Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Localization of N-linked carbohydrate chains in glycoprotein ZPA of the bovine egg zona pellucida pptx

Localization of N-linked carbohydrate chains in glycoprotein ZPAof the bovine egg zona pellucida Keiichi Ikeda1, Naoto Yonezawa1,2, Keita Naoi1, Toshiyuki Katsumata3, Seizo Hamano4and Mi

Localization of N-linked carbohydrate chains in glycoprotein ZPA

of the bovine egg zona pellucida

Keiichi Ikeda1, Naoto Yonezawa1,2, Keita Naoi1, Toshiyuki Katsumata3, Seizo Hamano4and

Minoru Nakano1,2

1

Graduate School of Science and Technology and2Department of Chemistry, Chiba University, Japan;3College of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiba, Japan;4Animal Bio-Technology Center,

LivestockImprovement Association, Tokyo, Japan

The zona pellucida, a transparent envelope surrounding the

mammalian oocyte, consists of three glycoproteins, ZPA,

ZPB and ZPC, and plays a role in sperm–egg interactions In

bovines, these glycoproteins cannot be separated unless the

acidic N-acetyllactosamine regions of the carbohydrate

chains are removed by endo-b-Galactosidase digestion

Endo-b-Galactosidase-digested ZPB retains stronger

sperm-binding activity than ZPC It is still unclear whether ZPA

possesses significant activity Recently, we reported that

bovine sperm binds to Man5GlcNAc2, the neutral N-linked

chain in the cow zona proteins In this study, we investigated

the localization of the sperm-ligand active

high-mannose-type chain and the acidic complex-high-mannose-type chains in bovine

ZPA Three N-glycopeptides of ZPA, containing an

N-gly-cosylation site at Asn83, Asn191 and Asn527, respectively,

were obtained from endo-b-Galactosidase-digested ZPA Of these glycosylation sites, only Asn527 is present in the ZP domain common to all the zona proteins The carbohydrate structures of the N-linked chains obtained from each N-glycopeptide were characterized by two-dimensional sugar mapping analysis, while considering the structures of the N-linked chains of the zona protein mixture reported previously Acidic complex-type chains were found at all three N-glycosylation sites, while Man5GlcNAc2was found

at Asn83 and Asn191, but there was very little of this sperm-ligand active chain at Asn527 in the ZP domain of ZPA Keywords: glycoprotein; N-linked carbohydrate chain; sperm ligand; zona pellucida; ZP domain

The mammalian oocyte is coated with a transparent matrix

called the zona pellucida This matrix plays various roles in

the early phase of fertilization: species-specific sperm

binding, blocking polyspermy, and protecting the embryo

until implantation [1,2] The zona is composed of three

glycoproteins, called ZPA, ZPB and ZPC in the order of the

size of their cDNAs [3], and their carbohydrate chains are

responsible for species-specific sperm-zona binding [1,4]

In the pig, the carbohydrate structures of O-linked chains

of zona protein mixture [5,6] and the acidic and neutral

N-linked chains of ZPB/ZPC mixture [7,8] are well

charac-terized Sperm-binding activity has been ascribed to the

O-linked chains of the zona protein mixture [9] or to the

neutral N-linked chains obtained from the ZPB/ZPC

mixture [8] We have shown that the

triantennary/tetraan-tennary chains of the ZPB/ZPC mixture possess greater

activity than the diantennary chains [10] The triantennary/

tetraantennary chains of ZPB are localized at Asn220 in the

N-terminal region [10] Moreover, the isolated N-terminal peptide of ZPB including Asn220 has sperm-binding activity [11] Yurewicz et al [12] showed that ZPB and ZPC form heterocomplexes that have sperm-binding activity, but that monomeric ZPB or ZPC does not exhibit this activity These results suggest that ZPC contributes to the expression

of the sperm-binding activity of the neutral N-linked chain

of ZPB In ZPC, the triantennary/tetraantennary chains are mainly localized at Asn271 in the C-terminal region [13] The sperm-binding activity of porcine ZPA, a minor component, has not been assessed because its purification

is difficult

The N-linked chains of the bovine zona protein mixture include neutral (23%) and acidic (77%) chains [14] We have determined the structures of the neutral chain and the core regions of the acidic chains [14] The acidic chains are diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary, fucosylated complex-type chains with a tandem N-acetyllactosamine repeat in the nonreducing regions to which the main sialic acids are attached The neutral chain is a high-mannose-type chain with five mannose residues (Man5GlcNAc2) This high-mannose-type chain exhibits sperm-binding activity and inhibits in vitro fertilization [15]

The native bovine zona proteins cannot be separated into their three components because their molecular masses are almost identical (74 kDa) and their carbohydrate chains are very heterogeneous [16] When they are digested with endo-b-Galactosidase to remove the acidic N-acetyllactosamine repeat, the three components become separable [16–18] Sperm-binding activity is mainly ascribed to ZPB, while

Correspondence to M Nakano, Department of Chemistry,

Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho,

Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan 263-8522.

Fax: + 81 43 2902874, E-mail: mnakano@scichem.s.chiba-u.ac.jp

Abbreviations: BrCN, cyanogen bromide; LCA, Lens culinaris

agglutinin; ConA, Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin.

Enzymes: b-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23); keratan-sulfate

endo-1,4-b-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.103); sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18);

trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4); N-glycanase (EC 3.5.1.52)

(Received 22 April 2002, revised 21 June 2002, accepted 12 July 2002)

ZPC has weak activity However, it is unclear whether ZPA

possesses sperm-binding activity using in vitro competition

and sperm-bead binding assays [18] We deduced the amino

acid sequence of the bovine ZPA by cDNA cloning and

sequencing, and revealed that bovine ZPA has four

potential N-glycosylation sites [18], whereas porcine ZPA

has six potential sites [3] Here, we describe the localization

of the N-linked chains in bovine ZPA

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

Preparation of zona protein mixture

Zonae pellucidae of bovine eggs were isolated from frozen

ovaries as described previously [16] and were solubilized in

H2O at 70C for 30 min and lyophilized The yield of

bovine zona proteins from one ovary is approximately

one-tenth of that of porcine zona proteins Total 1.2 mg of

protein mixture (60 000 zonae) from 2400 ovaries were used

for the present experiment The heat solubilized zonae were

digested with Escherichia freundii endo-b-Galactosidase

(Seikagaku co., Tokyo, Japan) in 0.5Mammonium acetate

(pH 5.6) at 37C for 48 h [8]

Tryptic digestion and cyanogen bromide cleavage

of zona protein mixture

After the endo-b-Galactosidase-digested zona protein

mix-ture was reduced and carboxymethylated as described

previously [13], the protein mixture (400 lg) was digested

with trypsin (enzyme/substrate 1 : 100, w/w) in NaCl/Pi

(pH 8.0) at 37C for 18 h The protein mixture (400 lg)

was also cleaved by cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in 70%

formic acid at room temperature for 18 h in the dark and

the products were desalted by using a Nucleosil 300–7C18

column (4· 150 mm; Machery-Nagel, Duren, Germany)

Elution was performed by a gradient of acetonitrile from 0

to 50% in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a flow rate of

1 mLÆmin)1at 37C

Lectin affinity chromatography of glycopeptides

Tryptic peptides and BrCN-peptides dissolved in 500 lL

of buffer A (1 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM magnesium

chloride, 150 mM sodium chloride, 0.02% sodium azide,

10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.2) were separately applied to

a Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) agarose column

(13· 23 mm; Seikagaku co.) equilibrated with buffer A

After elution with 21 mL of buffer A, the materials retained

in the column were eluted with 0.2Mmethyl-a-D

-manno-pyranoside/buffer A The flow-through fraction was applied

to a Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA) agarose column

(13· 23 mm; Seikagaku co.) Elution conditions were the

same as those in the case of the LCA column

Fractionation of N-glycopeptides

The LCA-binding fraction and the ConA-binding fraction

were separately applied to a Chemcosorb 3C8 HPLC

column (4.6· 150 mm; Chemco, Osaka, Japan)

equili-brated with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and eluted by a linear

gradient from 0 to 50% acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic

acid over 50 min at a flow rate of 1 mLÆmin)1 at 37C

Effluent was monitored at 230 nm The N-terminal amino acid sequence of each peak was determined by automated Edman degradation using a PPSQ-21 protein sequencer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)

Purification of ZPA The endo-b-Galactosidase-digested zona protein mixture was fractionated into three components (ZPA–C) on the Nucleosil 300–7C18column [18] at 40C

N-glycanase digestion of ZPA

We showed that ZPA is specifically cleaved between Ala167 and Asp168 by an unknown protease on fertilization, giving

a short N-terminal fragment (36–167) and a long C-terminal fragment (168–637), which are crosslinked via a disulfide bond [16,17] This site is also cleaved in at least half of the ZPA molecules during preparation of the zona from ovarian eggs The molecular masses of the N- and C-terminal fragments of the endo-b-Galactosidase-digested ZPA are 21 and 63 kDa, respectively [12], and the time course of the N-glycanase (glycopeptidase F; Takara Shuzo, Kyoto, Japan) digestion of these fragments could be monitored by SDS/PAGE on 15 and 8% acrylamide gels, respectively, under reducing conditions [17] The digestion was performed in 0.1% SDS, 10 mM o-phenanthroline,

100 mMsodium phosphate (pH 8.6) at 37C and aliquots were removed at various times between 0 min and 22 h and subjected to SDS/PAGE To detect the shift of the 21 kDa band, 2.5 mU of N-glycanase was added to 4 lg (56 pmol)

of ZPA To detect the shift of the 63 kDa band, 0.25 mU of N-glycanase was added to 1 lg (14 pmol) of ZPA

Isolation of core regions of N-linked oligosaccharides from glycopeptides

After reduction and carboxymethylation [13], the purified ZPA (21 lg) was digested with trypsin under the conditions described above Tryptic digests were applied to a Chem-cosorb 3C8 column Because elution conditions were the same as in the case of the separation of N-glycopeptides from the zona protein mixture (Fig 1), the elution times of the tryptic N-glycopeptides from ZPA were the same as those shown in Fig 1A and B Each fraction containing N-glycopeptide was digested with N-glycanase (0.5 mU)

in 0.1MTris/HCl (pH 8.6) at 37C for 18 h The digests were applied to tandem-linked columns of AG50W-X8 (10· 15 mm; Bio-Rad, California, USA) and AG3 (10· 15 mm, Bio-Rad), and the columns were eluted with water The flow-through fraction was collected After lyophilization, the N-linked chains were then digested with Jackbean b-Galactosidase (Seikagaku co.) in 50 lL of 0.1Msodium citrate (pH 4.1) at 37C for 24 h After the

pH of the digestion mixture was adjusted to 8.0 by 1MTris/ HCl (pH 8.6), the solutions were applied to the AG3 column The flow-through fraction with water was collected and lyophilized

Pyridylamination of N-linked oligosaccharides The N-linked oligosaccharides thus obtained were modified with 2-aminopyridine and sodium cyanoborohydride [20]

The excess reagents were removed by phenol/chloroform

(1 : 1, v/v) extraction performed three times The aqueous

phase was applied to a Cellulofine GCL25-sf HPLC column

(7.5· 600 mm; Seikagaku co.), and eluted with 10%

acetonitrile/10 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of

0.3 mLÆmin)1 The fluorescence intensity of the effluent was

monitored with excitation at 320 nm and emission at

400 nm

Separation of pyridylaminated neutral and acidic chains

The pyridylaminated N-linked oligosaccharides were

sepa-rated into neutral and acidic fractions by using a TSK-gel

DEAE-5PW HPLC column (7.5· 75 mm; Tosoh, Tokyo,

Japan) equilibrated with NH3/H2O (pH 9.0) Elution was

performed by a linear gradient from 0 to 100% of 0.5M

CH3COONH4 (pH 8.0) over 60 min at a flow rate of

0.5 mLÆmin)1 The fluorescence intensity was monitored

with excitation at 310 nm and emission at 375 nm

Sugar mapping analysis of the pyridylaminated

N-linked chains

The pyridylaminated neutral fraction of N-linked chains

was chromatographed on a Shim-pack CLC-ODS column

(6· 150 mm; Shimadzu) by a linear gradient from 0.1 to

0.25% 1-butanol in 10 mMsodium phosphate (pH 3.8) for

60 min at a flow rate of 1 mLÆmin)1 at 55C [14] The

fluorescence intensity was monitored with excitation at

320 nm and emission at 400 nm Major peaks were further

chromatographed on a size-fractionation HPLC column of

TSK gel Amide-80 (4.6· 250 mm; Tosoh) Elution was

performed by a linear gradient decrease in acetonitrile from

65 to 50% in 0.5Macetic acid/triethylamine (pH 7.3) over

60 min at a flow rate of 1 mLÆmin)1 at 40C The

fluorescence intensity was monitored with excitation at

310 nm and emission at 375 nm The pyridylaminated acidic fractions were also analyzed using both columns after digestion with Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase (Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan) in 0.1Mammonium acetate (pH 5.0)

at 37C for 24 h The glucose units of the pyridylaminated N-linked chains were calculated from their retention times using the pyridylaminated glucose oligomers as the standard [14,21]

R E S U L T S

Identification of N-glycosylation sites The acidic chains of the bovine zona protein mixture are diantennary, triantennary and tetraantennary, sialylated complex-type chains with a fucose residue at their reducing ends, while the neutral chain is a high-mannose-type chain [14] The endo-b-Galactosidase-digested zona protein mix-ture was cleaved using trypsin and BrCN The tryptic peptides and BrCN-peptides were separately applied to an LCA agarose column, which binds to the Fuc(a1–6)Glc-NAc of the complex-type chains [22] The glycopeptides bound to the LCA column were eluted with 0.2M

a-methyl-D-mannopyranoside The flow-through fraction from the LCA column was applied to a ConA agarose column, which binds to the high-mannose-type chain The glyco-peptides retained in the column were eluted with 0.2M a-methyl-D-mannopyranoside The LCA-binding fraction (Fig 1A,C) and the ConA-binding fraction (Fig 1B,D) were then fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC separately N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of each peak of the tryptic peptides revealed that the peptides in the three peaks

in Fig 1A and B (peak a at 19 min, peak b at 34 min and peak c at 38 min) are fragments of ZPA That is,

Fig 1 Reverse-phase HPLC of

N-glycopep-tides retained to LCA and ConA agarose.

Reduced and carboxymethylated zona protein

mixture was cleaved by trypsin and BrCN and

applied to an LCA agarose column The

flow-through fraction from LCA column was

applied to a ConA agarose column Fractions

eluted with 0.2 M methyl-a- D

-mannopyrano-side from both columns were subjected to

Chemcosorb 3C 8 HPLC Elution was

per-formed with a linear gradient of acetonitrile

(broken line) in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid.

(A and B) Tryptic peptides; (C and D)

BrCN-peptides; (A and C) LCA binding fraction;

(B and D) ConA binding fraction Peptides

were detected at 230 nm Arrowheads indicate

the elution positions of the N-glycopeptides

from ZPA.

VLXRTDPNIK (peak a), MLXCTYVLDP (peak b) and

AQXLTLQEALTQGYNLLIEN (peak c) correspond to

the N-terminal sequences of tryptic peptides 525–534, 81–92

and 189–210, respectively, in which X is a glycosylated Asn

residue (Fig 3) Furthermore, the three peaks in Fig 1C

(peak 1 at 34 min, peak 2 at 38 min and peak 3 at 40 min)

were shown to be fragments of ZPA That is,

LXCTYVLDPE (peak 1), GWTVTVGDGE (peak 2)

and LINTNVESLP (peak 3) correspond to the N-terminal

sequence of BrCN-peptides 82–112, 178–211 and 468–546,

respectively (Fig 3) The absence of peak 3 in Fig 1D

agrees with the fact that there is only a small amount of the

high-mannose-type chain at Asn527 (see below)

Collec-tively, Asn83, Asn191 and Asn527 of ZPA are glycosylated

Determination of the number of N-glycosylation sites

We then investigated the number of N-glycosylation sites

and the localization of N-linked chains in ZPA using the

purified ZPA In the 15% gel, the 21 kDa band shifted to

16 kDa within 2 min and no further time-dependent shift

was observed within 22 h (Fig 2A), indicating that one

N-glycosylation site is present in the N-terminal fragment

This fragment has a potential N-glycosylation site at Asn83

(Fig 3) In the 8% gel, the 63 kDa band shifted to 59 and

56 kDa bands within five minutes, but the 59 kDa band did

not converge on the 56 kDa within 22 h (Fig 2B) The

carbohydrate chains linked to one of the two sites may be

resistant to N-glycanase, although the reason is uncertain

These results confirmed that two N-glycosylation sites are present in the C-terminal fragment and that the N-glycosylation sites of ZPA are Asn83, Asn191 and Asn527

Sugar mapping of the carbohydrate chains from each N-glycosylation site

Three tryptic N-glycopeptides from the endo-b-Galactos-idase-digested ZPA were eluted at the same positions as peaks a–c in Fig 1 N-linked chains were obtained by N-glycanase digestion of these tryptic peptides We iden-tified the structures of the N-linked chains of ZPA by two-dimensional mapping on HPLC referring to the reported structures of the unfractionated zona protein mixture [14]

To obtain the core carbohydrate chains of the acidic chains, the N-linked chains were further digested with b-Galactosidase [14] After pyridylamination, the N-linked chains were separated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE-5PW HPLC (Fig 4) The elution position of the acidic fraction was the same as that of the monosialylated chain, and all the acidic chains in this fraction were neutralized by sialidase digestion From the peak area, the molar ratios of the neutral chains to the acidic chains linked to Asn83, Asn191 and Asn527 were estimated to be

78 : 22, 67 : 33 and 67 : 33, respectively The neutral chains were subjected to two-dimensional sugar mapping and the acidic chains were also analyzed by mapping after digestion with sialidase The glucose units in the mapping are summarized in Table 1 The high-mannose-type chain,

Fig 3 N-glycosylation sites of bovine ZPA The amino acid sequence

of bovine ZPA, as deduced from cDNA and N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses [16,18] Solid and dotted underlines indicate the N-terminal amino acid sequences of BrCN and tryptic N-glycopep-tides, respectively Filled black boxes indicate the N-glycosylation sites determined by the present experiment and the broken box indicates a potential N-glycosylation site that is not glycosylated The arrow indicates the N-terminus of mature ZPA and arrowhead indicates the specific cleavage site on fertilization The putative processing site for furin or furin-like enzymes is double underlined Closed area of Leu366-Ser632 indicates ZP domain [18,25] and the putative trans-membrane domain is from Thr683 to Leu697.

Fig 2 Time course of N-glycanase digestion of ZPA At least half of

the ZPA molecules are specifically cleaved by an unknown protease

during preparation, giving rise to N-terminal 21 kDa fragment and

C-terminal 63 kDa fragment, which are crosslinked through a disulfide

bond This ZPA specimen was digested with N-glycanase at 37 C At

various times, aliquots were removed and subjected to SDS/PAGE on

a 15% for the 21 kDa fragment (A) and 8% for the 63 kDa fragment

(B) separating gel under reducing conditions Proteins were

silver-stained The bands moving faster on the SDS gel than the band of

undigested ZPA fragments (0 min) are indicated by arrowheads.

which is the intact neutral chain [14], was found at Asn83 and Asn191, but was rare at Asn527 The other chains in the neutral fraction in Table 1 must be neutralized by endo-b-Galactosidase digestion, as their sialic acids are originally linked to the N-acetyllactosamine repeats While all the chains in the neutral fraction were found previously

by analysis of the unfractionated zona protein mixture [14], the monosialylated complex-type chains in the acidic fraction on DEAE-HPLC (sialidase digests of the acidic fraction in Table 1) were found in this analysis of ZPA These sialic acids must be linked to the nonreducing terminal b-Gal residues of the core regions of the complex-type chains, as these sialylated b-Gal residues were unsusceptible to b-Galactosidase In a previous experiment [14], sugar mapping analysis was applied to the N-linked chains from the zona protein mixture after digestion with sialidase, endo-b-Galactosidase and b-Galactosidase Therefore, the nonreducing terminal b-Gal residues in the sialidase digests of the acidic fraction in Table 1 have been eliminated and the monosialylated chains converge on the chains in the neutral fraction

D I S C U S S I O N

The molar ratios of ZPA/ZPB/ZPC in the porcine and bovine zona pellucida are 1 : 3 : 3 and 1 : 1 : 2, respectively [17,23] Recently, the neutral N-linked chains in porcine ZPB and ZPC were localized [10,13], but no information on the structures of these carbohydrate chains or their local-ization in the minor component porcine ZPA is available, because its purification is difficult In this study, we localized

a neutral high-mannose-type chain and acidic complex-type chains in bovine ZPA in order to fill a gap in the structural information on the zona glycoproteins As with porcine ZPB and ZPC, bovine ZPA possesses three N-glycosylation sites (Fig 2) determined to be Asn83, Asn191 and Asn527

in amino acid sequence analyses of tryptic and BrCN peptides

The acidic property of the N-linked chains of bovine zona proteins is due to sialic acids [14], whereas many sulfates are linked to the N-acetyllactosamine repeats of porcine zona proteins [7,24] The N-linked chains of the bovine zona

Fig 4 Anion-exchange HPLC of N-linked chains from tryptic

N-gly-copeptides After b-Galactosidase digestion, N-linked chains of each

tryptic N-glycopeptide from endo-b-Galactosidase digested ZPA were

pyridylaminated and applied to a DEAE-5PW HPLC column

equili-brated with NH 3 /H 2 O (pH 9) Elution was performed by a linear

gradient and from 0 to 100% of 0.5 M CH 3 COONH 4 (pH 8) for

60 min at a flow rate of 0.5 mLÆmin)1 The fluorescence intensity was

monitored with excitation at 310 nm and emission at 375 nm Arrow

heads and arrows indicate the elution positions of neutral chains and

monosialylated acidic chains, respectively (A) peak a (Asn527); (B)

peak b (Asn83) and (C) peak c (Asn191).

Fig 5 N-glycosylation sites in ZP domain among ZP components N-glycosylation sites of bovine ZPA and porcine ZPB [10,11] and ZPC [13] in the ZP domains are shown by filled black boxes Arrows and C indicate the linkage sites of sperm-ligand carbohydrate chains and positions of cysteine residues, respectively.

proteins possess one to several sialic acid residues and most

of these are eliminated on fertilization [14] However,

participation of the sialic acids in bovine sperm-zona

binding has not been demonstrated Bovine sperm-binding

activity is mainly ascribed to the high-mannose-type chain

with five mannose residues [15]

The ZP domain is a module, approximately 260 resi-dues long, common to all three zona protein components [25–27] and this domain contains eight conserved cysteine residues, which form four disulfide linkages [25] Bovine ZPA has only one N-glycosylation site in the ZP domain, while porcine ZPB and ZPC have three N-glycosylation

Table 1 Glucose units of the N-linked chains from each of the N-glycosylation sites of bovine ZPA The values in parentheses are glucose units of authentic pyridylaminated carbohydrate chains [14] Molar ratio of the N-linked chains were calculated from the peak area Proposed structures are from references [14,21] PA, pyridylamino.

Number of glucose unit

Site

N-linked

chain

Shim-pack CLC-ODS Amide 80 Structure Molar ratio

sites in the domain (Fig 5) Furthermore, porcine ZPA

has one potential N-glycosylation site in the domain,

Asn530 Therefore, the N-glycosylation sites in the ZP

domain are not conserved in the three zona protein

components In the pig, triantennary and tetraantennary

neutral complex-type chains have sperm-binding activity

[10] and these active chains are mainly localized in the

N-terminal region of the ZP domain of ZPB and the

C-terminal region of the ZP domain of ZPC (Fig 5) In

the cow, ZPB exhibits the strongest sperm-binding activity among the components and ZPC exhibits sperm-binding activity approximately one-sixth that of ZPB [18] However, it is still unclear whether bovine ZPA plays a role in sperm-zona binding That is, ZPA exhibits weak sperm-binding activity in the competition assay, but does not exhibit activity in the sperm-bead binding assay [18] Table 1 shows that bovine ZPA possesses the sperm-ligand active high-mannose-type chain, but there is very

Table 1 (Continued).

Number of glucose unit

Site

N-linked

chain

Shim-pack CLC-ODS Amide 80 Structure Molar ratio

Table 1 (Continued).

Number of glucose unit

Site

N-linked

chain

Shim-pack CLC-ODS Amide 80 Structure Molar ratio

In 83A1, 191A1 and 527A1, nonreducing terminal b-Gal residue attaches to GlcNAc residue of the a1-6 branch (*) or of the a1-3 branch (**) In 83A3, 191A3 and 527A3, nonreducing terminal b-Gal residue attaches to GlcNAc residue of the a1-6 branch ( # ) or of the b1-4 branch (##).

little of it at the N-glycosylation site, Asn527, in the ZP

domain This may explain why the sperm-binding activity

of ZPA is weak, if any The localization of the

sperm-ligand active high-mannose-type chain in bovine ZPB and

ZPC should be clarified

Besides the zona proteins, the ZP domain has been found

in several proteins: TGF-b type III receptor (betaglycan)

from fetal and adult tissues [28,29], uromodulin (urinary

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein of pregnant woman) [30], the

major zymogen granule membrane protein (GP-2) [31], and

the proteins in the uterus and oviduct [32,33] Furthermore,

tectorins in the tectorial membranes responsible for hearing

also have a ZP domain [34,35] In each protein, the ZP

domain is generally present next to a putative

transmem-brane region [25] The structural characterization of the

carbohydrate chains in the ZP domain of these proteins is of

interest

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

This study was supported in part by a Grant-in Aid for Scientific

Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of

Japan.

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