Therefore, a cDNA from Citrus unshiu Satsuma mandarin designated as flavonol synthase was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified recombinant enzyme was subjected to kinetic and mu
Trang 1Functional expression and mutational analysis of flavonol synthase
Frank Wellmann1,*, Richard Lukacˇin1,*, Takaya Moriguchi2, Lothar Britsch3, Emile Schiltz4
and Ulrich Matern1
1
Institut fu¨r Pharmazeutische Biologie, Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, Germany;2National Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
Ibaraki, Japan;3Merck kgaA, Scientific Laboratory Products, Darmstadt, Germany;4Institut fu¨r Organische Chemie
und Biochemie, Universita¨t Freiburg, Germany
Flavonols are produced by the desaturation of flavanols
catalyzed by flavonol synthase The enzyme belongs to the
class of intermolecular dioxygenases which depend on
molecular oxygen and FeII/2-oxoglutarate for activity, and
have been in focus of structural studies recently Flavonol
synthase cDNAs were cloned from six plant species, but
none of the enzymes had been studied in detail Therefore, a
cDNA from Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarin) designated
as flavonol synthase was expressed in Escherichia coli, and
the purified recombinant enzyme was subjected to kinetic
and mutational chacterizations The integrity of the
recom-binant synthase was revealed by a molecular ion from
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry at m/z 37888 ± 40 (as
compared to 37899 Da calculated for the translated
poly-peptide), and by partial N-terminal sequencing Maximal
flavonol synthase activity was observed in the range of
pH 5–6 with dihydroquercetin as substrate and a
tempera-ture optimum at about 37C Km values of 272, 11 and
36 lM were determined for dihydroquercetin, FeII and
2-oxoglutarate, respectively, with a sixfold higher affinity
to dihydrokaempferol (Km 45 lM) Flavonol synthase
polypeptides share an overall sequence similarity of 85% (47% identity), whereas only 30–60% similarity were apparent with other dioxygenases Like the other dioxy-genases of this class, Citrus flavonol synthase cDNA encodes eight strictly conserved amino-acid residues which include two histidines (His221, His277) and one acidic amino acid (Asp223) residue for FeII-coordination, an arginine (Arg287) proposed to bind 2-oxoglutarate, and four amino acids (Gly68, His75, Gly261, Pro207) with no obvious function-ality Replacements of Gly68 and Gly261 by alanine reduced the catalytic activity by 95%, while the exchange of these Gly residues for proline completely abolished the enzyme activ-ity Alternatively, the substitution of Pro207 by glycine hardly affected the activity The data suggest that Gly68 and Gly261, at least, are required for proper folding of the flavonol synthase polypeptide
Keywords: Citrus unshiu (Rutaceae); flavonoid biosyn-thesis; flavonol synthase; functional expression; site-directed mutagenesis
Flavonoids fulfill vital functions in many plants beyond the
scope of pigmentation and ultraviolet screening, e.g in
reproduction [1], in the defense against microbial pathogens
and insects or in auxin transport [2], and are accumulated
ubiquitously in flower and green tissues [1] Their
biosyn-thesis proceeds from 4-coumaroyl- and malonyl-CoAs to
form naringenin chalcone [3] which is cyclized
stereospeci-fically to the flavanone (2S)-naringenin [3] Naringenin may
be oxidized by flavone synthase (FNS) to yield the flavone apigenin [4–6] or hydroxylated by flavanone 3b-hydroxylase (FHT) to form a flavanol (syn dihydroflavonol) [7–10], i.e dihydrokaempferol, which might be reduced subsequently
to a leucoanthocyanidin along the branch leading to catechins and anthocyanidins [3] (Fig 1) Alternatively, flavonol synthase (FLS) catalyzes the oxidation of the flavanol to a flavonol (Fig 1) FLS had been reported initially from irradiated parsley cells as a soluble dioxygen-ase requiring 2-oxoglutarate and FeII/ascorbate for full activity [11] The activity was subsequently detected in flower tissues of Matthiola incana [12], Petunia hybrida [13]
or Dianthus caryophyllus [14] The first FLS cDNA was cloned in 1993 from Petunia hybrida [15] and identified by functional expression in yeast, while the FLS-antisense transformation of petunia or tobacco intensified the red flower pigmentation [15] Further FLS cDNAs were isolated later from Arabidopsis thaliana [16], Eustoma grandiflorum, Solanum tuberosum [17], Malus domestica and Matthiola incana, and approximately 85% similarity was determined for the translated polypeptides, mostly in the C-terminal 40% region based on total length of 335 residues None of these enzymes has been satisfactorily expressed and characterized
Correspondence to U Matern, Institut fu¨r Pharmazeutische Biologie,
Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A,
35037 Marburg, Germany.
Fax: + 49 6421 282 6678, Tel.: + 49 6421 282 2461,
E-mail: matern@mailer.uni-marburg.de
Abbreviations: ACC, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;
DAOCS, deacetoxcephalosporin C synthase; FHT, flavanone
3b-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; FNS, flavone synthase;
IPNS, isopenicillin N synthase.
*Note: these authors contributed equally to the work presented.
Note: flavonol synthase NCBIdatabase accession numbers: Citrus
unshiu, AB011796; Eustoma grandiflorum, AAF64168; Malus
domes-tica, AAD26261; Matthiola incana, O04395.
(Received 17 April 2002, revised 4 July 2002, accepted 11 July 2002)
Trang 2Several intermolecular dioxygenases, particularly those of
microbial or human origin, catalyze reactions of medicinal
and industrial relevance, and their spatial organization and
mode of action are under investigation The reactions are
diverse, such as the desaturation of aliphatic chains or the
oxidative cyclization and the hydroxylation of substrates
[18–22], and depend on the one-, two- or four-electron
reduction of molecular oxygen Most of these dioxygenases
rely on the concomitant oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate
Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) serves as a
precedent enzyme in comparison to the
2-oxoglutarate-independent isopenicillin N-synthase (IPNS), as the
modu-lar composition and spatial configuration of IPNS and
DAOCS appear to be rather similar [23] irrespective of only
19% primary structure identity Both enzymes form a
b-strand core folded into a distorted jelly roll motif [23,24]
known also from viral capsid proteins and other enzymes
[24,25] During the preparation of this manuscript, an
equivalent configuration was proposed for a putative
anthocyanidin synthase from Arabidiopsis thaliana [26],
although this enzyme has not been functionally proved and
the lability of substrate and product rule out any
cocrys-tallization The setting of a helices and b-strands causes very
similar CD spectra for this class of enzymes [27–29], which
was confirmed recently also for Petunia FHT [9] sharing
30% sequence similarity with the DAOCS and IPNS
polypeptides
The IPNS, DAOCS or FHT sequences also range in the
order of 30% similarity to the translated FLS sequences,
but the biochemical characterization of FLSs has remained
very preliminary In the course of our investigations on the
related dioxygenases FHT [7–10] and flavone synthase I
[4–6] we became interested in the molecular evolution of
diversity concerning the enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis
We report the expression of highly active Citrus unshiu
FLS in Escherichia coli and the purification of the labile
enzyme by a modified protocol devised for the isolation of
Petunia hybrida FHT [8] This enzyme served to
deter-mine for the first time the kinetic parameters of an
FLS The relevance of three amino-acid residues which
appear to be highly conserved in all plant intermolecular
dioxygenases for FLS activity was examined by site-direc-ted mutagenesis
M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S
Expression vector The FLS cDNA from satsuma mandarin fruits, C unshiu [30], was excised with EcoRIand XhoIfrom the Bluescript vector (Stratagene) and subcloned in pTZ19R [31] The construct was used for the transformation of E coli RZ1032 (Stratagene), ssDNA was isolated by the addition of phage M13K07 and used for directed mutagenesis by the site-elimination technique according to Zakour [32] Hybridiza-tion of the mismatch primer 5¢-CTCCACCTCCATG GATTTTATTTTCC-3¢ to the FLS 5¢ coding region introduced a unique NcoIsite at the start of translation, which was verified by DNA sequencing [33] The DNA encoding FLS was subsequently isolated by digestion with NcoIand PstIand subcloned into the expression vector pQE6 (FLS-pQE6) as described previously [7,9]
Recombinant FLS
E coli strain M15 harboring the plasmid pRep4 was transformed with the FLS-pQE6 constructs containing the coding sequence of the wild-type or mutant enzymes and subcultured subsequently to a density of 0.8 in Luria– Bertani medium (typically 400 mL in 2 L flasks) containing ampicillin (100 lgÆmL)1) and kanamycin (25 lgÆmL)1) Isopropyl thio-b-D-galactoside (1 mM) was added for the induction of FLS expression, and the bacteria were harvested after another 3 h at 37C and stored frozen at ) 70 C as described previously [7–9] Wild-type FLS was purified from the crude bacterial extracts by a modified procedure devised for Petunia FHT [8] Briefly, the bacterial pellet (up to 6 g wet mass) was suspended in 20 mL of
50 mMpotassium phosphate buffer pH 5.5, 10 mMEDTA,
5 mMdithiothreitol and 15 mMMgCl2, and the suspensions were sonicated for 2 min and cleared by centrifugation (30 000 g, 10 min, 5C) Solid ammonium sulfate was
Fig 1 Reaction catalyzed by FLS.
(2S)-Naringenin, formed from
4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-4-coumaroyl-CoAs by the action of
chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase, is
3b-hydroxylated by flavanone 3b-hydroxylase
(FHT) to furnish the substrate
(2R,3R)-dihydrokaempferol Alternatively, the B-ring
hydroxylation of naringenin to
(2S)-eriodictyol preceeding the 3b-hydroxylation
yields the substrate (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin.
Both dihydrokaempferol and
dihydroquerce-tin are accepted by the FLS to produce
kaempferol and quercetin, respectively The
flavanones naringenin and eriodictyol might
also be oxidized by FNS to the flavones
apigenin or luteolin.
Trang 3added to the clear supernatant, and the protein precipitating
at 40–50% saturation was redissolved in 50 mMpotassium
phosphate buffer pH 5.5, containing 5 mM dithiothreitol
(1 mL) for successive size exclusion and anion exchange
chromatographies on Fractogel EMD BioSEC (S) (Merck,
Darmstadt, Germany) and Fractogel EMD DEAE 650 (S)
(Merck) as described previously [8] The purification of
wild-type FLS was monitored by enzyme assays and SDS/
PAGE
Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis was accomplished by
site-elimin-ation using the oligonucleotide- directed in vitro mutagenesis
technique [32] Oligonucleotides were synthesized (G Igloi,
Institut fu¨r Biologie III, Universita¨t Freiburg, Germany) as
required for the substitution of glycine by alanine and
proline, respectively, or of proline by glycine (Table 1) Each
individual mutation was verified by DNA sequencing using
the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method [33] with
the universal and reverse sequencing primers Following the
confirmation of successful mutation the mutated genes were
ligated into the expression vector pQE6 in the same way as
described for the wild-type cDNA
Data base retrieval
Data base searches and sequence alignments were carried
out with theENTREZandBLASTsoftware (National Library
of Medicine and National Institute of Health, Bethesda,
MD, USA) ThePROSISpackage (Hitachi, San Bruno, CA,
USA) was used for the analysis of multiple alignments and
consensus sequences with minor adjustment the computer
alignments
Circular dichroism spectroscopy
Circular dichroism measurements of homogeneous FLS
were performed on a Jasco-720 spectropolarimeter (Tokyo,
Japan) interfaced to an 486/33 PC and controlled by Jasco
software The spectropolarimeter was equipped with a
cylindrical quartz cuvette with a pathlength of 0.05 cm The
temperature of the cell holder was maintained at 5C by a
circulating water thermostat and the instrument was
calibrated with 0.06% ammoniumD–10-camphor sulfonate
FLS spectra were recorded in potassium phosphate buffer,
pH 6.8, as described previously for FHT [9], and the protein concentration was adjusted to 0.371 mgÆmL)1in the sample The documented spectra show the accumulation of 10 scans with 50 nmÆmin)1 The CD spectra of the FLS sample were analyzed for the secondary structure content by the self-consistent method [34] included in the program package DICHROPROTV2.4 by Delage and Geourjon [35]
Protein analysis and immunoassay Partial N-terminal sequencing was carried out by Edman degradation in a pulsed liquid sequencer (Model 477 A, Applied Biosystems Inc.) with a Model 120 A PTH-analyzer for on-line identification, following the supplier’s guidelines Mass spectra were recorded on a Bruker Reflex II MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer in the linear mode The protein solution (100 lg per 300 lL 20 mMpotassium phosphate buffer) was diluted with an equal volume of 0.1% trifluo-roacetic acid/acetonitrile (1 : 1, v/v), and this acidified solution was then mixed with an equal volume of a saturated solution of sinapic acid in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/aceto-nitrile (1 : 1, v/v) and applied on the SCOUT MTPTM MALDI-TOF target plate target in 0.5 lL portions [8] SDS/PAGE separation of protein extracts was performed
on 5% stacking and 12.5% separation gels in a Mini-Protean II cell (Bio-Rad, Mu¨nchen) according to Laemmli [36] Antibodies were raised in rabbit by repeated injection
of the recombinant homogeneous FLS (1 mg total), and the antiserum was diluted 10,000-fold for Western blotting [37] Enzyme assays
FLS activity of filtered (PD10 column, Pharmacia, Frei-burg) plant or bacterial extracts was routinely assayed at
37C and pH 5.0 The assay mixture (total volume 360 lL) contained 100 lM dihydroquercetin as a substrate, 83 lM 2-oxoglutarate, 42 lMammonium iron(II) sulfate, 2.5 mM sodium ascorbate, and 2 mgÆmL)1bovine catalase, and the incubation was carried out in open vials under gentle shaking The reaction linearity was assessed by proper choice of protein amounts (4.5–22 lg) and incubation periods (0.5–10 min) The reaction was stopped by the addition of 15 lL saturated aqueous EDTA solution The flavonoids were isolated by repeated extraction with
Table 1 Oligonucleotides for site-directed mutagenesis The Citrus FLS coding sequence flanking the desired site of mutation (top) is aligned with the complementary oligonucleotide used to create the mutation (bottom) The triplets encoding glycine and proline are bold-printed, and the base changes are underlined.
3 ¢ -GCCCTCACCCGCTAAAAGGTC-5 ¢
3 ¢ -GCCCTCACCGGCTAAAAGGTC-5 ¢
3 ¢ -GTAGGTGTAGCGCCTGGTCTAG-5 ¢
3 ¢ -GTAGGTGTAGGGCCTGGTCTAG-5 ¢
3 ¢ -CTAATTAATAATACCCGGTACGGG-5 ¢
Trang 4ethylacetate (twice, 75 lL) and reversed-phase HPLC
(Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) on a Nucleosil C18-column
(125· 4 mm, 5 lm; Machery and Nagel, Du¨ren, Germany)
The column was equilibrated with solvent A (20% aqueous
methanol), and quercetin or kaempferol and
dihydroqu-ercetin or dihydrokaempferol were eluted in a linear
gradient of solvent A and solvent B (100% methanol) at
0.5 mLÆmin)1over 3 min, followed by solvent B for 5 min
[38] The elution was monitored by the absorption profile at
290 nm (dihydroquercetin, dihydrokaempferol) or 368 nm
(quercetin, kaempferol), and authentic flavonoid samples
were employed as references for calibration The reaction
catalyzed by FLS follows second order kinetics, and the
apparent Michaelis constants for the wild-type enzyme were
determined with 11 lg of the homogeneous enzyme [7,9]
Protein concentrations were determined according to Lowry
[39] following the precipitation with trichloroacetic acid in
the presence of deoxycholate [40] and using bovine serum
albumin as a standard
Mass spectrometry
The FLS assay, routinely carried out in Tris/HCl buffer
pH 7.5 prior to the final assessment of pH optima, was
scaled up for preparative purposes to a volume of 40 mL (20
incubations of 2 mL each) The assay contained 6 mg
HPLC-purified dihydroquercetin total, 170 lM sodium
ascorbate, 35 lM ammonium iron(II) sulfate, 70 lM
2-oxoglutarate, 2 mgÆmL)1 bovine catalase and 1.1 mg
(55 lg per 2 mL incubation) of the homogeneous FLS The
mixture was incubated for two hours at 37C on a rotary
shaker (300 r.p.m.), and the flavonoids were extracted
subsequently with ethylacetate (twice 500 lL per 2 mL
incubation) and isolated by successive cellulose thin-layer
chromatography in 15% aqueous acetic acid (solvent
system I) and trichloromethane/acetic acid/water 10 : 9 : 1
(v/v/v) (solvent system II) The developed cellulose plates
were dried for 2 h in a cold air stream, the substrate
(dihydroquercetin) and product (quercetin) were spotted by
absorbance at 366 nm, and the product was extracted with
methanol The solution was filtered and concentrated for
EI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses
The EI-MS were recorded on a Finnigan MAT 70S mass
spectrometer by direct inlet and an accelerating voltage of
6 kV at injection temperatures of 130C, 250 C or 280 C
Product identification was also accomplished on a Bruker
Reflex MALDI-TOF-MS in the positive ion reflectron
mode using an accelerating voltage of 23 kV The mass
spectra were analyzed over a range of m/z 50–750, and
the [M + H]+ ions of a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
(a-HCCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) were
employed for the internal calibration across the mass range
R E S U L T S
Heterologous expression ofCitrus FLS
The unequivocal assignment of genes requires the functional
characterization of the corresponding polypeptides, which
has been occasionally neglected in the process of recent gene
bank accessions FLS cDNAs were accessed from several
plant species (Petunia hybrida, Arabidopsis thaliana,
Solanum tuberosum, Eustoma grandiflorum, Malus domestica
and Matthiola incana), but functionality was only verified in case of Petunia and Arabidopsis [15,16] In the course of our research on Rutaceae [41–43], we became interested in a clone from C unshiu recently designated as FLS [30] Accordingly, this cDNA containing an ORF of 1005 bp was ligated into the pQE6 vector (FLS-pQE6 construct), expressed in E coli, and the product was purified under conditions that had been successfully employed for the isolation of another labile 2-oxoglutarate-dependent diox-ygenase from Petunia [8] The cDNA from Citrus encoded
a 335-residue polypeptide, which was extracted from the induced, recombinant bacteria with potassium phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, and the crude extract was fractionated by successive size exclusion and ion exchange chromatogra-phies at pH 7.5 This rapid protocol was very efficient and yielded elution profiles for the recombinant Citrus enzyme resembling those of the Petunia FHT [8] The apparently homogeneous FLS eluted from the anion exchanger was used for spectroscopy, the generation of antibodies and activity assays
Polypeptide analysis The homogeneous Citrus enzyme revealed only one band of about 38 kDa on SDS/PAGE separation (Fig 2), which correlated to the molecular mass of 37 899 Da calculated for the translated polypeptide Furthermore, partial N-ter-minal sequencing of the polypeptide yielded a sequence, Met-Glu-Val-Glu-Arg-Val-Gln-Ala-Ile-Ala-Ser-Leu-Ser-His, identical to the N-terminal 14 amino acids translated from the FLS-pQE6 construct Moreover, the pure polypep-tide was subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS which revealed a molecular ion at 37888 ± 40 fully matching the mass
Fig 2 SDS/PAGE separation of recombinant Citrus FLS Crude extracts in phosphate buffer at pH 5.5 of E coli expressing the FLS (lane 1) were subjected to 40–50% ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by size-exclusion (lane 2) and anion-exchange (lane 3) chro-matographies The proteins were separated in 5% stacking and 12.5% separation gels and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 Commercial molecular mass markers (lane M) served for calibration.
Trang 5calculated for the translation product These data
corro-borated the integrity of the recombinantly expressed
polypeptide, an essential prerequisite for further structural
investigations A polyclonal antiserum to the pure
recom-binant polypeptide was raised in rabbit, which recognized
one protein band of 38 kDa in Western blots of crude
enzyme extracts The homogeneous Citrus FLS was
subjected to CD spectroscopy in order to substantiate its
structural relationship with mechanistically related enzymes
The CD profile revealed a characteristic double minimum at
222 nm and 208–210 nm and a maximum at 191–193 nm,
which indicated the presence of extended a helical regions
interrupted by b sheet strands Very similar profiles had
been recorded for Streptomyces IPNS [28,29] and Petunia
FHT [9]
Catalytic activity
The enzymatic activity of the recombinant protein was
examined in FLS incubations employing dihydroquercetin
or dihydrokaempferol as a substrate Both these flavanols
were accepted, and the reaction products were identified as
the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, respectively, by
their mobility on RP-HPLC and cellulose-TLC in
compar-ison to authentic reference samples Thoroughly purified
dihydroquercetin was additionally employed for preparative
incubations, and the product was identified as quercetin by
EI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS showing the molecular ion
at m/z 302 The conversion of flavanols to flavonols
depended on the presence of ferrous iron and
2-oxogluta-rate, thus establishing that the clone from Citrus unshiu
encoded the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FLS
Dihydroquercetin is commercially available and seems to
be the predominant substrate for Citrus unshiu flavonol
biosynthesis [30] Therefore, this substrate was employed in
order to define the optimal assay conditions At aerobic and
saturating conditions for ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate,
the rate of conversion depended exclusively on the substrate
concentration Maximal activity was observed at pH 5.0
(Fig 3) and over a temperature range from 35 to 40C
Under these conditions, the apparent Km values were
determined at 272, 11 and 36 lMfor dihydroquercetin, FeII
and 2-oxoglutarate, respectively Reexamination of the
conversion rate of dihydrokaempferol under same
condi-tions, however, revealed an apparent Kmat 45 lMand, thus,
dihydrokaempferol as the preferred Citrus FLS substrate
in vitro Nevertheless, rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) was identified as the major flavonol in satsuma mandarin plants [30]
Sequence analysis and mutagenesis The alignment of the polypeptide sequences of 2-oxogluta-rate-dependent dioxygenases and related enzymes retrieved from data banks (59 sequences total) revealed only 8 strictly conserved amino-acid residues which cluster in three regions
of high overall similarity (Fig 4) Three of these residues (His221, His277 and Asp223; the numbering refers to the CitrusFLS sequence) are essential for the coordination of ferrous iron as had been demonstrated with Petunia FHT by kinetic and mutational studies [7] as well as with Aspergillus IPNS by X-ray diffraction of the FeII-IPNS complex [24,25]
A further residue (Arg287) is involved in 2-oxoglutarate binding as had been proved with Petunia FHT [7,9] and by X-ray diffraction of the Streptomyces clavuligerus DAOCS complexed with FeII and oxoglutarate [23] However, no particular function was assigned to the additional four conserved residues (Gly68, His75, Pro207, Gly261) This is compatible with the observation that the mutation of His78
in P hybrida FHT, corresponding to His75 in FLS, only had a marginal effect on the enzyme activity [7]
On the assumption that Gly68, Pro207 or Gly261 might
be required for structural integrity of the active FLS, point mutations were initiated aiming at the substitution of glycine residues by alanine or proline and the exchange of proline by glycine Glycine residues are frequently found at the C-terminal ends of a helices providing the conforma-tional flexibility required at these sites of the polypeptide backbone Accordingly, at least the substitution of glycine residues by proline was expected to interfere with the folding process of the FLS polypeptide Conversely, the Pro207fi Gly mutation should increase the degree of structural freedom
Five mutants (Gly68fiAla, Gly68fiPro, Pro207fiGly, Gly261fiAla, Gly261fiPro) were generated, cloned into the expression vector pQE6 and expressed in E coli strain M15prep4 as described for the wild-type FLS cDNA Examination of crude cell-free extracts or of the solubi-lized pellet of E coli expressing wild-type and the mutant Gly68fiAla, Pro207fiGly or Gly261fiAla FLSs by
Fig 3 Relative activity of recombinant Citrus FLS depending on the pH of the assay The enzyme assays were performed in 200 m M buffers composed of glycine/HCl pH 2.0–3.5, sodium acetate pH 4.5–5.5, potassium phos-phate pH 5.0–7.5, Bis-Tris/HCl pH 6.5–7.0, Tris/HCl pH 7.0–8.5 or sodium glycinate
pH 8.5–10.0.
Trang 6SDS/PAGE and Western blotting revealed no differences
in the mobilities of the wild-type and mutant FLS
polypeptides (Fig 5) Replacement of either glycine
resi-due by alanine reduced the enzyme activity below 10% of
control, while the substitution in Pro207fiGly did not
affect the FLS activity to a significant extent (Table 2)
Extraction of the mutants Gly68fiPro and Gly261fiPro,
however, failed to yield immunoreactive FLS polypeptide
in the soluble supernatant Considerable amounts of the
immunopositive polypeptide were recovered from the
solubilized bacterial pellets, which showed no change in
relative mobility on SDS/PAGE separation (Fig 5)
Nevertheless, this fraction had completely lost the FLS
activity, presumably as the result of major structural
changes
D I S C U S S I O N
Plants of the Rutaceae family are a rich source of flavonol glycosides such as the abundant rutin (quercetin rutinoside) which had been described initially from Ruta species Flavonols originate from flavanones, i.e (2S)-naringenin,
by the consecutive action of FHT and FLS (Fig 1), and both of these enzymes use molecular oxygen for catalysis and are referred to as 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygen-ases [18–21] These types of dioxygendioxygen-ases are encoded by genes of moderate to high sequence identity (from 19% to 75%), which might catalyse very diverse reactions irrespect-ive of their relatirrespect-ive degree of sequence conservation Nevertheless, many of these enzymes expressed so far adopt
a highly homologous jelly roll topology [44] Therefore,
Fig 4 Alignment of the FLS polypeptide from C unshiu (FLS-Cit) with the FLS consensus sequence derived from the FLS polypeptide sequences of
P hybrida, E grandiflorum, M domestica, S tuberosum and A thaliana The consensus sequence is composed of the identical (marked by asterisks)
or the most abundant amino acids with conservative exchanges (marked by dots) Residues of equivalent hydropathy (STPAG or NDEQ) were replaced by an x, and gaps were introduced for maximal alignment Three regions of high similarity were inferred from 59 data base accessions (National Library of Medicine, NIH or EMBL library) of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent and related enzymes, which include five FLSs as above, 18 FHTs (Petunia hybrida, Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Malus sp., Matthiola incana, Vitis vinifera, Citrus sinensis, Daucus carota, Dianthus caryo-phyllus, Callistephus chinensis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Anthirrhinum majus, Bromhaedia finlaysonia, Arabidopsis thaliana, Persea americana, Ipomea purpurea, Ipomea nil and Medicago sativa), three anthocyanidin synthases (Zea mays, Anthirrhinum majus and Oryza sativa), five gibberellin C20 oxidases (Arabidopsis thaliana, Cucurbita maxima, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea and Marah macrocarpa), hyoscyamine 6b-hydroxylase from Hyoscyamus niger, the iron-deficiency-specific proteins 2 and 3 from Hordeum vulgare; desacetoxyvindoline-4-hydroxylase from Catharanthus roseus, 11 aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid oxidases (Actinidia deliciosa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica juncea, Dianthus caryophyllus, Lyco-persicum esculentum I and II, Malus domestica, Nicotiana tabacum, Persea americana, Petunia hybrida and Pisum sativum), 11 isopenicillin N-synthases (Acremonium chrysogenum, Flavobacterium sp., Lysobacter lactamgenus, Nocardia lactamdurans, Streptomyces cattleya, Streptomyces clavuligerus, Streptomyces jumonjinensis, Streptomyces lipmanii, Aspergillus nidulans, Cephalosporium acremonium and Penicillium chrysogenum), deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase and deacetylcephalosporin C synthase from Streptomyces clavuligerus These regions are underlined, and four amino acids shown to ligate the ACV substrate in IPNS [25] and Fe II in IPNS [24] and FHT [7] as well as 2-oxoglutarate in FHT [7] are highlighted
in red and green The additional four conserved amino acids (Gly68, His75, P207, Gly261) of unknown function [7] are shaded.
Trang 7sequence alignments per se support only a preliminary
functional assignment In the course of our studies on Ruta
graveolenssecondary metabolism [41–43], the report of a
cDNA from C unshiu [30] assigned to FLS appeared relevant and led us to express and characterize this enzyme for comparison with dioxygenases from other sources [18–21]
Plant 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, unfortu-nately, are commonly rather labile enzymes which might be digested partially after heterologous expression in E coli [8], and this hampers their functional characterization Based
on our previous experience [7–10], the full size Citrus FLS was expressed and rapidly purified to a homogeneous polypeptide of 38 kDa (Fig 2) corresponding to 335 amino-acid residues The identity of the recombinant enzyme was verified by FLS assays employing dihydroqu-ercetin or dihydrokaempferol as a substrate (Table 2), and antibodies raised to the pure polypeptide detected exclu-sively the FLS polypeptide in crude extracts of recombinant
E coli (Fig 5) FLS cDNAs had been reported before from
P hybrida[13], A thaliana [16], E grandiflorum, S tubero-sum[17], M domestica and M incana, and the translated polypeptides share about 85% sequence similarity with the CitrusFLS with 158 identical residues (47%) The differ-ences in the FLS sequdiffer-ences were mostly confined to the N-terminal portion (approx 38% identity), while 62% identity was observed for the C-terminus (amino-acid residues 200–335) Surprisingly, the kinetic data revealed a much higher affinity of the recombinant enzyme to dihydro-kaempferol as compared to dihydroquercetin, although the satsuma mandarin accumulates mainly the quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) [30] This discrepancy might suggest the expression of more than one FLS in C unshiu Polypeptide alignments of FLSs with plant 2-oxogluta-rate-dependent dioxygenases of different functionality (FHT, anthocyanidin synthase, gibberellin C20-oxidase, hyoscyamine 6b-hydroxylase, barley Ids2, Ids3 and Cath-aranthusdesacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase) as well as with related 2-oxoglutarate-independent enzymes (ACC oxidase and microbial DAOCS and IPNS) revealed eight strictly conserved amino acids in three regions (Fig 4) These enzymes probably evolved from a common ancestral gene, and the essence of most of the conserved amino acids has been further substantiated by site-directed mutagenesis of FHT [7,9] and by documentation of ligand binding in crystalline DAOCS and IPNS complexes [23–25] The coordination of FeIIis commonly mediated by two histidine and one aspartate residues (correspondingly His221, His277
Fig 5 Western blotting of Citrus wild-type and mutant FLSs in crude
extracts of recombinant E coli The extracts were filtered through
PD10 columns, the proteins (15 lg per lane) were separated
subse-quently by SDS/PAGE on 5% stacking and 12.5% separation gels and
transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for
immuno-staining [7] Soluble extracts of the bacteria expressing the wild-type
FLS (lane 1) or the mutant enzyme Pro207fiGly (lane 3),
Gly261fiAla (lane 5), Gly68fiAla (lane 7), Gly68fiPro (lane 9) and
Gly261fiPro (lane 11), respectively, as well as the solubilized pellet
fractions of these wild-type (lane 2) and mutant bacteria (lanes 4, 6, 8,
10 and 12) were subjected to Western blotting with reference to
mo-lecular mass markers (indicated in the left margin) The Western blots
were developed with goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to alkaline
phosphatase and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate as described
elsewhere [7,9] The relative FLS contents of the supernatant and pellet
of wild-type and Pro207fiGly, Gly261fiAla, Gly68Ala mutant
ex-tracts (lanes 1–8) as well as the Gly68fiPro mutant membrane extract
(lane 10) were comparable, while the amount in the solubilized pellet of
the Gly261fiPro mutant (lane 12) was negligible and the band could
be hardly recognized in the soluble Gly68fiPro and Gly261fiPro
mutant extracts (lanes 9 and 11).
Table 2 Specific activities of the wild-type and the Gly68fiAla, Gly68fiPro, Gly261fiAla, Gly261fiPro and Pro207fiGly mutant flavonol synthases Soluble extracts of E coli expressing wild-type or mutant FLS were filtered through PD10 columns, and the specific activities were examined under standard assay conditions (360 lL total) using dihydroquercetin or dihydrokaempferol as a substrate The wild-type activity reached 0.5 mkatÆkg)1on average with either substrate, and the level of expression was equivalent for the wild-type and mutant FLSs except for the Gly68fiPro and Gly261fiPro mutants as determined by Western blotting (Fig 5).
FLS
Relative specific FLS activities with Dihydroquercetin (%) Dihydrokaempferol (%)
Amount of protein in the standard assay (lg)
a The solubilized bacterial pellet of these mutants also lacked FLS activity up to 1 mgÆmL)1protein.
Trang 8and Asp223 in Citrus FLS), whereas only in clavaminate
synthase the aspartate is replaced by a glutamate residue
[44], and an arginine residue (Arg287 in Citrus FLS) can be
ascribed to 2-oxoglutarate-binding [7,23] This arginine is
also conserved in IPNS and ACC oxidase with slightly
different functionalities, binding the substrate carboxylate,
d-(L-a-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine, in IPNS [25] and
presumably ascorbate in ACC oxidase This left two glycine
and one proline residues unaccounted for (Gly68, Pro207
and Gly261 in Citrus FLS), but these amino acids are
presumed to be required for proper folding of the enzyme
polypeptide The data obtained by site-directed mutagenesis
supported this assumption, as the substitution of either
glycine residue (Gly68fiAla or Gly261fiAla) reduced the
enzyme activity to only about 5% and the Gly68fiPro or
Gly261fiPro substitution completely abolished the activity
It is conceivable that these mutations greatly affected the
tertiary structure of the FLS, because upon expression in
E coli the polypeptides accumulated in inclusion bodies
The CD spectroscopy of the wild-type FLS revealed an
overall composition of helices and b sheets very similar to
that recorded for FHT [9] or IPNS [28,29] Unfortunately,
considerable losses of activity occurred on purification of
the enzyme mutants Gly68fiAla or Gly261fiAla, and the
yields were too low for reliable CD spectroscopy Further
comparison of the Gly68fiPro and Gly261fiPro mutants
was not reasonable, because these FLSs had to be partially
renatured from the membraneous bacterial pellet Albeit not
absolutely required for activity, the data assign a role to
Gly68 and Gly261 in the FLS functionality
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
The work was supported by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeins-chaft and Fonds der Chemischen Industrie We are grateful to
Drs R Zimmermann and H Mu¨ller (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt) for
EI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS measurements, to Dr U Pieper (Institut
fu¨r Biochemie, Universita¨t Giessen) for CD spectroscopy, and to
Prof E Wellmann (Institut fu¨r Biologie II, Universita¨t Freiburg) for
HPLC assays We would also like to thank Michaela Mu¨ller and Olga
Lezrich for their excellent technical assistance.
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