Tìm hiểu một số phương pháp dạy học Vật lý ở trường phổ thông: Phần 1

Phần 1 cuốn sách giới thiệu tới người đọc các nội dung: Mục tiêu, nhiệm vụ của việc dạy học Vật lý ở trường phổ thông; con đường hình thành những kiến thức Vật lý cơ bản; phát triển tư duy và năng lực sáng tạo của học sinh trong dạy học Vật lý; giáo dục tư tưởng trong dạy học Vật lý. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

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JAM) HAOSÃH úÏ= NBçG #Z_Ç Y`ye$

NêåM"NCN "M) HAOSÃH HA”= B£HA ( NM) JB≤G ROçH KO∆

JB£°HA JBèJ

>≤S B”= PΩN Fó É É É

„ NL£∙HA JB NBíHA

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.* HÈd lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ hÜi kc≥±ib kczk _¡t

cÊ^ qÀo g¶ q{ ^z^ hÜi fcj\ cÊ^ fcz^ -,/* Kc≥±ib kczk ibcdÅi ^ˇp( kc≥±ib kczk

-*/* ™≥Ùib gÈd ^cpib ocž^ cd‡i icd‡h q˚ _¡t

cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib

=_§¢e^ -) =fe ô§‚e^ _{e_ k_te_ e_Ùe^ b`«e

.*-* >z^ tÅp ^∆p ^˝\ qd‡^ cÉic oc{ic icŽib

.*.* S|t _žib gÜbd^ cÉic oc{ic icŽib fczd

.*/* >z^ ^ji ß≥Ùib cÉic oc{ic icŽib ß‰ic

.*0* >ji ß≥Ùib cÉic oc{ic ^z^ ocptŸo qÀo g¶ 3/.*1* >z^ ^ji ß≥Îib _¡t cÊ^ icŽib ˇib _˚ib

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.*2* =Ỵd _≥˜ib ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^z^ kc≥±ib kczk

=_§¢e^ ) J_sk ki`Àe k§ [lp mt ẽe^ cˆZ jse^

k≥f ZỴX _‘Z j`e_ kife^ [≥p _‘Z mỉk cị ,,./*-* Kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic //*.* Kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ nzib o¡j ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic -.4/*/* C≥Úib _»i cÊ^ ndic bd√d lptŸo qƒi ß€

=_§¢e^ /) A`sf [ÈZ k§ k§„e^ kife^ [≥p _‘Z mỉk

0*-* Bdzj _˚^ ocŸ bdÚd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^ -2,

=_§¢e^ 0) A`sf [ÈZ b˘ k_lỉk k€e^ _Ág kife^ [≥p

,2-1*-* O∆h lp\i omÊib ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo

1*.* IcŽib ibptÅi oÃ^ ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo

oÏib c˘k omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ -311*/* IƠd _pib ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k

1*0* Kc≥±ib kczk ocž^ cd‡i iƠd _pib bdzj _˚^

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2*2* >z^ ocdŸo ]‰ ocÇ ibcd‡h

2*3* NŠ _˚ib ^z^ hÜ cÉic qÀo ^cƒo

2*4* NŠ _˚ib om\ic √ic q{ ^z^ ]√i q◊ n—i

2*5* NŠ _˚ib ^z^ o{d gd‡p di

=_§¢e^ 2) Gﬁk j~ g_§¢e^ k`œe [≥p _‘Z _`œe ô≥`

kife^ [≥p _‘Z mæk cò3*-* Kcdh cÊ^ oÀk

3*.* ?\j ßÔib fÇ ßd‡i oŠ

3*/* Hzt qd oÇic

=_§¢e^ 3) N_z e^_`œd kife^ [≥p _‘Z mæk cò

4*-* >z^ ß“^ ßd‹h ^˝\ ocÇ ibcd‡h qÀo g¶

4*.* >z^ ^cˇ^ i©ib ^˝\ ocÇ ibcd‡h omjib _¡t

cÊ^ qÀo g¶

4*/* >z^ gj¡d ocÇ ibcd‡h ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib omjib

_¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶

4*0* IcŽib tÅp ^∆p q€ h“o fÐ ocpÀo q{

kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ ßÜd qÈd qd‡^ nŠ _˚ibocÇ ibcd‡h omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶

=_§¢e^ 4) <t` kæg kife^ [≥p _‘Z mæk cò

5*-* Oz^ _˚ib ^˝\ ]{d oÀk omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶

5*.* Kc|i gj¡d ]{d oÀk qÀo g¶

5*/* Kc≥±ib kczk bd√d ]{d oÀk qÀo g¶

5*0* S|t _žib gÀk gpÀi omjib bd√d ]{d oÀk

5*1* Gž\ ^cÊi q{ nŠ _˚ib ]{d oÀk omjib _¡t

1 1./,.05.42.42.45/

/.0//3//3/0,/03/05.1./24/24

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-,*.* >z^ cÉic ocˇ^ _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ /33ocÜib

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ß√h ]√j ^cj ^Üib oz^ _¡t cÊ^ ß¡o ß≥˘^ h˚^ odÅp _j ^c≥±ibomÉic bdzj _˚^ ß€ m\ q{ ^Æib b˘d hˆ icŽib c≥Úib nzib o¡j ß‹i|ib ^\j ^cƒo g≥˘ib _¡t cÊ^ omjib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹*

Bdzj omÉic i{t ß≥˘^ _âib ^c˝ tŸp ^cj qd‡^ ß{j o¡j ndicqdÅi c‡ ^"j ßœib N≥ kc¡h q{ c‡ ß¡d cÊ^ N≥ kc¡h ib{ic qÀog¶* HÔo b∫ ^c≥±ib ß≥˘^ omÉic ]{t n|p( h\ib oÇic ^cƒo ^cptÅifc√j( ^Ñ oc‹ _âib g{h o{d gd‡p oc\h fc√j ^cj qd‡^ ß{j o¡j oc¡^n≠( odŸi n≠ q{ ^cj ^z^ ^zi ]Ô ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^cptÅi ib{ic kc≥±ibkczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶*

QÉ ^pÈi nz^c ß€ ^Àk ßŸi icd€p qƒi ß€ hÚd ]≥Ú^ ß∆p ß≥˘^

zk _˚ib omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ Á i≥Ú^ o\ iÅi fcÑ omzic fcÁdicŽib ocdŸp nÑo* >z^ oz^ bd√ hjib icÀi ß≥˘^ nž ßÑib bÑk ¶fdŸi ^˝\ ^z^ ]¡i ßÊ^ ßÎib ibcd‡k ß‹ g∆i ozd ]√i ^pÈi nz^cß≥˘^ cj{i ocd‡i c±i( kC˚^ q˚ f‰k ocÙd ^cj nž ibcd‡k ßÏd hÚdkc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^*

>ö> Oö> BD¬

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ß√h ]√j ^cj ^Üib oz^ _¡t cÊ^ ß¡o ß≥˘^ h˚^ odÅp _j ^c≥±ibomÉic bdzj _˚^ ß€ m\ q{ ^Æib b˘d hˆ icŽib c≥Úib nzib o¡j ß‹i|ib ^\j ^cƒo g≥˘ib _¡t cÊ^ omjib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹*

Bdzj omÉic i{t ß≥˘^ _âib ^c˝ tŸp ^cj qd‡^ ß{j o¡j ndicqdÅi c‡ ^"j ßœib N≥ kc¡h q{ c‡ ß¡d cÊ^ N≥ kc¡h ib{ic qÀog¶* HÔo b∫ ^c≥±ib ß≥˘^ omÉic ]{t n|p( h\ib oÇic ^cƒo ^cptÅifc√j( ^Ñ oc‹ _âib g{h o{d gd‡p oc\h fc√j ^cj qd‡^ ß{j o¡j oc¡^n≠( odŸi n≠ q{ ^cj ^z^ ^zi ]Ô ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^cptÅi ib{ic kc≥±ibkczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶*

QÉ ^pÈi nz^c ß€ ^Àk ßŸi icd€p qƒi ß€ hÚd ]≥Ú^ ß∆p ß≥˘^

zk _˚ib omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ Á i≥Ú^ o\ iÅi fcÑ omzic fcÁdicŽib ocdŸp nÑo* >z^ oz^ bd√ hjib icÀi ß≥˘^ nž ßÑib bÑk ¶fdŸi ^˝\ ^z^ ]¡i ßÊ^ ßÎib ibcd‡k ß‹ g∆i ozd ]√i ^pÈi nz^cß≥˘^ cj{i ocd‡i c±i( kC˚^ q˚ f‰k ocÙd ^cj nž ibcd‡k ßÏd hÚdkc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^*

>ö> Oö> BD¬

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Omjib lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^( ^Ñ c\d gj¡d ic|i qÀo cj¡o ßÔibßÎib ocÙd6 bdzj qdÅi _¡t( cÊ^ ndic cÊ^* BdŽ\ c\d gj¡d ic|i qÀoi{t ^Ñ icd€p hÈd lp\i c‡ ic≥ lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ bdzj qdÅi q{ ^zic|i hÌd cÊ^ ndic( lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ bdzj qdÅi qÚd oÀk oc‹ cÊ^ ndicomjib gÚk( bdŽ\ cÊ^ ndic qÈd ic\p* Cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ c\d gj¡d ic|iqÀo i{t ß€p icÕh ^cpib hÔo h˚^ ßÇ^c ^pÈd ^âib g{ g{h ^cjhÌd ^z ic|i g≠ic cÔd ß≥˘^ iÔd _pib hÜi cÊ^ ]\j bÎh ^√ fdŸiocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fÐ s√j( icŽib i©ib gž^ q{ kc«h ^cƒo ß¡j ßˇ^

^Ñ gdÅi lp\i ßŸi hÜi cÊ^*

Omjib lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^( hpÈi ]dŸi iÔd _pib hÜi cÊ^oc{ic qÈi gdŸib ^˝\ ^z ic|i cÊ^ ndic ocÉ kc√d s~o nž qÀi ßÔib

^˝\ iÔd _pib _¡t cÊ^ omjib hÈd gdÅi c‡ qÑd h˚^ ßÇ^c _¡t cÊ^q{ kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^6

H˚^ ßÇ^c IÔd _pib )ê Kc≥±ib kczkH˚^ ßÇ^c _¡Ø cÊ^ g{ o¡j iÅi kc«h ^cƒo ic|i ^z^c ^˝\ ^jiib≥Ùd h{ s} cÔd ßÖd cÁd* IÔd _pib _¡t cÊ^ ¡ ß|t g{ _¡t cÊ^ hÜiQÀo g¶* Kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ ˆ ß|t g{ ^z^c ocˇ^ cj¡o ßÔib( kcÜdc˘k c{ic ßÔib ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi q{ cÊ^ ndic ß‹ ß¡o ß≥˘^ h˚^ ßÇ^c ß€m\* =\ oc{ic kc∆i i{t oz^ ßÔib g»i ic\p( lpd ß‰ic g»i ic\p(omjib ßÑ h˚^ ßÇ^c _¡t cÊ^ bdŽ q\d omÖ ^c˝ ß¡j*

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Nž kc|i oÇ^c ß“^ ßd‹h ^˝\ lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^ ic≥ omÅi_»i ßŸi qd‡^ sz^ ß‰ic icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ hÜi kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ic≥ n\p6

\% >©i ^ˇ q{j icd‡h q˚ ^cpib ^˝\ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib q{ ß“^ßd‹h ^˝\ hÜi QÀo g¶ ß‹ sz^ ß‰ic icŽib icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ qd‡^ _¡tcÊ^ qÀo g¶ q{ ß‹ m\ ß≥Ùib gÈd ocž^ cd‡i icŽib icd‡h q˚ ƒt*

]% Sz^ ß‰ic iÔd _pib q{ omÉic ož nÃk sŸk ^z^ qƒi ß€ màom\ oŁ fcj\ cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ß≥\ q{j hÜi QÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜibn\j ^cj ßzk ˇib ß≥˘^ tÅp ^∆p ß{j o¡j ^ji ib≥Öd hÚd q{ kcâc˘k qÚd gˇ\ opÏd( qÚd omÉic ßÔ cÊ^ ndic ˆ oŁib ^ƒk cÊ^*

^% IbcdÅi ^ˇp icŽib kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ $^z^cocˇ^ cj¡o ßÔib q{ ˇib sŠ ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi( ^z^c ocˇ^ cj¡o ßÔib

^˝\ cÊ^ ndic q{ hÈd lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ ^z^ cj¡o ßÔib ßÑ% icÕh ß¡oß≥˘^ h˚^ ßÇ^c _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶*

_% QÀi _˚ib X¶ gpÀi ^cpib ˆ omÅi ß‹ sz^ ß‰ic odŸi omÉic_¡t cÊ^ ^˝\ ^z^ ß€ o{d ^˚ oc‹ omjib bdzj omÉic qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥ÙibkcÏ ocÜib*

IÑd oÑh g¡d( hÜi kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ g{ ibcdÅi

^ˇp bd√d lptŸo ]\ qƒi ß€ ^± ]√i6

) ?¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ß‹ g{h bÉ;

) ?¡t cÊ^ icŽib bÉ omjib hÜi QÀo g¶;

) ?¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ic≥ ocŸ i{j ˆ om≥Öib kcÏ ocÜib;

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bd√d lptŸo icŽib qƒi ß€ ^Ñ gdÅi lp\i ^˝\ ]√i oc|i iÑ*

-),) Ni`«k _‘Z [lp mæk Y`œe Z_Ìe^

OmdŸo cÊ^ _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib ibcdÅi ^ˇp icŽib lpd gpÀo

^cpib icƒo ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i ož icdÅi( s} cÔd q{ o≥ _pt ^jiib≥Ùd* IÑ g{ ^± nˆ kc≥±ib kczk gpÀi ^cj hÊd fcj\ cÊ^( omjib

ßÑ ^Ñ kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶* IÑ ^c‚ m\ ^ji ß≥Öib ßàibßÃi ßŸ icÀi ocˇ^ ^c|i g¶ fcz^c lp\i $icÀi ocˇ^ gpÀi%( cd‹pß≥˘^ bdz om‰ ^˝\ kc≥±ib kczk icÀi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶( bdàk cÉicoc{ic ocŸ bdÚd lp\i _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib ˆ ocŸ c‡ om’* IÑ ^pib

^ƒk ^cj kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ kc≥±ib kczk ibcdÅi ^ˇpßàib ßÃi6 s`h s~o icŽib cd‡i o≥˘ib bdzj _˚^ iÑd ^cpib q{_¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ iÑd mdÅib omjib lpz omÉic kczo omd‹i q{ omjibhÈÉ lp\i c‡ kc˚ ocpÔ^ g»i ic\p( op|i oc`j lpd gpÀo ocÈibicƒo q{ ßƒp om\ic bdŽ\ ^z^ h“o ßÜd gÀk(lpd gpÀo g≥˘ib ßÏd )

^cƒo ßÏd*

-)-) Pæk cò _‘Z

?≠ icdÅi( kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ^Ñ gdÅi c‡ ^c“o ^c◊qÚd fcj\ cÊ^ qÀo g¶* Kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ kc√d gž\ ^cÊiomjib fcj o{ib qÜ ^âib kcjib kcà ^˝\ qÀo g¶ cÊ^ icŽib fdŸi(ocˇ^ ^± ]√i icƒo( ^∆i ocdŸo icƒo q{ nzk sŸk oc{ic c‡ ocÈibc˘k g¶ ß‹ ß≥\ q{j _¡t ¡ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib* IcŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ ßÑ

^Æib kc√d ocpÀi od‡i _‹ ^Ñ ocŸ mÄi gpt‡i ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^√icŽib kc≥±ib kczk ibcdÅi ^ˇp ßd‹i cÉic ß≥˘^ ^z^ ic{ qÀo g¶cÊ^ nŠ _˚ib mÔib m}d* H“^ _â qÀo g¶ cÊ^ ß≥\ q{j _¡t ¡ om≥ÙibkcÏ ocÜib ß} g{ hÔo _¡ib ]dŸi ßÏd ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ qÀo g¶ n\j ^cjkcâ c˘k qÚd omÉic ßÔ cÊ^ ndic( h˚^ ßÇ^c _¡t cÊ^ q{ ßd€p fd‡i

^˝\ ic{ om≥Îib( ic≥ib kc√d gpÜi gpÜi ß√h ]√j oÇic ^cÇic sz^(kc√i zic ß≥˘^ icŽib oc{ic ožp hÚd icƒo ^˝\ qÀo g¶ cÊ^ omjiboŁib g≠ic qž^*

QÀo g¶ cÊ^ kczo omd‹i ic\ic ic≥ qÆ ]}j* Ib{t ^{ib ^Ñ

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icd€p nž fd‡i hÚd ß≥˘^ kczo cd‡i _»i ßŸi qd‡^ s|t _žibicŽib fczd id‡i hÚd( icŽib ß‰ic gpÀo hÚd( g¶ ocptŸo hÚd* ™}

^Ñ icd€p om≥Ùib c˘k( ^z^ ic{ fcj\ cÊ^ kczo cd‡i m\ hÔo g¶ocptŸo ^Æ fcÜib kcâ c˘k iŽ\( fcÜib bd√d ocÇ^c ß≥˘^ hÔo nÜ cd‡i o≥˘ib ocž^ oÅ hÚd( iÅi kc√d s|t _žib g¶ ocptŸo hÚd oc\tocŸ* Omjib lpz omÉic ßÑ( iÔd _pib ^˝\ hÜi QÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏocÜib kc√d ß≥˘^ oc\t ßÏd f‰k ocÙd*

^cj cÊ^ ndic* =ˆd qÀt( kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ kc√d qÀi _˚ibicŽib fŸo lp√ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ cÊ^ q{j qd‡^ sz^ ß‰ic h˚^ßÇ^c( icd‡h q˚ hÜi QÀo g¶ omjib oj{i c‡ ocÈib bdzj _˚^( sz^ ß‰icicŽib cÉic ocˇ^ q{ ^z^c ocˇ^ cj¡o ßÔib ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi q{ cÊ^ ndicomjib bdÙ cÊ^ qÀo g¶ kcâ c˘k qÚd kc≥±ib kczk ^cpib cÉic oc{icic|i ^z^c cÊ^ ndic*

-)/) Nud cò _‘Z

Oc`j lp\i ßd‹h cd‡i ß¡d( _¡t cÊ^ ocž^ ^cƒo g{ cÉic oc{icq{ kczo omd‹i ic|i ^z^c cÊ^ ndic* HpÈi g{h oÈo ßd€p ßÑ ocÉ icƒoocdŸo kc√d cd‹p icŽib ß“^ ßd‹h o|h g¶ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic q{ icŽib lpdgpÀo ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i ic|i ^z^c( omjib ßÑ ^Ñ i©ib gž^ omÇ op‡* IÑd

^z^c fcz^( ^∆i kc√d ]dŸo o∆h g¶ cÊ^ gˇ\ opÏd( o|h g¶ cÊ^ _¡t cÊ^ q{bdzj _˚^ $ibcdÅi ^ˇp icŽib ]dŸi ßÏd ^˝\ ic|i ^z^c _≥Úd oz^ ßÔib

^˝\ cj¡o ßÔib n≥ kc¡h%( lpd gpÀo ^˝\ nž kczo omd‹i cj¡o ßÔibicÀi ocˇ^* Ocž^ oŸ ib{t ^{ib ^cˇib oÁ mÕib6 icŽib oc{ic ožphÈd ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ ß} omˆ oc{ic ibpÎi bÈ^( g{ ^± nÁ ^˝\ icŽibkc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ hÈd cŽp cd‡p*

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.*1* Ojzi cÊ^

QÀo g¶ cÊ^ g{ hÔo fcj\ cÊ^ ^cÇic sz^* ™\ nÜ ^z^ fczdid‡h( ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶ ß≥˘^ _dﬁi ß¡o ]Õib icŽib ^Üib ocˇ^ojzi cÊ^* ™“^ ]d‡o w*{ qd‡^ ]dŸi ßÏd icŽib ^Üib ocˇ^ ojzi cÊ^ ßÑ

^Ñ oc‹ _»i oÚd _ž ßjzi ß≥˘^ icŽib _dﬁi ]dŸi ^˝\ cd‡i o≥˘ibqÀo g¶ cj“^ icŽib cd‡i o≥˘ib( icŽib ß“^ oÇic hÚd ^˝\ ocŸ bdÚdqÀo ^cƒo* >Ñ oc‹ iÑd6 ojzi cÊ^ g{ hÔo ^Üib ^˚ fcÜib oc‹ ocdŸpß≥˘^ omjib ibcdÅi ^ˇp qÀo g¶ cÊ^* Nž ocdŸp cd‹p ]dŸo q€ ojzicÊ^ icd€p fcd b|t m\ icŽib fcÑ fc©i gÚi omjib cÊ^ oÀk hÜiQÀo g¶ fcÜib oc‹ q≥˘o lp\ ß≥˘^* Nž ^cp«i ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndicfcÜib ß∆t ß˝ q€ qÈi fdŸi ocˇ^ ojzi cÊ^ g{ hÔo omjib icŽibibptÅi ic|i lp\i omÊib √ic c≥ˆib ßŸi ^cƒo g≥˘ib cÊ^ oÀkhÜi QÀo g¶*

.) JB£°HA JBèJ HABCéH Z Ì l

KC≤∞IB KCöK ?¿T CÂ> Q…O G•f h f

QÚd o≥ ^z^c g{ hÔo ib{ic ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ bdzj _˚^( kc≥±ibkczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ nŠ _˚ib icŽib kc≥±ib kczk ^cpib ^˝\ fcj\cÊ^ bdzj _˚^ ß≥˘^ qÀi _˚ib q{j kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶*

>± nˆ kc≥±ib kczk gpÀi ^cpib ^˝\ hÊd fcj\ cÊ^ g{ omdŸocÊ^ _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib* IÑ ^pib ^ƒk ^cj o\ icŽib lp\i ßd‹h

^± ]√i qÅ ^ji ß≥Ùib icÀi ocˇ^ ocŸ bdÚd( icÀi ocˇ^ ^c|i g¶*IcŽib o≥ o≥ˆib ^˝\ omdŸo cÊ^ _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib ^∆i ß≥˘^lpzi omd‡o omjib kc≥±ib kczk ibcdÅi ^ˇp kc≥±ib kczk _¡tcÊ^ qÀo g¶ g{6

) S`h s~o icŽib lpz omÉic q{ cd‡i o≥˘ib omjib hÈd lp\ic‡ icd€p h“o q{ oz^ ßÔib lp\ g¡d bdŽ\ ^càib*

) S`h s~o icŽib lpz omÉic q{ cd‡i o≥˘ib omjib nž qÀißÔib q{ kczo omd‹i( ^c‚ m\ icŽib ]≥Ú^ ^cpt‹i cÑ\ oŁ nž ]dŸißÏd q€ g≥˘ib n\ib nž ]dŸi ßÏd q‹ ^cƒo*

Trang 13

) Kczo cd‡i icŽib h|p ocp»i iƠd o¡d q{ nž ßƒp om\icbdŽ\ ^z^ h“o ßÜd gÀk ß‹ oÉh m\ icŽib ßƠib gž^ kczo omd‹i*

) >jd ocž^ odﬁi g{ ibpỴi bÈ^ icÀi ocˇ^ q{ g{ odÅp ^cp«i

]% Lp\i nzo n≥ kc¡h

Lp\i nzo ^Đ h˚^ ßÇ^c _dﬁi ]dŸi ocž^ ^˝\ ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ibn≥ kc¡h( cd‡i o≥˘ib bdzj _˚^ ß‹ ocp ocÀk icŽib o{d gd‡p( _ƒpcd‡p( nÜ gd‡p ^˚ oc‹ ß“^ om≥ib ^cj lpz omÉic _dﬁi ]dŸi ^˝\ cd‡io≥˘ib h{ o\ _ž ß‰ic fc√j nzo* Om≥Đ^ fcd lp\i nzo( ^∆i sz^ß‰ic má h˚^ ßÇ^c( ßÈd o≥˘ib( iƠd _pib( q{ ^√ odÅp ^cÇ ßzic bdz(

ßj g≥Ùib ^z^ fŸo lp√ lp\i nzo*

Omjib fcd lp\i nzo ocž^ odﬁi n≥ kc¡h( ^Ỉib ^Đ fcd oÉic

^Ù ib≥Ùd o\ kczo cd‡i m\ icŽib nž fd‡i( cd‡i o≥˘ib nž kc¡hhÚd ibj{d _ž fdŸi ßƯd cÁd kc√d ibcdÅi ^àoj

^% Ọib fŸo fdic ibcd‡h

Ọib fŸo fdic ibcd‡h ocž^ ^cƒo g{ ßzic bdz q{ fczd lŽzocĐ\ icŽib fdic ibcd‡h ß} ocp ocÀk ß≥˘^ omjib cj¡o ßƠibocž^ odﬁi( oŁ ßĐ kczo cd‡i m\ icŽib qƒi ß€ ^∆i fcœib ß‰ic ß‹ß≥\ m\ zk _˚ib mƠib m}d cj“^ ^∆i odŸk o˚^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp c\t gj¡d]Á* ™“^ ]d‡o lp\i omÊib g{6 qd‡^ oÏib fŸo fdic ibcd‡h icd€p

Trang 14

8;xv@: )

5Ư- ;2V< 612v5 NÜ -á+ =2v- p> 1y-É " É É É k É

=s; 4a z ;9fÅ60 81} ;1[60

,),) GË= NCéO =BOHA =Í; ACèI >Ë= JB€ NBíHA

H˚^ odÅp bdzj _˚^ ˆ hÌd lpÈ^ bd\ _j ic{ i≥Ú^ ß€ m\( ^©i

^ˇ q{j tÅp ^∆p kczo omd‹i fdic oŸ( q{i cĐ\( s} cƠd ^˝\ ßƒo i≥Ú^cd‡i o¡d q{ omjib o≥±ib g\d* Ic≥ qÀt( h˚^ odÅp i{t n◊ oc\t ßÏdoc`j hÌd bd\d ßj¡i kczo omd‹i ^˝\ ßƒo i≥Ú^( ]ˆd qÉ i€i bdzj _˚^

ˆ ]ƒo fØ i≥Ú^ i{j ^Ỉib kc√d icÕh ß{j o¡j ocŸ c‡ om’ omˆ oc{icicŽib ib≥Ùd ^Đ ß˝ fc√ i©ib oc\h bd\ hƠo ^z^c oÇ^c ^ž^ q{ ^Đcd‡p lp√ q{j ^Üib ^pƠ^ s|t _žib q{ kczo omd‹i ßƒo i≥Ú^ omjibbd\d ßƯ¡i nÃk oÚd*

™¡d cƠd ß¡d ]d‹p oj{i lpÈ^ g∆i ocˇ DQ ^˝\ ™√ib >Ơib n√iQd‡o I\h( ]{i qÅ ^√d ^z^c bdzj _˚^ ß} iÅp má6 ỵH˚^ odÅp ^˝\

^√d ^z^c bdzj _˚^ g{ ß{j o¡j ^Đ ^cƒo g≥˘ib oÈo icŽib ib≥Ùd g\j_Ơib hÚd7 omÅi ^± nˆ ßĐ( ß{j o¡j q{ ]Ỵd _≥˜ib qÚd lpt hÁ ib{t

^{ib gÚi ßƠd ibỈ ^Üib ic|i fÐ ocpÀo q{ ^zi ]Ơ lp√i g¶( ^zi ]Ơfcj\ cÊ^( fÐ ocpÀo q{ ibcd‡k q˚ï* ™¡d cƠd ^Ỉib ^c‚ m\ iƠd _pib

^˝\ ^c|É* g≥˘ib g{6 ỵ™{j o¡j ^Đ SX¢c g≥˘ib icŽib ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠibhÚd ^Đ ¶ ocˇ^ q{ ß¡j ßˇ^ s} cƠd ^c˝ ibc≠\( ^Đ omÉic ßƠ q©i cĐ\kcÏ ocÜib q{ cd‹p ]dŸo fÐ ocpÀo( ^Đ Đ^ oc«h hÐ( ^Đ nˇ^ fcÁ`oÈọ* Cd‡i i\t( ßƒo i≥Ú^ o\ ß\ib ]≥Đ^ q{j ocÙd fØ ^Üib ibcd‡kcĐ\( cd‡i ß¡d cĐ\ ßƒo i≥Ú^( cƯ\ icÀk qÚd ^Ơib ßỴib omjib fcpqž^ ™Üib I\h ư q{ OcŸ bdÚd* OQ≥È^ oÉic cÉic hÈd ßĐ( CƠd ibc‰

=\i ^cƒk c{ic Ompib ≥±ib ™√ib >Ơib n√i Qd‡o I\h g∆i (fcĐ\ QDDD ß} ^c‚ má h˚^ odÅp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ omjib bd\d ßj¡i hÚd

Trang 15

mỴd _âib ocž^ ibcd‡h n≥ kc¡h ß‹ fd‹h om\ bd√ ocptŸo ßĐ*N\p ßĐ( g¡d _âib g¶ gpÀi ß‹ g¶ bd√d fŸo gpÀi q{ fczd lpzo gÅihƠo omÉic ßƠ ^\j c±i( oÏib lpzo c±i*

Trang 16

8;xv@: )

5Ư- ;2V< 612v5 NÜ -á+ =2v- p> 1y-É " É É É k É

=s; 4a z ;9fÅ60 81} ;1[60

,),) GË= NCéO =BOHA =Í; ACèI >Ë= JB€ NBíHA

H˚^ odÅp bdzj _˚^ ˆ hÌd lpÈ^ bd\ _j ic{ i≥Ú^ ß€ m\( ^©i

^ˇ q{j tÅp ^∆p kczo omd‹i fdic oŸ( q{i cĐ\( s} cƠd ^˝\ ßƒo i≥Ú^cd‡i o¡d q{ omjib o≥±ib g\d* Ic≥ qÀt( h˚^ odÅp i{t n◊ oc\t ßÏdoc`j hÌd bd\d ßj¡i kczo omd‹i ^˝\ ßƒo i≥Ú^( ]ˆd qÉ i€i bdzj _˚^

ˆ ]ƒo fØ i≥Ú^ i{j ^Ỉib kc√d icÕh ß{j o¡j ocŸ c‡ om’ omˆ oc{icicŽib ib≥Ùd ^Đ ß˝ fc√ i©ib oc\h bd\ hƠo ^z^c oÇ^c ^ž^ q{ ^Đcd‡p lp√ q{j ^Üib ^pƠ^ s|t _žib q{ kczo omd‹i ßƒo i≥Ú^ omjibbd\d ßƯ¡i nÃk oÚd*

™¡d cƠd ß¡d ]d‹p oj{i lpÈ^ g∆i ocˇ DQ ^˝\ ™√ib >Ơib n√iQd‡o I\h( ]{i qÅ ^√d ^z^c bdzj _˚^ ß} iÅp má6 ỵH˚^ odÅp ^˝\

^√d ^z^c bdzj _˚^ g{ ß{j o¡j ^Đ ^cƒo g≥˘ib oÈo icŽib ib≥Ùd g\j_Ơib hÚd7 omÅi ^± nˆ ßĐ( ß{j o¡j q{ ]Ỵd _≥˜ib qÚd lpt hÁ ib{t

^{ib gÚi ßƠd ibỈ ^Üib ic|i fÐ ocpÀo q{ ^zi ]Ơ lp√i g¶( ^zi ]Ơfcj\ cÊ^( fÐ ocpÀo q{ ibcd‡k q˚ï* ™¡d cƠd ^Ỉib ^c‚ m\ iƠd _pib

^˝\ ^c|É* g≥˘ib g{6 ỵ™{j o¡j ^Đ SX¢c g≥˘ib icŽib ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠibhÚd ^Đ ¶ ocˇ^ q{ ß¡j ßˇ^ s} cƠd ^c˝ ibc≠\( ^Đ omÉic ßƠ q©i cĐ\kcÏ ocÜib q{ cd‹p ]dŸo fÐ ocpÀo( ^Đ Đ^ oc«h hÐ( ^Đ nˇ^ fcÁ`oÈọ* Cd‡i i\t( ßƒo i≥Ú^ o\ ß\ib ]≥Đ^ q{j ocÙd fØ ^Üib ibcd‡kcĐ\( cd‡i ß¡d cĐ\ ßƒo i≥Ú^( cƯ\ icÀk qÚd ^Ơib ßỴib omjib fcpqž^ ™Üib I\h ư q{ OcŸ bdÚd* OQ≥È^ oÉic cÉic hÈd ßĐ( CƠd ibc‰

=\i ^cƒk c{ic Ompib ≥±ib ™√ib >Ơib n√i Qd‡o I\h g∆i (fcĐ\ QDDD ß} ^c‚ má h˚^ odÅp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ omjib bd\d ßj¡i hÚd

Trang 17

g{6 ỵIcd‡h q˚ q{ h˚^ od‡p ^± ]√i ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ g{ icÕh s|t_žib icŽib ^ji ib≥Ùd q{ ocÅ c‡ ocdŸo oc\( bÃi ]Đ qÈd g¶ o≥ˆibßƠ^ gÀk _|i oƠ^ q{ ^c˝ ibc≠\ s} cƠd( ^Đ ß¡j ßˇ^ omjib nzib( ^Đ ¶

^cÇ fdÅi ^≥Ùib s|t _žib q{ ]√j q‡ oÏ lpÈÇ^7 oc\h bd\ oÇ^c ^ž^q{j nž ibcd‡k ^Üib ibcd‡k cĐ\( cd‡i ß¡d cĐ\ ßƒo i≥Đ^7 bdŽ bÉiq{ kczo cpt ^z^ bdz om‰ q©i cĐ\ _|i oƠ^( ^Đ i©ib gž^ odŸk ocpodic cj\ q©i cĐ\ ic|i gj¡d7 kczo cpt od€h i©ib ^˝\ _|i oƠ^ q{

^ji ib≥Ùd Qd‡o I\h( ^Đ ¶ ocˇ^ ^Ơib ßỴib q{ kczo cpt oÇic oÇ^c

^ž^ ^˝\ ^z ic|i( g{h ^c˝ omd ocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^ q{ ^Üib ibc‡ cd‡iß¡d( ^Đ o≥ _pt nzib o¡j( ^Đ fÐ i©ib ocž^ c{ic bdÁd( ^Đ oz^kcjib ^Üib ibcd‡k( ^Đ oÇic oÏ ^cˇ^ f¦ gpÀo( ^Đ nˇ^ fcÁ`( g{icŽib ib≥Ùd ocŁ\ fŸ s|t _žib ^c˝ ibc≠\ s} cƠd qŁ\ ỵcỴibïqŁ\ ỵ^cptÅiï ic≥ gƯd ^©i _“i ^˝\ =z^ CỴï*

Ic≥ qÀt( h˚^ odÅp bdzj _˚^ ^˝\ o\ omjib hƠo ocÙd bd\i_{d q»i bdŽ qŽib lp\i ßd‹h bdzj _˚^ oj{i _d‡i( ^cà omÊib ^√]Èi h“o omÇ( ßˇ^( oc‹( hÐ icÕh ß{j o¡j m\ icŽib ib≥Ùd g\jßƠib hÚd ^Đ fc√ i©ib s|t _žib q{ ]√j q‡ Ọ lpÈ^ S} CƠd >c˝Ibc≠\* Opt icdÅi( omjib bd\d ßj¡i i{t( ßƒo i≥Đ^ o\ hˆ ^Š\ cƠdicÀk qÚd ^Ơib ßỴib lpÈ^ oŸ mƠib gÚi( omjib ^± ^cŸ oc‰ om≥Ùib

^¡ic om\ic lptŸo gd‡o( h˚^ odÅp ^˝\ bdzj _˚^ ß} ^˚ oc‹ cĐ\ocÅh hƠo nÈ ßd‹h ^cj kcâ c˘k qÈd tÅp ^∆p ^˝\ oÉic cÉic hÚd*

^% HƠo h“o kc√d cÊ^ ß‹ i\h qŽib q{ g{h ^c˝ omd ocˇ^fcj\ cÊ^ q{ ^Üib ibc‡ cd‡i ß¡d h{ ic|i gj¡d ß} oÇ^c gpÐ ß≥˘^7h“o fcz^ g¡d kc√d ^Đ o≥ _pt nzib o¡j( kczo cpt od€h i©ib ^˝\_|i oƠ^ q{ ^ji ib≥Ùd Qd‡o I\h( oÉh m\ icŽib ^z^c g{h hĐd

Trang 18

kcâ c˘k qÈd cj{i ^√ic ^˚ ocŸ ^˝\ ßƒo i≥Ú^ ß‹ ß≥\ ßƒo i≥È^odŸi gÅi*

_% Ib≥Ùd g\j ßÔib hÚd qŁ\ kc√d ^Ñ ¶ ocˇ^ ^Ôib ßÎib( odicoc∆i oÀk oc‹ qÉ nž ibcd‡k ^cpib c˘k oz^ bdàk ßá g»i ic\p( qŁ\kc√d kczo cpt oÇic oÇ^c ^ž^ ^z ic|i( i©ib ßÔib( ^c˝ ßÔib( ß`hcŸo o{d i©ib( omÇ op‡( nˇ^ gž^ ^˝\ hÉic ^Üib cdŸi ^cj nž ibcd‡k

^Üib ibcd‡k cÑ\( cd‡i ß¡d cÑ\ ßƒo i≥È^*

,)-) HBCŒG PË =Í; PCŒ= >≤S B”= PΩN Fó „ NL£∙HA< " < < <

JB NBíHA

>z^ h˚^ odÅp q{ icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ß≥˘^ocž^ cd‡i ^c˝ tŸp ocÜib lp\ qd‡^ _¡t cÊ^ ^z^ hÜi cÊ^* HÌdhÜi cÊ^ _j ^z^ ß“^ ßd‹h ^˝\ hÉic ^Ñ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ icd‡hq˚ ^cpib ßÑ ]Õib icŽib ^z^c fcz^ ic\p* >©i ^ˇ q{j h˚^ odÅpicd‡h q˚ ^cpib q{ ß“^ ßd‹h mdÅib ^˝\ hÜi cÊ^( ß‹ sz^ ß‰icicd‡h q˚ ^˚ oc‹ ^˝\ qd‡^ _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib *

,)-),) úƒZ ô`Àd ZÎX d~e qÀo cò „ ki§‚e^ g_€ k_~e^

\% QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ cÉic ocˇ^ qÀi ßÔib ^± ]√iicƒo ^˝\ qÀo ^cƒo( ^cj iÅi icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ g{ ^± nˆ ^˝\icd€p ib{ic fcj\ cÊ^ ož icdÅi( icƒo gÕ ^˝\ cÑ\ cÊ^ q{ ndiccÊ^*

]% QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ¡ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ^c˝ tŸp g{ qÀo g¶ ocž^ibcd‡h* Kc≥±ib kczk ^˝\ iÑ ^c˝ tŸp g{ kc≥±ib kczk ocž^ibcd‡h* ™Ñ g{ kc≥±ib kczk icÀi ocˇ^ ^Ñ cd‡p lp√ omÅi ^jiß≥Ùib ßd oÉh ^c|i g¶ fcz^c lp\i* Kc≥±ib kczk ocž^ ibcd‡hspƒo sˇ oŁ qÀo g¶ cÊ^ ic≥ib ib{t i\t ^Æib ß≥˘^ nŠ _˚ib mÔibm}d omjib icd€p ib{ic fcj\ cÊ^ ož icdÅi fcz^*

^% QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ _¡ib qÀi ßÔib ^± ]√i icƒo

^˝\ qÀo ^cƒo iÅi icd€p fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^Ñ gdÅi lp\i ^c“o ^c◊

Trang 19

qÚd ^z^ qƒi ßÅ ^± ]√i ^˝\ omdŸo cÊ^( o¡j ßd€p fd‡i kczo omd‹i ocÅbdÚd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^ ˆ cÊ^ ndic*

_% QÀo g¶ cÊ^ g{ ^± nˆ g¶ ocptŸo ^˝\ qd‡^ ^cŸ o¡j hzt hĐ^(ocdŸo ]‰ _âib omjib ßÙd nÈib q{ n√i spƒo*

`% QÀo g¶ cÊ^ g{ hƠo fcj\ cÊ^ ^cÇic sz^( ßƯd cÁd qŁ\ kc√d

^Đ fÐ i©ib lp\i nzo odic oŸ( fc~j g~j oz^ ßƠib q{j ož icdÅi fcdg{h ocÇ ibcd‡h( qŁ\ kc√d ^Đ o≥ _pt gÜbd` ^c“^ ^c◊* ]d‡i ^cˇib(qŁ\ kc√d om\j ßÏd oc√j gpÀi ß‹ fcœib ß‰ic ^c|i g¶*

-*.*.* >z^ icd‡h q˚ ^˝\ qdÅ^ _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ ¡ om≥ÙibkcÏ ocÜib

\% Om\ib ]‰ ^cj cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ kcÏ ocÜib( ^j#]√i( cd‡i ß¡d( ^Đ c‡ ocÜib( ]\j bỴh6

) >z^ fczd id‡h qÀo g¶*

) >z^ ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶ ^± ]√i*

) IƠd _pib ^cÇic ^˝\ ^z^ ocptŸo qÀo g¶*

) >z^ ˇib _˚ib lp\i omÊib icƒo ^˝\ qÀo g¶ omjib ßÙdnÜib q{ omjib n√i spƒo*

) >z^ kc≥±ib kczk icÀi ocˇ^ kcÏ ]dÅi _âib omjib qÀo g¶*

]% Kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt fcj\ cÊ^ Á cÊ^ ndic6 mÄi gpt‡iicŽib oc\j oz^( c{ic ßƠib( kc≥±ib kczk icÀi ocˇ^ ^± ]√i(icÕh ^cdŸh g≠ic fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶( qÀi _˚ib nzib o¡j ßÏ bd√dlptŸo qƒi ß€ omjib cÊ^ oÀk q{ cj¡o ßƠib ocž^ odﬁi n\p i{t*

^% OmÅi ^± nˆ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ qŽib ^cÃ^( ^Đ c‡ ocÈib( ]Ỵd_≥áib ^cj cÊ^ ndic ocŸ bdÚd lp\i _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib( bdzj _˚^gƯib tÅp i≥Ú^( oczd ßƠ ßÈd qÈd g\j ßƠib( ßÈd qÚd ^Ơib ßỴib q{icŽib ßˇ^ oÇic fcz^ ^˝\ ib≥Ùd g\j ßƠib*

_% BĐk kc∆i bdzj _˚^ fÐ ocpÀo oÏib c˘k q{ c≥Úib ibcd‡k

^cj cÊ^ ndic( g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic iÃh ß≥˘^ icŽib ibptÅi g¶ ^±]√i q€ ^ƒp o¡j q{ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^z^ hzt hĐ^ ß≥˘^ _âib kcÏ

Trang 20

]dŸi omjib i€i fdic oÈ lpÈ^ _|i* >Ñ fÐ i©ib nŠ _˚ib icŽib_žib ^˚ qÀo g¶( ß“^ ]d‡o g{ icŽib _˚ib ^˚ ßj g≥Ùib( fÐ i©ibgÃk mzk ocdŸo ]‰ ß‹ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ ocÇ ibcd‡h qÀo g¶( q◊ ]d‹p ßÎ(

sŠ g¶ ^z^ nÜ gd‡p ßj ß¡^ _‹ mào m\ fŸo gpÀi* IcŽib fdŸi ocˇ^( fÐi©ib ßÑ bdàk ^cj cÊ^ ndic n\p i{t ^Ñ oc‹ ic\ic ^cÑib ocÇ^cˇib ß≥˘^ qÚd cj¡o ßÔib g\j ßÔib n√i spƒo omjib nž ibcd‡k ^Üibibcd‡k cÑ\( cd‡i ß¡d cÑ\ ßƒo i≥Ú^*

IcŽib icd‡h q˚ omÅi fcÜib oz^c mÙd ic\p h{ gpÜi gpÜibÃi gd€i qÚd ic\p( cÌ om˘ g»i ic\p( bÑk kc∆i ß{j o¡j m\ icŽib

^ji ib≥Öd kczo omd‹i c{d cÖ\( oj{i _d‡i* QÇ _˚6 fdŸi ocˇ^ h{cÊ^ ndic ocp icÀi ß≥˘^ ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ n|p nÃ^( qŽib ^cÃ^ fcd cÊ ^ÑomÉic ßÔ o≥ _pt kczo omd‹i* HpÜi ^Ñ fdŸi ocˇ^ qŽib ^cÃ^( cÊ^ndic fcÜib kc√d ^c‚ odŸk ocp fdÅi ocˇ^ hÔo ^z^c oc˚ ßÔib( hzthÑ^ h{ kc√d oÇ^c ^ž^ ož gž^ cj¡o ßÔib( oc\h bd\ q{j lpz omÉics|t _žib q{ qÀi _˚ib fdŸi ocˇ^* Ib≥˘^ g¡d( cÊ^ ndic ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹kczo omd‹i omÇ ocÜib hdic( nzib o¡j fcd ^Ñ hÔo qÈi fdŸi ocˇ^qŽib ^cÃ^( oc≥Ùib sptÅi qÀi _˚ib ^càib ß‹ bd√d lpt^Ço icŽibicd‡h q˚ hÚd( qŁ\ ^˝ib ^Ü qŁ\ hÁ mÔib q{ kczo cd‡i m\ icŽib

^cÌ ^c≥\ cj{i ^c‚ic ^˝\ ^càib ß‹ odŸk o˚^ nzib o¡j m\ icŽibfdŸi ocˇ^ hÈd( ]Ü npib cj{i ^c‚ic ocÅh qÈi fdŸi ocˇ^ ^˝\hÉic*

OcŸ bdÚd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^ ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥˘^ cÉic oc{ic q{kczo omd‹i omÅi ^± nˆ qÈi fdÅi ocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^ ^˝\ hÌd ^z ic|i*OcŸ bdÚd lp\i g{ fŸo lp√ ^˝\ nž fczd lpzo cÑ\ ^\j icŽib cd‹p]dŸo ^˝\ ^ji ib≥Öd q€ icŽib ß“^ oÇic q{ lpt gpÀo qÀi ßÔib ^˝\ocŸ bdÚd qÀo ^cƒo* Nž fczd lpzo ƒt ^c‚ ^Ñ oc‹ omˆ oc{ic id€h odin|p nÃ^ fcd o\ ocž^ nž odi ˆ icŽib lpt gpÀo ^˚ oc‹ ^˝\ qÀo g¶cÊ^( ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ h{ o\ ibcdÅi ^ˇp* Ib≥˘^ g¡d( ^Æib icÖ ^ÑocŸ bdÚd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^ h{ icd€p ic{ fcj\ cÊ^ fdÅi omÉ( _Æib

^√h ßd n|p oÉh fdŸh icŽib ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶ _â b“k kc√d hÔonÜ# cd‡i o≥˘ib h{ om≥Ú^ ß|t ^c≥\ ]dŸo ibptÅi ic|i( icÙ ocŸ

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h{ cÊ ß¡o ß≥˘^ icŽib oc{ic ^Üib mž^ m˜* H“o fcz^( fcÜib ^ĐomÉic ßƠ o≥ _pt kczo omd‹i ocÉ fcĐ ^Đ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i nž fczdlpzo cĐ\ ^\j( _j ßĐ fcĐ ^Đ oc‹ ^Đ ocÅ bdÚd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^ qŽib

^cÃ^*

QÀo g¶ cÊ^ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib ^c˝ tŸp g{ qÀo g¶ ocžîbcd‡h( omjib ßĐ ^Đ nž fŸo c˘k icp∆i icptfii bdŽ\ lp\i nzo(ocÇ ibcd‡h q{ npt gpÀi g¶ ocptŸo ß‹ ß¡o ß≥˘^ nž ocÜib icƒobdŽ\ g¶ gpÀi q{ ocž^ odfii* =ˆd qÀt( qd‡^ mÄi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib( fÐs√j ocž^ c{ic ocÇ ibcd‡h n◊ cÌ om˘ mƒo oÈo ^cj qd‡^ kczo cd‡iicŽib ß“^ oÇic( lpt gpÀo ^˝\ ož icdÅi ^Ỉib ic≥ fd‹h om\ oÇicßàib ßÃi ^˝\ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ g¶ ocptŸo* IcŽib ˇib _˚ib omjib

fÐ ocpÀo ^˝\ qÀo g¶ fcÜib icŽib kc˚^ q˚ ^cj icp ^∆p ßÙd nÜibq{ n√i spƒo h{ ^Ưi kc˚^ q˚ ^cj ^cÇic ^Üib qd‡^ ibcdÅi ^ˇpqÀo g¶ cÊ^( i|ib ^\j fc√ i©ib cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ^cÇic ib≥ƯdibcdÅi ^ˇp( cÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶*

,).) ú£∙HA F÷C =BOHA NBˆ= BCŒH HBCŒG m È >≤SB”= PΩN Fĩ „ NL£∙HA JB€ NBíHA

Ic≥ o\ ß} ocƒt( icd‡h q˚ _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶ mƒo kcˇ^ o¡k q{i“ib i€* Oƒo ^√ icŽib icd‡h q˚ ƒt ß≥˘^ ocž^ cd‡i ocÜib lp\qd‡^ _¡t cÊ^ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶( omjib lpz omÉic cÊ^ ndiccÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶* Nž kczo omd‹i o≥ _pt fcj\ cÊ^( i©ib gž^ nzibo¡j( mÄi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib( fÐ s√j omjib cj¡o ßƠib ocž^ odﬁi n√ispƒo( nž cÉic oc{ic ocÅ bdÚd lp\i _pt qÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib q{ o¡jiÅi icŽib kc«h ^cƒo ß¡j ßˇ^ ˆ cÊ^ ndic*** ß€p g{ fŸo lp√ßỴib ocƯd qÚd nž icÀi ocˇ^ ^z^ fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^˝\ ]√i oc|icÊ^ ndic* =ˆd qÀt( hpÜi# ocž^ cd‡i oÈo ^z^ icd‡h q˚ _¡t cÊ^qÀo g¶( kc√d sz^ ß‰ic ßàib ^ji ß≥Ùib icÀi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ q{ oÏ

^cˇ^ cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ß‹ ^cdŸh g≠ic fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶*

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-*/*-* >ji ß≥Ùib icÀi ocˇ^ qÔo g¶

>Æib ic≥ ^z^ hÜi fcj\ cÊ^ ož icdÅi fcz^( fcj\ cÊ^ qÀog¶ ibcdÅi ^ˇp ocŸ bdÚd ož icdÅi icÕh kczo cd‡i m\ icŽib ß“^oÇic q{ lpt gpÀo fcz^c lp\i ^˝\ ^z^ nž qÀo( cd‡i o≥˘ib omjib

ož icdÅi* Qƒi ß€ oc`i ^cÈo ß∆p odÅi kc√d ß“o m\ ^cj ib≥ÙdibcdÅi ^ˇp g{ g{h ocŸ i{j ß‹ oÉh m\ ^c|i g¶( g{h ocŸ i{j ß‹]dŸo mÕib icŽib ßd€p h{ ic{ ibcdÅi ^ˇp oÉh m\ g{ ßàib ^c|ig¶ fcz^c lp\i; Q*D* GÅidi ß} fczd lpzo cÑ\ icŽib oc{ic ožp

^˝\ mƒo icd€p ic{ fcj\ cÊ^ omÅi ^ji ß≥Ùib ßd oÉh ^c|i g¶(icd‹p fcd kc√d om√d lp\ icŽib ^pÔ^ ßƒp om\ic bd\i fcÏ( lptŸogd‡o q{ ß} ^c‚ m\6 îOŁ omž^ lp\i ndic ßÔib ßŸi o≥ _pt omŁpo≥˘ib( mÎd oŁ o≥ _pt omŁp o≥˘ib omˆ q€ ocž^ odﬁi( ßÑ g{ ^jiß≥Ùib ]d‡i ^cˇib ^˝\ nž icÀi ocˇ^ ^c|i g¶( ^˝\ nž icÀi ocˇ^cd‡i ocž^ fcz^c lp\iï* Q*B* M\uphÜksfd omÅi ^± nˆ fczd lpzocÑ\ icŽib gÖd kczo ]d‹p bdÜib ic\p ^˝\ icŽib ic{ qÀo g¶ iÏdodŸib ic≥ <*<icno\ic( H* Kg©ib( H*=jj^i±( k*g* F\kdon\*** ß}omÉic ]{t icŽib fcÇ\ ^¡ic ^cÇic ^˝\ lpz omÉic nzib o¡j fcj\cÊ^ _≥Úd _¡ib ^cp omÉic ic≥ n\p $CÉic -%6 OŁ qd‡^ fczd lpzoicŽib nž fd‡i spƒo kczo( ßd ßŸi s|t _žib hÜ cÉic omŁp o≥˘ibbd√ ß‰ic $^Ñ oÇic ^cƒo ic≥ hÔo bd√ ocptŸo%7 oŁ hÜ cÉic _»i ßŸiqd‡^ mào m\ c‡ lp√ g¶ ocptŸo $]Õib npt gpÀi gÜbd^ c\t npt gpÀiojzi cÊ^%7 fd‹h om\ ]Õib ocž^ ibcd‡h icŽib c‡ lp√ ßÑ*

IŸp icŽib fŸo lp√ ocž^ ibcd‡h kcâ c˘k qÚd c‡ lp√ _žßjzi ocÉ hÜ cÉic bd√ ocptŸo ßÑ ß≥˘^ sz^ icÀi g{ ßàib ßÃi q{omˆ oc{ic ^c|i g¶* IŸp icŽib nž fd‡i ocž^ ibcd‡h fcÜib kcâc˘k PﬂC icŽib _ž ßjzi g¶ ocptŸo ocÉ kc√d s`h g¡d g¶ ocptŸo(

^c‚ic g¶ g¡d cj“^ oc\t ßÏd* HÜ cÉic omŁp o≥˘ib ß≥˘^ sz^ icÀiomˆ oc{ic ibpÎi omd ocˇ^ hÚd( odŸk o˚^ ß≥˘^ _âib ß‹ npt m\icŽib c‡ lp√ hÚd cj“^ ß‹ bd√d ocÇ^c icŽib nž fd‡i ocž^ibcd‡h hÚd kczo cd‡i*

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>s]X *' >cp omÉic nzib o¡j fcj\ cÊ^ oc`j M\uphÜksfd

=ˆd qÉ( hÌd hÜ cÉic( hÌd g¶ ocptŸo ^c‚ kc√i zic hÔo nÈh“o ^˝\ ocž^ oŸ( ^cj iÅi fcd hˆ mÔib kc¡h qd ˇib _˚ib ^˝\

hÜ cÉic n◊ ßŸi hÔo gà^ i{j ßÑ( o\ b“k icŽib nž fd‡i ocž^ibcd‡h hÚd fcÜib kcâ c˘k qÚd c‡ lp√ npt oŁ hÜ cÉic ßÑ(ibc≠\ g{ fcÜib bd√d ocÇ^c ß≥˘^ icŽib nž fd‡i ocž^ ibcd‡hhÚd7 ßŸi gà^ ßÑ( kc√d ]Ï npib( ^c‚ic g¶ hÜ cÉic ^Æ ^cj kcâ c˘kcj“^ kc√d ]Á ßd h{ s|t _žib hÜ cÉic hÚd( ]Ão ß∆p hÔo ^cpomÉic hÚd ^˝\ lpz omÉic icÀi ocˇ^* Ic≥ qÀt( ^cp omÉic icÀiocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^ fcÜib fc~k fÇi h{ ß≥˘^ hˆ mÔib _∆i _∆i( g{hbd{p ocÅh ^cj fdŸi ocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^* =Õib ^z^c ßÏ( ^ji ib≥Ùdib{t ^{ib odŸk ^Ài c±i qÚd ^c|i g¶ fcz^c lp\i* O\ ^È oc‹ hÜo√ lpz omÉic icÀi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^cd odŸo c±i( bÎh ^z^ bd\d ßj¡ißd‹i cÉic n\p6

Ocž^ odﬁi }| Qƒi ß€ ìê Bd√ ocptŸo ìê C‡ lp√ ìê ™‰icgpÀo ì: G¶ ocptŸo ì: Ocž^ odﬁi*

>cp omÉic q{ n± ßÎ iÑd omÅi hÜ o√ oj{i ]Ô lpz omÉic icÀiocˇ^ qÀo g¶* ™ÈÉ qÚd hÌd ic{ qÀo g¶( omjib hÔo ^Üib omÉicibcdÅi ^ˇp ^˚ oc‹ ^˝\ hÉic( ^Ñ oc‹ ^c‚ oc\h bd\ q{j hÔo nÈbd\d ßj¡i* QÇ _˚6 A\m\ß|t _ž\ omÅi fc√j nzo ocž^ ibcd‡h( ß€spƒo bd√ ocptŸo q€ nž oÎi o¡d ^˝\ ßd‡i om≥Ùib( oŁ om≥Ùib( q€

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ibcd‡h ompt€i oc˚ fdŸi ocˇ^( ic≥ib fdic ibcd‡h qÅ kczo(omd‹i ic|i ^z^c( kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ocÉ ^Öi Ço Ádq{ hÚd h’* Omjib nž kczo omd‹i ß\ _¡ib ^˝\ ic|i ^z^c ocÉkczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ icÀi ocˇ^ g{ ^± nˆ( ^Ñ √ic c≥±ib gÚi ßŸiqd‡^ kczo omd‹i icŽib i©ib gž^ fcz^* Oc{ic ožp lp\i omÊibicƒo ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ kczo omd‹i( _âib g{h ^± nˆ ^cj qd‡^ s|t_žib ^cdŸi g≥˘^ _¡t cÊ^ hÚd( kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ hÚd cd‡ii\t g{ c\d g¶ ocptŸo kczo omd‹i icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ E`\i Kd\b`o

$-452) -54,% q{ G~k Q≥bÜonfd $-452) -5/0%*

G¶ ocptŸo ^˝\ Kd\b`o icƒi h¡ic mÕib6 cÊ^ ndic bdŽ hÔoq\d omÖ mƒo oÇ^c ^ž^ omjib qd‡^ ocÇ^c ibcd qÚd hÜd om≥Ùib* NžocÇ^c ibcd ]Ão ß∆p oŁ gà^ m\ ßÙd ic≥ g{ fŸo lp√ ^˝\ nž kczoomd‹i ož icdÅi q€ h“o ndic cÊ^ q{ fdic ibcd‡h qÚd ocŸ bdÚd*Ocj¡o ß∆p( om’ `h _ž\ q{j ^z^ ^ƒp omà^ ndic cÊ^ qÈi ^Ñ ^˝\ ^±oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ cj¡o ßÔib ož kczo ^˝\ oj{i ]Ô ^± oc‹( o¡j iÅi

nž ^|i ]Õib lp\ ^± ^cŸ ßÎib cÑ\ q{ ßd€p ˇib ß‹ ocÇ^c ibcd qÚdhÁd om≥Ùib( cj{i ^\ic q{ npt mÔib m\ g{ qÈd ^z^ oz^ ßÔib ]Åiibj{d oŁ s} cÔd q{j ]√i oc|i ßˇ\ om’* Omjib cÊ^ ocptŸo ^˝\Kd\b`o( fczd id‡h ^|i ]Õib g{ fczd id‡h ^Üib ^˚ lp\i omÊibicƒo* Fczd id‡h i{t f~j oc`j fczd id‡h ßÎib cÑ\( ßd‹p ˇib(ocÇ^c ibcd* Kd\b`o qdŸo6 î>pÔ^ nÈib g{ nž nzib o¡j fcÜib ibŁib

^z^ _¡ib ocˇ^ ib{t ^{ib kcˇ^ o¡k q{ nž ^|i ]Õib ib{t ^{ibo©ib ^˝\ ^z^ _¡ib ocˇ^ i{t qÚd hÜd om≥Ùibï* Kczo omd‹i o|h g¶ožp ompib g¡d g{ nž kczo omd‹i omÇ op‡ ^âib qÚd oÉic ^√h( sà^

^√h( ]\j bÎh lpz omÉic i√t ndic( cÉic oc{ic q{ kczo omd‹ilp\ ^z^ bd\d ßj¡i ^√h bdz^) qÀi ßÔib( od€i oc\j oz^( oc\j oz^

^˚ oc‹( oc\j oz^ cÉic ocˇ^ $o≥˘ib om≥ib%( lp\ lpz omÉic iÔdo|h cÑ\( spƒo o|h q{ ß€p icÕh o¡j gÀk ^z^ ^ƒp omà^ o|h g¶ ˆ

^z^ omÉic ßÔ fcz^ ic\p( ^âib icÕh q{j h˚^ ßÇ^c g{ ßÎib cÑ\(ßd€p ˇib( ocÇ^c ibcd q{ ^∆i ]Õib* Kd\b`o ^cj mÕib6 îNž kczoomd‹i g{ _j ^ji ib≥Ùd o¡j m\ ]Õib ^z^c g{ ß≥\ lpz omÉic ^|i

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Åo` ^cj ^càib o\ ¶ ibc≠ q€ hÔo cd‡i ocž^ odic oŸ c±i6 kczohdic lp\i omÊib q€ ßd‡i oŁ om≥Ùib spƒo cd‡i* Kc√d ^Ñ omÇ o≥ˆibo≥˘ib fcj\ cÊ^ ozj ]¡j ß‹ icÀi ocˇ^ mÕib fcÜib kc√d oÇic

^cƒo ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo h{ oÇic ^cƒo ^˝\ ^zd bÉ ßÑ iÕh bdŽ\ ^càib(ibc≠\ g{ om≥Ùib hÚd ^Ñ oc‹ g{ ßd€p lp\i omÊib ßÈd qÚd qd‡^ nÃksŸk q{ cd‹p ]dŸo ^z^ nž fd‡i*

Nž kczo omd‹i n\p i{t ^˝\ fcj\ cÊ^ qŁ\ kcz q˜ icŽiblp\i id‡h ^Æ ^˝\ ^± cÊ^ Idpo_i( qŁ\ o¡j m\ icŽib fczd id‡hhÚd* OcÖd bd\i opt‡o ßÈÉ q{ c‡ oÊ\ ßÔ lpzi oÇic ß} ]‰ ocptŸoo≥±ib ßÜd oŁ ]Áï*

Ib{t i\t( ib≥Ùd o\ ß} ^cˇib hdic ß≥˘^ mÕib6 ^± cÊ^ ^Ïßd‹i ^˝\ Idpo±i g{ hÔo om≥Ùib c˘k ß“^ ]d‡o ^˝\ ^± cÊ^ o≥±ibßÈd fcd qÀi oÈÇ^ ^cpt‹i ßÔib ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo oc‹ mƒo icÁ nj qÚd qÀioÈ^ zic nzib* ™d€p ßÑ ^cˇib oÁ ^± cÊ^ Idpo±i q»i kc√i zicßàib ocž^ odﬁi omjib ßÑ ^z^ qÀo ^Ñ qÀi oÈÇ^ icÁ( ^Öi fcd ^z^ qÀo

^cpt‹i ßÔib qÚd qÀi oÈ^ ^˜ qÀi oÈ^ zic nzib ocÉ kc√d zk _˚ibicŽib lpt gpÀo ^˝\ ^± cÊ^ o≥±ib ßÏd odic oŸ c±i*

Ic≥ qÀt( hÔo qƒi ß€ ^± ]√i ß≥˘^ ß“o m\ omjib lpz omÉicicÀi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ g{ kc√d gpÜi gpÜi ßÈd ^cdŸp icŽib fczd id‡h(ß‰ic gpÀo( icŽib hÜ cÉic qÀo g¶ g{ icŽib n√i kc«h _j omÇ op‡

^ji ib≥Ùd nzib o¡j m\ qÚd ocž^ odﬁi fcz^c lp\i ß‹ cd‹p má

^càib _âib ß‹ kc√i zic( hÜ o√( ]d‹p ß¡o ß“^ oÇic bÉ( lp\i c‡i{j ^˝\ ocž^ oŸ fcz^c lp\i q{ bdÚd c¡i kc√i zic ^˝\ iÑ ßŸiß|p* FŸo lp√ ^˝\ lpz omÉic ibcdÅi ^ˇp( cÊ^ oÀk( icÀi ocˇ^ qÀog¶( ibj{d qd‡^ iÃh ß≥˘^ ^z^ ß‰ic gpÀo ^˚ oc‹ ^cd kcÈd ^z^ cd‡io≥˘ib ^˚ oc‹ ^˝\ ož icdÅi ß‹ qÀi _˚ib ^càib ^√d o¡j ož icdÅi(kc˚^ q˚ g˘d Ç^c ^˝\ ^ji ib≥Öd( ^Öi kc√d g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic odio≥îb qŽib ^cÃ^ mÕib hÊd cd‡i o≥˘ib omjib ož icdÅi ß€p _dfiim\ oc`j lpt gpÀo ^˝\ ož icdÅi ^Ñ oÇic ^cƒo fcz^c lp\i( ^Ñ c‡ocÈib ^c“o ^c◊ h{ ^ji ib≥Öd cj{i oj{i ^Ñ oc‹ icÀi ocˇ^ ß≥˘îb{t ^{ib n|p nÃ^( odic oŸ( ^cÇic sz^ c±i*

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ib≥Ùd _¡t gzd* Ib≥Ùd cÊ^ gà^ ßĐ ˆ omjib qâib kczo omd‹i b∆i q{

^Đ fc√ i©ib oÀi _˚ib nž bdàk ß˜ _≥Èd _¡ib bd√d ocÇ^c( ]d‹p_dﬁi( c≥Úib _»i ^˝\ ib≥Ùd _¡t gzd*

™Èd qÚd bdzj qdÅi( ßd€p iĐd omÅi ^Đ ibc≠\ g{ nž kczo omd‹iicÀi ocˇ^ s√t m\ oÈo ic»o fcd cÊ^ ndic kc√d ßd lp\ qâib kczoomd‹i b∆i ocÜib lp\ qd‡^ gÀk gpÀi( om\ic gpÀi qÚd ]¡i cŽp cj“^ib≥Ùd gÚi opÏd* ™‹ iÃh ß≥˘^ hƠo ^Üib qd‡^( ß∆p odÅi cÊ^ ndic

^Đ oc‹ cd‹p hƠo kc∆i ^˝\ ^Üib qd‡^ ßĐ( ic≥ib icƯ ^Đ bd√docÇ^c( ]d‹p _dﬁi( c≥Èib _»i ^˝\ ib≥Ưd fcz^( cÊ^ ndic cd‹p oj{i]Ơ ^Üib qd‡^* HƠo fcd cÊ^ ndic ß} ß¡o ß≥˘^ nžcd‹p]dŸo oj{i ]Ơ

^Üib qd‡^( cÊ n◊ kc√d q≥˘o lp\ qâib kczo omd‹ib∆i q{ ^Đ oc‹ßƠ^ gÀk ocž^ cd‡i ^Üib qd‡^ ßĐ*

CÊ^ ocptŸo qÅ qâib kczo omd‹i b∆i _»i ßŸi hƠo fŸo gpÀilp\i omÊib fcz^ g{ ^c‚ ^Đ nž _¡t cÊ^ ßd om≥Ú^ nž kczo omd‹i hÚdg{ _¡t cÊ^ oÈo* Nž _¡t cÊ^ ß≥˘^ oÏ ^cˇ^ ßàib ßÃi n◊ _»i ßŸi nžkczo omd‹i omÇ op‡ ^˝\ om’ `h( g{h ^cj hƠo gj¡o lpz omÉic kczoomd‹i ßĐ nÈib ßƠib gÅi( h{ ^Đ g◊ iĐd ^cpib( fcÜib _dﬁi m\ibj{d _¡t cÊ^* >z^ lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^ o¡j m\ qâib kczo omd‹ib∆i( ^z^ lpz omÉic kczo omd‹i ßd n\p lpz omÉic _¡t cÊ^*

+' 8°] SX¢c S≈Q X^üc åỉ]W X∏S e¶c [ã

Q" é´S åY≤\ S≈Q X^üc åỉ]W X∏S

Cj¡o ßƠib cÊ^ g{ hƠo cj¡o ßƠib ß“^ ocâ ^˝\ ^ji ib≥ÙdicÕh odŸk ocp icŽib omd ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fdic ibcd‡h h{ gj{dib≥Ùd ß} oÇ^c gỈt ß≥˘^( ßỴib ocƯd kczo omd‹i icŽib kc«h ^cƒoi©ib gž^ ^˝\ ib≥Ùd cÊ^*

Qd‡^ odŸk ocp icŽib omd ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fdic ibcd‡hicÕh nŠ _˚ib ^càib omjib cj¡o ßƠib ocž^ odﬁi ^˝\ hÉic*

>z^c oÈo icƒo ß‹ cd‹p g{ g{h* >z^c oÈo icƒo ß‹ iÃh qŽib ß≥˘^

$cd‹p q{ nŠ _˚ib ß≥˘^% icŽib omd ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fdic ibcd‡hg{ ib≥Ùd cÊ^ ozd o¡j m\ ^càib* Ic≥ qÀt( ib≥Ùd cÊ^ fcÜib kc√d

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ibcd‡h ompt€i oc˚ fdŸi ocˇ^( ic≥ib fdic ibcd‡h qÅ kczo(omd‹i ic|i ^z^c( kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ocÉ ^Öi Ço Ádq{ hÚd h’* Omjib nž kczo omd‹i ß\ _¡ib ^˝\ ic|i ^z^c ocÉkczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ icÀi ocˇ^ g{ ^± nˆ( ^Ñ √ic c≥±ib gÚi ßŸiqd‡^ kczo omd‹i icŽib i©ib gž^ fcz^* Oc{ic ožp lp\i omÊibicƒo ^˝\ o|h g¶ cÊ^ kczo omd‹i( _âib g{h ^± nˆ ^cj qd‡^ s|t_žib ^cdŸi g≥˘^ _¡t cÊ^ hÚd( kc≥±ib kczk _¡t cÊ^ hÚd cd‡ii\t g{ c\d g¶ ocptŸo kczo omd‹i icÀi ocˇ^ ^˝\ E`\i Kd\b`o

$-452) -54,% q{ G~k Q≥bÜonfd $-452) -5/0%*

G¶ ocptŸo ^˝\ Kd\b`o icƒi h¡ic mÕib6 cÊ^ ndic bdŽ hÔoq\d omÖ mƒo oÇ^c ^ž^ omjib qd‡^ ocÇ^c ibcd qÚd hÜd om≥Ùib* NžocÇ^c ibcd ]Ão ß∆p oŁ gà^ m\ ßÙd ic≥ g{ fŸo lp√ ^˝\ nž kczoomd‹i ož icdÅi q€ h“o ndic cÊ^ q{ fdic ibcd‡h qÚd ocŸ bdÚd*Ocj¡o ß∆p( om’ `h _ž\ q{j ^z^ ^ƒp omà^ ndic cÊ^ qÈi ^Ñ ^˝\ ^±oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ cj¡o ßÔib ož kczo ^˝\ oj{i ]Ô ^± oc‹( o¡j iÅi

nž ^|i ]Õib lp\ ^± ^cŸ ßÎib cÑ\ q{ ßd€p ˇib ß‹ ocÇ^c ibcd qÚdhÁd om≥Ùib( cj{i ^\ic q{ npt mÔib m\ g{ qÈd ^z^ oz^ ßÔib ]Åiibj{d oŁ s} cÔd q{j ]√i oc|i ßˇ\ om’* Omjib cÊ^ ocptŸo ^˝\Kd\b`o( fczd id‡h ^|i ]Õib g{ fczd id‡h ^Üib ^˚ lp\i omÊibicƒo* Fczd id‡h i{t f~j oc`j fczd id‡h ßÎib cÑ\( ßd‹p ˇib(ocÇ^c ibcd* Kd\b`o qdŸo6 î>pÔ^ nÈib g{ nž nzib o¡j fcÜib ibŁib

^z^ _¡ib ocˇ^ ib{t ^{ib kcˇ^ o¡k q{ nž ^|i ]Õib ib{t ^{ibo©ib ^˝\ ^z^ _¡ib ocˇ^ i{t qÚd hÜd om≥Ùibï* Kczo omd‹i o|h g¶ožp ompib g¡d g{ nž kczo omd‹i omÇ op‡ ^âib qÚd oÉic ^√h( sà^

^√h( ]\j bÎh lpz omÉic i√t ndic( cÉic oc{ic q{ kczo omd‹ilp\ ^z^ bd\d ßj¡i ^√h bdz^) qÀi ßÔib( od€i oc\j oz^( oc\j oz^

^˚ oc‹( oc\j oz^ cÉic ocˇ^ $o≥˘ib om≥ib%( lp\ lpz omÉic iÔdo|h cÑ\( spƒo o|h q{ ß€p icÕh o¡j gÀk ^z^ ^ƒp omà^ o|h g¶ ˆ

^z^ omÉic ßÔ fcz^ ic\p( ^âib icÕh q{j h˚^ ßÇ^c g{ ßÎib cÑ\(ßd€p ˇib( ocÇ^c ibcd q{ ^∆i ]Õib* Kd\b`o ^cj mÕib6 îNž kczoomd‹i g{ _j ^ji ib≥Ùd o¡j m\ ]Õib ^z^c g{ ß≥\ lpz omÉic ^|i

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]Õib oŁ ocƒk gÅi ^\j( ß¡o ßŸi ß‚ic ^\j g{ ^z^ ^ƒp Dmà^ gÜbd^)gjzi( Üib bÊd g{ ^|i ]Õib icÀi ocˇ^* >|i ]Õib o|h g¶ fcÜibkc√d ^c‚ g{ ^√i ]Õib icÀi ocˇ^ ß≥˘^ o¡j m\ oc`j ^Ö ^cŸ oc\j oz^qÚd ß‚ic ^\j g{ oc\j oz^ o≥˘ib om≥ib( oc\j oz^ fczd id‡h h{

^Öi g{ ^c˝ tŸp g{ c\t ^|i ]Õib ß≥˘^ o¡j m\ oc`j ^± ^cŸ cj¡oßÔib6 lpz omÉic ^|i ]Õib _≥˘^ o¡j m\ ]ˆd c{ic ßÔib ocž^ odﬁibÃi ]Ñ( ]\j bÎh c{ic ßÔib omÇ op‡* >|i ]Õib fcÜib kc√d ^c‚ß‹ ^ji ib≥Ùd nÈib ^Öi h{ ^cÇic g{ ßÏ o¡j gÀk m\ ^pÔ^ nÈib(nzib o¡j m\ ^z^ bdz om‰ hÚd* Ic≥ qÀt( Kd\b`o ß} ßd q{j lpzomÉic kczo omd‹i omÇ op‡ qÑd kc≥±ib kczk odŸk ^Ài _pt qÀo ]d‡i

^cˇib( g¡j iÅi hÔo ^± nÁ fcj\ cÊ^ fcz ^cÃ^ ^cÃi ^cj o|h g¶cÊ^ kczo Gmd‹i6 omd ocˇ^ i√t ndic oŁ c{ic ßÔib*

Qƒi ßÅ _¡t cÊ^ q{ nž kczo omd‹i omÇ op‡ omjib gˇ\ opÏd cÊ^ndic ß} ß≥˘^ Q≥bÜonfd bd√d lptŸo hÔo ^z^c ßÔ^ ßzj q{ ^Ñ cd‡plp√ _ž\ omÅi g¶ gpÀi q€ îqâib kczo omd‹i b∆iï _j Üib ß€ spƒo*Q≥bÜonfd ^cj mÕib6 Nž kczo omd‹i icÀi ocˇ^ ^Ñ ibpÎi bÈ^ s}cÔd( ^c˝ tŸp ocÜib lp\ nŠ _˚ib ibÖi ibŽ( ß“^ ]d‡o omjib ]Èd

^zic o≥±ib oz^ qÚd icŽib ib≥Ùd fcz^* ™d€p ßÑ ^Ñ ibc≠\ g{ s}cÔd o¡j m\ ^± nˆ ^cj nž kczo omd‹i icÀi ocˇ^* Oc`j Q≥bÜonfd(

^cÌ oÈo icƒo ^cj nž kczo omd‹i icÀi ocˇ^ g{ qâib kczo omd‹ib∆i* Qâib ßÑ g{ fcj√ib iÕh bdŽ\ omÉic ßÔ kczo omd‹i cd‡i o¡d_≥˘^ sz^ ß‰ic ]Õib omdic ßÔ _Ô^ gÀk bd|d lptŸo qƒi _€ q{ omÉic

ßÔ b∆i icƒo h{ ^z^ `h ^Ñ oc‹ ß¡o _≥˘^ qÚd nž bdàk ß˜ ^˝\ib≥Ùd gÚi c\t ]¡i cŽp fcd bd√d lptŸo qƒi ß€* IÑd ^z^c fcz^(qâib kczo omd‹i b∆i g{ fcj√ib omÈib bdŽ\ i±d h{ hÔo ib≥Ùdß\ib _ˇib fcd bd√d lptŸo qƒi ßÅ qÚd i±d h{ ib≥Öd ßÑ ^∆i kc√d_Åi qÚd nž bdàk ßá ^˝\ ib≥Ùd fcz^* Gƒt qÇ _˚ qÅ cÊ^ gzd s`* Bd√

nŠ mÕib ib≥Ùd cÊ^ gzd s` ß} iÃh ß≥˘^ fÐ i©ib ^± ]√i ßd€pfcd‹i ^cj s` ^cpt‹i ßÔib ocœib( ]|t bdÖ ^∆i kc√d cÊ^ gzd qÖib*O\ ]dŸo mÕib ib≥Ùd cÊ^ ^c≥\ oc‹ ßÔ^ gÀk ož gž^ gzd qÖib( ic≥ibß} ^Ñ cd‹p ]dŸo ß‹ ^Ñ oc‹ iÃh ß≥˘^ fÐ i©ib qÑd nž bdàk ß˜ ^˝\

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icŽib fÇ^c ocÇ^c ]Åi ibj{d ib≥Ùd cÊ^ ic≥6 icp ^∆p ^˝\ s} cÔdßÖd cÁd kc√d cj¡o ßÔib ^Ñ cd‡p l˝\ omjib hÔo g≠ic qž^ i{j ßÑ

^˝\ ßÖd nÜib s} cÔd( nž oÜi qdic ^˝\ s} cÔd ßÈd qÚd ib≥Ùd ^Ñ cÊ^(ß`h g¡d qdic _ž ^cj bd\ ßÉic( ^cj ßƒo i≥Ú^*** Ic≥ib lp\iomÊib icƒo( ^Ñ fc√ i©ib oc≥Ùib sptÅi ß≥˘^ ^˝ib S∫ q{ kczoomd‹i( ^Ñ cd‡p lp√ ]€i qŽib g{ nž fÇ^c ocÇ^c ]Åi omjib ]Õibh|p ocp»i icÀi ocˇ^( h|p ocp»i bdŽ\ icd‡h q˚ hÚd kc√d bd√dlptŸo q{ fc√ i©ib c¡i ^cŸ cd‡i ^Ñ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic( ^∆i ^Ñ hÔo nž

^Ü bÃib q≥±i gÅi oÉh fdŸh hÔo bd√d kczk hÚd( s|t _žib hÔofdŸi ocˇ^ hÚd îßÔib ^± ož cj{i ocd‡i ]√i oc|i hÉicï* Qd‡^oc≥Ùib sptÅi oc\h bd\ q{j qd‡^ bd√d lptŸo icŽib h∆p ocp»ii{t n◊ o¡j m\ ocÑd lp`i( gÖib c\h ocÇ^c cj¡o ßÔib( cj¡o ßÔib

ož bdz^ q{ oÇ^c ^ž^( cj¡o ßÔib ^{ib ^Ñ fŸo lp√ ocÉ ßÔib ^± ^{ibß≥˘^ ^˝ib ^Ü *

H˚^ ßÇ^c ^˝\ cj¡o ßÔib cÊ^ ß≥˘^ oc‹ cd‡i Á icd‡h q˚ ^˚oc‹ ^˝\ hÌd hÜi cÊ^( hÌd kc∆i ^˝\ hÜi cÊ^ q{ ^˚ oc‹ icƒo g{

ˆ hÌd ]{d cÊ^* ™Ñ g{ h˚^ odÅp ^˚ oc‹ h{ cÊ^ ndic kc√d ß¡o ß≥˘^n\p hÌd ]{d cÊ^( hÌd ^c≥±ib( hÌd kc∆i( hÌd hÜi cÊ^ h{ o\ ^Ñoc‹ ßzic bdz ß≥˘^* Qd‡^ cÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶ ^Ñ icd€p icd‡h q˚* >Ñicd‡h q˚ ^Ñ oc‹ cj{i oc{ic hÔo ^z^c má m‡o( ^Ñ oc‹ fd‹h om\(ßzib bdz ib\t ß≥˘^ fŸo lp√ ocž^ cd‡i n\p ]{d cÊ^( QÇ _˚ iÔd_pib fdŸi ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib ^∆i iÃh ß≥Ú^( ^Ñ icŽib icd‡h q˚kc√d om√d lp\ icd€p ]{d cÊ^ hÈd ^Ñ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ß≥˘^( hÌd ]{dcÊ^( ocÀh ^cÇ hÌd ^c≥±ib ^c‚ bÑk hÔo kc∆i* QÇ _˚ fcd cÊ^ ]{d6î™‰ic gpÀo ocˇ ]\ ^˝\ Idpo_iï( cÊ^ ndic iÃh ß≥˘^ hÈd lp\i c‡bdŽ\ gž^ q{ kc√i gž^( ß“^ ßd‹h ^˝\ icŽib gž^ o≥±ib oz^( ^Ñ fÐi©ib g{h ocÇ ibcd‡h ß‹ fc√j nzo icŽib gž^ ßÑ* >Æib lp\ ]{dcÊ^ i{t( cÊ^ ndic kc√d ocž^ cd‡i icŽib kc~k npt gpÀi kcˇ^o¡k( npt m\ icŽib c‡ lp√ g¶ ocptŸo q{ oÉh kc≥±ib zi fd‹h om\g¡d c‡ lp√ ]Õib ocž^ ibcd‡h( ^Ñ ibc≠\ g{ kczo omd‹i ß≥˘^ i©ibgž^ icÀi ocˇ^( odŸi oÈd ^Ñ oc‹ ož oÉh oÖd( ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ hÈd

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g{ odŸk ocp hÔo ^z^c oc˚ ßÔib( _≥Èd _¡ib ß} ßà^ fŸo hÔo ^z^c

^Ü ßÊib( ^cpt‹i omž^ odŸk oŁ bdzj qdÅi( oŁ nz^c qˆ( o{d gd‡p q{j]Ô i}j hÉic h{ kc√d ocÜib lp\ cj¡o ßÔib ož gž^ ^˝\ ]√i oc|ih{ ozd o¡j g¡d ^càib( ^cdŸh g≠ic ^càib*

Cj¡o ßÔib i{j ^Æib ^Ñ ßÈd o≥˘ib* OcÜib oc≥Ùib( ^z^ cj¡oßÔib fcz^ ^Ñ ßÜd o≥˘ib g{ hÔo fcz^c oc‹( cj¡o ßÔib c≥Úib q{jg{h ]dŸi ßÏd ßÈd o≥˘ib* Omjib fcd ßÑ( cj¡o ßÔib cÊ^ g¡d g{h]dŸi ßÏd ^cÇic ^c˝ oc‹ g{ ib≥Ùd cÊ^* IcÙ ^Ñ cj¡o ßÔib cÊ^ h{s√t m\ nž ]dŸi ßÏd ^˝\ ]√i oc|i cÊ^ ndic( n√i kc«h ^˝\ cj¡oßÔib cÊ^ g{ icŽib ]dŸi ßÏd ^˝\ ^cÇic ]√i oc|i ^c˝ oc‹ omjiblpz omÉic ocž^ cd‡i cj¡o ßÔib* CÊ^ omjib cj¡o ßÔib( cÊ^ ]Õibcj¡o ßÔib* IcŽib omd ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fdic ibcd‡h h{ ib≥ÙdcÊ^ ozd o¡j g¡d fcÜib ^Ñ bÉ hÚd ßÈd qÚd ic|i gj¡d( ic≥ib icŽib]dŸi ßÏd omjib ]zi oc|i ib≥Öd cÊ^( nž cÉic oc{ic kc«h ^cƒoq{ i{ib gž^ ˆ ib≥Ùd cÊ^ ocž^ nž g{ icŽib oc{ic ožp hÚd(

^càib n◊ bdàk ^cj ib≥Ùd cÊ^ n\p i{t nzib o¡j m\ ß≥˘^ icŽibbdz om‰ hÚd* Omjib cÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶( icŽib ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶( fÐi©ib nŠ _˚ib ^z^ hzt ßj( fdic ibcd‡h odŸi c{ic ^z^ ocÇibcd‡h qÀo g¶ ß‹p g{ icŽib ßd‹p ß} ]dŸo( cÊ^ ndic ozd o¡j g¡d

^càib ß‹ ]dŸi ^càib oc{ic qÈi gdŸib ^˝\ ]√i oc|i hÉic( ^cˇfcÜib ß`h g¡d ßd€p bÉ hÚd h’ ^cj fcj o{ib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶*Ic≥ib qÚd ]√i oc|i cÊ^ ndic( ocÜib lp\ cj¡o ßÔib ozd o¡j fdŸiocˇ^ ßÑ h{ om≥ˆib oc{ic gÅi* QÇ _˚ om≥Ú^ fcd cÊ^( cÊ^ ndic

^c≥\ ]dŸo ibptÅi ic|i ^˝\ gž^ h\ nzo* ?≥Úd nž c≥Èib _»i ^˝\bdzj qdÅi( cÊ^ ndic oz^ ßÔib q{j qÀo ^cpt‹i ßÔib( oc\t ßÏd ßÔmzk bdŽ\ h“o odŸk sà^ ^˝\ qÀo ^cpt‹i ßÔib qÚd h“o ]{i omÅi ßÑqÀo ^cpt‹i ßÔib* FŸo lp√ g{ cÊ^ ndic kczo cd‡i m\ ibptÅiic|i sp|#o cd‡i gž^ h\ nzo g{ _j nž bÎ bc€ ^˝\ h“o odŸk sà^(fcd qÀo ^cpt‹i ßÔib ocÉ icŽib ^cÌ bÎ bc€ hÃ^ q{j ic\p( ^√iomˆ ^cpt‹i ßÔib( ibc≠\ g{ ndic m\ h\ nzo* FdŸi ocˇ^ q€ h\ nzoomjib hÊd nz^c ß‹p qdŸo má( cÊ^ ndic ^Ñ oc‹ _ﬁ _{ib oÉh ocƒt*

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?dÅp lp\i omÊib g{ n\p fcd ozd o¡j ß≥˘^ fdŸi ocˇ^ ßÑ q€ h\ nzoocÉ cÊ^ ndic ^Ñ fc√ i©ib hÚd g{ fcÜib ^∆i ßÊ^ nz^c( fcÜib ^∆ibdzj qdÅi ^c‚ _»i( ^Ñ oc‹ ož hÉic oÉh m\ ibptÅi ic|i fcz^ ^˝\h\ nzo $]√i ^cƒo ^˝\ ^z^ h“o odŸk sà^% cj“^ ibptÅi ic|i ^˝\

^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib fcz^ h{ cÊ n◊ b“k omjib cj¡o ßÔib ocž^ odﬁi(ib\t ^√ fcd ^c≥\ ß≥˘^ cÊ^* ™Ñ hÚd ^cÇic g{ g˘d Ç^c gÚi g\j ^˝\qd‡^ cÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶*

>s]X +' >ƒp omà^ ozh g¶ ^˝\ cj¡o ßÔib

HÔo ]Åi g{ ßÔib ^±( h˚^ ßÇ^c( kc≥±ib od‡i( ßd€p fd‡i( ]Åifd\ g{ cj¡o _Ôib( c{ic ßÔib( oc\j oz^* ™Ôib ^± cÊ^ oÀk fÇ^cocÇ^c nž ož bdz^( oÇ^c ^ž^( ocà^ ß«t nž cÉic oc{ic q{ _pt omÉ(kczo omd‹i cj¡o ßÔib cÊ^( ß≥\ ßŸi fŸo lp√ ^pÈd ^âib g{ ocÁ\h}i ß≥˘^ gÖib fczo fc\j hjib ≥Ñ^ ^˝\ ib≥Ùd cÊ^* HpÜi ocÁ\h}i ßÔib ^± ƒt( kc√d ocž^ cd‡i g∆i g≥˘o icŽib c{ic ßÔib ß‹ß¡o ß≥˘^ icŽib h˚^ ßÇ^c ^˚ oc‹* >pÈd ^âib( hÌd c{ic ßÔibß≥˘^ ocž^cd‡i ]Õib icd€p oc\j oz^( nÃk sŸk oc`j hÔo omÉic ožsz^ ß‰ic( ˇib qÈd hÌdoc\j oz^ omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹ g{icŽib kc≥±ib od‡i( ^Üib ^˚ ocÇ^c c˘k*

™Ôib ^± cÊ^ oÀk ^Ñ oc‹ ß≥˘^ fÇ^c ocÇ^c cÉic oc{ic oŁ

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icŽib fÇ^c ocÇ^c ]Åi ibj{d ib≥Ùd cÊ^ ic≥6 icp ^∆p ^˝\ s} cÔdßÖd cÁd kc√d cj¡o ßÔib ^Ñ cd‡p l˝\ omjib hÔo g≠ic qž^ i{j ßÑ

^˝\ ßÖd nÜib s} cÔd( nž oÜi qdic ^˝\ s} cÔd ßÈd qÚd ib≥Ùd ^Ñ cÊ^(ß`h g¡d qdic _ž ^cj bd\ ßÉic( ^cj ßƒo i≥Ú^*** Ic≥ib lp\iomÊib icƒo( ^Ñ fc√ i©ib oc≥Ùib sptÅi ß≥˘^ ^˝ib S∫ q{ kczoomd‹i( ^Ñ cd‡p lp√ ]€i qŽib g{ nž fÇ^c ocÇ^c ]Åi omjib ]Õibh|p ocp»i icÀi ocˇ^( h|p ocp»i bdŽ\ icd‡h q˚ hÚd kc√d bd√dlptŸo q{ fc√ i©ib c¡i ^cŸ cd‡i ^Ñ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic( ^∆i ^Ñ hÔo nž

^Ü bÃib q≥±i gÅi oÉh fdŸh hÔo bd√d kczk hÚd( s|t _žib hÔofdŸi ocˇ^ hÚd îßÔib ^± ož cj{i ocd‡i ]√i oc|i hÉicï* Qd‡^oc≥Ùib sptÅi oc\h bd\ q{j qd‡^ bd√d lptŸo icŽib h∆p ocp»ii{t n◊ o¡j m\ ocÑd lp`i( gÖib c\h ocÇ^c cj¡o ßÔib( cj¡o ßÔib

ož bdz^ q{ oÇ^c ^ž^( cj¡o ßÔib ^{ib ^Ñ fŸo lp√ ocÉ ßÔib ^± ^{ibß≥˘^ ^˝ib ^Ü *

H˚^ ßÇ^c ^˝\ cj¡o ßÔib cÊ^ ß≥˘^ oc‹ cd‡i Á icd‡h q˚ ^˚oc‹ ^˝\ hÌd hÜi cÊ^( hÌd kc∆i ^˝\ hÜi cÊ^ q{ ^˚ oc‹ icƒo g{

ˆ hÌd ]{d cÊ^* ™Ñ g{ h˚^ odÅp ^˚ oc‹ h{ cÊ^ ndic kc√d ß¡o ß≥˘^n\p hÌd ]{d cÊ^( hÌd ^c≥±ib( hÌd kc∆i( hÌd hÜi cÊ^ h{ o\ ^Ñoc‹ ßzic bdz ß≥˘^* Qd‡^ cÊ^ oÀk qÀo g¶ ^Ñ icd€p icd‡h q˚* >Ñicd‡h q˚ ^Ñ oc‹ cj{i oc{ic hÔo ^z^c má m‡o( ^Ñ oc‹ fd‹h om\(ßzib bdz ib\t ß≥˘^ fŸo lp√ ocž^ cd‡i n\p ]{d cÊ^( QÇ _˚ iÔd_pib fdŸi ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib ^∆i iÃh ß≥Ú^( ^Ñ icŽib icd‡h q˚kc√d om√d lp\ icd€p ]{d cÊ^ hÈd ^Ñ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ß≥˘^( hÌd ]{dcÊ^( ocÀh ^cÇ hÌd ^c≥±ib ^c‚ bÑk hÔo kc∆i* QÇ _˚ fcd cÊ^ ]{d6î™‰ic gpÀo ocˇ ]\ ^˝\ Idpo_iï( cÊ^ ndic iÃh ß≥˘^ hÈd lp\i c‡bdŽ\ gž^ q{ kc√i gž^( ß“^ ßd‹h ^˝\ icŽib gž^ o≥±ib oz^( ^Ñ fÐi©ib g{h ocÇ ibcd‡h ß‹ fc√j nzo icŽib gž^ ßÑ* >Æib lp\ ]{dcÊ^ i{t( cÊ^ ndic kc√d ocž^ cd‡i icŽib kc~k npt gpÀi kcˇ^o¡k( npt m\ icŽib c‡ lp√ g¶ ocptŸo q{ oÉh kc≥±ib zi fd‹h om\g¡d c‡ lp√ ]Õib ocž^ ibcd‡h( ^Ñ ibc≠\ g{ kczo omd‹i ß≥˘^ i©ibgž^ icÀi ocˇ^( odŸi oÈd ^Ñ oc‹ ož oÉh oÖd( ibcdÅi ^ˇp ^z^ hÈd

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lp\i c‡ fcz^* ™d€p i{t ^c≥\ oc‹ ßzic bdz ib\t ß≥˘^( qÉ cÊ^ndic ß\ib iÕh omjib qâib kczo omd‹i b∆i* ™‰ic gpÀo q€ hÜdlp\i c‡ bdŽ\ gž^ oz^ _˚ib q{ kc√i gž^ g{ hƠo ^± nˆ ^˝\ hƠolpt gpÀo oÏib lpzo ^˝\ ož icdÅi( g{ ^± nˆ ^˝\ ocŸ bdÚd lp\i _ptqÀo ]d‡i ^cˇib( ßĐ g{ lpt gpÀo h|p ocp»i ) ocÜib icƒo $ocÈibicƒo q{ ßƒp om\ic bdŽ\ ^z^ h“o ßÈd gÀk%* Ic≥ib hƠo hÉicß‰ic gpÀo i{t ^c≥\ ß˝ ß‹ o¡j m\ ocŸ bdÚd lp\i( o¡j m\ id€h odi

ˆ oÇic kcÏ ]dŸi fcz^c lp\i ^˝\ lpt gpÀo omdŸo cÊ^ i{t*

™‹ ocž^ cd‡i hÌd h˚^ ßÇ^c ^˚ oc‹( kc√d ocž^ cd‡i icŽibc{ic ßƠib o≥±ib ˇib* >Đ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i hƠo c{ic ßƠib( ic≥ibocÜib oc≥Ùib kc√d kcÈd c˘k icd€p c{ic ßƠib hÚd ß¡o ß≥˘^ hƠoh˚^ ßÇ^c* Icd‡h q˚ ]{d cÊ^ oc≥Ùib ß≥˘^ _dﬁi ß¡o _≥Úd _¡ib

^z^ ỵ]{d ojzi icÀi ocˇ^ï c\t ỵqƒi ß‹ icÀi ocˇ^ï h{ iŸp bd√dlptŸo ß≥˘^ iĐ ocÉ cÊ^ ndic n◊ ß¡o ß≥˘^ h˚^ ßÇ^c ß€ m\* QÇ _˚ ß‹iÃh ß≥˘^ iƠd _pib ß‰ic gpÀo ocˇ ]\ ^˝\ Idpo±i( cÊ^ ndic Çoicƒo kc√d ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ c{ic ßƠib n\p ß|t ß‹ ož hÉic ozd o¡jm\ ß‰ic gpÀo ßĐ6

) S|t _žib hƠo bd√ ocptŸo q€ hÈd lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ gž^ q{kc√i gž^*

) OÉh hƠo c‡ lp√ npt m\ oŁ bd√ ocptŸo $]Õib npt gpÀigÜbd^ c\t npt gpÀi ojzi cÊ^%*

) GÀk kc≥±ib zi ocÇ ibcd‡h fd‹h om\ _ž ßjzi*

) OdŸi c{ic ocÇ ibcd‡h fd‹h om\ _ž ßjzi*

) FŸo gpÀi*

) QÀi _˚ib q{j ocž^ odﬁi*

Omjib ^z^ c{ic ßƠib( ^Đ c{ic ßƠib qÀo ^cƒo q{ c{icßƠib omÇ op‡* =Õib c{ic ßƠib qÀo ^cƒo( ib≥Ùd o\ oz^ _˚ib omž^odŸk gÅi ßÈd o≥˘ib ß‹ icÀi ]dŸo icŽib ß“^ oÇic ]Åi ibj{d ^˝\

iĐ cj“^ g{h ]Ơ^ gƠ icŽib ß“^ oÇic ]Åi omjib ^˝\ iĐ* QÇ _˚hpÜi ]dŸo lpt gpÀo nž m±d ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo ocÉ ß∆p odÅi kc√d lp\i

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nzo nž m_d ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo omjib ož icdÅi* Nž lp\i nzo ož icdÅi ßÑ

^cj ocƒt ^z^ qÀo m±d mƒo fcz^ ic\p* >∆i kc√d oz^ ßÔib q{j ožicdÅi( g{h oc\t ßÏd ^z^ ßd€p fd‡i m±d $m±d omjib fcÜib fcÇ(omjib i≥Ñ^( omjib ^c|i fcÜib( qÀo m±d kcœib( qÀo ß≥˘^ qj qdÅiicÁ g¡d***%* IcŽib c{ic ßÔib qÀo ^cƒo ßÑ ^c‚ ^cj icŽib ocÜibodi mdÅib g’( mÙd m¡^ q€ ož icdÅi* Kc√d om√d lp\ icŽib kc|i oÇ^c(

nj nzic( npt gpÀi _dﬁi m\ omjib i}j ]Ô( ibc≠\ g{ ocÜib lp\c{ic ßÔib omÇ op‡ hÚd mào m\ ß≥˘^ fŸo gpÀi q€ lpt gpÀo ^cpib

nž m±d ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo fcz^ ic\p6 ˆ ^âib hÔo i±d omÅi h“o Omzd

™ƒo( hÊd qÀo m±d ož _j qÈd ^âib hÔo bd\ oÈ^*

HpÈi ß¡o ß≥˘^ hÔo h˚^ ßÇ^c( kc√d ocž^ cd‡i hÔo c\thÔo nÈ c{ic ßÔib* Omjib fcd ocž^ cd‡i hÔo c{ic ßÔib( o\ kc√d

nŠ _˚ib hÔo bv kc≥±ib od‡i( omjib icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ^˚ oc‹* Fcd

nŠ _˚ib icŽib kc≥±ib od‡i( ßd‹p fd‡i ßÑ g{ ß} ocž^ cd‡iicŽib oc\j oz^* O≥±ib ˇib qÈd c{ic ßÔib qÀo ^cƒo q{ c{icßÔib omÇ op‡ ^Ñ c\d gj¡d oc\j oz^6 oc\j oz^ ^c|i o\t q{ oc\j oz^omÇ op‡* Omjib oc\j oz^ ^c|i o\t( o\ nŠ _˚ib icŽib ^Üib ^˚(kc≥±ib od‡i qÀo ^cƒo ic≥ hÃo( o\t( _˚ib ^˚ ocÇ ibcd‡h( hztßj*** Oc\j oz^ omÇ op‡ cj{i oj{i _dﬁi m\ omjib Ñ^( nŠ _˚ibicŽib fczd id‡h( icŽib kc≥±ib kczk npt gpÀi h{ o\ ß} s|t_žib gÅi* >cœib c¡i ic≥ ß‹ mào m\ lpt gpÀo nž m±d ^˝\ ^z^ qÀo

$h˚^ ßÇ^c c{ic ßÔib%( o\ kc√d nŠ _˚ib `z^ fczd id‡h îm±d ož_j( bd\ oÈ^ï q{ ocž^ cd‡i hÔo gj¡o oc\j oz^ ic≥ kc|i oÇ^c( njnzic( omŁp o≥˘ib cÑ\( fczd lpzo cjz***

™Èd qÚd icŽib oc\j oz^ ^c|i o\t( o\ ^Ñ oc‹ lp\i nzo ß≥˘^lpz omÉic ocž^ cd‡i ^càib( ^cj iÅi ^Ñ oc‹ ^\i ocd‡k omž^ odŸkq{j lpz omÉic ßÑ ß‹ pÈi iÃi( mÄi gpt‡i( g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^Ñ fÐi©ib( fÐ s√j ocž^ cd‡i ^càib hÔo ^z^c ßàib ßÃi( ^Ñ cd‡p lp√*

>Öi oc\j oz^ omÇ op‡ _dﬁi m\ omjib Ñ^( ocÉ ^c‚ ]dŸo ß≥˘^ fŸo lp√fcd cÊ^ ndic ocÜib ]zj ¶ ibc≠ ^˝\ cÊ* Ic≥ib oc\j oz^ omÇ op‡g¡d ^Ñ q\d omÖ oj gÚi( lptŸo ß‰ic omjib icÀi ocˇ^ fcj\ cÊ^* =ˆd

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™‹ ocž^ cd‡i ß≥˘^ hÔo icd‡h q˚ ß€ m\( ß¡o ß≥˘^ hÔo h˚^f f f f f f 3 f i \ f

ßÇ^c hjib hpÈi( ^Ñ fcd kc√d ocž^ cd‡i gdÅi odŸk cj“^ ßÎib ocÙdicd€p c{ic ßÔib( icd€p oc\j oz^( fcÑ ^Ñ oc‹ kc|i ]d‡o m¡^c mÖdhÔo fŸo lp√ g{ _j ocž^ cd‡i hÔo oc\j oz^ c\t hÔo c{ic ßÔib

^˚ oc‹ i{j*

S" DX…]W Xl]X åæ]W _Xº RYØ] ca^]W X^üc åæ]W ]X¶] cX∆Se¶c [ã

Cd‡i o≥˘ib qÀo g¶ mƒo kcˇ^ o¡k q{ ß\ _¡ib* Omjib g‰^c nŠkczo omd‹i fcj\ cÊ^( ^z^ ic{ qÀo g¶ ß} nzib o¡j m\ mƒo icd€p

^z^c g{h fcz^ ic\p ß‹ ß¡o ß≥˘^ h˚^ ßÇ^c hjib hpÜi( mƒoicd€p c{ic ßÔib ß} ß≥˘^ zk _˚ib* >Ñ oc‹ hÌd hÔo kczo hdichÚd ^˝\ qÀo g¶ cÊ^ g{ _j fŸo lp√ ^˝\ mƒo icd€p c{ic ßÔib ÁicŽib hˇ^ ßÔ fcÑ fc©i( kcˇ^ o¡k fcz^ ic\˚( icd€p oc\j oz^

^Ñ hˇ^ ßÔ odic qd( oc{ic oc¡j ib{t ^{ib ^\j( fcÑ ^Ñ oc‹ gd‡o fÅß∆t ß˝ q{ kc|i gj¡d ^cÇic sz^* ?≥Úd ß|t( ^c‚ iÅp m\ icŽibc{ic ßÔib ß≥˘^ _âib kcÏ ]dŸi omjib lpz omÉic icÀi ocˇ^ qÀog¶ ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜib6

-* Lp\i nzo( icÀi ]dŸo icŽib _ƒp cd‡p ß“^ om≥ib ^˝\ nžqÀo( cd‡i o≥˘ib*

.* Kc|i oÇ^c hÔo cd‡i o≥˘ib kcˇ^ o¡k m\ oc{ic icŽibcd‡i o≥˘ib ß±i bd√i*

/* Sz^ ß‰ic icŽib bd\d ßj¡i _dﬁi ]dŸi ^˝\ cd‡i o≥˘ib*0* OÉh ^z^ _ƒp cd‡p bdÈib ic\p ^˝\ ^z^ nž qÀo( cd‡i

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3* OÉh hÈd lp\i c‡ fcz^c lp\i( kcÏ ]dŸi bdŽ\ ^z^ nž

qÀo( cd‡i o≥˘ib*

4* OÉh hÈd lp\i c‡ ic|i lp√ bdŽ\ ^z^ cd‡i o≥˘ib*

5* HÜ cÉic cÑ\ icŽib nž fd‡i ocž^ oŸ lp\i nzo ß≥˘^ _≥Úd

_¡ib icŽib fczd id‡h( icŽib hÜ cÉic g¶ o≥ˆib ß‹ nŠ _˚ib

^càib g{h ^Üib ^˚ ^˝\ o≥ _pt*

-,* ™j hÔo ß¡d g≥˘ib qÀo g¶*

* OÉh hÈd lp\i c‡ c{h nÈ bdŽ\ ^z^ ß¡d g≥˘ib qÀo g¶(

]d‹p _dﬁi ]Õib ^Üib ^˚ ojzi cÊ^*

-.* ?ž ßjzi _dﬁi ]dŸi ^˝\ hÔo cd‡i o≥˘ib omjib icŽib

ßd€p fd‡i ocž^ oŸ sz^ ß‰ic*

-/* Bd√d ocÇ^c hÔo cd‡i o≥˘ib ocž^ oŸ*

-0* S|t _žib hÔo bd√ ocptŸo*

,0) NÔ ^`µ k_lp«k' jlp iX dﬁk _œ hlµ)

-2* GÀk kc≥±ib zi ocÇ ibcd‡h ß‹ fd‹h om\ hÔo bd√

ocptŸo $c‡ lp√%*

-3* OÉh icŽib ]d‹p cd‡i ^˚ oc‹ omjib ocž^ oŸ ^˝\ icŽib

fczd id‡h( ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶*

-4* ?dﬁi ß¡o ]Õib gÎd icŽib fŸo lp√ ocp ß≥˘^ lp\ c{ic

ßÔib*

-5* ™zic bdz fŸo lp√ c{ic ßÔib*

.,*OÉh kc≥±ib kczk ^cpib ß‹ bd√d lptŸo hÔo gj¡d qƒi ß€*

T" DX…]W cXQ^ ckS _Xº RYØ] S£] Ty]W ca^]W X^üc åæ]W]X¶] cX∆S e¶c [ã

-* Oc\j oz^ qÀo ^cƒo6

) IcÀi ]dŸo ]Õib ^z^ bdz^ lp\i*

) Oz^ ßÔib gÅi ^z^ qÀo oc‹ ]Õib ^Üib ^˚6 ^cdŸp nzib( oz^_˚ib gž^( g{h _d ^cpt‹i( g{h ]dŸi _¡ib( c± iÑib( g{h Ed:ic( ^Êszo( ß“o q{j hÔo ßd‡i zk***

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) nŠ _˚ib ^z^ _˚ib ^˚ ßj*

) G{h ocÇ ibcd‡h $]Ü omÇ( gÃk mzk( qÀi c{ic ocdŸo ]‰%*) Ocp ocÀk o{d gd‡p( nÈ gd‡p ocž^ ibcd‡h*

) Oc\t ßÏd ^z^ ßd€p fd‡i ocÇ ibcd‡h*

.* Oc\j oz^ o≥ _pt6

) Npt gpÀi o≥±ib ož*

/* =√i ^cƒo ^˝\ cj¡o ßƠib _¡t qÀo g¶

H˚^ ßÇ^c ^˝\ cj¡o ßƠib _¡t g{ g{h ^cj cÊ^ ndic g≠ic cƠdß≥˘^ fdŸi ocˇ^( fÐ i©ib( fdic ibcd‡h s} cƠd( ßỴib ocÙd cÉicoc{ic q{ kczo omd‹i ˆ cÊ kc«h ^cƒo q{ i©ib gž^* Ic≥ o\ ß}]dŸo( cÊ^ ndic ocž^ cd‡i ß≥˘^ h˚^ ßÇ^c ßĐ ]Õib cj¡o ßƠib(omjib cj¡o ßƠib ^˝\ ]√i oc|i cÊ^ ndic* Ic≥ qÀt( cj¡o ßƠib_¡t ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi g{ oÏ ^cˇ^( c≥Úib _»i( o¡j ßd€p fd‡i ^cj cÊ^ndic ocž^ cd‡i oc{ic ^Üib ^z^ c{ic ßƠib cÊ^ ^˝\ cÊ* ?¡t qÀog¶ fcÜib kc√d g{ bd√ib bd√d( hdic cÊ\ ^cj cÊ^ ndic cd‹p ¶ibc≠\ ^˝\ icŽib fczd id‡h( ß‰ic gpÀo qÀo g¶( pÈi iÃi cÊ ocž^cd‡i ßàib icŽib fÐ i©ib ^˝\ ic{ ibcdÅi ^ˇp qÀo g¶( icỴdic~o q{j ß∆p cÊ^ ndic icŽib fdic ibcd‡h s} cƠd ß} ß≥˘^ ßà^fŸo cj{i ^c‚ic( ic≥ lp\i id‡h ^Ï ompt€i q€ _¡t cÊ^* Oc`jlp\i ßd‹h cd‡i ß¡d( _¡t qÀo g¶ g{ oÏ ^cˇ^( c≥Úib _»i ^cj cÊ^ndic ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ c{ic ßƠib icÀi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ic≥ ß} iĐd ˆomÅi( ß‹ cÊ ozd o¡j ß≥˘^ fdŸi ocˇ^( fdic ibcd‡h s} cƠd q{ ]dŸi

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^càib oc{ic qÜmd gdŸib ^˝\ hÉic( ßỴib ocÙd g{h ]dŸi ßÏd ]√ioc|i cÊ^ ndic( cÉic oc{ic q{ kczo omd‹i icŽib kc«h ^cƒoi©ib gž^ ^˝\ cÊ*

HpÜi ocž^ cd‡i oÈo h˚^ ßÇ^c omÅi ^˝\ cj¡o ßƠib _¡t(ib≥Ùd bdzj qdÅi ^∆i kc√d ibcdÅi ^ˇp cj¡o ßƠib cÊ^( ^©i ^ˇ q{jß“^ ßd‹h cj¡o ßƠib cÊ^ ^˝\ hÌd ßÈd o≥˘ib ^˚ oc‹ ß‹ ß‰ic m\icŽib c{ic ßƠib _¡t ocÇ^c c˘k( h{ om≥Ú^ cŸo g{ icŽib c{icßƠib ß‹ o¡j m\ icŽib ßd€p fd‡i ocpÀi g˘d bdàk ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^Đoc‹ ocž^ cd‡i oÈo ^z^ c{ic ßƠib cÊ^ oÀk* ?≥Úd ß|t g{ icŽibc{ic ßƠib ^c˝ tŸp ^˝\ bdzj qdÅi omjib _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶6

\% S|t _žib oÉic cpÈib ^Đ qƒi ßÅ

O¡j h|p ocp»i icÀi ocˇ^( b˘d ßƠib ^±( cˇib ocà ßd oÉh

^zd hÚd( fÇ^c ocÇ^c cÊ^ ndic c©ib czd( ož bdz^ cj¡o ßƠib( o¡j m\fcÜib fcÇ gÚk cÊ^ ocpÀo g˘d( ˝ib cƠ icŽib ^pƠ^ kczo ]d‹p om\jßÏd ¶ fdŸi( oc√j g˚Ài q€ icŽib fŸo lp√ ocž^ cd‡i c{ic ßƠibcÊ^ oÀk ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic*

]% Gž\ ^cÊi hƠo gÜbd^ iƠd _pib ]{d cÊ^ ocÇ^c c˘k

Kc|i ^cd\ ]{d cÊ^ oc{ic icŽib qƒi ß€ icÁ( kcâ c˘k qÚdomÉic ßƠ spƒo kczo ^˝\ cÊ^ ndic( sz^ ß‰ic c‡ ocÈib icŽibc{ic ßƠib cÊ^ oÀk h{ cÊ^ ndic ^Đ oc‹ ocž^ cd‡i ß≥˘^ qÚd nž S∫bÃib qŁ\ nˇ^* IƠd _pib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ˆ om≥Ùib kcÏ ocÜibfcÜib kc√d g{ ibptÅi _¡ib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ omjib fcj\ cÊ^ ˆ_¡ib ß∆t ß˝ icƒo( cd‡i ß¡d icƒo h{ ß} ß≥˘^ ]dŸi ßÏd ßd( omÉic]{t _≥Úd _¡ib ß±i bd√i c±i( kcâ c˘k qÚd omÉic ßƠ cÊ^ ndic* ?jßĐ( icŽib c{ic ßƠib ^∆i ocdŸo ß‹ ozd o¡j g¡d icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^

ßĐ ^Ỉib kc√d kcâ c˘k qÚd omÉic ßƠ cÊ^ ndic* QÇ _˚ ß‰ic gpÀoocˇ c\d ^˝\ Idpo±i ^Đ oc‹ qdŸo _≥Úd _¡ib qd kc|i oÏib lpzo6

A 9 hs* Ic≥ib ˆ gÚk -,( ^c‚ qdŸo _≥Úd _¡ib ß±i bd√i A 9 h\(

zk _˚ib ^cj om≥Ùib c˘k hƠo gž^ fcÜib ßÏd* IcŽib c{ic ßƠibcÊ^ oÀk ^Ỉib ß±i bd√i c±i icŽib c{ic ßƠib kc√d ocž^ cd‡iomjib ibcdÅi ^ˇp fcj\ cÊ^* OŁ lp\i nzo hƠo q{d ocÇ ibcd‡h(

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măo m\ fŸo gpĂi ]≥Ú^ ß∆p q€ hỈd lp\i c‡ bdŽ\ gž^ oz^ _˚ib qÚdfcỈd g≥˘ib ^˝\ qĂo q{ bd\ oỈ^ h{ qĂo ocp ß≥˘^6 bd\ oỈ^ ^˝\ qĂoo©ib fcd gž^ oz^ _˚ib o©ib q{ bd√h fcd fcỈd g≥˘ib ^˝\ qĂoo©ib( mÎd fczd lpzo cÑ\ ^cpib ^cj hÍd qĂo6 WYQ c∫S e¶c cXd ờ√S

cÊ [¥ cXd¶] eøY [ĂS ckS Tƒ]W el cÊ [¥ ]WX∑SX eøY ZX∫Y [ì√]W' N\pßÑ( g{h ocÌ ibcd‡h fd‹h om\ omjib hÔo nỈ om≥Ùib c˘k ^˚ oc‹*

S|t _žib oĨic cpỈib ^Ñ qƒi ß€ ^Ñ oc‹ o¡j m\ cˇib ocă ]\iß∆p* Ic≥ib hpỈi _pt omĨ ß≥˘^ cˇib ocă( oÌic oÌ^c ^ž^( ož bdz^omjib npỈo lpz omĨic cj¡o ßÔib ocĨ ^∆i kc√d bdăk ß˜ cÍ^ ndic n\j

^cj cÍ ^Ñ oc‹ oc{ic ^Üib omjib fcd ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ c{ic ßÔib*

>{ib oc{ic ^Üib( cÍ^ ndic ^{ib ^Ỉ bÊib q≥±i gƠi ocž^ cd‡i ^z^icd‡h q˚ fcÑ fc©i c±i( kcˇ^ o¡k c±i* IŸp ocƒo ]¡d gdƠi odŸk(cj^ ndic n◊ ndic m\ ^czi i√i( hƒo o≥ odi* Bdzj qdƠi ^Ñ oc‹ mÔigpt‡i ^cj cÍ^ ndic icŽib fÐ i©ib i{t oc`j c\d ^z^c6 hÔo g{(g{h oc`j h»p icd€p g∆i $]Êo ^c≥Ú^% oc`j hÔo \ibÜmdo $hÔo omĨic

ož ^c“o ^c◊( hzt hÑ^%7 c\d g{( mÔi gpt‡i oc`j icŽib ^± nˆ ß‰icc≥Úib $ßÑ g{ icŽib n± ßÎ( icŽib fŸ cj¡^c oÏib lpzo%*

MÔi gpt‡i fÐ i©ib oc`j ^ji ß≥Ùib \ibÜmdo cÑ\ oc≥Ùibß≥˘^ _đib ˆ ^ƒk ompib cÍ^ ^± nˆ fcd ]Êo ß∆p cÍ^ qĂo g¶( ß‹ mÔigpt‡i icŽib c{ic ßÔib q{ oc\j oz^ qĂo ^cƒo* >cœib c¡i ic≥ß‹ cĨic oc{ic fÐ i©ib nŠ _˚ib gž^ fŸ ß‹ ßj gž^( ß∆p odƠi bdzjqdƠi ]d‹p _dﬁi qd‡^ _đib gž^ fƠ ß‹ ßj omÍib g≥˘ib ^˝{ hÔo qĂo*N\p ßÑ( bdzj qdƠi tƠp ^∆p cÍ^ ndic ocž^ cd‡i oŁib oc\j oz^ qÚdgž^ fŸ _≥Úd nž ßd€p fcd‹i( c≥Úib _»i ^˝\ hĨic ic≥ ^∆h ß∆pomƠi ^˝\ gž^ fŸ( bdŽ ^cj gž^ fŸ ˆ q‰ omÌ ocœib ßˇib( fdh ^˝\ gž^

fŸ fcÜib ^c¡h q{j bdz ß˜ c\t ]√ib ^cd\ ßÔ7 ßd€p ^c‚ic ^cjfdh gž^ fŸ ^c‚ b∫ ,7 om`j qĂo q{j ß∆p _≥Úd gÖ sj ^˝\ gž^ fŸ7 ^cÙ

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IcŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^± ]√i o¡j oc{ic iÔd _pib ^cÇic

^˝\ hÜi qÀo g¶* OcÜib lp\ qd‡^ cÉic oc{ic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ ^±]√i ßÑ h{ ocž^ cd‡i ^z^ icd‡h q˚ fcz^ ^˝\ _¡t cÊ^ qÀo g¶(om≥Ú^ cŸo g{ kczo omd‹i i©ib gž^ icÀi ocˇ^( i©ib gž^ nzib o¡j(cÉic oc{ic ocŸ bdÑd lp\i fcj\ cÊ^*

=Ád qÀt( qd‡^ cÉic oc{ic icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ^± ]√ikc√d ocÁ\ h}i icŽib tÅp ^∆p n\p6

-* ™√h ]√j oÇic fcj\ cÊ^( cd‡i ß¡d ^˝\ fdŸi ocˇ^* IcŽibfdŸi ocˇ^ qÀo g¶ ß≥\ q{j ^c≥±ib omÉic kc√d g{ icŽib fdŸi ocˇ^ß} ß≥˘^ fcj\ cÊ^ cd‡i ß¡d fcœib ß‰ic* Opt icdÅi( _¡ib cd‡iß¡d ^˝\ ^càib ^Ñ oc‹ fcÜib ^Öi g{ _¡ib ß∆p odÅi fcd ^càib hÚdß≥˘^ s|t _žib( ]ˆd qÉ oc`j fcj\ cÊ^ cd‡i ß¡d ß} ^Ñ icŽibkc≥±ib od‡i hÚd ß‹ ]d‹p ß¡o ^càib cj“^ ß} oÉh m\ hÔo ^jiß≥Ùib fcz^ ß‹ cÉic oc{ic ^càib ^c“o ^c◊ c±i( ibÃi bÊi c±i*

QÇ _˚ ^± cÊ^ ^Ï ßd‹i g∆i ß∆p odÅi ß≥˘^ Idpo±i omÉic ]{t _≥Úd_¡ib cÉic cÊ^( ic≥ib ib{t i\t ß≥˘^ omÉic ]{t _≥Úd _¡ib bd√doÇ^c ibÃi bÊi( ^cÇic sz^ q{ _ﬁ cd‹p c±i* H“o fcz^( ib{t i\tfcj\ cÊ^ ^Ñ icŽib kc≥±ib od‡i fÐ ocpÀo ocpÀi g˘d c±i ß‹ fc√jnzo ß‰ic g≥˘ib ^z^ lW7z omÉic ^± cÊ^( ^cœib c¡i ic≥ ß‡h fcÜibfcÇ( ßÎib cÎ ßd‡i oŠ ^cÇic sz^ ßŸi ,(,gn*

.* ™√h ]√j ^cj cÊ^ ndic ^Ñ oc‹ oc\h bd\ q{j lpz omÉic

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