Tài liệu stanislaus von moos le corbusier elements of a synthesis docx

The most embarassing Ms have been remove, ‘ew research hasbeen reported inthe ends ans possi added to cach chap suggesting the ays my o¥n View ofthe respective subject hs For oagbt to av

LE C0RBUSIER ELEMENTS OF

A SYNTHESIS

STANISLAUS

VON MOOS

LE CORBUSIER ELEMENTS OF

A SYNTHESIS

Revised and expanded

010 Publishers, Rotterdam 2009

”

$y Vaviationson a Utopian Thee

as

REFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH LANGUAGE

EDITION (1979)

bis book was writen fen year ago, as pat of a series of

rts om Gmows Sirss-hom nen ad women of science, af and iterate —

sw Pat Klee anal Cael Gusta fue Atta time, ao ecmpelcasve, critical stay on Le Corbusier's work was avaiable, so the an was ol his gap

‘When stated wo work othe book, Le Corbasir’s person achives were nl aces sible; ts my sounces of saformation were prstnly the published works of he chit himself athe i volumes o the Qeuvre complete Funhemnore, have

‘visited almost all of Le Conbusier’s lk, see a get many of his paintings, and net many of his orm collaborators ad reas ho agreed oasis me with io graphical information,

T-eamnot belp that certain pts of the hook, seen athe distance of ten yea near out of dat in the light ot ony of rvent tes bt also my om alee views canceraingthesuhjct have included what appeats tobe the most important set Ifomnaion available on Le Corbusier's career and Wonk, a have rewrite pars to correspond llr with present clon Anew chapter am the tp Foplcal an ideal premises he Ui habiaon bas

{he who, hs remains the tansaton ofa series of essays write between 1967 and

168 and Lave not ted taller teircharacte for pepe wha appears as ihe li:

of objectivity er excess of esas my const o their easy a3 Bo, othe exteot ha visions ofthe ature are exapaaons of slim aspects af the present [Believe that Le Corbasior is more intresting today asa visionary’ of hs

‘ow tian ha pro hist, the is so Uh ois state a8

nn he ineligene and compli of his vital and poste apprch tality As far

as this aspect ofthe sie is comeemed, mach ore deal discussion of bs works |

‘vo be nocd ha the necessarily we mol án this how yet wold sll wor als the Hines of my aes on “Typos” and onthe “Elemeats of a Syathesis

‘which, it seems to ms, have nol bees superseded by more recent appmoseles

ost epi inthe eal stages of my IavelveMeut with Le Corbusier ive been liste inte or The persons and te nsiatons that we

na dion, | would like

allomed the use of material from his own archives forthe illusions ta tis book vn li ha

Te following frians and collaborators of Le Corts ve fo thir lpi ny search for Wogrphiclinfcration Alter Jeaeret, Le Corbusier's bres (eve), {gon Demin Ls Chausste-Fonl), JP de Menno (Neve, Tino Nvola

Long stn) aad, above all, Pere, Emery (Villars, Oto, Switzer, wiht

‘whom the French edition of he hook, published in 1972, could not have matesalized

‘aniston he aise acces 6 source materia and professions iter

‘ore the BNiothegm def Ville de La Chat-e- Fonds, the Bioteque dla Nase des Arts Decoalifs in Panis, and the Leary of the Mascum of Mfodem An, New

‘York, Maric ess the ist director ofthe Fondation Le Cortnsier, alld mito stl the collection of ings and crawings then inthe possession of he uation, Heid) Weber Zs

{tom ber allection

8 of works

Mì 3 kind eno (6 elp me ou with photos

‘Walter Gropins, José Las Seat, Edward E.Sekler (Cambridge, wa) and Achat

‘Drexler fom te Mei of Mover Ax (Nev York agreed (oak to me abont Le Corbusier and have thershy contributed to caifying my ideas on the subject conver satis with Alfoed Roth (aie) were particulary elpl,

AM tip tongs (Apri 1958) and yaroas excursions to France wete made possle hy gran from the lagge Poel Foundation, St Gallen (Sitting)

"he greater my disnce to these hezinnings, the clearer it has become mel {owe tothe people in pric, throm wart a hate worked ig he

ly Sigided Giedioa, Cano Giedion Weleker, a Hans Curl {ould add hat never act

ily met Le Corse iss

Many ems have encouraged me ia the preparation of tbe revised ext Fam rel to Ame Cobo eS For bis perepsve review ofthe Book's French stom nthe Journal de Geneve (1973), ant Peter Seen nh incløBed tao p4

of what te called the st Rstrcal study of Le Corbusier's ete attic caret"ia bis tefalambology Le Corbuserin Perspective (New York 197) Elizabeth Sussman (Cambridge 49), H Alen Brooks (Torte), Alan Colgan Lonson) aod Harvey Mendtsoin Pats) read prs oF he mapasenpt The Fondation Le Cxbusierip Pars

as teen bp

teprodtion of various hitherto unknown documents from the Le Crbasir

However, [ would never bave tackled this tanslaton ad Tot hee

the Hieonyd Archieete for four win the Uaited States in a building designed boy Le Corbusier ~ Haevnu’s Caspeater Ceaer forthe Visual Aas, and to stews

‘whose ext sharing of my crest has been a challenge

"he etal trsttion hs Been along and cumbersome alae which involved he

competence and the goodwill of ran people nis eas tages it was dried by Beatrice Mosk an supervised hy Joseph Stein of the HY Press, ad Ts ass {cel indedted vo bin (or his help and his friendship The shape ofthe texas puis {1970 is due vo the st nee of Maureen Ober Vita, Sszerlan

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION (2009)

‘Since the las ei of this hook appeate, i 1979 we Hel many ose

return ots sujet, but ever seriously considered the possibility of witng& new

"— 111.1111.111 Insier th aeesiHIiN of hù de, am somidci due rapialy chaning nero

‘ions onthe horiow of arbitectre (rf visual cular altogether) # would be ois

ot torecogtice that books on his architect end have a shot lifespan Wht can be sins situation is potas bests inte Fora of the etic essay cat ogveeatry cr by aneans of an exibition,

Having ruled our the option of writing & ew book, reeyeing This ld ove in a somes patel form ment (assuining hore might be a intrest leiing about

‘whether it stould be republished ef uel or ina substantially payed Ferm, What ws Snails formulae compromise The most embarassing Ms have been remove,

‘ew research hasbeen reported inthe ends ans possi added to cach chap suggesting the ays my o¥n View ofthe respective subject hs For oagbt to ave) develope or changed over the decades

‘With its substantially colarged compas of Mustations,the Book may Gow ak vary resemble 2c hat hasbeen ied pith heen of spots car The wake vill decide whether ie book's sophomore ingctuity aid its somewhat arwocul dati may be pore in he se Way 45 One tolerates the mechanics Haws

of anoles, i, with bit of amwsemen

Paps a short comments needed othe book's eatve philosophical and theo redcal agnosticism, expecially considering the fac that the decade ete is fs

there were eons in varios cer

(Gra) aes hid (English) et ages

Tưng

inbetween ~ iMesselthe genejtand ti rasdlanli umph

Xetb§ sdiof of atlgline (101752, 1971-80) may even have participated in the

‘eon, boncver marginally My own subscquent incapacity to engage in abo

fies diesen of Ceiteal History may’ have been one wy’ of coming Go tems

‘vith this experience Yet even so, the book cau’ lp but be pat of station and tical ake hat is est pitmized by Manttedo Tats ps bent “stony with hte in ‘ou an cached throught Varin eins, principals Ietween 1967 and 1978, these seven chapters offer no mre tan aan of posse readings of Le Corbusier's ie and work: the subject as such continues to bei fs Whichis why [consider the postscript to be a eset pst ote book

Anh tal historiography deo coincide with what used ib called “opera tive eiciom’ Yeti purse sno on nero serve the expe of Mex Arhitectre asa sae should at st reinforce our awareness ofits eovance a a Tan of our physical and cult 9 cvironneot Valortunaely, the practice of history alone offers

‘gold standards for te beni of the Fast grin industry’ of presersation and

on, Much less so a sit on where amonunens like Notre-Dame

st Rocha or the Capital of Chandignch ave runing sks wot only Comm the tty

of deeay orth eniciant of sees ha als fom sensible areitec-esperts Trends

sed in exiavogant project of uperading aud e-qall tien Tạ this conte historians ae quite fle contre with tout eheiees i

of Le Corbusier even ~

th atenys to ib forthe psi survival of he Work without voting is spi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \vhitcts and seh tue students fro places tke Hac

‘ard University the Architectural Associaton in London, de City Univensy, New

‘York and ote schools have been my most inspized intelocutors oo Le Corbusier string many decades Not to forget my tenure at Dell Civersity of Technology (1986-83) needless sy that I consider myself particularly privileged to ace this puhlication happen inthe Nethetlands Whezeas may stents in ast hon: Zi, 1085-2005) Friant heped me relize hat architecture el ake Le Contain

sions like the Muses fr

ot the ony issue on the horizon of meer

Gesttung n Zach, te Museum Langit, Baden he Band Grate Center foe

le Decorative As, New Yor the Accademia geil, Menno md, all:

he Vita Design Nfuccum in Well AR allowed me to eotieue to ride my bobby

vovall of

hone the respective eshitlions ne refered oi the Toots; ms b

thr were tealze in partnership with iy friend Abe Ri

Foor in these institutions, dete Alvin Hoyas from the Avehitectural Associ

sen (1960) The hook oot only ped my nderstanting of Le Corbusier, bit a thorough

‘enue resect pubis Comper and Contradiction mn

teoriated my oulook on architecture fr decaies

ca have ce again been grey Cciilate by dhe Fondation Le Corbusier ts dectr, Michel Richard, bis predecesor Evelyne Trt ond the Foadatin's exper staf faelle Geineat and Atma Deeelles As fa as

‘he ilsrations po Tbave avoided the temptatin to spe the book with my 0m | snapshots, Rath, the ambition was to emphasize a doctnemtary characte bs

‘wherever possibe eanoole’ imagery fron period when the buildings were done

“Ment of this iconography x based on materia published in the Cewire complete oe available fom the Fondation Le Contnsir and oer ofa sauces The elle

sir, eth fo his understand othe sho attra his snp eye regan

Binge which expose te rock, Charles Lp lenis paintings depict this scenery

\withits wide borizons fen ng wiaslowls eceasonaly eens imps soa

‘ward the nc plains ofthe Sins ans

[Even tony, the people of La Chaus-de-Fonds ike 4 speak oftheir story as sing revotatonat, ana they ae pro of their democrate ain, The same elds eve for Le Cosbasiet “need not be ase of mori he moans of Ne hltel have witnessed pst of bert, igen and courage” Since the wells and hectares th era the Ass ma France celrested.nt the Ira valleys to scape psrscution and repression Protestant fefuges fom the south an Fron Burgundy arved ding the Wats dữ Religion, speci aller the East of Nantes in the sinocothcentry Le Corbusier hiked 10 (hink of ims as bing part ofthis triton About the regina’ strate for inde

nen fom the Pras who had eae rer of Nee, an hs of La

‘Chous-de-Fomts even aller 1814 when the eunty of Neuchitel Id hecome a Swiss ato, he reminisce

(On + March 9848, my grndfntcrJeannert-Ranss went with Fitz Conrvoser

‘on fo, fom La Chaus-de- Fons to Newchitl and cape the castle wiht shedding drop of blood, He was oue of the Leaders of the revolution, My: are ranather was revolutionary too, and del as result of his iris

Le Corsi did wo obese

Imaysconsier his Swisiness lobe an advantage tn

‘order to ease bis way into the Pui establishment, he went fin demonstrating is

French ancestry group of hoses not fa fom Le Lace, afew miles west of La (Chaus-de-Fonds, called ‘Les Jeaterets' na seventeenh-century map, staid (his version of his genealogy These sineenh- centr sone hoses, whic were gute bya fret 1918, displayed a form of low-pithed oot similar the vertu Howse sHyls ofthe Languedoc, region in southern France

While its concesiveness may’ questionable, the demonstration at east wna

Wigbounly diotes the areiters determination to be part of the Mediterranea

word, stigesting tat bis cai aks with the Medicranean were note the

resal of 3

chee than hat of wrarl ondtion ta oc, note han nyt

ls this choice reflects the experiences of year spout ina landscape where the tow 'wwler the es oes ot ae Fr almost sx months

industry, ad oth Le Corts father nl prnaather worked thre as enamels of wat [La Chan-de-Fond ives by is ata faces His father, Georges douard Jeanneet Perel, served se presilent of the local Alpine Clu for many yeas, whecas his mother was pra teacher, The attony she exerted over her wo

ss can aly he oerestinate, She adored her ser son, Nts, who reseed al he suppor be nce o become a scion, Charles Edouard, the fue Le Corba,

‘vas sent othe local At Seboo in he hope that he would Become a engraver and make his eater i the Held of ss cally decorated wate eases Thought his

si ile, he flesh ur bt for his mothers love ha rs, her retest mora

‘and standpoints appear to have profoundly shaped the ate’ om feeings

st Budapest and who was deeply conunited to the refoem movercat inthe applied teacher who hal Bet trained in Pais

sts, gide th sents ist experiences inthe rss ater provided hi with is first eacing position (1013) Jeanneret ning

wa hc years eaming the raf precisom and stct concert

ses exact demain sl tegun

tion One false ove an an expensive piece of gold silver could he ruined

Te school's atmosphere was chaructrizsil by an emphasis on erafstnship ad

Ase to ne dec nllecua emperamenta passion for Mess placeies was

cole d'Art tel had been fous 1872, primal inorder to supply the Local ware indus th engeavers|

shout tventyfive when Jesuneret entered the school Th

‘of wae faces ew ofthe on

toes, when L'Eplattenicr ok over the dirctorship @ redtinition ofthe school’s Dumpore was urgeuly needed Is narrow pre-professional orientation had become

‘crm lesan sucess ofthis produ, Ha

problemi at moment when atch manletorin as moving toward inal

lhe demand for expensive, engraved pocket wtes a5 rapidly Adsuishing asthe wristwatch was bei i 6 conquer the international akets) Epler realized tat if the shook was asurive new feds had to he open upforte application of the skis th, poten, had been sinost exclusively directed oar the decoration of watch faces"In £905, he ws able fo walize the Gis steps

T= Georges Favre-Jacot § Co = C than

oar reform of he setion by creating a poternate programe which ie called

‘Cows Supericur d'Art t de Decoration, He invited the best grades of he seal

‘w col the dew programme where they ete assigaed Yaron, ote are scale

te volving architectural and ineioe desig, Accordingly, students directly

Posicipted in ongoing projects sch as the design fa youth Hostel of a new post office, for example, Some of these projects were ata realized ~e the deco tion of «chapel t Cemict-Fontinemelon, «music room in « private bose at La

‘Chau de-Fonds, ee Seaneret was ations the Hest soup of student in the “Cowes

‘uenednnoanintrationl cee of apple sts thaaks to Vicor Pra L'Eplatenir

‘vas absolely aware of such comtemporary effons; in particu, be shared Powe’ ntrestin ons, spells Hor and vesctale,orsamen, Aller 19, the ame

tad become hemor ‘dren pascal all senso design, including architec

1 allowe designers fee themselves fom what the considered te slot

1y of histori is, and enabled them to ackle the new emstrcton ectnigies, putin Hose msosing ion and concrete, with an olen exhilarating dete

In thế indivi ways, arlitects such as Antoni Gad in Barcstona, Hector

9à hai reinterpreted axchitectne

ss the at of mmbmenlomasentation As Iliss Meter Grae later characterize

(Guia in Pi, and Henry vaa de Velde in Belg

the transiscplinary nature of those efforts: “One rect be gan wi the endpaper

‘of book al ended wit the faa

For these architects ad designers omament Was a mans of symbolizing He's

rare Eplafenir sinel at devolopin a decorative siplethat would be characterise of the Ja egion He used examples from ancient at

lly caved second to the misters insulins to represen plats, Pine cons, tances, and tzand L'Eplatenie’s later projets inthe area of the applica oes tere toad m 111.1 corto for the ssneae in the La Chau-de-Fonds mse for example (1924)

Sone of Chares-doard IenmetelS cai sts give the clearest fight i [EF platenier's ducatioaal agenda They sate the tansion fom natual organic

copy of which was a

formal exercises in decoration and geometry mile, atthe sane tee, they indicate

‘sore theoretical concer: they explore a formal wiverse where nature ap mathe

mates meet nother wou, they atlemp © maketh suet las of nate visible stl to express hea in ge0mehre part

Innmany espects the pecccuputions that merge from theve studies appear to be

a (any of he cane mporary protigoniss of

‘rt Nowa, Le Corse ltr eae he este to which LE pateners school was mesenerized by Joa Raskin the great Vitoria mori (1819-1900)

In our tind we were exhorted Ruskin ¢ ) He spoke of spit: fahis

‘Seven Lamps of ehiectare be evoked

Taanpof iit ) Ruski has deeply moeed our bean.)

‘One tealizes tht matures phenomenoa is nied, ove opens one’s eyes 1990, iio tail sen, rly

To Jeanere\ ad his ets, Rosh’ gospel came at just height moment otFered snswers to he problems of day-to-day existence ad asigned es mm

wise Would have remained Feeling hn fat, mtdoor ie played crucial

ln Jeanere's tos His ater ased to ake is sons or long alk, scour

‘Tol plats ad annals s president ofthe town's Alpine Club, he wrote detailed aces on bis espeiences as a asus climber for the Bulenn Fédéral du Club Alpin, Le Covtnsier reported that his ners compulsive moun climbing ined

‘he Alps or bin," while ter years he often recalled he landscape ofthe Sa with,

{ts distant horizons

1 hlatenief ay pining, sich a A vomit (On the Summit, 1909), evoke tte atmosphere the dak, hind, shady valley of La Chae -de-Fonds to the right the wide hoions with Lake Neuetsitel to the let ~ a remote promise of sunshine and AMediemaneamclorly la the cung chapter of Lr décorotifanjord u (1928) coiled "Confession, Le Conbusier recalls ow be and his fiends wo escape (nan the baste ofthe tose to a remote am ined oe clone o nate Some

tines, with napsacksom ce chs, tey wold undertake Toy ek into the Swiss tmidlaaus ham or an apple ce would provide sblter forthe ght an in wine

‘hey joined the ist ops f skier the Bernese Oberland

The romantic entosasn for satu aid open if that inspired Eaten’ stants culminated in te idea ofa shone diated to wate, symbelically embody

ng the lamltcape 8h,

ora and at,

a sculy sloping banks; posts, hers of lirge mma, nite horizons, Highs of wots We pepated the fare “Here sa the maser We wil ud amonumeat dedicate to nature We wil dedicate dhe ens of uve this projet We will

‘Om Susys we often gahoted a the suzait f the highest moun Peahs

leave the twa and live in the Forests atthe font of the edifice which we wil slony i with one works, The etic site wll become ncarate ere, A he ana, allthe ore, Once every year great elebratons wil hehe At he Four comers of

the ee ge bazirs wil bam,

‘You Wit MH AN ARCHEFRET”~ Sita Pater Jeannoret hd decide tht be wate fo conte a pats Bur bis each asst, “You will bean ater A fst Jesnmers emir Bt inthe scolar there was cops of Carles lane's Grammaire des arts dessin then on

the canonic textbooks the world Fatt education, Feannerst appears 0 have been fascinated y that book, which Aepiets# panorama of history in arresting prose a contains the promise o sre things to come ane not ony dcelared architectre to he the Mather ofthe Arts bat

‘opposed the eoncepion of he architec as mere decorator of a ei

cers consents ust Volle Duc am Choisy wo do some tims ater be exphied thự the architecture of the futuve would develop fom new cooAoctini

‘meth and Would be bused ona thorough knowledge oF the mumumnt ofthe ast which hal Boon rediscovered in th nindeenlh sity "ut the regeneration of out sctiools a aly he aceomplishea on one condition hey dh ot become entree

Jn arcacology in pare ition of objects but zosp instead the spirit of is extracting fo he jhe of relies ony thse tesa ae ideas tht stad ou

platen contacted the accel René Chapa, ho had sal fice 2 nearby Tavanges nd asked him oasit hiss in the design and execution of a small house Fe ad previously persuaded a miembe of the school board to commis

‘so the seventeen year-old Jeannere o bil his ills Iwas eames st oe,

he Villa Fale, siuted a the stpe of the Jura mon of the ww (1908),

Le Corbusier didnot elie his at tilding anvong is Qeuire compte Tere reno pictures fit ims publications: al hat exists are occasional remarks on ite house eecute at the age ofeightzon “with exeme ct hose whe proba Areal yet vatoucbed by arcitetural rousine’” Even s0, the fe “bal offers

{onportant les inthe comprehension of Le Cortes backgronnd, The livin res fan the bedrooms ate grouped around an open, o-stried hall, an idea which

ss not ous post Arai Crfts architected 1900, a whe ae evolved into Le Corbusier’ obsession with two-storey living roms and galleries,

at more suprising 6 the crust of decorative deli that coves the fades aot the interior was

‘Withits ra rustieated hse and exposed dnt and balt-hipp gable, the teminiscen of some great Swiss hotels the period, ad more generally ofthe are

fore of national romanticism, Bu the detain zoes beyond histories medical, even hol one would not use the term “Aut Nouveat to descibe i, Most decorative fens re derived Troms the Sy ofthe Jara =the wsought ion Anche om the ft sor, he ieoa blustides ofthe ta conics, the ies on te terior paneling {he mutigoloured rato patter on the fagade, Even the tmberwerk canner

‘worked oi the details in conjunction wi is coaades te ing site obeys

‘he iconography The root timbers 4s well the crmsbars of he windows are geo neti derivations of Jura pines The whole sa ein conglomerate fides dstiled {rom pleas “Cony Supercar and exe al the ere tht one ent expect rom peofessioal i he to bi dựng

YLBRENEET VIEANA AND 10SEPMWOEPMANX Won eonnorfrrello 0 Flo

‘Wr the twa fiends Wade for Vienna iv the sutuna of that same yeas, they ssa hgh Vives, Pera eal Ht Palla! lings there were cons red a stlicien pretest fo interruping the joorey.Palladio epitomized academic cdasiclam, so be tac ignored Thy did vist Raveuna.owever, whose mossies bad already made a srng impression on Jeanneret at school

ristes Museum as hey Were tthe exibition of the e2csion nd he Hagen

‘where the work of dhe Viennese avant-garde was shown, Perhaps suprise

wt rerined singuly timypnesied by Otlo Wagner, Vieuta’sSladinaumester since 1, whe bad been» notions protagonist of functional’ approach archi tecture since at leas 185, whee hs short book foderne Are laedn was plished The reacted Possparkve bling bc

tt 1*Eplatenier eto stone mnturoed to dict his disciples towards the work of

$HotTaann Wie Otyich had heen calle 6 Dart by Grand Duke Fest Lt

i 1809, Hofmann td remind in Vienna, where he opened in 1903 the Wiener

‘Weskstte an instintion which emalned a cent of exer handiert or te next three decades, Perini comes 36 9 surprise tha Adolf Loos, HotTnamn's ‘val

a

jn 1906, remained eatrely anknowe to enansre [hát ne (ugh he did nae

fa the Wiese art world an whose Famoasaticte “Ommament anal Crime” app

a sketch ofthe lte's Kaze shop the G

tien,

(Ceary, the designee who interested

cash came trig Vier 9 Years

im most was Hoflinann Fora tone ane Seoumeret seems to ive hesitated aout asking hin fora ob, yet when he Snaly uhited his Kalan sketches ta the Austin maser be was hited immediately: As

‘uum ont however it a oo Tle Jesmeet nd cena performance of Pues

1s Boheme a few day calc, ad as be le recalled, the represemtaion ofthe

eo Pais mae him decide wo leave fr Pats atone

Jeannerst aod Pern eft Went in March 1908, In Munich, mol ml Chapalae to dseuss the construction of two houses hệ hid designed ia Wena, The

to las were subseseryW be lt hy Chapala nea the earlier vill allt ia {La Chase Fons." Named alter ther owner, the Jaquemiet and Storer howses are

‘stations on the

lr thene, more convention ia tei spl organization (here

‘0 ental hall eter boss), less pedantic in dhe decorave detailing, yet maze {ovoofl in the ication of srctge thir mixed nse of conerete and masonry hit tinberwork, and ibe palling ote fteiors have an undeniable orzialty As they

‘vere designe in Viens itis letpting to compare (hem wo some projects hy tbh, sch as “Das Ble Hor the Has fa Rosen in Darmstad~ yet thet is ite lest

‘fhe spatial complexity and elegance of Olbrich’s work, an paradosialy the eat

‘ie of masonry atl wowxork ends chuEeCuimaml

Pants, 1908: PERRET ANO NiEFZSeHE Unlike Fritsche wih Victor Hort Ssterdany with LLP Bevage, of Vienna with Wager and HotTamnn, 1908 Pars Jacked one of radially madsen designers cape of newline the cal begemony ofthe Ecole des Heaux- Ant, Ye, om the otter Band, there were the seat iron sinutures of Labeoaste, Ballard Eiffel, and others of the nineteenth century

‘whic ert ono hes important fore desition of he Movkrn Moments own ations

unheraore, no architec increse i stra ane ation coll enoe Ciimara’s

cus and Heanchiqns’s pragmatism in the ase of reinforced concrete The Pret

wr hud aleady sealed sever oftheir important works, sul a the aparteat bons at 25 his, rae Fran (1002), The recent adi to the Samsttaine depart ment stores by Frnt Jourdain ws lana in the history of toa and sass tr

‘are, altbough its decorative tenor may have pally obscwed is bodes Sill more important pethaps was Hen Sauvage wo, by 1908, bad become known fe

is competent Art Nouseau designs a well as is avelvement ia the reform of Work ings housing

(0n the road frum Munich, Jeanacrt stopped brill in Noreborg, Strasour

and Nancy, and avd in Pais

Perrin fund postion wih Hector Gimand the designe ofthe Pais Métvo stations (1889 4904).° Folder ile ths drawings from Fl {Broek athe door a roe Franklin’ Le C sir Iter recalled, and ila hong they had steppe out ture Frame sn the Pavillon de Marsan, dhe wo male gues fom the Deer sr horbe, Auguste and Gite Pere

The comlats wih the Pertti scem toe opencda now chapterin Jeanne’: career 95am architect by puting him in contact with prblents f tere atl con

suporary means of resolving them." The spatment ase at 25 bis, ue Foukln where the Peres’ fice way stuaed, had bec a vevolutionary slfemea i this respect Wits U-stiaped plan pein up maxim of the faa thes ad

‘he panorama oF Pari, and with is seemingly fase, exposed, yet lavishly ors

‘mente concrete frame, it Tooke hit a hazardous eerie Hy se, a0 bank ha

since imminent collapse bd been predicted — the

nu was realized aly becouse the areitets were their own coatactes

eeu ling Wo grant 3 mort

Whale working pat-tne for the Peres, eanmeret tented history classes at de ole des Ress Arts a od athe muses, spending Sundays with the maser pices in the Lowe and wechdsys with applied at in the Musée de Tomine o he Tiweadeo.” He also sade Notre Dam i detail inthe footstep of de le-Duc,

Aseinakellbythelogïc of conerlcio and confuse bythe sides and gm ation of is form, Hl spent the evctgs studying the works of Lstarcily, Choisy

‘ole, an her fl his Wa no eth, He Wanted to have atta ean

of bjt, eret advise him to sty mathematics ad satis

These mons in Pais seem to have beowght abot erysallzaion of his ideas

‘devoured Niettche’s Thur Spoke Zarantusra, As P

‘books played a considerate role in detenniningJeameretssel- awareness a a a

{sc The shape is ideas and eft hot maton bis Writing fo tbe west of hs caer Ata arhi wea “harmo expression of thos (Proven, nd ths 9s

seem (ate aie fom thes a

vals ofp

the development of sch conceps: Niewsche's image of the lovely’ superman, whose lexgic destiny as lobe suerifced forte sake of mankind, seems to have become a

ey to Jeannerets understanding of hs own ole a an artist in Socety

Soon in this perspective, Jeamnerets early iolvemet in eer of he ans ad

crafts appeas to be bu a modest stp toward tel conontaton withthe woe

Iw November of 1908, Jeamere sealer L Eptene, sou hsimpera tng visi to La Chius-de-Fonds, His somewhat grandiose determination 1 “wtestle wth ea isl stopped hy a debian determination to sulfer

Tiny childish dreams are over, those dca of cee ike tat aches By ane

‘oro Getta schon Vita, Darmsa.This sto ea, and Want o weeste

"` 1.1 sill eateeze Thou ae naked and ane as to wrestle

b thêm, And in

‘ones lo et hs so Ha te sgl cam ake place, ne aces solide

As fo wayel, ay al this ply sucess is prematre; ui is at hand, One does

ot bull 0n san,

"To GERMANY! BERENS AND THE AEG Mle eunag om Pais ate in 1990, Jeannert spent ony af months in La Chass-de Fonds, Is ong enh, bow ver to Tnanch the work the Ate

rs Art Reus.” April 1910, Be 1A his

many Ia Much, he locked up Thewdor Fischer

‘wh recommended hi 9â nulsyøf emhan arehitees, designers, al muse

rople ta the nest few monle Jeanneret nadc conlae{ nh thề kỷ gen the

‘German Werhbund He met Peter Bees, Hermann Muthesias, Kal Eanst Ota,

‘eno Psa, Wolf Donn and Heitrich Teseuow, al worked asx dona or Peter Rebrens fr Bve moms

He admired Belen’ profesional coraptenee bt he admixed felis out

‘he man: “An ill-Aempered esr raed! an here without reason, aml his oes

‘on frm moming il evening” unour hác that Jesameret worked tere alongside [Gropins and Mies, The fet shat Gopi, who had Fong been he Hast deaushis

in ehreuss sin, ha eft 20 ato busines for himself «few months ble sa sett asived ia Beli ata, Mies vu de Keb ater elle having et a eva Jeonerston the doorstep Beles ose tthe tn, May 19 Jesoneret was tthe point of aving for Dresdco, whereas Mics joined the office as Beton ness collaborators!

"womonhs afer his aval in Germany n Je 1910 Ieanneretreesived a ete {rom the La Chauy-de-Fonds \t School asking him to prepares report on the state of

‘oan pouch eport waster published 3a book

Jeaeret deserts the situation i de context ofthe polis, teller and

ws crucial ole as ciel designer of the ako (Allgenteine Elkins töeelhehaf) in fin, Behrens, who Bad started his career as ptr, aot oa supervised the ds

italy every this ofthe new pats of the A factory’, tbe also designs

5 the AG proce ~ Kleene, radiators, Imps ee —

3 dove to its letereadings This tempt to create a corporate i

{he nF, bat of rman instil, i otf the Machine ge tue, was of the

AC he eat of his rept he declares, “Germany isa Boo of topical interest IF Parisi the focus of teats, Germany romaine the great centre of producion”* Two years ater, Word War bok out

Vovace n'owieyT In May 1911, Jeanneret decided to vist Budapest and Buch rest, al with bis find from Berne, August Klipstei, who was then wating & thesis on Et Greeo aad Tater heeame a welL-nown at date The planned a stort

othe yea umes, but became pitrimage Wo the East that tok up alot here

A aris stages ofthe tip, Jeamneret wrote detailed reports fr the Fee Avi, the local newspaper of La Chaus-de-Fonds, which lok the form of Istes to is {ers fron the Atelier At Kens.” While paps disappointing anyone whe expects preise architectural observation, the haps tne of these travel motes felleets the deep impact made upon hi by William Ritter, novelist and rt etic

{rom Nevchitel who fad seed in Munich and sons Jeasmere ho mt shorty

wis grand tour The voyage nile wa not just a professional sty nip, bu a total experience,

confused chitctue ofthe aon is 2 response to the persistent cal ofthe sn the

ue seas, ad the af white walls ofthe teres And indly “The impressions Leones, were slags :

is vst to Cnstatinople thn ante Acropolis in Athens marked the ctimax ofthe tip, He ha forme bis mage of Ttanbal long before be arived thư: tr

Ae white igh Lat tally white city ony the green express may pte

An the blue of the Sea wil ce the blu of he sky" When he ved it was reat stsoppetnineat The ls ofthe sky was also pola he water, aking he sea

re, The Golden Hom was muddy and it vers uncer, like thon swamp

he mosques, ality sold walls, ere ike Dlmshes on the sombne wooden hoses angen ers among uomnerous toes.°* He decided that ok Byte, “imperial

‘nent dissolve’ Istanbul, Per, ad Scar —dha bazar of activity and ie Heh

‘old took i tice weeks to appreciate the moses Hs ony whe hehe lơ understand the Eastern approach life ạt Be'ainedimsjgM To them, He deserts {ei interiors sty otha the prayers ca breathe eve he stared gasp the

the fear of death, whic sb oles

«religion that des no in

nd song Istanbal tumed out to be yet another confinatin of dcp spiritualist

He did ot negietthệ hư andthe folklore, and he adie! dhe vemaculae sechitetue of Istgbul ‘The Wooden Turks house, the Kowa, ya veel snasterpece Be wrote They’ eon Fase Hn — peas not Teast hese

of he constant dang fine wand frame howses (a devas sntlageation ad taken place while Was ther)

‘sto Moun ths, his int stopalter Ista, trot yt moths, ands confrontation with way of life orgaaized ina ae psa perspective fara stay

of exesperating days, Jeanmeret exami his joel, “Ob 0 fight, tov, 16 shout ree"

Iw Athens, ls Jesaneret clans to ave visited she Acropolis every day ds

four weeks, regadles ofthe weather The northern colosnade of he Parthenon bad

tu Set hee rel, The drums of the columns Ia there a they hal len 1687, when the poser stored inside the ella explode as the esl of a Turkish bea nen mg de, fhe 9s wh shit al in he face” With sees ban, eanperetexploee the seul a cif ofthese remains He took it for granted that {he Aeropots was the tron for a at and al aphitectre Every lie he ver wrote

‘that ding eins ta pestis The problem forhian was nel ossitae experience for wht had heen mere cultural iggAa upto hen AL ies he wavered between amavemen! and discouragement “Admiaton, adoration, then defeat he notes in a frustrate effort put dhe Parthenon in relation to the accesses oF the [resent AF Unes is tone econtes almost Nictzscheau, “This is a art which one fonnot escape, lial ike a amense and changing th Bt whe Ise mg otehook # sketch of Slot the fr in my het is eked

Ỷm 1 11A, rea forthe countryside His sketches were deasn as if he Wasi asta of exit

‘ment They evoke the aiags as par fa landscape with wide bocizons—hoizons like hose head experienced om the Jura heights for wih Adofphe Appia’ slage-ses {or Wagner's opces ply He ra) Cony the few scene phic impressions

ae ala ltt remains frm these examinations on the Acropolis whieh if sa etl was correc, occupied hin ores thn fo Weck

ART Un etrospect, Le Corbusier spoke ofthe "Voyage Orient asthe losing cape f his youth andthe Bt tings of x radically fesh stat In 1925, he sunmaized, Retur, Digestion conviction: one

‘ut stat all overagsin, One mast ite the problem *

Tings appear more complicated if one follows Jeunnerets carer more closely Inttanhal he hadcoinedonfily no Petet, who seems ove oer hit jl

(or the Thre des Champs Elyse” ut Jeannere oer plans He wanted to tum to La Chau de-Fonds, for while raving, be

had been appointed a professor o the ‘Nouvelle Section de Ecole Art 4 new

‘leprae of the schoo hatha evolve from the Cours Sapiear’ platen

a previsy tage ‘Couts Super aloe; ow heer, he insted the tne

"11.1.1111 and Georges Auber the itsio designer

The marative of the ‘Nouvelle Section? was one of fasion, like that of ober somparable ventes Theol schon, dominated bya comsersative fost: el bard {od ibe ofthe new appendage Among other measures, thiệt Was 2 reguitement

‘hat the teacher ofthe ‘Nouv ele Section hao obtain cantonal cenistes as master

—— In December 193, Jarmeret anounced tht he was in pssesson of

to the Seviatist Party, tended lo view th new dẹp nent ab ust indng sĩ thề production of “experts for whom sciey hai ao job ln ur, the craftsmen, eager to

find mieten rap diversifying

‘es

{he framesonk ofthe schools rational programa - shih infect ame down to

fsa syst, feared competition fon the nse’ Tt was did oer the curscl ofthe None Seton within

tssoving the csvset the “Novelle Section’ didnot shit meekly ois fate, Seannerct, a secretary ofthe At SA Réunis, ws quite experienced inthe at

‘of bombarding suggish thoes and ccumissions with eters While the Nouvelle

‘Section’ was ithe proces of closings dors, he dralted a sal treatise thal cons ures an umpresive epitaph forthe espeviment Experts fon all over Europe Wete

asked for er opinion of the ‘Nouvelle Sesion’ Eugene Grasset (Pars, Kast Ems

‘Ostnos (Essen), Peter Bebrens (Berlin), Theodor Fischer (onic), Aied Rell (Viens), and Testor Gime Pai) I responded with raise sa applause, ati vas to ate

[Uplate eesigncl in Mal «914 Jeanneret, uber, and Petia also ese {o teach wer ihe sew terms Only Leon Pein lle change bis mind be emisined loyal tothe art school in La Chats de-Fods thao sie, Ln conta an

nz siti a he had wo deste wo teach engrat rs aa jeveliets ” Phúc te selool of Ea Chaus-de-Fonds returned 0 where bat bòn im 160 as gain professional school for engravers and jewellers serving the nec ofthe oc wae

BUILDINGS AND PROJECTS AFTER L911: ECMOES OF

Âm 1908 Jenne ad deed hat he a Loree witha’ order op the

a suhurton residences for Sse watchers

trail afer 1911 may sot 1 fll sort ofthis vow, Yet was ints establishment

of okt, proportion, wl neoelascal severity da Jeanneret’s generation took its

is he individualism of Ar Nouveau and the “pity succes of Vieunt sou Dart,

m7 Bài series of interesting commissions that 4dlomed hi to inaugurate what one

‘nigh all the second pre-Cortsian pve of scaly Work eis characterized by 3 hit away rom Art Nou 1s toward neuelasicism of Geman origin na certain,

signed horizontal band, tallow an abundant ines of Higa soon that is

somewhat reminiscent of some designs hy Peer Behrens, such a the Vila Seber

at Eppentiaasen neat Hagen (1.90809),

(Comparable, yet larger in size, i the Villa Fave Saco, bait n te

12, ta meaty Le Love fora well-known wate manufacture curios com

prlation from fetrens, Ostend, and wher, mre remo academic sources — and

shove all Schinlel The Rundbogens wins ofthe ist lord ui indoor

‘0 the piano noble the fore aM proponton of the hipped oof std even the smal

ovtico wth ils gable (ich, in Le Locle, appeaes en he rear aga the second

flac) ae taken eon Hebets alas contemporary Villa Gedeke i Epps

(4g1i-12) The entrance, wth its asymmetrically ran sd aoking wings, svar

‘ina om the oll theme ofthe cou nner while a the sane tne paying riba to

Raphael's Villa Mada in Rome Its a cor donne extiously squeezed and

sMetched in order

Bint the reality of the sit, tl the enane fagade the most nila yesul of Jeannere’s wil to accommo classical symumetry and grand

design into the inescies ofthe ste athe densands of a mar, aetna Bouse

plan, The semisicular porch, responding (othe concave movement of túc lo

aon wing, sor of jake ~ possibly aupted by Belen feompate the esl

sbi ssl of his house For Dr Coa Hage-Epeises, 1909-10) boas

lasscals7t-ecntury French precedents aswell soch asthe porch of the Hoel de

A closer inspection ofthe decorative details reveals an updated, lasicized version

of theearlier ara ora ad fauna imager: Yel, while developing tase Foranelegant

litte Jenaneret way ats staly the posites of concrete constrton, pts

necting He halt Forgotten his former collaboration with Pert, ad was A3iú0g for aa ocasion to

ncouraged hy his eid Ny Dubois an expert in concrete ca

Aspley his experience tthe ld of coacrete engineering, This eccasion presented

‘self in Seplember 1914

pommno Reports of war damage ia Flanders filled he newspapers The pdf

scene dca thatthe war Was abt ed aa hatte i avenged

erives esnneret designed spstem sed 016 hero concrete las Appr

tod by columns and comms by sais In pla, these slabs look He dominoes —

nee thet ai, He hive hat the elements o his sil spent oul be easily

arcs, would po the fdr pts teat skeleton: refbeicated window ad wll sections would be made availabe in onder vo pei cempleton of every uit accom

snass produced Once erected in war

‘wero sap the

tothe nceds ofeach dvele

1 its titer sip, the Dontine principle went teyond the concrete frame

inagery a ithad been established by eee and ret, The eng slabs Were