q{ o≥ o≥ˆib ^cj cÊ^ ndic( ^Ưi ^Đ oz^ _˚ib om\ib ]‰_˚ib ^˚ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^cj ic{ om≥Ùib* Qd‡^ ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ hÜ cÉiccj¡o ßƠib ß≥˘^ ^Đ oz^ _˚ib oÈo ßÈd qÏd qd‡^ kczo omd‹i o≥ _ptnzib o¡j ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic* Fcd ^cŸ o¡j hÜ cÉic( qÇ _˚ hÜ cÉic hztodŸo ^cŸ Jzo( hÜ cÉic nĐib ib\ib( nĐib _Ê^( hÜ cÉic ßƠib ^±ßd‡i / kc\( cÊ ocƒt má ß≥˘^ ibptÅi oÃ^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ ßÈdo≥˘ib fÐ ocpÀo ^˚ oc‹ ^Ỉib ic≥ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ß}ß≥˘^ qÀi _˚ib q{j ßĐ*

) >∆i ß“^ ]d‡o ^cà ¶ ßŸi cj¡o ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ q€ ßd‡i fÐocpÀo q{ qÜ optŸi ßd‡i fÐ ocpÀo* >Đ oc‹ ^cj ^z^ icĐh ßĐ q◊ g¡dn± ßỴ h¡^c ßd‡i omjib ^z^ ic{ icd€p cƠ ˆ fcp kcÈ q{ ß€ spƒo ¶fdŸi nŠ\ g¡d icŽib ^cÌ fcÜib c˘k g¶ ^Ỉib ic≥ odŸi c{ic nŠ\

^cŽ\ ß‹ ß√h ]√j \i oj{i ßd‡i* >Ỉib ^Đ oc‹ ^cj cÊ^ ndic gÀk n±

ßỴ ß≥Ùib _|t ompt€i oc\ic omjib ocÜi sĐh( ß√h icd‡h qd‡^hÃ^( ]√j lp√i( nŠ\ ^cŽ\ ß≥Ưib _|t ^cj c˘k oz^ s}*

) HƠo cÉic ocˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib ibj¡d fcĐ\ cƒk _»i g{ cƠd qpdqÀo gq* Omjib cƠd qpd i{t( hƠo h“o cÊ^ ndic ocƒt ß≥˘^ oÀi hÃo

^z^ fŸo lp√ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ icĐh ibj¡d fcĐ\ ^cŸ o¡j _˚ib ^˚ic≥ hzt ocp oc\ic ß±i bd√i( icŽib omƯ ^c±d qÀo g¶7 h“o fcz^(omjib lpz omÉic qŁ\ ^c±d qŁ\ cÊ^( fdŸi ocˇ^ q{ fÐ i©ib fÐocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ^Ỉib ß≥˘^ hˆ mƠib*

1*0*1* Oc\h lp\i n√i spƒo ^Đ iÜd _pib qÀo g¶

Oc\h lp\i n√i spƒo ^Đ iƠd _pib qÀo g¶ ß≥˘^ ^jd g{ ]d‡ikczk lp\i omÊib bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k ^cj cÊ^ ndic*IcŽib ]pÏd oc\h lp\i ^z^ ic{ hzt q{ iÜib om≥Ùib bdàk ^cj

Trang 18

cÊ^ ndic ocƒt ß≥˘^ ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib qÀo g¶ omjib hÈd gdÅi c‡o≥±ib cÌ ^˝\ ^càib( ocƒt ß≥˘^ nž qÀi _˚ib omd ocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^omjib ocž^ odﬁi n√i spƒo ^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd ^Æib ic≥ q\d omÖ ^˝\

^z^ omd ocˇ^ ßÑ omjib i€i n√i spƒo cd‡i ß¡d*

™d oc\h lp\i cÊ^ ndic n◊ ocƒt ß≥˘^ ^z^ lpz omÉic n√ispƒo( cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt hÑ^( ^z^ ^± ^cÅ q{ cj¡o ßÔib n√ispƒo ^˝\ ^ji ib≥Ùd* CÊ^ ndic ^Ñ _‰k g{h lp`i qÈd icŽib spc≥Úib ^± ]√i ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i fÐ ocpÀo cd‡i ß¡d( ^± fcÇ cÑ\(ßd‡i fcÇ cÑ\( ož ßÔib cÑ\*

-45

Trang 19

1),) =è= FI≤C JB£°HA NCŒH >≤S B”=É É É É

1),),) =sZ g_§¢e^ k`œe [≥p _‘Z kilp»e k_◊e^

Omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶( ^Ñ oc‹ nŠ _˚ib ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡tcÊ^ lp`i ocpÔ^ n\p6

) >z^ qÀo ocÀo omjib ßÙd nÜib q{ fÐ ocpÀo*

) >z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ ibcd‡h _âib ß‹ odŸi c{ic ^z^ ocÇibcd‡h ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi q{ ^z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*

) >z^ hÜ cÉic qÀo ^cƒo*

) =√ib*

) Om\ic √ic q{ ^z^ ]√i q◊ n—i*

) >z^ o{d gd‡p di6 nz^c bdzj fcj\( nz^c ]{d oÀk( nz^cc≥Ùib _»i ocÇ ibcd‡h q{ ^z^ o{d gd‡p oc\h fc√j fcz^*

2*-*.* >z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ cd‡i ß¡d

Omjib icŽib i©h b∆i ß|t( ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ ibc`) icÉi ib{t ^{ib oc|h icÀk q{ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib omjib _¡t cÊ^

Trang 20

) Kcdh cÍ^ oĂk6 kcd≥d ßÔi ^cdŸp( kcdh ^cdŸp ]Ñib( kcdhcÍ^ oĂk omƠi qÜ optŸi ompt€i cĨic( kcdh qdßỢ*

) >z^ kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÌic hÜ kcÂib( hdic cÍ\ ^z^cd‡i o≥˘ib( lpz omdic qĂo g¶( gpt‡i oĂk ^cj cÍ^ ndic bd√d ]{doĂk q{ bd√d lptŸo ^z^ qƒi ßƠ cÍ^ oĂk omƠi hzt qd oÌic cj“^ ß‹odŸi c{ic ^z^ ocÌ ibcd‡h qÚd ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h cd‡i ß¡d(omjib ßÑ hzt qd oÌic ic≥ g{ hzt ßj( sŠ g¶ ^z^ fŸo lp√ ocÌibcd‡h*

>z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡6+ cÍ^ ibc` ) icĨi g{ ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i_¡t cÍ^ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib omjib _¡t cÍ^ qÚd nž cÌ om˘ ^˝\ ^z^ hzthÑ^ fÐ ocpĂo $ßÔi ^cdŸp( hzt ^cdŸp kcdh( hzt ocp cĨic( hztn\ib q{ kczo ]©ib cĨic( hzt ocp q{ kczo ]©ib cĨic( hzt

^cdŸp G>? ß\ i©ib( hzt qd oÌic%* G≥˘ib ocÜib odi ^cˇ\ ßžibomjib ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ i{t ß≥˘^ fc\d ocz^ ocÜib lp\ ]ÔkcĂi kc|i oÌ^c lp\ib cÍ^ q{ $cj“^% |h oc\ic* >căib oz^ ßÔibßŸi cÍ^ ndic lp\ cĨic √ic $√ic ßˇib tƠi cj“^ ^cpt‹i ßÔib(n± ßÎ( f¶ cd‡p( ^cŽ qdŸo***% q{ lp\ |h oc\ic $odŸib iÑd( ic¡^ßd‡p( odŸib ßÔib%*

Nž gd‡o fƠ omƠi ^cj ocƒt6 ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ ^Ñ oc‹

nŠ _˚ib omjib _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ g{ ß\ _¡ib q{ kcjib kcă* Omjib

^z^ gj¡d kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ ßÑ( ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h _đib

^cj ocÌ ibcd‡h ^˝\ bdzj qdƠi q{ ocÌ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic ßˇib

ˆ q‰ omÌ c{ib ß∆p( oc‹ cd‡i ß“^ ocđ ^˝\ qĂo g¶ g{ hÔo hÜi fcj\cÍ^ ocž^ ibcd‡h* Q\d omÖ ^˝\ ^căib fcÜib c€ bd√h năo( h“^_đ ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ ibc` ) icĨi ib{t ^{ib ß≥˘^ nŠ_˚ib mÔib m}d*

ˆ >PỊD ^c≥±ib( n◊ omĨic ]{t qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i_¡t cÍ^ n\p ß|t omjib _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib6 ]√ib(qĂo ocĂo( hÜ cĨic qĂo ^cƒo( om\ic √ic q{ ]√i q◊ n—i( o{d gd‡pqĂo g¶( ic≥6

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di* >z^ gj¡d ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ ibcd‡h ß≥˘^ bdÚd ocd‡p q{d i~o( ^Öi qd‡^

nŠ _˚ib ^càib omjib _¡t cÊ^ n◊ ß≥˘^ omÉic ]{t Á ^c≥±ib 4 îOcÇibcd‡h omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ï* Qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡icd‡i ß¡d6 kcdh cÊ^ oÀk( _\j ßÔib f¶ ßd‡i oŠ( hzt qd oÇic q{ ^z^kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÇic n◊ ß≥˘^ omÉic ]{t ˆ ^c≥±ib 3 îHÔo nÈkc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ cd‡i ß¡d omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ï*

1)-) =è= =BÏ= HöHA =Í; JB£°HA NCŒH >≤S B”=É É !

>c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ oc|p oÑh ß∆t ß˝ ^z^ ^cˇ^ i©ib ^˝\ kc≥±ibod‡i _¡t cÊ^ omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶( iŸp s`h s~o qd‡^ nŠ _˚ibkc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ hÔo ^z^c ßÎib ocÖd omÅi icd€p kc≥±ib_d‡i fcz^ ic\p6 omÅi ^± nˆ ^z^ lp\i ßd‹h ^˝\ g¶ gpÀi q€kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^( ^˝\ g¶ gpÀi _¡t cÊ^ ß¡d ^≥±ib( g¶ gpÀi_¡t cÊ^ ]Ô hÜi q{ ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ cÊ^ oÀk* Ic≥ib _â s~o oc`jlp\i ßd‹h i{j( ^cˇ^ i©ib ^c˝ tŸp ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^

^Æib g{ o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic iÃh qŽib ^cÇic sz^( n|pnÃ^ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^( kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ icÀi ocˇ^ q{ cÉicoc{ic ic|i ^z^c*

1)-),) =sZ Z_ÌZ eõe^ ZÎX g_§¢e^ k`œe [≥p _‘Z k_\fhlXe ô`Àd ZÎX cò clæe [≥p _‘Z

IŸp s~o oc`j lp\i ßd‹h ^˝\ g¶ gpÀi _¡t cÊ^( kc≥±ib od‡i_¡t cÊ^ ^Ñ oc‹ ô§ÁZ nŠ _˚ib qÚd icd€p h˚^ ßÇ^c fcz^ ic\p6 o¡jßÔib ^± cÊ^ oÀk q{ fÇ^c ocÇ^c cˇib ocà icÀi ocˇ^7 cÉic oc{ic(

^˝ib ^È cj“^ fd‹h om\ fdŸi ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib7 kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^icÀi ocˇ^7 b|t cd‡p lp√ sà^ ^√h7 ßd€p fcd‹i q{ c˘k g¶ cÑ\lpz omÉic icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic7 kc|i cÑ\ cÊ^ ndic* >Æibic≥ bdÖ cÊ^ ^Ñ ß“^ om≥ib kcˇ^ c˘k( qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i_¡t cÊ^ ^Ñ oc‹ ^âib hÔo gà^ ß¡o ô§ÁZ icd€p h˚^ ßÇ^c iÅp omÅi*

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µ' b » Tƒ]W _Xìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S ơ≤ cü^ ơư]W Sí X∏S c¶_%ZrSX cXrSX X∆]W cXx ]X¶] cX∆S S≈Q X∏S bY]X% ơ´S RY¥c ca^]WWYQY ơ^ü] ơ∑]X Xìø]W \ƒS ơrSX ]WXYq] S∆d

>Ñ oc‹ nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ocÌ ibcd‡h ß±i bd√i( ^Ñ oÌic ^cƒoibc‰^c g¶ ßÏ o¡j oĨic cpỈib ^Ñ q|i ß€6 nž g± gŠib ^˝\ lp√ ]Ñib]\t omjib fcÜib bd\i ib\t ^√ fcd gpÎib bdÑ ocÏd q{j iÑibcdƠib hÔo bÑ^ i{j ßÑ $ß‰ic gpĂo =`^ipgd%( hÔo ]Ñib ßÔi hÊ^iÜd odŸk qỈd icd‡o ßd‡i omˆ ß≥˘^ iÜd qÑd ibpÎi ßd‡i fcÜib nzibgƠi ib\t $nž kc˚ ocpÔ^ ^˝\ ßd‡i omˆ ^cƒo ]zi _»i q{j icd‡oßÔ%* OÌic oÖ hÖ ož icdƠi ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic n◊ ß≥˘^ fcƠp b˘d fcd nŠ_˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ ß‹ ^c‚ m\ ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib( lpz omĨicqĂo g¶ hÚd h’ h{ cÍ^ ndic fcÜib ocƒt omjib ^pÔ^ nỈib c{ibib{t $qÌ _˚6 ^cpt‹i ßÔib ^˝\ qĂo omƠi ß‡h fcÌ( ^cpt‹i ßÔib

^˝\ ^cƒo gÂib ß≥˘^ ^c‚ m\ icÖ ^z^ c¡o ocpỈ^ oÌh( ^z^ ocÌ ibcd‡hq€ od\ oŠ ibj¡d( q€ lp\ib kcÏ q¡^c***%)

+' H» Tƒ]W _Xìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S ơ≤ Xs]X cXl]X ZYØ]cX∆S% ZÕ ]ì]W \øY

>z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^6 ocdŸo ]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h( hÜ cĨic(om\ic √ic( nz^c bdzj fcj\( kcdh cÍ^ oĂk( ^z^ kc∆i h€i hzt qdoÌic*** ô§ÂZnŠ _˚ib ßŸ ^pib ^ƒk ^z^ ^ˇ gd‡p ocž^ ibcd‡h icÕhfczd lpzo cÑ\ cj“^ fd‹h ^cˇib ^z^ fdƠi ocˇ^ q€ ^z^ fczd id‡h(ß‰ic gpĂo qĂo g¶( hÜ kcÂib ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib( lpz omĨic qĂo g¶ qdhÜ( ßƠ ^Ăk ^z^ ˇib _˚ib ^˝\ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ qĂo g¶ omjib ßÙdnÜib q{ fÐ ocpĂo*

>∆i nŠ _˚ib ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h ocž^ c{ic ib\tomjib fc|p ibcdƠi ^ˇp o{d gd‡p hÚd ß‹ o©ib ^≥Ùib cj¡o ßÔib ožgž^ q{ mÔi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib ocÌ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic*

,' EXìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S St cX≤ ờ√S b» Tƒ]W \ưc SkSX ơQTü]W ca^]W `dk cas]X S≈]W S∫ !v] c¶_% ơl^ bmd% \¡ aư]W% X¥cX∫]W XtQ" ZYØ] cX∆S% ZÕ ]ì]W S≈Q X∏S bY]X'

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>∆i nŠ _˚ib ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^6 ^z^ _˚ib ^˚ ocÌibcd‡h ß±i bd√i( ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h ocž^ c{ic( ^z^ hÜcĨic( ^z^ ^c≥±ib omĨic kc∆i h€i hzt qd oÌic( ^z^ ^c≥±ibomĨic Üi oĂk omƠi qÜ optŸi ompt€i cĨic ^c≥\ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib fcdibcdƠi ^ˇp o{d gd‡p hÚd*

>z^ qĂo ocĂo omjib ßÙd nỈib( fÐ ocpĂo ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ibic≥ g{ spƒo kczo ßd‹h ^˝\ lpz omĨic ibcdƠi ^ˇp ^z^ fczdid‡h( ß‰ic gpĂo qĂo g¶ ic≥ib ^Ưib ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥˘^ _đib ic≥ g{ nžqĂi _˚ib ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ ß} cÍ^ ¡ fc|p ^˝ib ^Ỉ*

-' EXìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S ờ√S b» Tƒ]W ơ≤ ZY≤\ caQ ZYØ]cX∆S% ZÕ ]ì]W \l X∏S bY]X ơn cXd ờ√S

Cd‡i i\t( od€h i©ib i{t ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ q»i

^c≥\ ß≥˘^ fc\d ocz^ nŠ _˚ib ß∆t ß˝ omjib _¡t cÍ^ qĂo g¶ ˆom≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib* Qd‡^ fd‹h om\ fdŸi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic hỈd ^c‚ocÜib lp\ ^z^ ]{d oĂk ß‰ic oÌic q{ ß‰ic g≥˘ib*

.' Ia^]W Tüh X∏S e¶c [ê% SX∆S ]ì]W Wt_ _X£] _Xkc caY≤]]ì]W [ĂS ]X¶] cX∆S S≈Q X∏S bY]X% S≈Q _Xìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏Sờ√S cX≤ XY¥] aw ]X¢c ca^]W eY¥S cº SX∆S SX^ X∏S bY]X cYØ]Xl]X SkS cXr ]WXY¥\ eøY SkS cXYØc R∑ cXr ]WXY¥\ cXĂS Xl]X'Omjib lpz omĨic ocÌ ibcd‡h( cÍ^ ndic kc√d odŸi c{ic hÔogj¡o ^z^ cj¡o ßÔib omÌ op‡ ) ocž^ odﬁi6 gĂk kc≥±ib zi( fƠ cj¡^cocÌ ibcd‡h( q◊ n± ßÎ ocÌ ibcd‡h( gĂk ]√ib bdz om‰ ßj( ]Ü omÌ q{odŸi c{ic ocÌ ibcd‡h( ocp icĂi q{ sŠ g¶ fŸo lp√ ocÌ ibcd‡h

$]Õib nỈ( ]Õib ßÎ oc‰%( oÌic ojzi n\d nÜ( s~o ibptƠi ic|i ^˝\n\d nỈ* OcÜib lp\ ßÑ( kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ bÑk kc∆i cĨicoc{ic ^z^ kc«h ^cƒo ^˝\ ic|i ^z^c cÍ^ ndic* >Ñ oc‹ nŠ _˚ibcĨic q◊( hÜ cĨic*** cÌ om˘ cÍ^ ndic omjib lpz omĨic ocÌ ibcd‡h*Ï* DW^lY XY¥d `d° e∞ \´c [ê car% eY¥S b» Tƒ]W _Xìí]W cY¥]

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Tüh X∏S !cXYØc R∑ cXr ]WXY¥\% \v Xs]X% caQ]X °]X% _XY\ eYơqv%_X£] \∞] \kh eY cr]X'''" ơU\ [üY XY¥d `d° e∞ \´c gxS S°\% T^]X…]W ơ´S ơY≤\ R∞ ]W^lY !Xs]X Tü]W% \ld bßS"% Rv car ơ¨_ e∞

\´c cXm\ \Õ% SkSX cX∆S Wmh ckS ơư]W ơØ] X∏S bY]X !cYØ]Wơư]W% \ld bßS"% T^ SkS XY¥] cì√]W% `dk cas]X e¶c [ê TY≥] aQcakY eøY TĂ ơ^k] S≈Q X∏S bY]X X^´S X∏S bY]X ZXv]W ]Xs] cX¢hXl]W ]Wlh'

Cd‡p lp√ să^ ^√h ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ n◊ ß≥˘^ o©ibgƠi icd€p lp\ qd‡^ nÂ _˚ib fc~j g~j kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ q€h“o kc≥±ib kczk q{ lp\ gÙd iÑd ^˝\ bdzj qdƠi*

3* EXìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S Tì√S cXYØc ZØ% SXq cü^ el S£]ờ√S WYk^ eYq] b» Tƒ]W bQ^ SX^ St ckS Tƒ]W ơY∞d ZXY≤] `dkcaY]X ]X¶] cX∆S S≈Q X∏S bY]X' >cœib c¡i6 ^z^ kc∆i h€h hzt

qd oÌic ß‹ Üi oĂk fdŸi ocˇ^ oc≥Ùib ]Êo ß∆p oŁ qd‡^ g{h nÜib g¡dqỈi fdic ibcd‡h c{ib ib{t ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic( icÊ^ g¡d icŽib ßd€pß} ]dŸo $oŁ cd‡i o≥˘ib oÚd ]√i ^cƒo% q{ ^pỈ≠ ^đib g{ ß€ ^Ăk oÑd

^z^ ˇib _˚ib fÐ ocpĂo ^˝\ fdŸi ocˇ^ ßÑ* Fcd ^cŸ o¡j ^z^ ocdŸo]‰ ocÌ ibcd‡h( ^zd ^± ]√i ]\j bdÙ ^Ưib ß≥˘^ g{h iÏd mâ( ]Ô kcĂifdh ^c‚ ]\j bdÙ ^Ưib ß≥˘^ ]Ỉ omÌ _ﬁ ocƒt ˆ iŠ\ kcÌ\ omƠi( kc∆i

nŠ _˚ib ^˝\ bdzj qdƠi oc≥Ùib icÂ q{ ¡ h“o n\p*

™‹ fc\d ocz^ odŸh i©ib i{t ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^( ^∆i

nŠ _˚ib icŽib ]d‡i kczk n\p6

ìNŠ _˚ib ßÎib ocÙd icd€p kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÍ^ ßﬁ ßd€pfcd‹i cj¡o ßÔib icĂi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic omƠi icd€p hˇ^ ßÔomŁp o≥˘ib fcz^ ic\p*

) NŠ _˚ib ^z^ ocÌ ibcd‡h njib njib ß‹ cÍ^ ndic $icƒo g{cÍ^ ndic tŸp% ^Ñ oc‹ lp\i nzo( nj nzic oc`j hÔo h˚^ ßÌ^c ic|#oß‰ic7 icÙ ßÑ( bdăk ß‰ic c≥Ỉib lpz omĨic bcd ^c~k ^z^ fŸo lp√lp\i nzo ^˝\ cÍ^ ndic*

1' DXY∞d _Xìí]W cY¥] Tüh X∏S !\v Xs]X cXk^ [ß_ ờ√S%

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odÅk( ibc≠\ ‚{ _ž\ omÅi nž omd bdz^ omž^ odŸk ^z^ nž fd‡i ^√hoÇic ) ^˚ oc‹* Qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib ^z^ qÀo ocÀo omjib ßÙd nÜib q{ omjib

fÐ ocpÀo( ^z^ ]ˇ^ √ic ^c˚k( kcdh cÊ^ oÀk lp\t ^z^ ^√ic ocÀo(

^z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h ]d‹p _dﬁi ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi b|t cd‡p lp√ ßÈÉ qÚdcj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic omÅi ]Éic _d‡i i{t*

.* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ ^Æib o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj lpz omÉiccj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic omÅi ]Éic _d‡i ^\j c±i )]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i bdzi odŸk( ibc≠\ g{ _ž\ omÅi ^z^ ]d‹p o≥˘ibq€ ^z^ nž fd‡i ^√h oÇic ) ^˚ oc‹ h{ cÊ^ ndic ß} omd bdz^ omž^odŸk om≥Ú^ ßÑ cj“^ g{ _ž\ omÅi nž omŁp o≥˘ib cÑ\ ^z^ nž fd‡ii{t* >z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h hÜ cÉic( ^z^ kcdh cj¡o cÊ\( ^z^ kc∆ih€h hzt qd oÇic hÜ kcÁib ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib( lpz omÉic qÀo g¶(

^z^ hÜ cÉic qÀo ^cƒo( ^z^ cÉic q◊( nß ßÎ omjib nz^c bdzj fcj\(omÅi bdƒt g{ nž omŁp o≥˘ib cÑ\ ^z^ nž fd‡i ^√h oÇic) ^˚ oc‹(o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic omÅi ]Éic_d‡i omž^ lp\i bdzi odŸk*

/* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ $ß“^ ]d‡o g{ ^z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇibcd‡h _âib ^cj ocÇ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic% o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cjcÊ^ ndic omjib lpz omÉic g{h qd‡^ omž^ odŸk qÚd ^càib odŸi c{ic

^z^ cj¡o ßÔib omÇ op‡ ) ocž^ odﬁi omÅi ]Éic _d‡i c{ic ßÔib ßÈdo≥˘ib ocž^ odﬁi*

0* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ $nz^c bdzj f]j\( nz^c ]{d oÀk( ^z^kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÇic _âib ^cj qd‡^ Üi oÀk***% ^Æib o¡j ßd€pfd‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ omÅi ]Éic _d‡i icÀiocˇ^ fczd id‡h ) ibÜi ibŽ( ibc≠\ g{ cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ß≥˘^odŸi c{ic ^c‚ omÅi ^± nÁ ^z^ fczd id‡h( ^z^ fŸo gpÀi fczd lpzo*Omjib lpz omÉic cÊ^ oÀk( cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ndic omÅi ^z^ ]Éic _d‡i fcz^ ic\p _dﬁi m\ fcÜib oc`j hÔoomÉic ož ^ˇib icÃ^( h{ oc≥Ùib oc|h icÀk q{j ic\p* QÇ _˚6Omjib lpz omÉic cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ omÅi ]Éic _d‡i fczd id‡h) ibÜi ibŽ( cÊ^ ndic fcÜib ^c‚ odŸi c{ic ^z^ oc\j oz^ o≥ _pt

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omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo X¶ _≥Úd bÑ^ ßÔ lp\i ßd‹h ^˝\ g¶ gpÀi _¡t

cÊ^( ^Ñ oc‹ mào m\ icŽib fŸo gpÀi n\p6

) >∆i nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ fcÜib ^c‚ ß‹ cÉic

oc{ic ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ hÚd ic≥ cd‡i i\t h{ ^Öi ˆ ^z^ fc|p fcz^

^˝\ lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^( qÑd icd€p h˚^ ßÇ^c fcz^ ic\p*

) Qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ bÑk kc∆i q{j qd‡^

i|ib ^\j ^c|o g≥˘ib _¡t cÊ^* Opt icdÅi( cd‡p lp√ ^˝\ hÌd

kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ kc˚ ocpÔ^ q{j kc≥±ib kczk nŠ _˚ib iÑ

omjib bdÙ cÊ^* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ kc√d g{ î^cÌ _ž\ ]Åi ibj{d

^cj ^z^ c{ic ßÔib ]Åi omjibï( kc√d ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib ic≥ g{

kc≥±ib od‡i o¡j nž om\ic gpÀi omÇ op‡ìocž^ odﬁi ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic

qÚd ßÜd o≥˘ib cÊ^ oÀk* CÊ^ ndic kc√d ß≥˘^ oc\h bd\ q{j ^z^ bd\d

ßj¡i ^˝\ lpz omÉic nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ qÚd hˇ^ ßÔ ož

gž^ ^\j icƒo ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥˘^*

) Omjib qd‡^ ß“o fÅ cj¡^c nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ ˆoŁib odŸo cÊ^( bdzj qdÅi kc√d gž\ ^cÊi q{ sz^ ß‰ic kc≥±ib od‡i

_¡t cÊ^ i{j ^∆i nŠ _˚ib( nŠ _˚ib ˆ fc|p i{j ^˝\ lpz omÉic

_¡t cÊ^ q{ nŠ _˚ib ic≥ ocŸ i{j ß‹ fc\d ocz^ cŸo ^z^ od‹h

i©ib q€ h“o bdzj _˚^ ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^*

2*.*.* >z^ ^cˇ^ i©ib ^˝\ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ oc`jlp\i ßd‹h ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ cÊ^ oÀk

Oc`j lp\i ßd‹h ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ cÊ^ oÀk( cj¡o ßÔib icÀi

ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic omjib lpz omÉic cÊ^ oÀk ^Ñ oc‹ _dﬁi m\ omÅi

^z^ ]Éic _d‡i fcz^ ic\p6 ]Éic _d‡i c{ic ßÔib ßÈd o≥˘ib ìocž^ odﬁi( ]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i omž^ odŸk( ]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i

bdzi odŸk q{ ]Éic _d‡i icÀi ocˇ^ fczd id‡h) ibÜi ibŽ( omjib

ßÑ q\d omÖ ^˝\ ibÜi ibŽ o©ib _∆i qÕ q\d omÖ ^˝\ omž^ lp\i

bd√h _∆i* CÊ^ ndic ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ iÃh qŽib n|p nÃ^( ^cÇic sz^(]€i qŽib q{ qÀi _˚ib ß≥˘^ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^( iÅp ic≥ omjib lpz

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omÉic cÊ^ oÀk( cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic _dﬁi m\ omÅiicd€p ]Éic _d‡i fcz^ ic\p $Gjhkn^c`m%*

IŸp s`h s~o qd‡^ nŠ _˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ oŁ lp\ißd‹h iÅp omÅi ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ cÊ^ oÀk( ocƒt má mÕib6 qd‡^ nŠ_˚ib kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ o¡j ßd‹p fd‡i ^cj lpz omÉic icÀiocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic omÅi oƒo ^√ ^z^ ]Éic _d‡i fcz^ ic\p( ß“^ ]d‡og{ omÅi ]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i omž^ odŸk q{ ]Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\ibdzi odŸk*

>z^ ]Éic _d‡i ^˝\

cj¡o ßÔib icÀi ocˇ^

>z^ qÇ _˚ q€ qd‡^ ^z^ kc≥±ib od‡i _¡tcÊ^ o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cj¡o ßÔib icÀiocˇ^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic

=Éic _d‡i c{ic ßÔib

ßÈd o≥˘ib ) ocž^ odﬁi ) >z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic qÚd ^z^ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ ibcd‡h

=Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i

omž^ odŸk ) >z^ qÀo ocÀo( ^z^ ]ˇ^ √ic ^c˚k) >z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi qÈd ^z^

ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ ibcd‡h) Kcdh cÊ^ oÀk $lp\t ^z^ ^√ic ocÀo%

=Éic _d‡i omž^ lp\i

bdzi odŸk ) >z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h hÜ cÉic) >z^ kcdh cj¡o cj¡

) >z^ kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÇic hÜkcÁib ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib( lpz omÉic qÀod¶

) >z^ hÜ cÉic qÀo ^cƒo) >z^ cÉic q◊( n± ßÎ

=Éic _d‡i icÀi ocˇ^

fczd id‡h ) ibÜi ibŽ ) Nz^c bdzj fcj\( nz^c ]{d oÀk( nz^coc\h fc√j

) >z^ kc∆i h€h hzt qd oÇic _âib ^cjqd‡^ Üi oÀk

-* Kc≥±ib od‡i _¡t cÊ^ o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj lpz omÉic cj¡o

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