Phần 1 cuốn sách cung cấp cho người đọc các nội dung hai chương: Nhận thức chung về khoa học pháp lý trong giai đoạn xây dựng nhà nước pháp quyền, khoa học pháp lý trước yêu cầu sửa đổi hiến pháp của giaii đoạn xây dựng nhà nước pháp quyền. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.
Trang 1nH(Hiai-2>i2 DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
, MOT SO VAN DE CAP BACH
CUA KHOA HOC PHAP LY VIET NAM
TRONG GIAIDOAN XAY DIING NHA NU^C PHAP QUYEN
(SACH CHUYEN K H A O )
mG\
Trang 2MOT so VAN DECAF BACH
CUA KHOA HOC PHAP LY VIET NAM TRONG GIAI OOAN XAY DUNG NHA NlTdC PHAP QUYEN
(Sach chuyen khao)
Trang 3DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
GS.TSKll LtVanCiim
MOT SO VAN DE CAP BACH
CUA KHOA HOC PHAP LY VIET NAM
TRONG GIAI DOAN XAY DONG NHA NlldC PHAP QUYEN
(SACH CHUYEN KHAO)
NHA XUAT BAN OAI HQC Qu6c GIA HA N C I
Trang 4GS TSKH Le Van Cam (Le Cam)
MOT SO VAN DE CAP BACH CUA KHOA HQC PHAP LY VIET NAM
TRONG GIAI DOAN XAY D\fNG NHA NlfOc PHAP QUYEN
(Sach chuyen khao) Nhi xuat ban Dai HQC QUOC gia Ha Noi, 2012 - 500 tr
Cuon sach chuyen khao nay do Jrudng BO mSn tu- phap hinh sy- kigm
Giam doc Trung tam T0i phgm hpc - Khoa Lu^t tn/c thuOc Ogi hgc Qu6c gia Ha
Npi, GS.TSKH L6 Van Cam (Le Cam) bien sogn la cong trinh nghien ciru ddng
bO, c6 h$ th6ng^ va toan di$n diu tien trong s^ch b^o ptiap ly Vi$t Nam, trong do
de cap rigng den chu de da du'p'c lya chpn - lam sang to ve mat ly luan cac
luan dilm khoa hpc cua ciing mOt luc 4 nhdm v^n de cap bach va chu yeu trong
khoa hpc^phap ly nu-d-c nha trud-c yeu cau cua si/ nghi$p xay dyng Nha nu'dc
phap quyen a nydc ta hi$n nay: nh$n thCrc chung v6 tihoa hgc phdp ly trong giei do^n xiy dgng Nhd nu&c ph^p quydn (1), khoa hoc phSp ly trade yeu cSu sua dSi Hi4n ph^p (2), l<hoa hgc ph^p ly trLf&c yeu ciu cSi c^ch taph^p (3) va ktioa tioc ph^p ly truCrc y6u ciu hoan th<$n chlnh s^ch hinh sg nhSm bio ve cic quySn con ngtroi (4)
Xuat phat tu- thi/c tiSn lap hien va lap phap vh tu phap hinh sy cua Vi$t
Nam qua han 66 nam, tren ca sa cac luan diem rat tien bp va dan chu duai anh
sang cua^tu- tuang nhan vSn H6 Chi Minli ve nha nu-^c va phap Jugt trong cac
Nghi quyet Dgi hOi Dang c6 Ii6n quan va Cu-ang ITnh nam 1991 (Phat trien, bo sung nam 2011), cung nhu quan diem vi T 6 quoc, nhan dan cua nguyen Tong
bi thu BCH TW Dang - dong ch( D6 Mu^i - ve mOt Quoc hOi hogt dOng thuang
xuy§n (nam 1991) va de xuat v^ ca che tai phan Hien phap cho Nha nuac Vi$t
Nam trong thu- "V/v gdp y sCra dSi b6 sung HiSn ph6p nSm 1992" ngay
12/11/2011, can CLP vao nhung thanh tt/u tien tien cua khoa hpc phap ly Vip't
Nam, cung nhy cCia mOt so Nha nirdfc phap quyen dich th^^c tren the giai
du-ang dai, tac gia lam sang to ve mat ly luan mOt so van de cap bach va quan trpng han ca tu-ang i>ng vd-i 4 nhdm van de chu yeu cua khoa hpc phap ly nuac nha da ngu tren day
Ngoai ra, dudi gdc dO nh^n thCpc khoa hpc, tac gia con du-a ra mpt logt
nhu-ng kiln giai lap hiln va nhO-ng kiln giii l^p phap v6i tu each la ket qua
nghien ci>u cu6i cung trong cuon sach
Cuon sach dupe bien sogn cho cac can bO nghi§n cuu khoa hpc - giang dgy, cac nghiSn CCPU sinh, hpe viSn Cao hpe va sinh vien tgi cac Khoa/True^ng Dgi hpc Luat va cac Vi$n nghien cuu khoa hpc ve phap ly, cung nhu lam tai li$u tham khao cho cac can bO thi/c tiln hi$n dang c6ng tac tgi cac ca quan Nha nu-dc; d6ng thd-i cung c6 the dung cho tat ca nhung ai quan tarn den nhung van
de ly luan cap bach cua khoa hpc phap ly trong ITnh vi/c Luat hien phap va ITnh vi/c tu phap hinh sy cua Vi0t Nam
' Lc Van Cam (Le Cam), 2012
©,
Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2012
Trang 5§2 Nhan thuc chung ve to chuc va kiem soat quySn luc nha lurdc
trong nha nuac phap quyen 57
§3 Nliixng he luy t^t yeu mang tinh bi?n chung klioa hoc do khong c6 ca
che kiem soat quyen luc nha nuoc trong thuc tien the giai 74
II C^c luan diem ve vi^ sua doi Hien phap cua giai doan xay dutig
nha nuoc phap quyen 77
§1 Ljch sir lap hiSn ciia Viet Nam tir sau Cach mang thang 8/1945
den nay 77
§2 Thuc trang cua Hiln phap Viet Nam hien hanh 79
§3 Cac quy dinli hien hanh ve to chuc va kilm soat quy£n luc nlia nuac
irong Hien phap va phap luat Vi|t Nam 82
§4 Cac nliom tieu chi ca ban ciia Hi6n phap sua doi trong giai doan
xay dung nha nuac phap quyin 91
III Cac luan dicni ve cac Die thdo Hien phap sii-a doi cua giai doan
xay dung nha nuoc phap quyen 100
§1 Cac nghien cuu ve luat Hiln phap - nSn tang cho cac luan diem
trong hai chuomg dau ciia cu6n sach nay 100
§2 Sir, hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac y tuong ve soan thao
Hien phap sua doi 106
§3 Nhung dac diem chung cua cac Du thdo Hien phap sua doi 113
§4 Nhirng dae diem rieng ciia tirng Du thdo Hidn-phap sua d6i 118
IV Cac luan diem ve mo hinh lap hien cua bp may quyen lyc
nha nuoc trong giai doan xay dung nha nu-oc phap quyen 120
§1 Mo hinh hien djnh ciia cac quy pham vl chinh the 120
§2 Mo hinh hi^n dinh cua cac quy pham \k t6 chuc quyen lap phap 122
§3 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham vk t6 chuc quyin hanh phap 134
§4 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham ve t6 chuc quyfin tu phap 149
§5 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham v^ t6 chi're quyen kidm tra
Hien phap 151
V Nhu-ng ket luan 167
Trang 6§2 Nhan thuc chung ve to chuc va kiem soat quySn luc nha lurdc
trong nha nuac phap quyen 57
§3 Nliixng he luy t^t yeu mang tinh bi?n chung klioa hoc do khong c6 ca
che kiem soat quyen luc nha nuoc trong thuc tien the giai 74
II C^c luan diem ve vi^ sua doi Hien phap cua giai doan xay dutig
nha nuoc phap quyen 77
§1 Ljch sir lap hiSn ciia Viet Nam tir sau Cach mang thang 8/1945
den nay 77
§2 Thuc trang cua Hiln phap Viet Nam hien hanh 79
§3 Cac quy dinli hien hanh ve to chuc va kilm soat quy£n luc nlia nuac
irong Hien phap va phap luat Vi|t Nam 82
§4 Cac nliom tieu chi ca ban ciia Hi6n phap sua doi trong giai doan
xay dung nha nuac phap quyin 91
III Cac luan dicni ve cac Die thdo Hien phap sii-a doi cua giai doan
xay dung nha nuoc phap quyen 100
§1 Cac nghien cuu ve luat Hiln phap - nSn tang cho cac luan diem
trong hai chuomg dau ciia cu6n sach nay 100
§2 Sir, hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac y tuong ve soan thao
Hien phap sua doi 106
§3 Nhung dac diem chung cua cac Du thdo Hien phap sua doi 113
§4 Nhirng dae diem rieng ciia tirng Du thdo Hidn-phap sua d6i 118
IV Cac luan diem ve mo hinh lap hien cua bp may quyen lyc
nha nuoc trong giai doan xay dung nha nu-oc phap quyen 120
§1 Mo hinh hien djnh ciia cac quy pham vl chinh the 120
§2 Mo hinh hi^n dinh cua cac quy pham \k t6 chuc quyen lap phap 122
§3 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham vk t6 chuc quyin hanh phap 134
§4 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham ve t6 chuc quyfin tu phap 149
§5 Mo hinh hien dinh ciia cac quy pham v^ t6 chi're quyen kidm tra
Hien phap 151
V Nhu-ng ket luan 167
Trang 7Chuung ba KHOA HOC PILXF-' LY 1 RJOC YEU CAU CAI
CACH TU" P H A P TRONG BOI C A N H S C A DOI HIEN P H A P CLJAV GIAI OOAN X A Y Dl/NG NHANU'OCPHAF^QUYeN' 172
I Nhapde 1^2
II Nhan thiic chung ve cac pham trii xung quanh thuat ngCr
'Uuphiip"' trong nha nuoc phap quyen 175
§ 1 Pham tru quyen tu phap trong nha nuac phap quyen 175
§2 Pham trii /;c' thSngtu phap trong nha nuac phap quyin 182
§3 Pham tru ca quan tuphap trong nha nuac phap quyen 185
§4 Pham trii liogt dgng tu phap trong nha nuac phap quyen 188
§5 Cdc quy dinh vg quy6n lu phap, Toa an, Vien Kif.m sat' Vien
Cong t5 va ca chk bao hien trong cac Hien phap ciia mot quoc
gia tren the giai dirangdai 189
IH Cac luan diCm ve cai each tu phap truoc yeu cau sua doi
Hien phap cua giai doan xay dung nha nuoc phap quyen 191
SI
s Khai niem cai each tuphap va he thSng cac nguyen tac cai each
tuphap ^^*
§2 Noi ham ciia cac nguyen tdc cai each tu phap 194
§3 Cac yeu cSu (doi hoi), miic tieu va d6i tugaig ciia cai each tu phap 208
IV Cac luan di£m ve phuoiig huong co ban cua cai each tu phap
tru-ac yeu csiu sira d6i Hien phap cua giai doan xay dung
nha nu-oc phap quyen 212
§ 1 Thuc trang t6 chuc quyen tir phap a Viet Nam hien nay va mot so
phuang hirang CO ban ciia cai each tuphap 212
§2 D6i tmVi he thdng ca quan Dik tra trong tiSn trinh cai caeh tu phap 217
§3 D6i mai he thong Vien Kilm sat nhan dan trong tifin trinh cai
each tu phap 221
§4 D5i mai he thSng Toa an nhan dan trong tiln trinh cai each tu phap 226
§5 Scan thao mot s6 van ban phap luat chinh trong cac llnh vuc
thuoc quyen tuphap 231
V Nhung ket luan 248
Trang 8BO luat to tung hinh su
BO may quyen lue
Bo tra tu phap Bao vO cac quyen Bao vO phap luat Bao v$ Hien phap COng an nhan dan Cai each tu phap COng hoa
Chap hanh hinh phat
Ca quan Oieu tra
Ca quan hanh phap Caquan lap phap
Ca quan tu phap Chij nghTa xa hOi Chinh sach hinh sy Dan chu COng h6a Hi^n phap sua doi HOi dong nhan dan Kien giai lap hien Kien giai lap phap
Khoa hpc phap ly Khoa hpe xa hOi Kilm tra hi^n phap
Ky thuat lap hi^n Kilmsoatquy^h^
Li,j-c lupnq vu tranq Mue do dieu chinh
MO hinh hien dinh
M6 hinh lap hien
MO hinh lap phap
Mghien cCai khoa hpe
Nghien cuu lap phap
TL TTHS TPHS
TW UBND UBTV VBQT VBPL VBVH VCT VDB VKSND VKSNDTC VLP VPHP
VPPL
XHCN KHDS
vi^T OAY DU
Nha nuoc phap quyen Nha nu6c va phap luat Phap luat quoc te Quan dOi nhan dan Quy4n hanh phap Quyen kiern sat Phong chonq tfiam nhunq Phap luat hinh su
H 1 - : — : • _ _ _
Quyen lap phap Quy phgm phap luat Quy pham hien dinh Quyen tu phap Quan hexa hpi Sua doi Hien phap Toa an Hien phap Toa an nhan dan Toa an ntBn dan toi cao Thi hanh an hinh su Tai liOu
To tung hinh su
Tu phap hinh su Trung uanq
Uy ban nhan dan
Uy ban thuOng vu van ban quoc te van ban phap luat van ban vi hien ViOn eOnq to ViOn dan bieu ViOn kiem sat nhan dan ViOn kiem sat nhan dan toi cao
Vien lap phap
Vi pham hien phap
Vi pham phap luat
xa hoi chu nqhla
•• a ,
Xa hOi dan su" |
Trang 9Phu luc 8 387 Phu luc 9 • "^04
Phu luc 10 408 Phu luc 11 410 Phu luc 12 454
CAC NGUON TAI LIEU TllAM KHAO 471
Trang 10BO luat to tung hinh su
BO may quyen lue
Bo tra tu phap Bao vO cac quyen Bao vO phap luat Bao v$ Hien phap COng an nhan dan Cai each tu phap COng hoa
Chap hanh hinh phat
Ca quan Oieu tra
Ca quan hanh phap Caquan lap phap
Ca quan tu phap Chij nghTa xa hOi Chinh sach hinh sy Dan chu COng h6a Hi^n phap sua doi HOi dong nhan dan Kien giai lap hien Kien giai lap phap
Khoa hpc phap ly Khoa hpe xa hOi Kilm tra hi^n phap
Ky thuat lap hi^n Kilmsoatquy^h^
Li,j-c lupnq vu tranq Mue do dieu chinh
MO hinh hien dinh
M6 hinh lap hien
MO hinh lap phap
Mghien cCai khoa hpe
Nghien cuu lap phap
TL TTHS TPHS
TW UBND UBTV VBQT VBPL VBVH VCT VDB VKSND VKSNDTC VLP VPHP
VPPL
XHCN KHDS
vi^T OAY DU
Nha nuoc phap quyen Nha nu6c va phap luat Phap luat quoc te Quan dOi nhan dan Quy4n hanh phap Quyen kiern sat Phong chonq tfiam nhunq Phap luat hinh su
H 1 - : — : • _ _ _
Quyen lap phap Quy phgm phap luat Quy pham hien dinh Quyen tu phap Quan hexa hpi Sua doi Hien phap Toa an Hien phap Toa an nhan dan Toa an ntBn dan toi cao Thi hanh an hinh su Tai liOu
To tung hinh su
Tu phap hinh su Trung uanq
Uy ban nhan dan
Uy ban thuOng vu van ban quoc te van ban phap luat van ban vi hien ViOn eOnq to ViOn dan bieu ViOn kiem sat nhan dan ViOn kiem sat nhan dan toi cao
Vien lap phap
Vi pham hien phap
Vi pham phap luat
xa hoi chu nqhla
•• a ,
Xa hOi dan su" |
Trang 114 Nhan dip cudn sdch chuyen khdo ndy duac Nhd xudl bdn Dgi hoe Qudc gia Hd Noi cho ra mat doc gid, tdc gid xin bdy td long biit an sau sac, Idi chiic sice khoe vd nhirng dieu tot Idnh nhdt din:
4.1 Ddng chi Dd MuM - nguyen Tdng bi thu Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng (giai de)gn 1991 - 1997) vi tiiy gid yiu nhimg dd eldnh nhiiu thai gian doc ky 5 du Ihdo Hien phdp sira den md tdc gid eld neu ra trong cudn sdch ndy, sau do ngay J2/11/2011 eld true tiep trao ddi vd dua ra nhimg y kien quy bc'ni cho tdc gid trong viec sogn thdo co chi bdo ve hiin phdp d Viet Nam 6ng Id mot tdm guong mdu mue ve idm thien doi vol suphdt triin ciia ddt nuoc, 'mot trong nhimg hoc tro cua Bdc Ho ve linh Hem khiit", "Id con ngirdi chiu khd hoc, chiu khd dgc , khdng kieu cdng, rdl giu dung nguyen tdc, cdc ddng chi Idnh dgo eleu khen ", ludn biel cdm thdng sdu sdc ddi vai cudc sdng khd khe'in ciia cdc tdng Id]} nhan ddn lao ddng ngheo khd, vd nhdt Id "cd long kinh tin Tam Bdo", "cd day elu dire tinh ciia mot vi Bd Tdl hien thi " (• TL 326, cdc tr.90, 116 425) vd;
4.2 TS Vd Vdn Hong - nhd kinh te hoc, mot doanh nghiep idi ba vd noi lieng nhdt cita cong ddng Viet Nam d Lie}n bang Nga, Chu tich Tdng Cdng ly thuang mcii Ben Thanh (Maxcava - Lien bang Nga), nguoi ludn hiiu vd thdng cam vol nhimg klid khdn, vdl vd trong cudc sdng ciia cdc nhd klioa hoc Viet Nam d Lien bang Nga nen dd ludn hd tro vi mat idi chinh cho hogt ddng klioa hoc cua ho noi chung vd cho chinh bdn than tdc gid cudn sdch chuyen klido ndy noi rieng (ngay tie ddu nhimg nam 90 cita thi ky irudc), ciing nhu cho vi$c xuat bdn cudn sdch chuyen klido ndy
5 Vd cudi cung, tdc gid cung xin chdn ihdnh cdm on cdc can bo, vien chiec ciia Nhd xuat bdn Dgi hoc Qude gia Hd Noi da tich arc lam viec di cudn sdch chuyen klido ndy kip thai ra mat ban doc trong bdi cdnh siea eldi Hiin phdp ciia giai dogn xdy dung Nhd nude phdp quyin Viet Nam hi^n nay
Ha Npi - miia thu, thang 10 nam 2012 GS.TSKH Le Van Cam (Lc Cam)
Trang 12/; Giai thi'ch Hien phdp; 2) Bao v^ cdc quyin vd tit do hiin dinh cua con ngirdi
vd cua cong dan; 3) Kiem tra nhdnh cpiyin lap phdp vd nhdnh quyin hdnh phdp - tuc Id kiem sodt quyin luc being mot nlidnh quyin luc doc lap ndo do ngay trong chinh he thdng quyin luc nhd nuoc di bdo ddm cho ca che him tra
vd can bang (che uac) mot cdch him hieu ngay giita cdc nhdnh quyin luc trong mot Nhd nude phdp quyin dich thuc Dong thai, he thdng phdp luat vi tu phdp hinh su ciia ddt nude vai tu cdch la noi dung cdt loi cua chinh sdch hinh
su ciing chi dang a trong qua trinh bdn luan vi viec sua ddi - bd sung (Vi du: Tir nam 2008 den nay, Nhd nuac chi mai ban hdnh cdc quyit dinh tuatig ung
ve thanh lap Ban sira ddi Bo luat hinh su nciin 1999 do Do Tuphdp chu tri vd Ban sira ddi Bo luat id lung hinh su nCtm 2003 do Vien Kiim sdt nlidn ddn idi cao chii tri hay to chuc mot sd cudc hoi ihdo tuong ung) vi thuc chdt Id cdc quy pham hien hdnh ciia hai chuyen ngdnh luat thuc dinh ndy (phdp lugl hinh su vdphdp luat td tung hinh su) ciing chua hi duac phdp diin hoa Ian thit ha)
^ L2 Ve mat thuc tiin, chinh su bdl cap cua viec khdng cd co chi kiim tra Hien phdp da ddn din thuc trgng md gem ddy nhdl theo noi dung tcii trang 1 Irongthu "V/v gdp y sira ddi, bd sung Hiin phdp nam 1992" ngay 12/11/2011 cita dong chi Dd Muai - nguyen Tdng bi thu Ban Chdp hc'inh Trung irong Ddng (giai doan 1991 - 1997) giri 4 ddng chi lanh dgo cao nhdt ciia Ddng Nhd nude vd 4 gido su ciia Khoa Luat true thuoc Dai hoc Quoc gia Hd Noi la:
"Viec thuc thi Hien phdp, phdp luat nhiiu nam tro Igi day khong nghiem tham nhimg trong nhieu linh nrc da lam xdi mdn long tin cua nhan ddn, anh huong xdu din su dn dinh h? thdng chinh tri" (• TL 17, tr.l ciia thu) Ngodi ra, thuc trgng tuong tu nhu vdy cung duoc khdng dinh bc'mg cdc luan diim khdc nua cua mot sd nhd luat hoc hdng ddu cd ten tiidi trong cdc linh vuc thuc tiin phdp
ly vd klioa hoc phdp ly cua ddt nude (Xem cu thi hon: • Cdc TL 52 60, 62-68, 89-90), chdng han nhu: 1) TS VU Due Khiin - nguyen Chii nhiem Uy ban Phdp luat cita Qude hdi cdc khoa X (1997 - 2001) vd klioa XI (2002 - 2007); 2) GS TS Trdn Ngoc Duong - nguyen dgi biiu Quoc hdi Tim ky cua Chu tich Qude hoi khda XI (2002 - 2007), Phd Chii nhiem Van phdng Qudc hdi khda XII (2007 - 2011) vd hien Id chuyen gia cao cdp cita Vien Nghien cuu lap phdp thuoc Uy ban Tlmdng vu Qudc hoi;3) GS TSKH Ddo Tri Uc - nguyen Vien trudng Vien Nhd nude vd Phdp ludt lhiu)c Vien Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam (1988 - 2008), nguyen Phd Chii tich ihudiig tnrc kiem Tdng thu k}> Hdi Luat
Trang 13,<,'/<:/ Vict Neiin khdaX(2(104 - 2()()9) hii'n la Chu tich Hdi ddng khoa hoc nganh Lugl cua Dai hoc 0HOC gia lid Nni
1.3 Vd cudi Cling, vi mat ly hum tin nhiOn cho den neiy, mac du dd him 7 iidin trdi qua (ke tir klii cd tdc Nghi quyet sd 48/NQ-TW vd sd 49/NQ-TlV nam 2005 ciia Bd Chinh Iri Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng), hon 6 ndin trdi qua (ke tic Dqi hot Dang Idn line X (thdng 4/2006)
vd hem I nam trdi qua (ke tic Dqi hdi Being Idn ihit XI (thdng 1/2011), nhirng Irong se'ich bdo phdp ly Viel Nam van chua cd mot cong trinh nghien ciru chuyen khao eldng bo vd co he thdng ndo de cap rieng den viec phdn tich ciing mot liic 3 nhdm van de chu yeu vd quan trong ciia khoa hoc phdp ly dd neu tren ddy
2 Tiiy nhien, A nhung vein ele kiioa hoc phdp ly tlniqc cek linli vuc tren eldy
Id rill phong phii da eleing plu'cc teip vd ciing cd the con dang duac tranh luan hai ce'ic nhd khoa hoc - ludt gia nen ro rdng khdng the ndo e1e cap het duac trong plum vi mot cuon se'ich chuyen khao, vi vdy trong cuon sdch chuyen khdo cita mi nil, tdc gid chi ed the ele cap elen nhimg van lie cd the eluac coi Id ca bdn
vd quan trong han cd de gi'jpphein nhd be ciia minh vdo viec phdn tich, lygidi
vd cung ceip I hem cdc thdng tin khoa hoc plidp ly cho cong cudc sira ddi Hien phdp, cai cdch tu pheip vd hodn thien chinh sdch hinh su nhdm bdo ve cdc quyin con ngicdi trong g'teii dogn xeiy dicng Nhd nuac phdp quyen Viet Nam hien nay Trong so nhirng vdn de duac de cap trong cuon sdch chuyen klido ndy cd nhimg vein ele dd duac tdc gid bdt ddu sogn thdo tic giiia nhimg nam 90 cita thi ky Irudc d Lien hang Nga, rdi eluac plie'il liieii, hd sung eldn ddn vd cho elin hdm nay nhifilg vdn cli tiy vch COIl itllig dmjt: lUC gid vd nhiiu nhd khoa Iwc - hull gia khdc tiep luc nghien cini ve'ri nhieu quan diem kheic nhaii
3 Mat khdc ciing vi cudn sdch chuyen khdo ne'iy duac bien socin theo quan diem xuat phdt tic noi dung edu ngein ngu Hy Lgp cd dgi "Phdp lugl
Id nghe thiidl cita su that vd cong ly " nen mot ,s6 vdn de vai tdm thien vi Icxi ich chung ciia Td qudc, nhan eldn vd su nghic^p xdy dung mot Nhd rnn'rc phdp quyen dich thuc a Viet Nam eluac thdng than neu ra Le eluang nhien khoa hejc pheip ly bao gain nhirng vdn de rang le'm vd phuc lgp, eh do cudn sdch chuyen khdo neiy cd the si khong trdnh khdi nhimg kliiim khuyit nhdt dinh vi vdy, tdc gid cung rat mong cdc ddng nghiep vd hem de)C xa gdn luemg thir
Trang 142) Cdc phuang dn cu thi khdc nhau (theo cae bieu bang tuang inig vai
tirng md hinh dl cho cac dai bilu Qudc hdi nhin vao la cd thi phdn biet dugc
ngay) ciia vi?c to chire BMQL nha nude Vi?t Nam d Tning uang (theo ba hoae bdn nhanh quyin lire) trong giai doan xay dimg NNPQ
3) Nhieng kiin giai lap hiin (KGLH) vi noi dung cu thi ciia it nhdl
Id tren 45 Diiu lien quan din vi?c td chire BMQL nha nude 6 TW (dSc
biet la cac Diiu lien quan din viec td chire QTP)
4) Nhieng kiin giai lap phdp (KGLP) vi noi eliing cu ihi cita it nhdl
Id tren 99 Diiu trong Die thdo BLHS (sira ddi Idn thir 3) Mac dii tir ddu ndin
2012 Nha nude da thanh l^p Ban soan thao BLHS (sira doi Idn thir 3) do Bg
Tu phap ehii tri
5) Nhieng KGLP vi co edu chung ten goi cu thi ciia tirng Phdn vd
Chuong, cung nhu tdng sd luong Diiu trong Die thdo Bd ludt TTHS (sira
ddi Idn thu 3) Mac dii tir nam 2008 Nha nude da thanh lap Ban soan thao
Bg ludt TTHS (sua ddi Idn thir 3) do Vien KSNDTC chu tri va dau nam
2012 da td ehirc lai Ban nay (do su thay doi Vien truang VKSNDTC sau khi bdu Qude hdi nhiem ky XIII)
6) Nhimg KGLP vl ca edu chung, ten ggi cu thi eua tirng Chuong va Dieu trong Du thao Du thdo Luat "Vl ddu tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham cd
to chire" Mac dii 14 ndm trudc ddy, theo Quyit djnh sd 138/1998/QD-Ttg ngay 31/7/1998 cua Chinh phu phe duyet "Chuong trinh qudc gia phdng, chdng tdi pham", thi ddu tranh vdi tgi pham (DTrVTP) cd td chire la mot trong nhimg de an eua Chuong trinh nay vay ma 14 ndm (1998 - 2012) da trdi qua nhung cho din nay dao ludt nay van chua duge soan thao; ddng thai tir nam 2005 ludn dilm ehi d^o ciia Nghj quyit sd 49/NQ-TW la:
"Thue hien ed hieu qua cudc dau tranh phdng, chong tdi pham, dac biet la tdi tham nhung, tdi pham cd td chire boat dgng theo kilu "xa hoi den"
Nhu v§y, svr phan tich tren day khdng chi cho phep khdng djnh tinh cap thiet cua yi?c nghien ciru, ma con la ly do luan chirng cho ten
ggi ciia mot sd vdn di cdp bach cua KHPL duge dl cap trong cuon
sach chuyen khao nay ciia tac gia Bdi le, khi suy ngam vl trach nhiem cua ngudi cdng ddn, nha khoa hgc truac Td quoc va nhan dan,
thi dung nhu TS VU Dire Khiin da vilt: "Nha khoa hge phai cd ban ITnh
va pham chat cua "ngudi ehiln sy" tren mat trdn khoa hgc, dam va biet ddu tranh vi chan ly, vi khoa hgc chan chinh " (• TL 59, tr.21)
Trang 15DAT VAN DE
1 Tinh cap thiet ciia vice nghien ciiu van de Hien nay khi ban den
nhirng vdn ele cdp hdch cua khoa hoc phap ly (KHPL) nuac nha trong
giai doan xeiy dung nhd incdc phdp quyen (NNPQ) ciia nhein ddn, do nhein
eldn vd vi nhan ddn, chiing ta co the nhan thay rang, do chinh la 3 nhom
van dS chii \kx va quan trpng trong dai song chinh tri - phap ly a Viet Nam ma each day han mot nam, Ian dau tien ciing mot liic da dugc ghi nhan trong van kien Dai hoi Dang Idn thii XI (thang 1/2011) - sira doi
Hiin phdp (.SDHP) cdi cdch tu phdp (CCTP) va hodn thien chinh sdch hinh su (CSIIS) de bao ve eeic quyin (BVCQ) con nguoi, ma cu thi la:
"Nghien ciru xay dung, b6 sung cac thiCn che ^a ca che van hanh cu the
de bao dam nguyen tic tdt ca quyfin lire nha nuac thuoc ve nhan dan va nguycMi tac quyen luc nha nuac la thdng nhat: co sir phan cong, phoi hop
va kiem soat giiia cac ca quan trong viec thuc hien cac quyen lap phap,
hanh phap va tu phap Khdn truang nghien ciru, siia doi, bo sung Hien
phdp nam 1992 Ddy manh viec thuc hien Chien luac cdi cdch tu pheip din ne'im 2020, xay dung he thong tu phap trong sach, vCrng manh, bao ve
cong ly, ton trong va bao ve quyc^n con nguai Hoan thien chinh sach
phap luat vc hinh sir, bao dam boat boat dgng xet xii la trpng tam cua
each tu phap ; tang cuang trach nhiem cong to trong boat dong dieu tra, gan cong t6 vai boat dong digu tra Sap xep, kien toan to ehuc va boat dong cua co quan dieu tra theo huang thu gpn dau moi; xac dinh ro boat dong dieu tra theo t6 tung va boat dong trinh sat, trong dau tranh phong, chi^ng toi pham Tang cudng cac ca che giam sat, bao dam sir tham gia cua nhan dan vai boat dong tu phap" (• TL 3, tr.247-252) Thuc ra, 2 nhom vdn de sau (CCTP va hoan thien CSHS nham BVCQ con nguai)
thi ngay tir thap ky d k tien ciia M ky XXI da luon dugc the hien bang
cdc ludn diim mang tinh chi deio rdl tiin bd vd ddn chu trong mot loat
cac van kien truac do ciia Dang nhu: 1) Cac luan diem ciia hai Nghi
quyet so 48/NQ-TW ngay 24/5/2005 "Ki? Chiin luac xdy elicng vei hodn
thien he thdng phdp ludt Viet Nam elin nam 2010, dinh huang den nam 2020" va s6 49/NQ-TW ngay 02/6/2005 ' T J Chiin luac cdi cdch tu pheip din nam 2020" ciia Bp Chinh tri; 2) Luan diem vh xdy dung co che tdi phdn Hiin phdp ddi ve'/i hogt ddng lap phdp hdnh phdp vd lu phdp ciia
Nghi quya Dai hoi Dang \m thir X (nam 2006) Do do, viec nghien ciru
Trang 16ly luan de lam sdng Id bdng cdc ludn diim KHPL ddi ve'ri ba nhe'mi vdn di
ceip bdch tren ddy dS tir do dua ra mo hinh lap hifin (MHLH)
ve to chire bg may quyen luc (BMQL) nha nuac d Trung uang (TW),
cung nhu mo hinh lap phap (MHLP) cua Du thdo mot s6 dao luat co lien quan den nhom van de tuang ung dugc nghien curu (nhu: Du ihdo Luat
"Ve Toa dn Hiin phdp Vi^t Nani\ Die thdo Luat ''Vi ddu tranh phdng, chdng tdi plum cd Id chuc a Viet Nam", Du thdo Phan chung Bg luat
hinh su (BLHS) va Die ihdo Bg luat t6 tung hinh sir (BLTTHS) sau Idn phap dien hoa thir ba) ro rang la co y nghTa khoa hoc, thuc tiin quan
trong the hien tren cac binh di?n sau:
1.1 Vl mat lap phdp, mac dii ngay tir nam 2006 da co luan dilm tien
bg va dan chu neu tren ciia Dai hoi Dang ISn thir X ve xay dung co che bao ve Hien phap (BVHP) bang ''phdn quyir (tire la bang su trong tdi va dua xaphdn quyet ciia nhanh quyen tu phap (QTP), nhirng ro rang la cho
den hom nay trong he thong cac van ban phap luat (VBPL) ciia Viet Nam
(ke ca trong Hien phap nam 1992 hien hanh) van chua c6 biit ky quy
phgin new de cap den mot co chi doc lap chuyen l/iich vi BVHP dung vai nghTa ciia no - mot co quan t6 tung Hiin phap vai cac tham quyin nhu:
1) Gieii ihich Hiin phdp; 2) BVCQ vd lu eh hiin dinh cita con nguai vd
cua cdng ddn; 3) Kiim tra nhdnh quyin lap phdp (QLP) vd nhdnh quyin hdnh phdp (QHP) - tire la kiem soat quyin lire (KSQL) bang nhanh QTP ngay trong chinh Iw thdng quyin luc nhd nude dl dam bao ca ehl kiim
tra va can bang (che uac) giu-a cac nhanh quyin lire trong mot NNPQ dich thuc (neu nhu ehung ta thire su mu6n xay dung NNPQ a Viet Nam); dong thai, h? thing phap luat vl tu phap hinh sir (TPHS) vai
tu each la noi dung c6t loi eiia CSHS cung chi dang a trong qua trinh ban luan vl viec sira doi, bl sung (Vi du: chi mai ban hanh ciic quyit
dinh tuang irng vl thanh lap hai Ban sira doi BLHS va BLTTHS hay
to chire cac hoi thao tuang irng chir thuc chat la cac quy pham eiia luat thuc dinh ciia hai chuyen nganh luat thuc dinh nay cung chua he dirge phap dien hoa Ian thir ba)
1.2 Ve mat ihiee tien, chinh sir bSt cap cua viec khong co ca clie
kiem tra hiin phap (KTrHP) da dan din thirc trang ma theo sir khdng dinh ciia mot so luat gia la "Thai gian qua, tinh trang vi hiin xay ra tuy khong phai phd bien nhirng the hien tren nhiiu ITnh vire khac nhau va tinh chat, mire do nghiem trgng ban nhdt la nhung vdn ban, hanh vi xam pham Igi ich ca nhan, to chire dirge Hiin phap bao ve ma vice phat hien chua kip
Trang 173) Khi dua ra sir phan tich khoa hge nhirng vdn dl ly luan ve hoan thi?n CSHS nhdm BVCQ con nguai trong giai doan xdy dimg NNPQ Viet Nam, pham vi cudn sach chuyen khao nay chi di sau dl cap din vi(-c
hoan thien hai he thdng phap luat chinh trong ITnh vuc TPHS (PLHS va
phap ludt TTHS) ma chua dl cap din he thong phap ludt thi hanh an hinh s\r (THAHS) (nguyen do cua vdn dl la Ludt THAHS nam 2010 chi mdi
cd hieu lire thi hanh dugc ban 1 ndm - tir thang 1/7/2011 din nay nen
nhung vdn dl phat sinh trong thuc tien ap dung cua nganh luat thu ba
thugc ITnh v\rc TPHS nay chua nhiiu)
4 Cau true cua cuon sach Nhu vay, nhimg phdn tich tren day kJidng
chi cho phep khSng dinh tinh thai su cdp bach cua viec soan thao vl mdt
ly ludn he thdng nhung van dl dugc l\ra chgn dl nghien ciru, ma con la ly
do ludn chung cho ten ggi ciia cudn sach chuyen khao nay ciia chiing tdi Bdi le, trudc yeu cau SDHP ciia giai doan xdy dung NNPQ a Viet Nam hien nay, viec xuat phat tir thuc tien lap hiin va thue tien lap phap hinh sir cua nude nha trong trong ban sau thap ky qua (kl tir khi Hiin phap
nam 1946 ra ddri) dl suy ngam, nghien ciru va phan tich vl mat ly luan,
ddng thdri tham khdo cd chon he kinh nghiem lap hiin ciia cdc NNPQ
thuoc cdc he thdng phdp ludt khdc nhau tren thi giai voi sie nhan ihiee khoa hoe sdu sac dual dnh sdng tu tuong Hd Chi Minh vl mot ban Hiin
-phap nhan dan, dan chu, -phap quyin dk dua ra md hinh lap hiin (MHLH)
ve cac quy pham lien quan din td chire BMQL nha nuac, doi mdi h$ thdng cac ca quan tu phap va hoan thi?n cac quy pham phap ludt (QPPL)
ve TPHS nlidm tang cudrng viec BVCQ con nguai la nhiem vu rdt quan trgng cua KHPL nuoc nhd Vi vdy, ehung tdi cho la hgp ly khi nhung vdn
de trong cudn saeh chuyen khao nay ngoai cac phdn "Dat vdn di", "Kit
luan ehung", "Danh mue cdc nguSn tdi li^u tham khdo", "Cdc Phu luc",
thi Phdn "Ndi dung vdn di" cua no se bao gom 4 Chuong vai cac ten ggi
cu the nhu sau:
Chuong mot NHAN THUC CHUNG VE KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRONG
GIAI DOAN XAY DgNG NHA NUQC PHAP QUYEN
Chuong hai KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRUOC YEU CAU SUA DOI
HIEN PHAP CUA GIAI DOAN XAY DUNG NHA NUOC PHAP QUYEN
Chieong ba KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRU'QC YEU CAU CAI CACH TU'
PHAP TRONG BOI CANH SL)A DOI HIEN PHAP ClL'A GIAI DOAN XAY DUNG NHA NU'QC PHAP QUYEN
Trang 182) Cdc phuang dn cu thi khdc nhau (theo cae bieu bang tuang inig vai
tirng md hinh dl cho cac dai bilu Qudc hdi nhin vao la cd thi phdn biet dugc
ngay) ciia vi?c to chire BMQL nha nude Vi?t Nam d Tning uang (theo ba hoae bdn nhanh quyin lire) trong giai doan xay dimg NNPQ
3) Nhieng kiin giai lap hiin (KGLH) vi noi dung cu thi ciia it nhdl
Id tren 45 Diiu lien quan din vi?c td chire BMQL nha nude 6 TW (dSc
biet la cac Diiu lien quan din viec td chire QTP)
4) Nhieng kiin giai lap phdp (KGLP) vi noi eliing cu ihi cita it nhdl
Id tren 99 Diiu trong Die thdo BLHS (sira ddi Idn thir 3) Mac dii tir ddu ndin
2012 Nha nude da thanh l^p Ban soan thao BLHS (sira doi Idn thir 3) do Bg
Tu phap ehii tri
5) Nhieng KGLP vi co edu chung ten goi cu thi ciia tirng Phdn vd
Chuong, cung nhu tdng sd luong Diiu trong Die thdo Bd ludt TTHS (sira
ddi Idn thu 3) Mac dii tir nam 2008 Nha nude da thanh lap Ban soan thao
Bg ludt TTHS (sua ddi Idn thir 3) do Vien KSNDTC chu tri va dau nam
2012 da td ehirc lai Ban nay (do su thay doi Vien truang VKSNDTC sau khi bdu Qude hdi nhiem ky XIII)
6) Nhimg KGLP vl ca edu chung, ten ggi cu thi eua tirng Chuong va Dieu trong Du thao Du thdo Luat "Vl ddu tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham cd
to chire" Mac dii 14 ndm trudc ddy, theo Quyit djnh sd 138/1998/QD-Ttg ngay 31/7/1998 cua Chinh phu phe duyet "Chuong trinh qudc gia phdng, chdng tdi pham", thi ddu tranh vdi tgi pham (DTrVTP) cd td chire la mot trong nhimg de an eua Chuong trinh nay vay ma 14 ndm (1998 - 2012) da trdi qua nhung cho din nay dao ludt nay van chua duge soan thao; ddng thai tir nam 2005 ludn dilm ehi d^o ciia Nghj quyit sd 49/NQ-TW la:
"Thue hien ed hieu qua cudc dau tranh phdng, chong tdi pham, dac biet la tdi tham nhung, tdi pham cd td chire boat dgng theo kilu "xa hoi den"
Nhu v§y, svr phan tich tren day khdng chi cho phep khdng djnh tinh cap thiet cua yi?c nghien ciru, ma con la ly do luan chirng cho ten
ggi ciia mot sd vdn di cdp bach cua KHPL duge dl cap trong cuon
sach chuyen khao nay ciia tac gia Bdi le, khi suy ngam vl trach nhiem cua ngudi cdng ddn, nha khoa hgc truac Td quoc va nhan dan,
thi dung nhu TS VU Dire Khiin da vilt: "Nha khoa hge phai cd ban ITnh
va pham chat cua "ngudi ehiln sy" tren mat trdn khoa hgc, dam va biet ddu tranh vi chan ly, vi khoa hgc chan chinh " (• TL 59, tr.21)
Trang 192 Nhung CO so ly luan va phuunji phap luan ciia vice nghien ciiu
2.1 Nlurng co'.so Iv ludn ^ tlo la cac ihanh U,;u :iOn tiln ciia mot sd nganh
klu)a hgc xa hoi: lual hoc (ma dac bici ia khoa hpc ludt hien phap va cac
chuyen nganh khoa hoc vl TPl IS), chinh iri hoc irilt hgc, xa hdi hgc, tam ly
hoc v.v d trong \a n-it)ai nude ma Irong dd phan anh cdc lu tiidngphdp ly
tiin hd vd elein chu vdi lu cdch Id nhieng gid tri xd hen - tinh ihdn cao quy nhdt duexc thira nlicin chung cua nin ve-tn nunh ihi g'tdi vd tinh hoa ciia nhan loeit nhu: 1) Xay dimg xa hdi dan sir (XI IDS) va mot NNPQ dan chii dich
thuc cua nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan; 2) Tinh phap chi tdi ihugng va
hicu lu-c true tiln cua I liln phiip trong cac ITnh \-,rc lioat ddng eiia BMQL nlia nirdc \'a dcri sdng xa hdi; 3) Chu qu>ln cua nhan dan phai cao ban chu quyen
cua Nha nude: 4) KTrl IP ton trong \h BVCQ con ngudd bang phap luat ve
TPilS theo cac cliuan mirc qudc tl: 5) KSQL nha nucTC va dau tranh phdng, chdng tham nhung (PCTN); 6) Bao dam tinh doc lap thuc sir ciia QTP va quyen KTrHP; v.v Ngoai ra, de gdp phan dua ra su phan tich khoa hgc ndi dung \'l thuc tien tirng vdn dl ly ludn tuang irng ma cudn sach chuyen khao
na\ dl cap din, trong qua trinh soan thao eac Du thdo HPSD, VBPL va cdc
md hinh hiin djnh vl Id chire BMQL nha nuac trong giai doan xdy dung NNPQ, tac gia con sir dung mot sd lugng Idii cac VBPL trong he thdng phap luat qudc gia Viet Nam va he thdng phap luat qudc te hien hanh
2.2 Nhieng ca sa phuang phdp ludn - dd la phep bien chiing duy vat,
eac ludn dilm tiln bd va dan chii trong cac van kien cua Dang (da li?t ke
tren day) vl BVHP, CCTP va SDHP dl "Thuc hien chinh quyin mgnh me
vd sdng siidt cua nhdn eldif theo tu tudng ciia lanh tu Hd Chi Minh nhu
trong Hien phap Viet Nam nam 1946 (-TL 18, tr.8), ciing nhu quan diem
ciia nguyen Tdng Bi thu BCHTW Dang - d6ng chi Dd Miedi ve xdy dimg mot Quoc hdi hoeu eldng thue'mg xiiycn neu trong bai phat bieu tai Hdi
nghi TW 2 khda VII ngay 29/11/1991 trudc khi thdng qua Hiin phap ndm
1992 (Xem cu thi ban: TL 16, tr.l6) va ve mot co quan tai phan Hien
phap chuyen trach va tap trung la "Toa dn Hiin phdp hogc Hdi ddng
Hiin phdp mang tinh dgc lap ceio, mang tinh e1e)e lap chuyen trdch vd doc lap khdng ndm a Qude hd'i, Chinh phu" trong thu "V/vgdpybd sung sica ddi
I nin phdp netm 1992" ngay 12/11/2011 da neu (Xem cu thi htm: TL 17,
tr.2) Han nua, hoan loan diing ddn la "khoa hgc cang di vao chuyen sau thi Cling lai bdc Id nhung rd net nhung khd khan va ban che ciia no trong viec nhin nlian \a danh gia su vat, hien lugng vdi tu each la mdt he
Trang 20Chwo>na mot
NHAN THLfC CHUNG V^ KHOA HOC PHAP LY
TRONG GIAI DOAN XAY DLFNG NHA NU'aC PHAP QUY^N
L CAC LUAiV DIEM VE NHA N l / 6 C PHAP QUYEN
DUONG DAI
§ 1 LiTO-c khao SIP hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac tu* tu-o-ng vd
nha nu-o-c phap quydn; khai niem nha PLF&Cphap quyen
1 Lu-9-c khao su- hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac tu- tu-oTig ve nha nu-6-c phap quyen (Xem cu thi ban: TL 28, tr.I5 - 22) Viec nghien ciru
lich sir cac hgc thuylt chinh tri va phap luat tren thi giai tir c6 dai din nay da cho phep khdng dinh mdt each xac dang rang:
1.1 Su phdi thai cdc tu tudng ddu tien ciia nlidn loai vl NNPQ da cd cdi ngudn ljch sir tir rdt Idu ddi Chdng ban, ngay tir thi ky IX - VI TCN cac nha tu tudng eiia Hy Lap cd dai da quan niem la: sir khdng djnh cac nguyen tac edng bang, phap chi va mdt cudc song vTnh hang bao gid cung gan liln vdi quyin nang cua cac thien thdn tren niii Olympia, diing ddu la Thdn Zeus (Zdt) Liic bdy gid, trong cac trudng ca ciia Homer (thi
ky VIII TCN), dac biet la hai truang ca ndi tilng thi gidi "Illiade" va
"Odysse", Than Zdt dugc mo ta nhu mgt dang toi cao ban phat cdng ly
chung va trimg tri nghiem khdc nhung ke gdy nen bao lire hoae nhirng ke phan xet bdt edng Dan ddn, nhirng quan ni?m cua Homer da duge tilp tyc phat trien trong eac sang tac cua "bay nha thdng thai" d Hy Lap co dai
(vao thi ky VII - VI TCN) - Falex, Pit tdc, Periandr, Biant, Kledbul,
Hildng va nhdt la Xdldng (683 - 559 TCN) - nha lap phdp, nha boat ddng
nhd nude, nha cai each ndi tilng eua Athens va dugc coi la ngirdi sang lap ra nen dan chii cd dai
1.2 Ddng thdi, cac quan niem vl phap che, phap luat nhu la nhung
ea sd tdn tai ciia nha nude ma cho den nay van cdn cd y nghTa rdt quan
Trang 21kern theo cac Du thao HPSD la 10 phu<mg an khac nhau ve md hinh td chire BMQL nha nude a TW irCn :a sc/ ha (hoae bdn) nhanh quyen lire 6) Soan thao mo hinh hilii djnh \'di noi dung cu the cua 50 Dieu cd lien quan din td chire BMQL nha nude d TW trong Du thdo IV va V
HPSD theo diing linh thin ciia cac luan dilm chi dao tien bd va dan chii
vl xdy dung ca chi BVHP vd KSQL nhd nude ma cac Dai hdi Dang Idn
thir X va XI, cac Hdi nghi TW 2 va FW 5 khda XI da dua ra, cung nhu
theo dl xudt trong thu "V/vgopy sua ddi hd sung Hien phdp ndm 1992" ciia dong chi Do Mudi de Dang, Nha nude va nhan dan ciing tham khao 7) Soan thao md hinh lap phap vl ca cuu chung, ten goi cu the lieng
Phdn, Chuerng va tdng sd licang Diiu, hoae ve ndi dung cu the ciia cac
Diiu cd lien quan din viec BVCQ eon nguai trong mot sd Du thdo ludt (Bd ludt) thuoc ITah wxc TPHS cd lic.'i quan den nhirng vdn de tuong irng
dugc nghien ciru
3.3 Phgm vi nghie:n cieu: Tuy nhien, do tinh chat rdng Idn va da
dang, phirc tap va nhiiu khia canh ciia nhung \an de da neu (vi ngay moi
vdn dl nhd trong bdn nhdm vdn dl Idn tuang irng vdi 4 Chuong ciia cuon sach chuyen khao nay nhu: vai tro cua KHPL ly ludn ve id chire vd
KSQL nhd nude, ly ludn vi CCTP, ly ludn vi ddi mdi he thdng TAND, he thdng VKSND hay he thdng CQDTr, ly ludn vi hodn thien CSHS, PLHS hay phdp lugl TPHS nhdm BVCQ con ngudi v.v cung cd thi trd thanh
mot ddi tugng nghien cim khoa hpe dgc lap va dugc de cap trong nhieu
cuon sach chuyen khao khac nhau) nen trong phgm vi cudn sach chuyen khao nay, tac gia chi ed thi de cap den mot so van de ceip bdeh (nhu ten ggi ciia sach) nao ma theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi la chu yeu vd quan
trgng han cd Chdng ban nhu:
1) Khi dua ra md hinh hien djnh (MHHD) doi vdi cac quy pham ve
td chire BMQL nha nude trudc yeu edu SDHP eiia giai doan xdy dung NNPQ Viet Nam, pham vi cuon sach chuyen khao nay chi dl cap den vi?c td chuc BMQL nha nude d TW;
2) Khi dua ra nhirng phuang hirdng ca ban (PHCB) vl CCTP trudc yeu edu SDHP eiia giai doan xdy dung NNPQ Viet Nam, pham vi cudn sach chuyen khao nay chi de cap din cdc phuang an khac nhau ve td chuc
lai ba he thdng ca quan cdng quyin - he thong co quan dieu tra
(CQDTr), he thdng VKSND va he thdng TAND hoae la;
Trang 223) Khi dua ra sir phan tich khoa hge nhirng vdn dl ly luan ve hoan thi?n CSHS nhdm BVCQ con nguai trong giai doan xdy dimg NNPQ Viet Nam, pham vi cudn sach chuyen khao nay chi di sau dl cap din vi(-c
hoan thien hai he thdng phap luat chinh trong ITnh vuc TPHS (PLHS va
phap ludt TTHS) ma chua dl cap din he thong phap ludt thi hanh an hinh s\r (THAHS) (nguyen do cua vdn dl la Ludt THAHS nam 2010 chi mdi
cd hieu lire thi hanh dugc ban 1 ndm - tir thang 1/7/2011 din nay nen
nhung vdn dl phat sinh trong thuc tien ap dung cua nganh luat thu ba
thugc ITnh v\rc TPHS nay chua nhiiu)
4 Cau true cua cuon sach Nhu vay, nhimg phdn tich tren day kJidng
chi cho phep khSng dinh tinh thai su cdp bach cua viec soan thao vl mdt
ly ludn he thdng nhung van dl dugc l\ra chgn dl nghien ciru, ma con la ly
do ludn chung cho ten ggi ciia cudn sach chuyen khao nay ciia chiing tdi Bdi le, trudc yeu cau SDHP ciia giai doan xdy dung NNPQ a Viet Nam hien nay, viec xuat phat tir thuc tien lap hiin va thue tien lap phap hinh sir cua nude nha trong trong ban sau thap ky qua (kl tir khi Hiin phap
nam 1946 ra ddri) dl suy ngam, nghien ciru va phan tich vl mat ly luan,
ddng thdri tham khdo cd chon he kinh nghiem lap hiin ciia cdc NNPQ
thuoc cdc he thdng phdp ludt khdc nhau tren thi giai voi sie nhan ihiee khoa hoe sdu sac dual dnh sdng tu tuong Hd Chi Minh vl mot ban Hiin
-phap nhan dan, dan chu, -phap quyin dk dua ra md hinh lap hiin (MHLH)
ve cac quy pham lien quan din td chire BMQL nha nuac, doi mdi h$ thdng cac ca quan tu phap va hoan thi?n cac quy pham phap ludt (QPPL)
ve TPHS nlidm tang cudrng viec BVCQ con nguai la nhiem vu rdt quan trgng cua KHPL nuoc nhd Vi vdy, ehung tdi cho la hgp ly khi nhung vdn
de trong cudn saeh chuyen khao nay ngoai cac phdn "Dat vdn di", "Kit
luan ehung", "Danh mue cdc nguSn tdi li^u tham khdo", "Cdc Phu luc",
thi Phdn "Ndi dung vdn di" cua no se bao gom 4 Chuong vai cac ten ggi
cu the nhu sau:
Chuong mot NHAN THUC CHUNG VE KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRONG
GIAI DOAN XAY DgNG NHA NUQC PHAP QUYEN
Chuong hai KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRUOC YEU CAU SUA DOI
HIEN PHAP CUA GIAI DOAN XAY DUNG NHA NUOC PHAP QUYEN
Chieong ba KHOA HQC PHAP LY TRU'QC YEU CAU CAI CACH TU'
PHAP TRONG BOI CANH SL)A DOI HIEN PHAP ClL'A GIAI DOAN XAY DUNG NHA NU'QC PHAP QUYEN
Trang 233) / Kant (1724 - 1804) - nha trilt hge ndi tilng ngirin Dire vdi luan chung vi nhirng ea so triit hoc cho hge ihiiyil vi NNQP Ong cho
rang: ly tri thuc te, hoae y chi ty do ciia moi ca nhdn chinh la ngudn goo ciia cac dao ludt cd tinh phap quyin va dao dire; phap luat dl bao dam cac quan he van minh giira mgi ngudi, Nha nude la sy hgp nhdt cua nhiiu ngudi biet phyc tiing cac dao luat cd tinh phdp quyin nhdm bao ve trdt t\r phap luat va dugc xay dyng tren cac nguyen tdc chu quyin; bdn than nha nude trong toan bg boat dgng cua minh phdi dya tren phap Itat, nlu khdng nd se bj mat sy tin nhiem cua cac cdng ddn - nhung ngirdi da hc^p
thanh nd / Kant dd cdn cu vao sir tdn tai (hay khdng) ehl dinh phdn
cdng quyin lye (QLP, QHP va QTP) dl phan biet hai hinh thuc cdm quyen: NNPQ - "co" va nha nude dgc tai - "khdng cd" (ehl dinh da neu), vi theo dng, sy phoi hgp va diiu hda eiia ba nhanh quyin lye nay cd khd ndng ngan ngira dugc chi dp chuyen ehl va bdo dam dugc sir phon thinh cua nha nude Quan diem nhdn dao ciia dng la: chii quyin cua nhan dan chi cd the dugc thyc hien tren thue tl thdng qua sy phdn cong lao ddng quyen lye nhu la nguyen tdc co ban va quan trgng nhdt trong boat dgng cua BMQL nha nude, vi tinh toi cao ehu quyin eiia nhan dan la diiu kien ca ban va quan trgng trong mdt Nha nude "cua nhdn dai" chir khdng the la ca nhan hay tap doan rieng biet nao, v.v
4) Hegel (1770 - 1831) - nha trilt hgc, nha tu tudng thien ta: ngudi
Due ma di san khoa hgc da danh ddu mgt cai mdc quan trgng trong loan
bg lich sir trilt hgc va lieh sir cac hgc thuylt chinh tri phap ludt cia nhdn loai Trong sd cac cdng trinh khoa hgc ciia minh, tac phdm not tilng
"Triit hgc phdp quyin" ndm 1821 la mgt bd phdn edu true quan trgng
trong toan bg h? thong triet hgc cua dng Trong dd, bdng eac quan dilm tien bg, dng dd ludn chirng cho edu triic ciia NNPQ -vdi xa hdi cdng ddn, trdt tu phap ludt va cac dao luat cd tinh phap quyin chdng lai nha nude eye quyin-vdi xa hgi khep kin, bg may quyin lye - chinh tri quan lieu
va he thdng phap luat cd tinh tiiy tien, menh lenh, v.v
1.4 Ciing vdi bdn nha ly ludn Idn nhat vl NNPQ tren day, nhan loai cdn bill din mdt loat cac nhd ludt hge, eac nha tu tudng vT dai khic ciia
giai doan nay nhu: Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826) - ngudi dai dien cho
quyen Igi eiia nhiing nha san xudt nhd, Tdng thong thir ba cua Hoa Ky,
tdc gid ciia bdn Tuyen ngdn dgc lap My ndm 1776 ndi tilng toan tbi gidi
Trang 24159 Diiu, vi ngoai ba nhanh quyin lire truyen thong (nhu trong cac D;e
thdo I va II tren day) con bo sung them mdi Phan VI dgc lap "Nhieng cJ
sd hiin dinh cua quyin kiim sdt" (QKS) vdi 4 Chuong va 10 Diiu (Phu
luc 3-1); kem theo bieu bang vl hai phuang an td chire BMQL nha nude cua Du Ihdo nay (Phu luc 3-2)
5.4 Du thdo IV HPSD theo md hinh bdn nhanh quyin luc vai nh&ng
KGLH vl ca edu chung, ten goi cu thi cua 8 Phan, 28 Chuang va gdm
155 Dieu vi: 1) Ngoai ba nhanh quyin luc truyin thdng (nhu trong cac
Du thdo I va II tren ddy), con bo sung them mot Phdn VI dgc lap "Nhieng
CO so hiin dinh cua quyin kiim Ira Hiin phdp" vai 2 Chuang va 4 Diiu;
2) Gdp ndi dung + giam so lugng eac Chuang tliudc Phdn I (ehi edn nciin Chuang va thay ten gpi ciia Phdn I la "Cdc epiy dinh chung") vd Phan VIII (chi con hai Chuang) (Phu luc 4-1); kem theo bilu bang vl hai phuang an td chiic BMQL nha nudrc ciia Du thdo nay (Phu luc 4-2)
5.5 Du ihdo V HPSD theo md hinh ba nhanh quyen lire vdi nhirng KGLH ve co edu chung, ten goi cu thi cua 8 Phan, 28 Chuang va gom
156 Dieu vi: 1) Ngoai ba nhanh quyin lire truyin thdng (nJur trong cac Du
thdo I va II tren ddy), con bd sung them mot Phdn IV dgc lap "Nhirng ca
sdhien dinh eua nguyen thu qudc gia" vdi 3 Chuang va 10 Diiu (ma thuc
chdt ciing cd thi ggi ddy ehinli la nhanh quyin lire thir tu - quyin KTrHP);
2) Gdp ndi dung + giam sd lugng cac Chuang thugc Phdn I va Phdn VIII
(nhu Du thdo IV) (Phy luc 5-1); kem theo bilu bang vl hai phuang an td chii^c BMQL nha nude ciia Du thdo nay (Phu luc 5-2)
5.6 Nhieng KGLH vi ngi dung eiia 32 Diiu cd lien quan din vipc to chiic BMQL nhd nude (la chung cho tat ca ndm Du thdo HPSD), cu thi gdm: bdn Dieu trong Chuang 1 "Chi dg chlnh tri" thugc Phdn I, mudi
Dieu trong Phan IIF "Nhieng co sd hiin djnh cita quyin lap phdp", tdm Dieu trong Phdn IV "Nhifng co sd hiin dinh cita quyin hdnh pheip" va
mudi Diiu trong Phdn V "Nhu-ng ca so hiin dinh cua quyin tu phdp"{neng cac Diiu dl cap din TAHP la chung chi cua rieng ba Du
Ihdo I, II va III HPSD - cac Du thdo co mo hinh co quan BVHP thugc
nhanh quyin lire dgc lap thir ba) (Phu luc 6)
5.7 Nhieng KGLH vi ngi dung cua 4 Diiu trong Phdn VI "Nhieng ca
sd hiin dinh cita quyin kiim tra Hiin phdp" vdi tu each la nhanh quyin
lire nha nude dgc lap thir tu (ngoai ba nhanh quyin lire truyin thdng) eiia
Trang 25Die theio IV HPSD va md hiiih c(r quan BVHP la H<)i dong BVHP thugc
nhanh quyin K Tri IP (Phu luc 7)
5.8 Nhirng KGLH ve ngi dimg cua 13 Diiu trong Phan IV "Nhiwg
ca sa hiin dinh cua nguyen ihu qudc giei" cua Du thdo V HPSD vdi tu
each la tliilt chi nha nutVc de}c lap va md hinh ca quan BVHP la Hdi ddng Hien
phdp do Chu tjch nuck ddng thai lam Chu tich (dirng ngoai ba nhanh
quyin lire QLP QHP va QTP) dl diiu hda, phdi hgp va KSQL nha nude
giifa ha nhanh truyen thdng (Phu luc 8)
5.9 Nhieng KGLP vi ca edu chung, ten ggi cu the ciia 5 Phdn, 15
Chuerng vd 100 Diiu trong Du thao Luat "Vi Toa dn Hien phdp a Viet
Nam " (Phu luc 9)
5.10 Nhieng KGLP vi ca edu chung, ten ggi cu the cua 6 Chuang vd
42 Diiu trong Du thao Luat "Vi ddu treinh phdng, chdng tdi phgm ed td chiec"(Pl\u luc 10)
5.11 Nhieng KGLP vi ca edu ehung, ten ggi cu the ciia 5 Phdn, 23
Chuang vd 123 Diiu trong Die theio BLHS (Phan chung) sau phap dien
hda Ian thir ba (Phu luc 11)
5.12 Nhieng KGLP vi ca edu chung, ten ggi cu the cita 12 Phdn, 47
Chuerng vd 516 Diiu trong Du theio Bp luat TTHS sau phap dien hda Ian
thir ba (Phu luc 12)
6 Ve van de chii thich cac nguon tai li^u tham khao
Do trong cudn sach chuyen khao nay cd sir diing nhieu ngudn tai lieu
tham khao nen viee chu thich mdi ngudn tdi I'leu (TL) d moi trang dugc thirc hien bdng each ehi ghi so thie tie ciia nguon TL tuang irng + sd trang ciia
ngudn dd trong ddu ngoac dan () sau ndi dung trich dan (ma khdng ghi day dii ten ggi, ten NXB, noi xuat ban va ndm xudt ban TL dd) de tranh sir trimg
lap khdng can thilt (vi trong Danh mue cdc ngudn tdi lieu tham khdo a Phan
cudi cung cuon sach chuyen khao nay da neu ddy du ten ggi, ten NXB, noi xudt ban va nam xudt ban ciia tat ca cac ngudn TL)
Trang 26hien quyen lye cua nhan dan; nd cd cac ddu hi?n ca bdn vd quan trgng nhu: chu quyen ciia nhan dan, sy thdng tri cua ludt (phdp ludt), su phan cdng quyin luc, dam bdo thyc tl cae quyin va ty do ciia cd nhdn
2.6 GS TSKH Ludt G.N Mandv eho rdng: NNPQ la Nha nude dua
tren cac nguyen tdc nhu: tinh tdi cao cua phap luat; chu quyin cua nhdn dan; phdn cdng quyin lire; tinh vung chdc cua cac quyin vd ty do ciia con ngudi
2.7 GS TSKH Luat V.M Xavitxki chi ra sdu ddu hieu dac trung co
ban cua NNPQ la: 1) Sy ngu tri cua phap ludt; 2) Su tdi cao ciia luat; 3) Con ngudi la gia tri cao nhdt; 4) Sy thira nhan eac quyin khdng thi bj tude doat eua con ngudi; 5) Sy phan cdng quyin lye vdi mue dich hinh thanh ca ehl kim hdm va ddi trgng; 6) Tda an la ngudi ddm bdo cao nhdt cdc quyen cua ca nhan
2.8 Vien sy thdng tdn Vien Han lam khoa hgc (HLKH) Nga,
GS.TSKH Ludt V.X Nherxesiantx dinh nghTa NNPQ 7a hinh thirc td
chuc vd hogt ddng eiia quyin luc chinh tri, cdng khai vd cdc mdi quan he luong ho cua nd vdi cdc ed nhdn vdi tu cdch Id nhieng ehii thi phdp lugl nhimg ngudi mang cdc quyin vd tu do cua con ngudi vd cdng ddn"; ddng
thdi dua ra ba ddu hi?u ddc trung toi thieu eiia NNPQ la: 1) sy thira nhdn
va bao ve cac quyin va ty do cua con ngudi va cdng dan, 2) tinh tdi cao ciia luat phap quyin; 3) to chiirc va boat dgng cua quyin lye Nha nude cd ehu quyin tren ea sd nguyen tdc phan cdng quyin lye
2.9 Theo GS TSKH Lu§t E.A Lukaseva: "NNPQ la hinh thirc
ban chi nhirng tham vgng cua chinh quyin bdng cac quyin va ty do cua con ngudi"
2.10 GS TSKH Dao Tri Uc quan ni?m rdng: khi "ndi din NNPQ, trudc
het ngudi ta ndi din sy ngy trj cua phdp ludt trong ddi song xa hdi va chinh trj vdi tu each la y ehi cua nhan dan, cd gia tri phd biln"
2.11 PGS TS Nguyen Cuu Vi^t vilt: "NNPQ la Nhd nude ma trong
dd mgi chii thi (kl ca Nha nude) diu tuan thu nghiem chinh, chiu phuc tiing phdp ludt - mgt phap ludt cd tinh phdp ly cao, phii hgp vdi ly tri, thi hien day du nhimg gia tri cao cd nhdt cua xa hdi, ciia con ngudi
Trang 27trgng ddi vdi vice xay dung cac nin ang xay dung phap ly ciia NNPQ da dugc dua ra trong cae tac phdm ciia bon nha lu tudng ndi tieng thdi cd dai - Xdcral, Plalon, Arixtot va Xixciun ma chiing ta se Idn lugt xem xet dirdi day:
\)Xdcrat (469 - 399 TCN) - tr: It gia, mot trong nhiing nhan vat ndi
tilng nhal ciia lich su linh than eua nhan loai La ngudi iing hd triet de nguyen tie lu ludng phap chi, Ong cho rdng; cdng ly d trong su tuan thu phap ludt hien hanh; su cdng minh va su hgp phap deu la mdt, neu nhu khdng tuan thu tlii cung khdng the cd nha nude va trdt tu phap luat, neu nhu cac cdng dan cua Nha nude nao tuan thii phap ludt thi Nha nude dd
se virng manh va phdn vinh
2) Platon (427 - 374 TCN) - hgc trd ciia Xdcral, mdt trong nhung nha
tu tuang vT dai nhdt ciia thdi sa co, cung nhu Lrcng toan bg lich sir triet hpc Cac hoc Ihuvlt chmh tri (vcVi cdc tac phdm nhu "Nha nude", "Nha chinh tri" v.v ), cae lu ludng tiln bd ciia dng tir thdi cd dai van cdn ed y nghTa thuc tien cho din bay gid nhu: boat ddng xet xir la de bao ve phap lual; nha nude
se ngimg ton tai nlu nhu trong nlia nude dy cae toa an khdng dugc td chire
mgt cdch ihda dang Dac biet, ludn dilm eiia dng: "Ta nhin thdy sie diet
vong cua Nhd nude, md trong dd plidp ludt khdng cd site mgnh vd d duoi quyin luc ciia ai ddy" da dugc minh chirng bang thuc te cua the ky XX vdi
sir sup dd tham hai ciia mot loat cac nha nude cue quyin dii cdc thi loai (phat xit, cdnh sat, qudn sir, chuyen chi, v.v ) kl tir sau Chiin tranh thi gidi tliii hai ndm 1945 din nay
3) Aiixtot (384 - 322 TCN) - nha tu luemg vT dai nhat cua thdi cd dai va la hgc tro ciia Pkton, ngiwi da tr\rc tilp tilp tiic phat trien va lam
sau sdc ban cac quan dilm chinh tri - phap ludt ciia thay minh Theo dng, yiu to cau thanh ca bdn trong phap ludt la su phii hgp ciia tinh diing ddn
vl chinh tri ciia nd vdi tinh phap quyin NIU khdng tudn theo phap ludt
ma cdn cha dap len phap luat, nlu muu toan bdng bao lire dT nhien la mau thuan vdi tu tudng phap quyen
4) Xixeron (106-43 TCN) - nha lufit hpe, nha boat ddng nha nuac
va nha himg bien ndi tilng, tac gia ciia hang loat eac cdng trinh khoa hgc nhu "Vl nhd nude", "Vl nhirng dao ludt" va "Vl cac nghTa vu" Ong da dira ra nhiiu quan dilm tien tiln nhu: ngudi boat dgng trong cac ITnh vyc nha nude cdn phdi sang suit, cdng minh, cd kha ndng himg bien vd hieu
Trang 28biet cdc nguyen ly co bdn cua phap ludt ma nlu nhu thilu eac kiln thirc
dd thi khdng ai cd thi cdng minh dugc; cac dao ludt do eon ngudi quy djnh phai phii hgp vdri tinh cdng minh va quyin t\r nhien, vi phii hgp hay khdng dy la tieu chudn dl danh gia tinh cdng minh (hay khdng) cua
chiing Dac biet la Xixeron da neu len nguyen tSc cd tinh chdt bdt huge
ve sir tdi thugng cua phap luat trong nha nudfc: "Tat cd moi ngudi diu
phdi d hieu luc cita phdp ludt" ma hien nay dugc xem la mgt trong
nhimg nguyen tic ca ban dugc thira nhdn chung cua NNPQ
1.3 Nhung cd le phai tir the ky XVII din XIX, sau niiung thdng Igi cua cac cudc ddu tranh hang thi ky vai cac che do phong kiln tan bao, chuyen che, dgc tai va v6 phap ludt, thi cac tu tudng va quan dilm cua nhdn loai tien bg vl NNPQ mai dugc tilp tuc phat triln vd ddn ddn hinh thanh mdt each ro rang va dirt klioat trong eac hpc thuylt chinh tri phap luat Dudi day chiing ta xem xet nhirng net chu yiu trong cae tu tuang va quan dilm khoa hge cua bdn nha ly luan Idn nhat vl NNPQ giai doan nay
- J Locke, Montesquieu, I Kant va Hegel
1) J Locke (1632 - 1704) - nha khoa hgc vT dai ngudi Anh trong
cac ITnh vuc chinh trj va phap ludt Cac tu tudng vl nha nude va phdp luat cua dng dugc trinh bay trong cac tac phdm "Hai chuyen ludn vl nha nude" nam 1690 Theo dng, cac quyin ciia con nguai (bao gom tu do, binh dang va sd hiru) la ty nhien va khdng thi bj tude doat, Nhd nude thanh lap ra la dl bao v? cac quyin cua con ngudi, bao ve phap luat va khdng duge xam pham din chiing Tir dd, ludn chirng eho su cdn thilt ciia phap ludt va phap chi, dng cho rdng: or ddu khdng cd phap ludt thi d
do Cling khdng cd tir do, vi phap luat la cdng cu ca ban quyit dinh vice gitj- gin va ma rgng t\r do ca nhan, dong thdi dam bao cho ca nhan tranh
khdi su tiiy tien vd y chi dgc doan cua nhung ngudi khac J Locke cho
rdng: moi nguy hilm chinh ciia su tiiy tien vd xdm pham tir phia quyin luc nha nude doi vdi cac quyin va tu do ciia eon ngudi vd phap luat xudt phat tir cac dac quyin ciia nhirng ngudi cdm quyin; vi thi, trong Nha nude tuyet ddi khdng mdt ngudi nao duge ndm toan bg quyen lire va tranh khdi viec phye tiing phap ludt Khdng djnh chii quyin ciia nhan ddn nhu la nen tang bao dam cho su tdn tai cua nha nude, dng cho rdng: viec dieu hanh nha nude phai dya tren cac dao ludt do nhdn dan tuyen bd va biet rd ve chiing; ehu quyin ciia nhdn ddn cao ban, quan trgng ban chu quyen ciia nlid nude do hg thanh lap Cdc quan dilm tiln bd va nhan dao ciia
Trang 29mdi quan he giiia NNPQ (vdi linh chdt la mdt td ehiie quyen lire cdng khai)
va XHDS (cung cd the tam ggi la xd hdi edng dan) Cd thi chi ra nhirng net chii yeu ciia nguyen tdc nay la:
3.1 XHDS la cdng ddng tu do va tu nguyen duge tao nen bdi nhirng ngudi cd cae quan diem khac nhau, nhung bill thira nhdn nhung gia trj vdn cd ehung ciia nhdn loai va tdn trgng phap luat ciia Nha nude - bill tdn trgng quan diem cua ngudi khac va tdn trgng sy da dang cua cac quan diem kliae nhau trong xa hdi, ddng thdi XHDS cung khdng cho phep ai
dp dung "luat rirng" - dimg bao lyc, khiing bd va hay cac thii doan ciia
"xa hdi den" va gidi tdi pham hinh sy de cudng hire nhirng ngudi khac phai chap nhan quan diem va y chi ca nhan cua minh
3.2 Con ngudi da la thanh vien ciia XHDS thi ddng thdi cung la cdng dan cua NNPQ cho nen phdi ed nghTa vu tdn trgng, tudn thii va chap
hdnh nghiem chinh phdp ludt do NNPQ ban hanh, bdi le hai pham trii phap ly - "XHDS" va "NNPQ" la khdng thi tach rdi, chiing ludn cd moi
quan he hiru ca vd chat che, tuang ho vd bo sung cho nhau; NNPQ dugc hinh thanh la de bdo ve cdc quyen, ty do va Igi ich hgp phap ciia con ngudi - de phuc vu XHDS nen chinh vi vay, nd (NNPQ) ehi cd thi phat trien, tdn tai va dn dinh trong XHDS
3.3 Hai van de ca ban cdn phai dugc gidi quyit mdt cdch thoa dang
va nhat quan tren co sd mdi quan he giiia NNPQ vd XHDS: a) NNPQ can thiep vao XHDS den miic do nao, bdng cac phuang tien vd phuang phap nhu thi ndo de khdng kim hdm sy phdt triln ty nhien cua nd (XHDS)? va b) Cac thanh vien cua XHDS phdi tu minh lam gi dl khdng ngimg hoan thien xa hdi ma trong dd hg dang sdng, hay ndi mdt each khac-cae cdng dan can phdi xir su vdi Nha nude ma hg da thanh lap ra (vd thay mat cho hg) nhu the nao? v.v
4 Nguyen tSc thir hai - NNPQ la Nhd nude dugc xdy dung tren
nen tdng cdc tu tudng phdp ly tien bd ciia nhdn hgi nhu cdng bdng, nhdn dgo, ddn ehu vdphdp cha - bao gdm he thdng cdc luan dilm khoa hgc vl
moi quan he giira NNPQ va bon tu tudng phap ly da neu Cd thi chi ra nhung net chii yeu ciia nguyen tdc nay la:
4.1 Cdng bdng, nhdn dao, ddn chii va phap chi la eac gia tri tinh than quy bdu chung ciia loai ngudi ma cac dan tdc da gianh dugc trong cudc
Trang 303) / Kant (1724 - 1804) - nha trilt hge ndi tilng ngirin Dire vdi luan chung vi nhirng ea so triit hoc cho hge ihiiyil vi NNQP Ong cho
rang: ly tri thuc te, hoae y chi ty do ciia moi ca nhdn chinh la ngudn goo ciia cac dao ludt cd tinh phap quyin va dao dire; phap luat dl bao dam cac quan he van minh giira mgi ngudi, Nha nude la sy hgp nhdt cua nhiiu ngudi biet phyc tiing cac dao luat cd tinh phdp quyin nhdm bao ve trdt t\r phap luat va dugc xay dyng tren cac nguyen tdc chu quyin; bdn than nha nude trong toan bg boat dgng cua minh phdi dya tren phap Itat, nlu khdng nd se bj mat sy tin nhiem cua cac cdng ddn - nhung ngirdi da hc^p
thanh nd / Kant dd cdn cu vao sir tdn tai (hay khdng) ehl dinh phdn
cdng quyin lye (QLP, QHP va QTP) dl phan biet hai hinh thuc cdm quyen: NNPQ - "co" va nha nude dgc tai - "khdng cd" (ehl dinh da neu), vi theo dng, sy phoi hgp va diiu hda eiia ba nhanh quyin lye nay cd khd ndng ngan ngira dugc chi dp chuyen ehl va bdo dam dugc sir phon thinh cua nha nude Quan diem nhdn dao ciia dng la: chii quyin cua nhan dan chi cd the dugc thyc hien tren thue tl thdng qua sy phdn cong lao ddng quyen lye nhu la nguyen tdc co ban va quan trgng nhdt trong boat dgng cua BMQL nha nude, vi tinh toi cao ehu quyin eiia nhan dan la diiu kien ca ban va quan trgng trong mdt Nha nude "cua nhdn dai" chir khdng the la ca nhan hay tap doan rieng biet nao, v.v
4) Hegel (1770 - 1831) - nha trilt hgc, nha tu tudng thien ta: ngudi
Due ma di san khoa hgc da danh ddu mgt cai mdc quan trgng trong loan
bg lich sir trilt hgc va lieh sir cac hgc thuylt chinh tri phap ludt cia nhdn loai Trong sd cac cdng trinh khoa hgc ciia minh, tac phdm not tilng
"Triit hgc phdp quyin" ndm 1821 la mgt bd phdn edu true quan trgng
trong toan bg h? thong triet hgc cua dng Trong dd, bdng eac quan dilm tien bg, dng dd ludn chirng cho edu triic ciia NNPQ -vdi xa hdi cdng ddn, trdt tu phap ludt va cac dao luat cd tinh phap quyin chdng lai nha nude eye quyin-vdi xa hgi khep kin, bg may quyin lye - chinh tri quan lieu
va he thdng phap luat cd tinh tiiy tien, menh lenh, v.v
1.4 Ciing vdi bdn nha ly ludn Idn nhat vl NNPQ tren day, nhan loai cdn bill din mdt loat cac nhd ludt hge, eac nha tu tudng vT dai khic ciia
giai doan nay nhu: Thomas Jefferson (1743 - 1826) - ngudi dai dien cho
quyen Igi eiia nhiing nha san xudt nhd, Tdng thong thir ba cua Hoa Ky,
tdc gid ciia bdn Tuyen ngdn dgc lap My ndm 1776 ndi tilng toan tbi gidi
Trang 31va chinh Dang Cdng san My da rJii nhan ln)nj^' Dieu le ciia minh viec tiep
tuc phat triln cae truyin thdng cua dng; Thomas Paine (1737 - 1809);
John Adams (1735 - 1S26); James Maelison (175! - 1836); v.v Chinh
cae quan dilm klioa hpc tiln bd va nhan dao ciia hg da gdp phdn phat triln hgc thuylt vl NNPQ hoae gdn liln vdi cac van kien nha nude - phap luat cd y nghTa thai dai va y nghia lich sir loan ihl gidi, chang ban nhu:
Tuyen ngdn doc lap My nam 1776, Hiin phap My ndm 1779 -ban Hien
phap thanh vdn dau tien ciia loai ngudi
1.5 Dong thdi, lich sir cac hpc thuylt chinh trj - phap luat cung da khdng djnh mdt each xac dang rdng: do ban chat tien bd vd nhdn dao nen cdc tu tudng vd quan dilm khoa hpc tren day da trd thanh cac gia tri tinh thdn quy bdu ciia toan thi nhan loai, cdn ly luan ve NNPQ - hgc thuyet chinh tn - phap ludt tien tiln ciia nin vdn minh toan the gidi Bdi le, ban
chat tiln bd vd nhdn dao ciia quan dilm dy the hien d cho: Mdt Id, mac dii
la nhimg ngudi xudt thdn tir cdc tdng lap tren trong xa hdi ciia cdc nude cdng nghi?p Au - My cac thi ky XVII - XIX, nhung vi ddt Igi ich ciia toan thi xa hgi va nhan ddn len tren hit nen khi dua ra cac quan diem tien
bd va nhdn dao tren ddy cac tac gid cua chiing khdng bao gid ich ky, hep hdi va tu va Idy rdng cac tu tudng va quan diem ay chi la "ciia rieng" giai cdp hay tdng Idp xa hpi nay (ma khdng phai la cua giai cap hay tang Idp
xa hgi kia); va hai la, chinh vi thi ma cdc quan dilm tiln bd va nhan dao
tren day da dugc ITnh hdi va thira nhan chung (dii la d cae mirc do khac nhau) bdi cac nha tu tudng thuoc cdc xu hudng va quan diem khdc nhau tren thi gidi Chang ban nhu:
1) C Mdc ngay tir the ky XIX, trong thu giri Tdng thdng My
A Lincon, khi ndi ve Tuyen ngdn dgc lap My 1776 da ca nggi la: d dd,
Idn dau tien da xudt hien tu tudng ciia mdt nin cdng hda dan chii vT dai, d
dd da ra ban tuyen ngdn dau lien ve cac quyen ciia con ngudi Ddng thdi, ong da neu len ludn dilm ndi tieng the hien ro tu tudng ve tu do va NNPQ la: "Ty do la eho bien Nha nude tir ca quan diing tren xa hgi thanh ca quan phuc tiing xa hpi dy"
2) V.I Lenin vao cuoi thi ky XIX dau thi ky XX dd kham phuc
cupc chiin tranh giai phdng each mang "ciia nhdn ddn My chdng lai bgn
ke cudp Anh" va-trong cac tac phdm ciia minh da viet rdng: "Khdng cd dudng nao tiln len chii nghTa xa hdi ngoai con dudng thdng qua che do
Trang 32tren ca sd cdc vdn ban vi hien va dua ra nhirng gidi thich thong nhdt cd tinh chdt bdt bugc chung ve Hiin phdp; 3) Cd ehl djnh kiim tra ciia QTP (Tda an) ddi vdi nhiing hanh vi (quyit dinh) trdi phdp ludt cua cdc ca quan va nhiing ngudi cd chiic vy trong bd may quyin luc Nha nude (BMQL) thugc nhanh QHP; v.v
7.4 Ddng thdi, de luat dat dugc tinh toi thugng trong cac ITnh virc boat dgng cua Nha nude, NNPQ chi dugc ban hanh cac ludt phdn dnh dugc
nguyen vgng vd y chi chung cua nhdn ddn, dgi da sd cdc thanh vien trong XHDS (ehu khdng phai la ciia rieng ca nhan, nhdm ngudi, giai edp hay thi
lyc chinh trj cdm quyen rieng biet nao) - cdc ludt cd linh phdp quyin vd herp
dgo dice, vi ludt cdn phdi cdng bdng vd hop ly, nlu khdng dd hoan toan
khdng phai la luat, ma la sy tuy ti?n Ndi mgt each khdc, "luat" Lhdng phai la cai ma bat ky mgt chinli phu nao nam dgc quyin cudng chi ggi la ludi tlieo y
rieng cua minh (GS.TSKH V.M Xavitxki); v.v
8 Nguyen tic thir sau - NNPQ la Nhd nude dam bdo thuc su nguyen tdc phdn edng lao ddng va KSQL nha nude dl tao ra ea ehl "kiem tra vd can bang" giQ-a cac nhanh quyen luc nlid nude - bao gom he thong eac ludn diem khoa hge vl moi quan he giira viec td ehirc vd thuc hi§n ciia ba nhanh quyen lyc nay trong boat dpng ciia chiing Cd thi chi ra nliirng net chii yeu ciia nguyen tdc nay la:
8.1 Viec phan tich ban chdt phap ly ciia nguyen tdc ndy va thuc tien
td chuc BMQL d cac NNPQ tren thi gidi hang trdm nam qua da va dang khdng djnh mpt each diing ddn va khach quan nhirng uu dilm khdng thi nao phii nhan dugc ciia nguyen tdc nay nhu: 1) Se tao ra dugc co ehl
"kiim tra vd cdn bdng" (ma ddi khi bj hilu sai hodc thdi phong len mgt
cdch khdng diing la ca che "kim ham va doi trpng") trong boat ddng ciia ba/bon nhanh quyen lyc (nhu: QLP, QHP va QTP bode 3 nhanh quyin lyc truyin thdng + quyen KTrHP) vi Igi ich chung ciia toan the xa hgi; 2) Loai trir nguy ca tap trung tat cd quyin lyc nha nude trong tay mdt ca nhdn, nhdm ngudi, ca quan, td ehirc chinh trj hay tap doan cdm quyin nao dd nhu la nguyen nhdn chu yeu dan din su lam quyin, tilm quyin vd ddc tdi thudng ed d eac nha nude phdt xit hoae cue quyin dii eac thi loai; 3) La nen tang de dam bao eho viec thue hien cdc nguyen tdc co ban duge thira nhdn chung khdc ciia NNPQ, dong thdi bao ve vu-ng chdc cdc quyen
va ty do ciia con ngudi vd ciia cdng dan tranh khdi nhirng hanh vi tuy
Trang 33ehinh tri, su phan edng quyui h.fc Irinh do ihdng thao va tich cue vc chinh tri - phap luat cao, kha nang hCru hieu chdng lai su tuy tien va vi
pham cac quyen eua eon nuaai (GS TSKH Luat V.D Zorkin)
2.3 Cac tae gia khae (eac GS TSKH Luat B.M Leidarev va /,/ Deivimhitze) da chi ra nam dau hicu eua NNPQ Id: 1) Nha nude tuyen
bo va thira nhan tren thuc le rang Nha nude ndi chung va tdt ed cac co quan, cung nhu nhiing ngirdi ed chire vu ciia nd bi rdng budc bdi phap luat, tire la boat dong tren co sa cac dao luat de chap hanh cac dao luat; 2) Nha nude ma irong dd ehinh eac dao luat dieu chinh cac QHXH quan trgng ban ca (ma cac quan he dd can dugc dieu ehinh bang phdp ludt), ddng thdi dam bao dugc tinh loi cao ciia Hien phap ddi vdi cae van ban quy pham khac; 3) Nha nude the hien sir quan tdm thudng xuyen ve viec
md rdng va lam pliong phii them cac quyen va tu do ciia con ngudi; 4) Nha nude dam bao rdng rai va bao ve virng chac cac quyen ciia tat ca nhirng ngirdi tham gia cac QHXH, cd ca ehl bdo ve phdp ludt (BVPL) hiru hicu va ca chi giai quyet bat ky loai tranh chdp vd xung dot phap ly nao; va cudi ciing 5) Nha nude ma trong dd khdng chi cdc cdng ddn, cdc
xi nghiep, cac ca quan va cac td chire chiu trdch nhiem trudc Nha nude
ma Nha nude, tdt cd cac ca quan va nhirng ngudi cd chire vu cua nd cung phai chju trach nhiem vl nhung hanh vi ciia minh trudc cdc cdng ddn, cac
xi nghiep, cdc co quan vd cdc td chire
2.4 Theo GS.TSKH Luat A.L Kdvalencd thi NNPQ cd ndm ddu hieu
id: 1) Dua tren tinh tdi cao ciia luat; 2) Ddi hdi phai cd su chap hanh va
su tuan thii thudng xuyen phap luat ciia tai ca cac edng ddn, nhung ngudi
cd chire vu, cac ca quan va Id chire Nha nude; 3) Quy djnh trach nhiem luong ho eiia cdng dan va Nha nude trong pham vi ciia phdp ludt hien hanh; 4) Dua tren su da dang vl chinh tri, tu tudng va kinh t l dugc ghi nhdn va dam bdo bdng cdc van ban QPPL ciia Nha nude; 5) Dam bao cac quyin va tu do ciia cdng ddn cdn thilt cho su hinh thanh cua xa hgi cdng dan phap quyen
2.5 GS TSKH Luat V.V Ladarev quan niem rdng: NNPQ khdng
chi la mgt trong cdc gia tri xa hdi cao quy nhdt d l khdng djnh nguyen tdc nhdn dao, cdng bdng, ma cdn la mot che dinh thuc tien dam bao va bao
ve tir do, danh du va nhdn phdm ciia con ngirdi, la cdng cu de ddu tranh chdng cac te quan lieu, dia phuang chii nghTa cue bd, la hinh thiic thuc
Trang 34hien quyen lye cua nhan dan; nd cd cac ddu hi?n ca bdn vd quan trgng nhu: chu quyen ciia nhan dan, sy thdng tri cua ludt (phdp ludt), su phan cdng quyin luc, dam bdo thyc tl cae quyin va ty do ciia cd nhdn
2.6 GS TSKH Ludt G.N Mandv eho rdng: NNPQ la Nha nude dua
tren cac nguyen tdc nhu: tinh tdi cao cua phap luat; chu quyin cua nhdn dan; phdn cdng quyin lire; tinh vung chdc cua cac quyin vd ty do ciia con ngudi
2.7 GS TSKH Luat V.M Xavitxki chi ra sdu ddu hieu dac trung co
ban cua NNPQ la: 1) Sy ngu tri cua phap ludt; 2) Su tdi cao ciia luat; 3) Con ngudi la gia tri cao nhdt; 4) Sy thira nhan eac quyin khdng thi bj tude doat eua con ngudi; 5) Sy phan cdng quyin lye vdi mue dich hinh thanh ca ehl kim hdm va ddi trgng; 6) Tda an la ngudi ddm bdo cao nhdt cdc quyen cua ca nhan
2.8 Vien sy thdng tdn Vien Han lam khoa hgc (HLKH) Nga,
GS.TSKH Ludt V.X Nherxesiantx dinh nghTa NNPQ 7a hinh thirc td
chuc vd hogt ddng eiia quyin luc chinh tri, cdng khai vd cdc mdi quan he luong ho cua nd vdi cdc ed nhdn vdi tu cdch Id nhieng ehii thi phdp lugl nhimg ngudi mang cdc quyin vd tu do cua con ngudi vd cdng ddn"; ddng
thdi dua ra ba ddu hi?u ddc trung toi thieu eiia NNPQ la: 1) sy thira nhdn
va bao ve cac quyin va ty do cua con ngudi va cdng dan, 2) tinh tdi cao ciia luat phap quyin; 3) to chiirc va boat dgng cua quyin lye Nha nude cd ehu quyin tren ea sd nguyen tdc phan cdng quyin lye
2.9 Theo GS TSKH Lu§t E.A Lukaseva: "NNPQ la hinh thirc
ban chi nhirng tham vgng cua chinh quyin bdng cac quyin va ty do cua con ngudi"
2.10 GS TSKH Dao Tri Uc quan ni?m rdng: khi "ndi din NNPQ, trudc
het ngudi ta ndi din sy ngy trj cua phdp ludt trong ddi song xa hdi va chinh trj vdi tu each la y ehi cua nhan dan, cd gia tri phd biln"
2.11 PGS TS Nguyen Cuu Vi^t vilt: "NNPQ la Nhd nude ma trong
dd mgi chii thi (kl ca Nha nude) diu tuan thu nghiem chinh, chiu phuc tiing phdp ludt - mgt phap ludt cd tinh phdp ly cao, phii hgp vdi ly tri, thi hien day du nhimg gia tri cao cd nhdt cua xa hdi, ciia con ngudi
Trang 35vdi sy nghiep cdch mang Ngudn sire manh lam nen thdng Igi ciia chung
ta chinh la d cho Ddng gdn bd mat thilt vdi nhdn ddn";
1.7 "Danh gid mgt nen ddn ehii khdng the ehi cdn cur vao nhiing khau hieu dugc neu ra, ma phdi xem nin dan ehii dy dugc thirc hien nhu the nao trong ddi sdng thuc te Nin dan chii dy thue chdt hay ehi la hinh thirc gid hieu, ";
1.8 "Khuyin kliich sang tao vd tranh ludn khoa hgc, phdt buy dan chii, chdng ddc quyen, ddc tdn trong khoa hgc"; v.v
2 Viec kho-i xudng su- nghiep xay dung NNPQ Vict Nam Nhu vay sau 5 thdng ke tir sau Dai hdi VII da dua ra cac luan dilm neu tren, trong Bai phat bilu tai Hdi nghj TW 2 khda Vli ngay 29/11/1991 dudi nhan dl
"Cdi cdch mgt budc bg mdy Nhd nude vd ddi me'ri sie lanh dgo cua Ddng ddi vdi Nhd nude" cua nguyen Tong Bi thu BCHTW Ddng (giai doan
1991 - 1997) - ddng ehi Do Mudi dd dua ra luan dilm vl xdy dung NNPQ Viet Nam (Xem eu thi hon: -TL 16; TL 334, tr.l21) Sau dd ha nam, luan dilm vl xdy dyng NNPQ idn eldu tien dd duge chinh thiec ghi
nhdn trong Bdo cao ehinh trj ciia BCHTW tai Hdi nghj dai bilu toan qude
giira nhiem ky khda VII ngay 20/1/1994, ma tai dilm "7 Xeiy dung nhd
nu&c phdp quyen cua nhdn ddn, do nhdn dim, vi nhdn ddn" thugc
Phdn thir hai "Nhieng nhiem vu chu yiu trong thdi gum tdi" ciia Bao cao ndy dd ghi nhan khdi niem NNPQ nhu sau: "Dd la Nhd nude ciia nhan
dan, do nhdn dan, vi nhan ddn, quan ly mgi mat ddi sdng xa hdi bdng phap luat, dua dat nude phat triln theo djnh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa Nhd nude phap quyen Viet Nam dugc xdy dyng tren ca sd tdng cudng, md rdng khdi dai doan kit toan dan, lay lien minh giira giai cap cdng nhan vdi ndng dan vd tang lap tri thiic 1dm nin tdng, do Dang ta lanh dao";
ddng thdi vdn kien nay cung dd dl ra cdc ludn diim mang tinh chi deio vdi tu each Id cdc dele diem chinh trong giai doan phat triln eiia xa hdi Viet Nam duang dai - nhieng nhiem vu chit yiu ma BMQL nha nude cdn phdi thye hien trong sudt ed giai dogn xdy dung NNPQ nhu sau
(•TL3I5, Phdnl, tr.549-552):
2.1 Me)i Id, "Thyc hien dan chu xd hdi chii ngliTa, phat buy manh me
quyen lam chii cua nhdn ddn la nhiem vu quan trpng hang ddu, Tc> ehirc
de nhdn ddn tham gia cdng viec eiia dat nude, ddng gdp y kiln cho cac chii truang, chinh sach eua Dang, cdc du luat quan trpng ciia Nhd nude";
Trang 362 Tuy nhien, ti-en ea sd each dat vdn dl tren ddy, can eii vdo thuc tien xa
hgi Viet Nam vd thuc tien qudc te duang dai, trong Chuerng mdt dudi ddy cua cudn sdch chuyen khao nay chi dl cap din vai trd - xac djnh nhiem v\i cua KHPL trong viec gidi quyit vl mat ly ludn ba nhdm vdn di cdp bdck VJ
chu yeu tuong ling vdi ba yeu eau co ban va quan trgng ciia ddt nude trt:)ng
giai doan xdy dung NNPQ hien nay theo he thong nhu sau: 1) Nlii^^m vy cua KHPL trudc yeu edu SDHP ndm 1992 (Ian thii hai); 2) Nhiem vu ciia KHPL trudc yeu edu CCTP va; 3) Nhiem vu cua khoa hgc phap ly trudc yeu edu hoan thien CSHS nhdm BVCQ con ngudi
§2 Nhiem vu cua khoa hoc phap ly tru'O'c yeu c i u sCpa doi Hi§n phap nam 1992 ( l l n thip hai)
Trudc vew edu SDHP ndm 1992 ciia dat nude md Dai hdi Dang Ian thir XI
va cac Hgi nghi TW 2, TW 5 khda XI da dl ra - SDHP nam 1992 (Ian Ihii
hai) dd ehi dao theo djnli hudng "tdt cd quyin lue Nhd nude thugc vi nhdn
ddn vd KSQL nhd nude", can cu vao ndm ddc diim ehinh trong giai doan
phat trien cua xa hgi Viet Nam duong dai - ndm nhiem vu chii yiu ma BMQL nha nude can phai thyc hien trong sudt cd giai dogn xdy dimg NNPQ (da neu tren ddy), ddng thdi xuat phat tir thyc tien lap hiin thdi gian qua, dl gdp phan phuc vu thiit thuc cho cdng cudc SDHP hien nay va de bao diun
cho HPSD cd duge tinh on dinh Idu dai hang chuc, hdng tram nam sau (ma van khdng phai sira ddi) vi cae thi he hdm nay vd mai sau, vi Igi ich chung ciia Td qudc va nhdn dan, vi su phat triln ciia dat nude, theo quan dilm cua chung tdi, nen chdng KHPL (ma trudc hit la khoa hgc Ludt hiin phdp) cdn
thyc hien tdt ba nhiem vu nhu sau:
1 Mot Id, nghien cim sdu sdc dl lam sdng td vl mat ly luan it nhat Id 7
nhdm vdn de ea hdn cua khoa hgc Ludt biln phdp Viet Nam hien nay
-ljch sir lap hiin Viet Nam vd chu nghTa lap biln (1), phdn edng va KSQL nhd nude (2), chii quyin cua nhdn ddn va td ehirc BMQL nhd nude (3), cae quyin va ty do hiin dinh ciia eon ngudi va ciia cdng ddn (4), ky thuat lap hien (5), quy trinh lap biln vd quy trinh lap phap (6), cau true va pham vi diiu chinh ciia HPSD (7)
2 Hen Id tham khdo kinh nghiem lap biln va nhung thdnh tuu lien tiln ciia khoa hge Ludt biln phdp d mdt sd qude gia Id eac NNPQ elich ihiee thudc
cdc he thdng phap luat khdc nhau tren thi gidi dl tir dd ITnh hdi ed chpn
Trang 37nude dam bao time su (chir klidiig phai chi mang tinli hinh lliirc bang
lilu xao la tuyen ni',dn tren giay ke ca ghi nh;in trong Hien phap nhu Hiin phap ciui nude Dire f,)u6c xfi trong giui doan cdm quyen ciia bgn phat xit Hitler nhung nam 193 3 - 1944 de mi dan va danh lira du ludn cpioc ll) nguyen tae kiem soat \a phan edng lao ddng quyen luc nha
nude thanh ba (hoae hdn) nhanh va cuoi cung; 7) NNPQ Id Nha nude dam bao thuc su ehu quyen cua nhan dan cao ban ehii quyen ciia Nhd nude Toan bd heiy nguyen tae ca ban dugc thira nhdn chung ciia NNPQ dugc liet ke d day da cho cluing ta thay rd ban chdt tien bg, ddn chu va
nhdn dew khdng the phu nhan dugc ciia nd
2 Khai niem nguyen tiic co ban duoc thua nhan chung ciia
N.NPQ Nhu \ay dudi goe do KHPL cd the dinh nghTa nguyen tdc ca
han elucrc thiea nhdn chung cua NNP(J hien nay Id gi (?) 7'huat ngOr
"nguyen tdc" cd ngudn gdc tir tieng Latinh cd "principium" - cd nghTa la
luan dilm ca ban, co sd, nen tang, ngudn gdc Tir ddy, ket hgp vdi viec nghien cim su hinh thanh va phat trien ciia ly luan ve NNPQ trong lich sir cac hgc thuylt chinh tri - phap ly tren the gidi, cung nhu thuc lien ciia cae NNPQ la cac nude van minh va phdt trien cao, cd the hieu nhu sau:
Nguyen tdc ca hdn eluac thiea nhdn chung cita NNPQ Id lie ludng chi dgo
vd Id dinh hice'mg ea bdn tao theinli nen icing chu yen ciia ihugng tdng kien triic vd ddng luc chinh cita hg king ca sd ciia XHDS de bdo ddm cho
su hinh ihdnh, phdt trien, tdn tgi vd dn dinh cita NNPQ Viec nghien ciiu
nhirng vdn dl ly luan va thirc lien ciia NNPQ cho thay, NNPQ vdi tinh each la mdt hgc thuyet chinh tri - phap luat tien tien ciia nhdn loai dugc hinh thanh, phat trien va trdi qua su thir nghiem trong nhieu the ky da cho phep chiing ta khai quat, long kit va neu len bay nguyen tdc ca ban duge thira nhan chung Iren day ciia nd; cd nghTa la cac nguyen tac nay bao gdm
he thdng cdc luan dilm khoa hoc lao thanh ngi dung ca ban va quan trgng nhat eiia hge thuylt \ I NNPQ Chinh vi thi, de nhdn thdy rd ndi dung ca ban
va quan trgng nhdt cua hge thuylt vl NNPQ bao gom cdi gi (?), thi tai cac dilm 3 - 9 dudi day ciia Mue §2 chirng ta can phai xem xet nhung net chii yiu ciia tirng nguyen tac ca ban dugc thira nhdn chung ciia NNPQ da neu d tren
3 Nguyen tdc thii- nhsit - A'A'P^ Id td chire cdng quyen trong he
thdng chinh tri cua XHDS-hao gdm he thdng cac luan diem khoa hpc ve
Trang 38mdi quan he giiia NNPQ (vdi linh chdt la mdt td ehiie quyen lire cdng khai)
va XHDS (cung cd the tam ggi la xd hdi edng dan) Cd thi chi ra nhirng net chii yeu ciia nguyen tdc nay la:
3.1 XHDS la cdng ddng tu do va tu nguyen duge tao nen bdi nhirng ngudi cd cae quan diem khac nhau, nhung bill thira nhdn nhung gia trj vdn cd ehung ciia nhdn loai va tdn trgng phap luat ciia Nha nude - bill tdn trgng quan diem cua ngudi khac va tdn trgng sy da dang cua cac quan diem kliae nhau trong xa hdi, ddng thdi XHDS cung khdng cho phep ai
dp dung "luat rirng" - dimg bao lyc, khiing bd va hay cac thii doan ciia
"xa hdi den" va gidi tdi pham hinh sy de cudng hire nhirng ngudi khac phai chap nhan quan diem va y chi ca nhan cua minh
3.2 Con ngudi da la thanh vien ciia XHDS thi ddng thdi cung la cdng dan cua NNPQ cho nen phdi ed nghTa vu tdn trgng, tudn thii va chap
hdnh nghiem chinh phdp ludt do NNPQ ban hanh, bdi le hai pham trii phap ly - "XHDS" va "NNPQ" la khdng thi tach rdi, chiing ludn cd moi
quan he hiru ca vd chat che, tuang ho vd bo sung cho nhau; NNPQ dugc hinh thanh la de bdo ve cdc quyen, ty do va Igi ich hgp phap ciia con ngudi - de phuc vu XHDS nen chinh vi vay, nd (NNPQ) ehi cd thi phat trien, tdn tai va dn dinh trong XHDS
3.3 Hai van de ca ban cdn phai dugc gidi quyit mdt cdch thoa dang
va nhat quan tren co sd mdi quan he giiia NNPQ vd XHDS: a) NNPQ can thiep vao XHDS den miic do nao, bdng cac phuang tien vd phuang phap nhu thi ndo de khdng kim hdm sy phdt triln ty nhien cua nd (XHDS)? va b) Cac thanh vien cua XHDS phdi tu minh lam gi dl khdng ngimg hoan thien xa hdi ma trong dd hg dang sdng, hay ndi mdt each khac-cae cdng dan can phdi xir su vdi Nha nude ma hg da thanh lap ra (vd thay mat cho hg) nhu the nao? v.v
4 Nguyen tSc thir hai - NNPQ la Nhd nude dugc xdy dung tren
nen tdng cdc tu tudng phdp ly tien bd ciia nhdn hgi nhu cdng bdng, nhdn dgo, ddn ehu vdphdp cha - bao gdm he thdng cdc luan dilm khoa hgc vl
moi quan he giira NNPQ va bon tu tudng phap ly da neu Cd thi chi ra nhung net chii yeu ciia nguyen tdc nay la:
4.1 Cdng bdng, nhdn dao, ddn chii va phap chi la eac gia tri tinh than quy bdu chung ciia loai ngudi ma cac dan tdc da gianh dugc trong cudc
Trang 39dich ty thdn trong 4 biie tudng ciia kilu NCKH "phdng gidy" ma trdi lai, cac nghien cuu nay cdn phdi dugc triln khai mdt each dong bd, long thi trong sy lien he bi?n chiing va hiiai ca, chdt che vd khdng kbit vdi thire
tien xa hgi {ndi chung), cung nhu thuc tien lap hiin, lap phdp va dp dung phap ludt trong ITnh vyc TPHS {ndi rieng)
3 Ba Id, vi gdn lien vdi cac chuyen ngdnh ludt thyc djnh nhu: Lu§t
hien phdp, Ludt hinh sy va Ludt TTHS (ehii khdng phdi la cae chuyen ngdnh KHPL ea bdn nhu: Ly ludn hay Ljch sir nha nude vd phap luat,
Triet hgc phdp quyen, nen de ed thi lam tdt sir menh ciia minh thi cdc kit
qud nghien cieu cudi cung tuong ung vdi ba nhdm vdn di cdp hdch vd chit yeu eiia KHPL nude nhd (da neu tren) nhdt thilt vdi tu ecich Id sdn phdm ddu ra cua cac nghien cim dd (dii trudc mdt cd thi chua dugc cdp
mdt dong kinh phi nao tir ngan sach Nhd nude) cdn phdi it nhdt la mot trong ndm dang sdn pham nhu sau; 1) Van bdn Die thdo HPSD nao do voi
ea edu ehung, ten ggi eu the ciia tieng Phdn vd Chieong -f tdng sd luemg Dieu; 2) Cac bieu bang tuong ung vdi tirng md hinh td ehirc BMQL nha
nude (theo cdc phuong dn cu ihi khdc nhau); 3) Nhieng KGLH vi ngi dung
cu the cua it nhdl Id hdng chuc Diiu trong Die thdo EIPSD da dl xudt;
4) Md hinh lap phdp vl mdt Du thdo Ludt (Bd ludt) nao do vdi ca edu
chung, ten ggi cu the cua tieng Phdn vd Chuong -t- tdng sd luong Diiu va;
5) Nhieng KGLP ve ndi dung cu the eiia it nhdt la hdng chuc Diiu trong Die
thdo Ludt (Bg luat) da dl xuat; v.v
4 Bdn Id, viec dua ra dugc nhirng dang san phdm dau ra vdi tu each la cac kit qua nghien ciiru cuoi cimg neu tren se dem din It nhdt la ba Igi icih
nhu sau: I) Toan bg y tudng khoa hgc chi la nhiing Idi le, edu chir suong ndm tren gidy da duge cu thi hda thdnh cdc dilm, khoan, diiu luat cu th^
trong vdn bdn Die thdo da dl xudt; 2) Khdng bj Ddng, Nhd nude, eac da i
bieu Qudc hdi hay cdc ddng nghiep che trdch (nhu thue trang hipn nay dang cd d mdt sd nhd khoa hpc - ludt gia) Id "hodn todn phi thye tien",
"khdng cd hoi thd eua cudc sdng", "ehi di theo Idi mdn ciia kilu NCKH phdng gidy", "chi cd mdt md ly thuylt sudng (dii cd day din hang tram., hang nghin trang giay" v.v ; 3) Giup cho cdc dong nghiep, ban dpc vai nhdn dan ed the de dang phdn biet dugc ngay vdi cae diiu hay van ban
Trang 40thdi la dieu kien ca bdn va dgng lyc tinh thdn rdt quan trgng dam bdo cho
sy hinh thanh, phdt trien va dn dinh ciia nin kinh tl thj trudng tu d o - h^i tang CO sd chii yeu tao nen nhiing gia tri vat chdt ciia xa hdi cdng dan vd NNPQ, nhiing gia tri tinh thdn cua nin vdn minh nhan loai
5.3 Gidi quyet mdi quan h? giira NNPQ vd dia vi phap ly ciia ed nhan suy cho cimg chinh la giai quyet mdi quan he vd ciing phirc tap vd
da dang giira hai ben - mgt ben la quyen luc Nhd nude, vd ben kia la eac quyen va tu do cua con ngudi va cua cdng dan, de lam sao xac lap cho dugc quan he hai hda va binh dang ve cac quyen nghTa vu va trach nhiem phap ly cua hai ben ddi vdi nhau, nhdm loai trir xu hudng vd chinh phu tir phia cdng ddn, cung nhu nguy ca tiiy tien va dgc doan tir phia chinh quyen Nha nude
6 Nguyen tac thu- tu- - NNPQ Id Nhd nude ddm bdo thiec su dja vi ngie tri
cita phdp ludt trong cdc ITnh viec sinh hogl eiia xd hdi - bao gdm he tlidng eac
ludn diem khoa hgc ve mdi quan he giu-a NNPQ v'aphdp ludt (ehinh xac ban la
cdc quy phgm phdp lugl) trong ddi sdng xa hdi Cd thi chi ra nhimg net chii
yeu ciia nguyen tac ndy la:
6.1 XHDS va NNPQ hinh thanh, dn dinh va phdt triln dugc la do dugc dieu chinh bdng nhieu dang quy pham xa hdi khac nhau (phdp ludt,
dao dire, tdn gido, v.v ) nhung trong dd cdc quy phgm phdp ludt la cd
tinh chdt quyet dinh vi phap ludt la do Nha nude ban hanh, cd tinh chat
bdt budc chung va dugc dam bao bdng sue manh cudng ehl ciia Nha nude Va nliu vdy, mdi quan he giira NNPQ vd phap ludt la mdi quan he hiru ca vd chat che, tuong ho va bd sung cho nhau eua hai bd phdn Cclu thanh quan trgng nhdt thugc thugng tdng kiln true cua XHDS - chiing phy thugc vao nhau va khdng the ton tai nlu nhu thilu nhau
6.2 Gia tri xa hdi to Idn eiia phdp ludt trong NNPQ la d cho: phap ludt la chan ly khdeh quan, mang nhiing ddc tinh tich cue (nhu tinh phd bien, tinh dn djnh, tinh chudn myc, tinh bdt budc chung) va do dd, chire ndng quan trgng cua NNPQ la lam cho phdp luat thirc su trd thanh ngudi dieu chinh cac quan h? xa hdi va chilm dia vi thdng trj so vdi cac quy pham xa hgi khde (nhu dao dire, chinh tri, tdn gido, tap quan, v.v ) trong cac ITnh vuc sinli boat ciia XHDS
6.3 NNPQ mac dii cd quyen ban hanh phdp ludt, song do phap ludt
cd vai trd quyet dinh doi vdi su hinh thanh va phat triln, tdn tai va