ANEMIA Edited by Donald S. Silverberg           Anemia Edited by Donald S. Silverberg Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Anemia, Edited by Donald S. Silverberg p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0138-3   Contents  Preface IX Chapter 1 Morbidity and Mortality in Anemia 3 Fawzia Ahmed Habib, Intessar Sultan and Shaista Salman Chapter 2 Erythrocyte: Programmed Cell Death 21 Daniela Vittori, Daiana Vota and Alcira Nesse Chapter 3 Phosphatidylserine Shedding from RBCs – A Mechanism of Membrane Modulation and Damage Control 39 Eitan Fibach Chapter 4 Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress 49 Yoshihito Iuchi Chapter 5 Iron and Nitric Oxide in Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) 63 Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Adenike Faoziyat Sulaiman and Musbau Adewumi Akanji Chapter 6 Diagnostic Evaluation of Anaemia 75 Vikrant Kale and Abdur Rahmaan Aftab Chapter 7 How Can Cancer-Associated Anemia Be Moderated with Nutritional Factors and How Do Beta Vulgaris L. Ssp. Esculenta Var. Rubra Modify the Transmethylation Reaction in Erythrocytes in Cancerous Patients? 93 Anna Blázovics, Péter Nyirády, Imre Romics, Miklós Szűcs, András Horváth, Ágnes Szilvás, Edit Székely, Klára Szentmihályi, Gabriella Bekő and Éva Sárdi Chapter 8 Anaemia in Developing Countries: Burden and Prospects of Prevention and Control 115 Kayode O. Osungbade and Adeolu O. Oladunjoye VI Contents Chapter 9 Nutritional Anaemia 129 Alhossain A. Khallafallah and Muhajir Mohamed Chapter 10 Nutritional Anemia in Developing Countries 151 Frank T. Wieringa, Jacques Berger and Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen Chapter 11 Risk Factors for Anemia in Preschool Children in Sub-Saharan Africa 171 Dia Sanou and Ismael Ngnie-Teta Chapter 12 Acceptance and Effect of Ferrous Fumarate Containing Micronutrient Sprinkles on Anemia, Iron Deficiency and Anthropometrics in Honduran Children 191 Teresa M. Kemmer, Preston S. Omer, Vinod K. Gidvani-Diaz and Miguel Coello Chapter 13 Supplementation and Change of Nutritional Habits for the Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Gaza Children: A Case Study 211 Michele Magoni, Ghassam Zaqout, Omar Ahmmed Mady, Reema Ibraheem Al Haj Abed and Davide Amurri Chapter 14 Management of Anaemia in Pregnancy 233 Ezechi Oliver and Kalejaiye Olufunto Chapter 15 Clinical Management of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn and Fetus 247 Sebastian Illanes and Rafael Jensen Chapter 16 The Pathogenesis of Anaemia in African Animal Trypanosomosis 259 Savino Biryomumaisho and E. Katunguka-Rwakishaya Chapter 17 The Mechanisms of Anaemia in Trypanosomosis: A Review 269 Albert Mbaya, Hussein Kumshe and Chukwunyere Okwudiri Nwosu Chapter 18 Severe Malaria Anaemia in Children 283 Ayodotun Olutola and Olugbenga Mokuolu Chapter 19 The Effect of Retinol Supplement on Blood Cytokine Concentrations in Children with Non-Severe Malaria Vivax 313 Viviana Taylor, Rosa Uscátegui, Adriana Correa, Amanda Maestre and Jaime Carmona Contents VII Chapter 20 Elevated System Energy Expenditure in Sickle Cell Anemia 329 Chidi G. Osuagwu Chapter 21 Molecular Basis of Thalassemia 341 Michela Grosso, Raffaele Sessa, Stella Puzone, Maria Rosaria Storino and Paola Izzo Chapter 22 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 361 Antonio M. Risitano Chapter 23 Anemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 375 Karina Portillo Carroz and Josep Morera Chapter 24 An Emerging Face of Fanconi Anemia: Cancer 387 Sevgi Gözdaşoğlu Chapter 25 The Molecular Connection Between Aluminum Toxicity, Anemia, Inflammation and Obesity: Therapeutic Cues 403 Adam Bignucolo, Joseph Lemire, Christopher Auger, Zachary Castonguay, Varun Appanna and Vasu D. Appanna Chapter 26 Hemolysis and Anemia Induced by Dapsone Hydroxylamine 425 Gabriella Donà, Eugenio Ragazzi, Giulio Clari and Luciana Bordin   Preface  This book provides an update on a variety of aspects of anemia. It begins with a review of the impact of anemia on morbidity and mortality (1). It then examines the various mechanisms involved in the production of anemia including the role of programmed cell death (2), membrane shedding from RBCs as a mechanism of membrane modulation and damage control (3) the role of oxidative stress (4) and the various other mechanisms involved in the production of anemia in chronic disease including inflammation, nitric oxide, and iron deficiency (5). A recent example of the anemia of chronic disease is the anemia associated with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and this is then reviewed (6 ). The next major subject is a discussion of the diagnostic evaluation of anemia including the differential diagnosis (7). The extremely common and important subject of the role of nutrition in anemia is then discussed which begins with an overview of the role of nutrition in production of anemia (8) and then examines in more detail the role of nutritional anemia in developing countries (9-13) including risk factors in children (11), prevention and control (9-13). Two examples are given about attempts to control iron deficiency anemia in developing countries (12,13). The role of nutrition in the anemia of cancer patients is then reviewed (14). The next subject is a review of all aspects of the anemia of pregnancy (15). This is followed by a review of the clinical management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (16). Two common causes of anemia due to infection are then discussed – trypanosomiasis (17,18), and malaria (19,20). This is followed by an update of the mechanisms and treatment of two genetic diseases, sickle cell anemia (21) and thalassemia (22). The anemia of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is then discussed (23). This is followed by a review of Fanconi anemia and leukemia (24). Finally the role of toxin- induced anemia is examined in one paper examining aluminium toxicity (25) and another the hemolysis and anemia induced by dapsone hydroxylamine (26). This book thus provides a wealth of up to date and useful information for all those interested in various aspects of anemia.  Dr. Donald S. Silverberg Tel-Aviv Medical Center Israel [...]... Maternal morbidity resulting from anemia includes diminished work capacity and physical performance have been reported as a result mostly of iron deficiency anemia Anemia leads to abnormalities in host defense and neurological dysfunction Increased risks of premature labor and low birth weight have also been reported in association with anemia in pregnancy (80) 3.2 Effect of anemia on infant mortality and... there was no significant reduction in early neonatal mortality (98) 3.3 Effect of anemia on children and adolescents mortality and morbidity Apart from previously mentioned morbidity and mortality from hereditary anemia among children, by far the most common cause of anemia in this age group is chronic iron deficiency anemia (IDA) There is reasonably good evidence that mental and motor developmental... comorbidity 3.5 Effect of anemia on mortality and morbidity in patients with cancer Anemia is common in cancer patients, although the prevalence is influenced both by the type of malignancy and the choice of treatment Individual studies have compared the survival of patients with and without anemia and have shown reduced survival times in patients with various malignancies associated with anemia including carcinoma... although anemia is an independent predictor of hospital readmission, its relationship with increased mortality in HF patients is largely explained by the severity of comorbid illness The authors suggest that anemia may be predominantly a marker rather than a mediator of increased mortality risk in older patients with HF (132) In heart failure, the causes of anemia and the associations between anemia. .. development of anemia 22 Anemia 2 Anemia The term anemia is derived from ancient Greek for "bloodlessness" It is a condition involving abnormal reduction of hemoglobin content In healthy adults, there is steady-state equilibrium between the rate of release of new red cells from the bone marrow into the circulation and the rate of removal of senescent red cells from the circulation by reticuloendothelial... Mortality in Anemia Fawzia Ahmed Habib, Intessar Sultan and Shaista Salman Taibah University-College of Medicine-Al Madinah Al Munawara Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction A growing body of research suggests that anemia is independently associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population as well as in patients with chronic diseases where the prevalence of anemia is high (1-4) Anemia prognosis... underlying cause of the anemia However, the severity of the anemia, its etiology, and the rapidity with which it develops can each play a significant role in the prognosis Similarly, the age of the patient and the existence of other co-morbid conditions influence outcome Higher mortality rates are almost always observed in patients with anemia Many studies (511) identified anemia as an independent... and cancer patients In addition to its impact upon mortality, anemia also significantly influences morbidity Multiple studies support this assertion especially in patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure (12-17) 2 Morbidity and mortality among patients with certain types of anemia 2.1 Aplastic anemia In the early 1930s aplastic anemia was considered almost inevitably fatal However, the morbidity... chemotherapy alone 3.6 Effect of anemia on mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiac diseases Substantial evidence suggests that anemia is an independent risk factor for worse outcomes in patients with heart failure (CHF) and ischemia heart disease including myocardial infarction Anemia is a common comorbidity in CHF Compared with nonanemic patients the presence of anemia also is associated with... implicated a similar propensity for arterial events caused by the disease PNH is a rare cause of arterial stroke with reported 9 cases but it should be considered in young stroke patients with abnormal blood findings (76) 3 Morbidity and mortality of anemia in high risk groups 3.1 Effect of anemia on maternal mortality and morbidity Maternal anemia is a ubiquitous pregnancy complication, and has been . appears to be associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis (33,34), and hip and spine fractures (35), possibly due to suppression of osteoblast activity. ANEMIA Edited by Donald S. Silverberg           Anemia Edited by Donald S. Silverberg Published by InTech Janeza