PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REPORT topic the motivation power of nelson mandela in the position of first black president of south africa

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REPORT Topic: The Motivation power of Nelson Mandela in the position of first black president of Sout

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REPORT

Topic: The Motivation power of Nelson Mandela in the position

of first black president of South Africa

Group number: 02 Class: QTRE303.5 Lecturer: PhD Hoang Anh Duy

Ha Noi, 6/2021

No Student ID Full name Date of birth

ABSTRACT 4

INTRODUCTION 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 6

I Overview of Motivation 6

1 Definition 6

2 The role of motivation 6

II Early Theories of Motivation 7

1 Maslow’s Hierachy 7

2 McGregor’s Theory X and Y 7

3 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 8

4 Three-needs Theory 8

III Contemporary Theories of Motivation 9

1 Goal Setting Theory 9

2 Reinforcement Theory 9

4 Equity Theory 9

5 Expectancy Theory 10

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 11

I Leader’s information 11

II Analyse video 11

1 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 12

2 Expectancy Theory 12

III Outcome 13

RECOMMENDATION 15

CONCLUSION 16

REFERENCES 17

In the modern world, the competition between businesses is increasing dramatically, which means that every business needs a highly motivated workforce in order to achieve their goals in a certain period of time Therefore, learning how to motivate others has become an essential part of the managers’ responsibilities Motivating others show that managers know to apply motivational theories into practice so as to create and sustain a positive, energetic and conventional working environment in the workplace Moreover, motivation helps to improve and maintain great employees’ performance, which will increase the work efficiency and productivity of employees significantly Conversely, the lack of managers' ability to motivate employees results in low efficiency, effectiveness, bad communication and endless arguments between colleagues The purpose of this report is to examine what is motivation, how to be a successful manager and how to improve motivational skills that are taught during this course The report took an analysis method and theoretical approach to clarify the definition of motivation, its importance in businesses

in the modern world and the current issues of motivating employees in the workplace.

Our group synthesized all the members’ ideas and decided to choose a short video clip whose main idea is the team motivation of Invictus - Mandela to analyze the motivational theories that are applied in the video and ultimately, give recommendations and solutions to improve motivational skills The results, analysis and recommendations were presented to the readers and instructors

Because motivation remains a key managerial function today, businesses are considering motivational skills as one of the most imperative skills that managers need to acquire and master The lack in employee’s motivation can make an organization or business lose millions of dollars, whilst an effective motivational program such as a benefits package or bonus for employees can maintain high productivity and great performances Also, motivation can explain why people do the things they do Therefore, adopting and understanding motivation can help shape the behavior of employees in the workplace The overall performance of a business majorly depends on its ability to motivate individual employees In general, motivated employees will work harder to accomplish organizational objectives and goals.

This report studies the importance of motivation in the workplace The theories were selected from a variety of different scholars in different time periods

in order to obtain a broad point of view concerning motivation To help you get the right view and insight, after understanding the adverse impacts of employees lacking motivation, we will look into the benefits and give some recommendations

on how to improve motivational skills and apply theories into practice

Within the scope of this research, we narrowed our targeted subject to employees in the workplace to analyze deeplier and give more precise recommendations

• Execution time: September 17th – September 25th

• Implementer: Group 2 - QTRE303.5

• Video: Invictus Mandela’s team motivation First day in office

In order to better demonstrate our viewpoint, the following parts will be about Literature Review, Findings and Analysis, Recommendation and Conclusion and References

LITERATURE REVIEW

I Overview of Motivation

1 Definition

Motivation is a process in which individual efforts are energized, oriented and reinforced It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge

There are two types of motivation: Intrinsic motivated by internal desire for its own sake and Extrinsic motivation which motivated by external factors

(rewards/ avoid unexpected outcome)

Motivation Formula: Performance = Motivation * Ability * Opportunity

2 The role of motivation

Motivation plays an important roles in both an individal and a business

Puts human resources into action

Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it This can be done by building willingness in employees to work This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources.

Improves level of efficiency of employees

For getting the best work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates This will result into

Increase in productivity

Reducing cost of operations

Improving overall productivity

Leads to achievement of organizational goals

The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place

There is best possible utilization of resources, There is a co-operative work environment, The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner

Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation

Builds friendly relationship

Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction This could initiate the following things:

Monetary and non-monetary incentives Promotion opportunities for employees Disincentives for inefficient employees

Leads to stability of work force

Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern As it is said, “Old is gold” which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their

adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise

II Early Theories of Motivation

1. Maslow’s Hierachy

There are five main levels to

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs These

levels begin from the most basic

needs to the most advanced needs

Maslow originally believed that a

person needed to completely satisfy

one level to begin pursuing further

levels However, sometimes higher

needs may appear even when lower

needs are not satisfied

2. McGregor’s Theory X and Y

Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management The two theories describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by

managers in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development

Theory X explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision

3 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg’s Motivation Theory model, or Two Factor Theory, argues that there are two factors that an organization can adjust to influence motivation in the workplace These factors are:

Motivators: Which can encourage employees to work harder

Hygiene factors: These won’t encourage employees to work harder but they will cause them to become unmotivated if they are not present

4 Three-needs Theory

McClelland’s theory of needs is one such theory that explains this process of motivation by breaking down what and how needs are and how they have to

be approached with three major motivates

Need for Achievement (nAch) - The drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of standards

Need for Power (nPow) - The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise

Need for Affiliation (nAff) - The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

III Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Early motivation theories were based on assumptions and sometimes these theories were not supported by strong evidence Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

is a good example of this approach Therefore, alternative theories of motivation have been put forward over time

1 Goal Setting Theory

Goal setting theory is founded on the idea that challenging objectives can help improve workplace performance In this theory, an employee is supposed to

be dedicated to the company’s goals and eager to contribute positively It is critical that the established goals are seen as attainable

2 Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences which depending on what type of consequences follows, people will either practice a behavior or refrain from it There are 3 basic types of consequences: positive (often seen as rewards), negative and none

3 Designing Motivating Jobs

Designing jobs reflecting the demand of the changing environments, the organization's technology and employees’ skills, abilities and preferences can motivate them to work hard

Types of job design option:

Job enlargement: horizontally expands a job through increasing job scope Job enrichment: increases job depth

Job characteristics model: includes 5 core job dimensions: Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback

4 Equity Theory

The Equity Theory of Stacey Adams said that an employee compares his or her job’s input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.

5 Expectancy Theory

According to Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom, an individual tends to act in

a certain way, based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Our group choose a scene Nelson Mandela – First day at Office in the movie Invictus.

Invictus was released in the United States on December 11, 2009 The title refers to

the Roman divine epithet Invictus and may be translated from the Latin as

"undefeated" or "unconquered" The movie chronicles the events before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup as Nelson Mandela campaigned for South Africa to host the global event as a means to reunite the country that was torn apart by apartheid.

I Leader’s information

Nelson Mandela (1918 – 2013) , in full

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba

was the first Black president of South Africa

(1994–99) (Wikipedia)

His negotiations in the early 1990s with

South African Pres F.W de Klerk helped

end the country’s apartheid system of racial

segregation and ushered in a peaceful

transition to majority rule He and de Klerk

were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for

Peace in 1993 for their efforts

At that time when apartheid was still have effect, Nelson Mandela was the leading revolutionist who fought for the black people in South Afica He and Frederik Willem de Klerk were jointly fought together to bring democracy to South Africa The South Africa people believed in him, in what he had done for them (taken done the Apartheid) and they strongly believed that he could done more in order to help South Africa becomes a better place Therefore, Nelson Mandela was elected for the president

II Analyse video

After he won the election, there were still plenty of issues need to be solved In

rampant poverty and crime, and Mandela is particularly concerned about racial divisions between black and white South Africans that we can see partly on the video, which could lead to violence However, he applied two motivational theory to motivate his subordinates with a strong determination to pull people close together, making South Africa a united nation

1 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

In Herzberg’s theory, there are two factors are Hygiene Factors and

Motivators that increase job satisfaction and motivation

In the video, Mr Mandela used “Motivators” factor, which is a kind of selfactualization including achievement, recogniton, work itself, responsibily and advancement He brought a sense of responsibility to all his subordinates when he said:

“If you would like to stay, you would be doing your country a great

service All I ask is that you do your work to the best of your abilities and with a good heart, I promise to do the same If we can manage that, our country will be a shining light in the world.”

We all know that everyone loves their own country and is proud of their country Building up your own country is your responsibility and is a way you show your love for your country Mr Mandela had already known that his subordinates were very devoted to their country and wanted to develop it, make it “a shining light in the world.” Thus, by reminding his subordinates of their responsibility for the growth of the country & the importance of that work, he seemed to succeed in motivating them to stay, try their best to do their work so that their country would develop faster, and become one of the most powerful countries in the world

2 Expectancy Theory

Expectancy theory is the tendency to respond in a certain way based on a

preconceived expectation of the likely outcome This theory has four main factors

Individual effort

Success does not come from a small effort of a person, it is the result of all members in the organization

“But if you are packing up because you fear that your language or the color of

your skin or who you worked for before disqualified you from working, here I

am here to tell you to have no such fear” - said Mr Mandela.

With this speech, he meant that they should not be concerned about other factors of the environment such as their language or skin color, they should just focus on trying to work as effectively as possible to have great job performance This is the effortperformance linkage

Individual performance

“All I ask is that you do your work to the best of your abilities and with a

good heart, I promise to do the same.”

“If you want to help, if you would like to stay, you should do your country a great service”

Nelson Mandela showed them the way how each person, including him, should perform to achieve the goals If only the individual performance of the employees plays well, they can achieve their expectations This is the performance-reward linkage

Organizational rewards

At last, Mr Mandela claimed that: “If we can manage that, our country will be a

shining light in the world” This is a vision about the result of their individual

effort and performance that Africa will be a bigger and developed nation He

gave out an attractive reward that everyone both would like to achieve

Individual goals

When Africa becomes a “shining light in the world”, the subordinates will be

praised and recognised significantly At that time, their language or their skin will not be the problems that other talk about

III Outcome

After showing his opinion about solidarity and anti-apartheid, his motivational speech has changed the way other people thought and doubted his ability to lead the country During the 1995 Rugby World Cup, Nelson Mandela campaigned for South Africa to