Tài liệu ôn thi viên chức tiếng anh giáo viên trung học phổ thông hạng 3 năm 2021

Usage: Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, chấm dứt rồi và biết rõ thời gian.. Usage: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn diễn tả:  Hành động đã xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gi

1

THE GRAMMAR REVIEW OF LEVEL 3

I TENSES:

1 The Simple Present Tense : simple form (except be and the third person singular)

2 The Simple Present Continuous Tense : am/is/are + present participle

3 The Simple Past Tense : past form

4 The Past Continuous Tense : was/were + present participle

5 The Near Future Tense : am/is/are + going to + infinitive form

6 The Simple Future Tense : will/shall + infinitive form

7 The Present Perfect Tense: : have/has + past participle

8 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense : have/has been + present participle

9 The Past Perfect Tense : had + past participle

II NOUNS:

a Singular and Plurals Nouns

b Uncountable and Countable Nouns

noun countab le Singular

e Uncountable nouns, consist of:

 Drinks : tea, beer, wine, water, coffee, milk

 Foods : fish, bread, cheese, ham, meat, sugar, salt

 Things : toothpaste, soap, shampoo

 Materials : paper, wood, wool, plastic

 General words: : information, music, money,…

f There are (were) + Plural Nouns

g How much + Singular Uncountable Nouns

h How many + Plural Countable Nouns

III PRONOUNS:

a Personal Pronouns ( i t nh n x ng)

 Subject h ng : I, you, he, she, it, we, they

 Object t n ng : Me, you, him, her, it, us, them



I find it necessary to display d w d w dv : ô ấy ầ ế y

á ử í ể q á

It is/was + adj/noun + to infinitive

It is/was + adj + that + clause

Subject + Verb + it +adj/noun + to infinitive

Subject + Verb + it + adj + that clause

I feel it strange that she doesn't want to travel with us: ô ấy ô ấy ô d

v ô

c Possessive Pronouns ( i t s h u) : mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

d Demonstrative Pronouns( i t h nh : this, that, these, those

e Indefinite Pronouns ( i t t nh : all, both, each, another, any, anybody, anyone,

anything, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone,…

f Relative Pronouns ( i t li n h : who, whom, which, that,whoever, whomever,

whichever

g Reflexive Pronouns ( i t ph n th n : myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself;

ourselves; yourselves; themselves

h Reciprocal Pronouns ( i t t ng qu n : each other; one another

i Interrogative Pronouns ( i t nghi v n : who, which, what, where

j Negative pronouns ( i t ph nh : no-one, nobody, neither, none, nothing

IV ARTICLE

a Definite article (m o t x nh) : the

b Indefinite articles (m o t t nh) : a (before consonant sound)

: an (before vowel sound)

V PREPOSITIONS:

a Simple Prepositions:

 Prepositions of Time: on (vào ngày), in (trong vòng,vào tháng-năm , at vào lú m y giờ , by tr ớ

m y giờ , since t khi , during suốt , for trong kho ng , about vào kho ng , ago h y , before tr ớ , after (sau), past qu ,h n , till tới , until ho tới ,…

 Prepositions of Place or position: in trong , at h nào , on tr n , near gần , by gần n , next to n nh , beside n nh , against dự vào under d ới , below phí d ới , over

tr n , above phí tr n , inside (bên trong), outside (bên ngoài), behind ằng s u , between gi h i , among gi m ,…

 Prepositions of direction: across thẳng qu , through (xuyên qua), around (bao quanh qua), to tới , into (vào trong), towards về phí , onto (lên), from t , up (lên), down xuống …

 Prepositions of manner: by i ằng: us, r, tr in, ship, pl ne , on i ằng: foot, house k , in

i ằng: r, t xi; viết ằng: ink, pen il,nói ằng,…

VI VERBS:

a Auxiliary Verbs: do/does/ did

b Defective Verbs ( ng t khiếm khuyết)

c Regular and Inregular Verbs ( ng t quy t và t quy t t)

 We hope to see you soon; I don’t re to see him again

f : advise, cause, command, encourage, force, get

 I advise you to see a doctor; He caused me to be late

to be able to + Infinitive

Verb + Infinitive

Verb + (pro) noun +Infinitive

 I am used to getting up l te on Sund ys : t i quen dậy tr vào h nhật

I am used to cold weather: t i quen với thời tiết l nh

 They help me do my ssigment: Họ giúp t i làm ng vi m nh

 He let me drive his r: Nó ho phép t i l i xe nó

 Teacher made us repeat the sentence several times

Thầy gi o t húng t i l p l i u này nhiều lần

 Note: Sometime help is followed by to infinitive

p

 I hear him come in: T i nghe nó i vào

 I hear him coming in: T i nghe nó ng i vào

q SAY and TELL

á ì

 Say something (to me) please (=speak to me )

 Say something nice (= tell me something nice)

 He say that you are a very good student

ể á ì

 Please tell me about your experiences : Làm n k ho t i về kinh nghi m n

r SPEAK and TALK

 Talk about something = Speak about something

 Speak is often used in the imperative with an adverb or adverbial phrase

o Speak quietly, etc

o Speak as loud as you can

SAY + something

USED TO + Infinitive

TO BE + USED TO + Ving (noun)

TO BE + USED TO + Infinitive

TO BE + USED FOR + Ving

FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH + Object + Simple form (present participle)

TO HAVE TO + Infinitive

TO HAVE/ HAVE GOT/ GET + object + past participle

HELP/ LET/ MAKE + Object + Simple form

TO GET + someone + TO DO something

Verb + Infinitive OR Verb + (pro) noun +Infinitive

TELL + someone about something

 Speak to him now

s DO and MAKE

 DO : di n t m t ho t ng làm hằng ngày nói hung hung kh ng ụ th

 MAKE : di n t m t ho t ng làm t o r m t i g ó

t Linking verbs + Adjective í

To appear ó v , be (là), become tr n n , feel m th y , get kiếm ợ , grow mọ , tăng tr ng , lie nằm, nói dối , look (nhìn), remain vẫn òn , seem (d ờng nh , smell ngửi, ó mùi , sound ó v , k u , stay ch u ng , taste n m , turn tr v

Linking verbs th ờng ợ theo s u i adjectives th y ho tr ng t

u Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, would

 Ability kh năng : can, could, to be able to, will, would

 Obligation ổn phận : Must, need, have (has) to

 Probability r t ó th x y r : May, might, could

 Permission (cho phép) : Can, could, may (may is the most polite)

 Shall, will, would : Lần l ợt dùng ho ng i th 1, ng i òn l i và di n t

ề ngh l h sự

v Causative have (have something done)

Di n t m t ng vi ợ làm ho m nh i ng ời kh Ho tr tiền ho ng ời kh làm

 I had my room painted : T i ã ợ s n ăn phòng m nh

 I had my hair cut : T i ã ợ t tó tr tiền ho họ

VII ADJECTIVES

 Structures:

 Verb + ED or Verb + ING : Làm tính t

our, their

 Used with plural countable nouns : several, many, few, a few

 Used with uncountable nouns : much, a great deal of, little, a little

Used with both plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns: some, any,a lot of, enough

 some + plural nouns - We use some with positive statements

 any + uncountable nouns - We use any with negative statements and questions

 THE STRUCTURES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

NOT SO (AS) + ADJECTIVE + AS

NOT+ ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN

Examples of irregular forms

ADJECTIVES Regular forms requiring 'ER' or 'EST'

Important grammatical points Adjectives Comparative forms

(ADJ + ER)

Superlative forms (THE+ ADJ +EST) Adjectives with one syllable only THIN THINNER THE THINNEST Adjectives ending in a single

Adjectives with one syllable, but

Adjectives with one syllable + Y

ADJECTIVES - Regular forms requiring 'MORE' or 'THE MOST'

 Adjectives with more than one syllable

 Adjectives ending with ed or ing

(more/less )

Superlative forms (the most/the least )

Dangerous More/less dangerous The most/the least dangerous Bored

(even though only one syllable is pronounced) More/less bored The most/the least bored

Interesting More/less interesting The most/the least interesting

VIII ADVERBS:

a Adverbs of manner ể á

Quietly y n l ng , loudly ầm ĩ , clearly (rõ ràng),

rapidly (nhanh chóng), poorly (nghèo nàn), happily h nh phú ,

angrily giận d , slowly hậm h p , carefully ẩn thận ,

fast (nhanh), hard tí h ự , h , by foot i ằng h n , etc

b Adverbs of certainly ắ ắ

Certainly h h n , definitely d t kho t , probably hầu nh h h n ,

LESS + ADJECTIVE + THAN MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN

THE + ADJECTIVE + EST

THE MOST/THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE NOT+ MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN

undoubtedly (không hoài nghi), clearly (rõ ràng), obviously (rõ ràng), etc

c dv d

Almost hầu nh , little m t ít , enough ,

much, too (quá), partly phần nào , fully ầy ,

scarcely v mới , quite (hoàn toàn), nearly gần, s p ,

just úng, hính , too (quá), hardly nghi m kh ,

very (r t) so, rather thà…h n, thí h…h n , et

Upstairs (lên gác), downstairs xuống g , downtown xuống phố ,

here, there, nearby kh ng x , l n ận , everywhere kh p n i , in, out, etc

f Adverbs of time

today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, later rồi s u ó , now, soon (ngay), ago h y , all day ngày , not long (không lâu), for a while m t l t , since t l u , next week, last year, yearly hàng năm , etc

g Interrogative Adverb vấ

why, where, how, when

 Trong một câu, thứ tự vị trí của trạng từ thường đặt sau động từ như sau:

Ex: He is going to Japan by ship twice a day during December

IX THE GERUND (V-ing – D

 Giới từ + V-ing: He is good at diving ấy ỏ ặ

She is font of climbing Cô ấy í

 To mind + V-ing: Would you mind waiting ?: ợ é?

 Dạng Ving dùng trong lời cấm ngắn hạn: No smoking; No fishing

 Cấu trúc Go + V-ing: Go dancing; Go camping

 Chủ ngữ giả “it” thay V-ing

I w w d : á í

 Ving tăng thông tin cho danh từ đứng phía sau (vai trò tính từ quan hệ)

B w : ô ; w : y

 Các động từ đòi hỏi động từ theo sau là Ving ồ :

avoid: tránh; enjoy: thíchthú, khoái; * keep ế ụ ;

admit: cho phép; escape: thoát; miss: ỡ, ợ ;

appreciate: í ; imagine: ở ợ ; suggest ;

consider: xem xét; (not) mind : ô ; postpone: hoãn;

deny: ; finish: hoàn thành; give up: ỏ;

put off: hoãn; stop: , ỏ; can’t stand: ô ợ

 Các động từ đòi hỏi động từ theo sau là Ving HO C “V + to infinitive” ồ :

start; begin: ắ ầ hate: ghét can’t bear: ô ợ

continue: ế ụ love: yêu stand:

intend: dự neglect: ỏ ặ fancy: thích

dislike: không thích prefer: í forget: quên

VERB + PLACE + MANNER + FREQUENCY + TIME

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 Note: WOULD + LIKE / LOVE / HATE / PREFER + TO INFINITIVE

 stop, remember, forget , try, ể Gerund ặ “to infinitive” ĩ

be/get used to : q v ; be accustomed to: q v ; be capable of : ă ; be tired of:

ệ , á ; be bored with: chán; be afraid of: ợ; be fed up with: chán; be interested in: thích thú, quan tâm; be pleased with: hài lòng với; be excited about: ấ í v ; be responsible for:

t á ệ v ;be rude to: ô ỗ v ; be sorry for: be supposed to:dự , ợ ; be

worried about: ắ v ; to look forward to: ô ; to insist on: ă ă ; to succeed

in: thành công trong; be made of: ợ , be angry with (at): t giận; be good at: ỏ v ;

be bad at : é v ; be font of: í v ; diferent from (khác)

X CLAUSE

a Adjective clause

b F d I “ d ”

Second conditionals (If clause)

Third conditionals (If clause)

XI TAG – QUESTION – EXCLAMATORY SENTENSE

XII PASSIVE VOICE : ng t hính trong u h ng tive voi e hi th g th ng t to be trong

u ng p ssive voi e hi th ó

XIII DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH L ự ế – á ế * ở d S

XIV CONJUNCTION

When (khi) – Before tr ớ khi – After (sau khi)–As soon as (ngay khi) - Although m dù

 Although it r ined lot, I went to the s hool: M dù trời m nhiều nh ng t i vẫn i họ

 Note: Nhiều khi t noi though ho even though thay cho although [ɔ:l'ðou]

 In spite of (despite) the rain, I went to s hool: t h p trời m nh ng t i vẫn i họ

 She w sn’t well, but In spite of this she went to work: C y kh ng ợ khỏe, nh ng dẫu vậy y vẫn i làm

 In spite of what I s id yesterd y, I still love you: t h p nh ng g h m qu nh ã nói, nh vẫn y u

em

Although m dù + SUBJECT + VERB

In spite of (despite) + Noun /Pronoun/ (This/ that/ what/…), V+ ing

 I didn’t get the jo in spite of having ll the ne ess ry qu lifi tions: T i kh ng kiếm ợ vi dẫu tôi có năng lự

XV E – G (XEM THÊM)

o ng inversion trong tiếng Anh là nh ng h o l n u trú m t u nhằm mụ í h nh n

m nh Trong tr ờng hợp này, d ng th nghi v n ó u trú nh s u:

NG CH NG NG CH NH

o ng là m t v n ề khó trong khi nghi n u ng ph p tiếng Anh, i t là với nh ng ng ời mới

họ S u ậy là m t số lo i o ng h y dùng:

1 o v Neither

Sử dụng So và Neither h sự giống nh u gi h i h y trong số nhiều ng ời ho vật

 So dùng trong u x nh positive phù hợp th u tr ớ theo u trú s u:

 Mary likes to travel So do I

 Fred is very nice So am I

 Mrs Rich gave ten dollars So did Tom

 David has been in Turkey So has Mike

 I should study So should you

 Bill may have eaten too much So may have Mary

 Neither dùng trong u ph nh neg tive phù hợp th u tr ớ theo u trú :

 I don’t h ve to go Neither does Bill

 Joe isn’t very tall Neither am I

 I didn’t see her Neither did he

 John won’t sing Neither will Charles

 Bill won’t h ve e ten too much Neither will have Mary

-

So + tr ng t to be/modal + Subject

Neither + tr ng t to be/modal/modal have + Subject

Part I: VERB TENSES

I THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a Form:

- ng t hi hi n t i V1 Nếu h ngử ng i 3 số ít, t ph i th m "S" ho "es" s u ng t

b.Usage:

 hì hiện tại ơn diễn tả m t chân lý, m t sự thật hiển nhiên

Ex: + The sun rises in the East

+ Tom comes from England

+ I am a student

 hì hiện tại ơn diễn tả m t thói quen, m t h nh ng xảy ra thường xuyên ở hiện tại

Ex: + Mary often goes to shool by bicycle

+ I get up early every morning

+ What do you do every night?

Lưu ý: a thêm "E " sau các ng t tận cùng l : O, ,X,CH, H

c Các phó t thường ư c dùng chung với thì hiện tại ơn:

Often, usually,frequently : thường

+ Always, constantly : luôn luôn

ometimes, occasionally : thỉnh thoảng

eldom, rarely : ít khi, hiếm khi

every day week,month : mỗi ng y tuần tháng

Frequency Adverbs:(From 100% of the time to 0% of the time)

100% 0%

always usually often sometimes seldom rarely never

d Negative Form ( hể phủ ịnh)

 ối với ng t ặc biệt (BE,CAN,MAY ) ta thêm "NO " ngay sau ng t ó

Ex: He is a good pupil

He isn't a good pupil

My brother can swim

 I, We, You, They+Verb (without to)

 He, She, It + Verb +s/es

My brother can't swim

 ối với ng t thường, ta dùng tr ng t "DO" hoặc "DOE " tuỳ theo chủ ngữ

Ex: She doesn't like coffee

They don't want new shoes

e.Interrogative form ( hể nghi vấn)

 ối với ng t ặc biệt , ta em nó ra ầu câu v thêm dấu "?"

Ex: Are you tired now?

Can Peter drive a car?

 ối với ng t thường, ta thêm "DO" hoặc "DOE " v o ầu câu (nhớ ưa ng t chính về

nguyên mẫu)

Ex: Her father likes tea

Does her father like tea?

Exercise 1 Write the following sentences a) in the negative, b) in the interrogative

1 We know the answer

2 He usually has breakfast at 8 o’clock

3 The bell rings at 8.30

4 They feel cold

Exercise 2 Put the verb in brackets into the Present simple tense

1 My little brother (collect) butterflies and stamps

2 Mothers often (tell) small children stories before bedtime

3 I think he (be) a kind man

4 We (spend) our holidays in the country every year

5 What this sentence (mean) ?

6 Ruth (not eat) eggs; they (make) her ill

Exercise 3 Complete the following sentences using the Present Simple tense

1 They always

2 Why does that student always ?

3 Those girls never

4 Whenever he comes to see us

5 She usually

II THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

2 he Present Continuous ense ( hì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

a Form:

b Usage:

hì hiện tại tiếp diễn (H D) diễn tả m t h nh ng ang diễn ra v kéo d i m t thời gian ở hiện tại (nó thường i kèm với các cụm t chỉ thời gian "NOW", " IGH NOW", "A THE MOMENT" "AT PRESENT"

Ex: The children are playing football now

What are you doing at the moment?

 hì n y cũng thường tiếp theo sau câu ề nghị, mệnh lệnh

Ex: Look! The child is crying

Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room

 hì n y còn ư c dùng ể diễn tả m t h nh ng sắp xảy ra (ở tương lai gần)

Ex: He is coming tomorrow

My parents are planting trees tomorrow

 I + am

 He, She, It + is + V-ing

 We, You,They + are

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Lưu ý: Khơng dùng thì H D với các ng t chỉ nhận thức, tri giác như: to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, prefer, realize, seem, remember, forget, believe, belong, own, possess, exist, need Với các ng t n y, ta thay bằng thì imple Present

Ex: I am tired now

She wants to go for a walk at the moment

Do you understand your lesson?

Yes, I understand it now

Note: Non-progressive verbs

a) I hear a bird It is singing CORRECT: I hear a bird right now

b) I’m hungry I want a sandwich INCORRECT: I am hearing a bird

c) This book belongs to Jim (right now)

Exercise 4 Put the verb in brackets into the Present Continuous tense

1 Look ! Somebody (come)

2 It (rain), take your umbrella

3 Keep quiet ! We (listen) to the music

4 What you (look) at ?

5 At this moment, we (do) exercise in English

Exercise 5 Put the verbs in the Present Continuous tense or the Present Simple tense

1 It (rain), take your umbrella

2 Don’t bother me, please, I (work)

3 I (believe) you are right

4 They (have) lunch in the cafeteria now

5 My sister (drink) milk everyday

6 They often (thank) me for what I do for them

Exercise 6 Supply the correct verb forms: The simple Present Tense or The present continuous tense

1 I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how to use it now

2 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market

3 It (be) very cold now

4 It (rain) much in Summer It (rain) now

5 Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the morning

III THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES

III.1 The Simple Past Tense (Thì quá khứ đơn)

a.Form:

Nếu động từ có quy tắc: Ved

Động từ bất qui tắc: cột 2 (V2)

b Usage:

Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, chấm dứt rồi và biết rõ thời gian

Ex: Tom went to Paris last summer

My mother left this city two years ago

He died in 1980

c Các phó từ đi kèm: Last (trước) , ago (cách đây), yesterday (hôm qua)

d Negative form (thể phủ định)

 Đối với động từ đặc biệt, ta thêm "NOT" sau nó

Ex: He wasn't absent from class yesterday

I couldn't open the door last night

 Đối với động từ thường, ta đặt trợ động từ "DIDN'T" trước động từ chính

I, We, You, They + V2/Ved

He, She, It + V2/Ved

Ex: He didn't watch TV last night

She didn't go to the cinema with him last Sunday

e Interrogative form (thể nghi vấn)

 Đối với động từ đặc biệt, ta đem động từ đó ra đầu câu

Ex: Were they in hospital last month?

Could she answer your questions then?

 Đối với động từ thường, ta đặt trợ động từ "DID" ở đầu câu

Ex: Did you see my son, Tom?

Lưu ý: Khi đổi sang phủ định và nghi vấn, nhớ đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu

III.2 The Past Continuous Tense (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)

a Form:

b Usage: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn diễn tả:

 Hành động đã xảy ra và kéo dài một thời gian ở quá khứ

Ex: Yesterday, Mr Moore was working in the laboratory all the afternoon

What were you doing from 3p.m to 6p.m yesterday?

 Hành động đang xảy ra vào một thời điểm ở quá khứ

Ex: I was doing my homework at 6 p.m last Sunday

They were practising English at that time

What were you doing at this time yesterday?

 Hành động đang xảy ra (ở quá khứ) thì có một hành động khác xen vào (hành động

nào kéo dài hơn dùng Past Continuos, hành động nào ngắn hơn dùng Simple Past)

Ex: When I came yesterday, he was sleeping

What was she doing when you saw her?

As we were crossing the street, the policeman shouted at us

 Hai hành động xảy ra song song cùng một lúc ở quá khứ

Ex: Yesterday, I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes

Lưu ý: không dùng thì này với các động từ chỉ nhận thức,tri giác Thay vào đó,ta dùng thì Simple Past

Ex: When the students heard the bell, they left

He felt tired at that time

Exercise 7 Put the verb in brackets into the Past Simple tense

1 I (be) the captain of the girl’s tennis team last year

2 They (be) there nine months ago

3 He ( come) to see me the day before yesterday

4 Three days later I (leave) London

5 “Where you (see) him ?” “ At the concert.”

Exercise 8 Put the verb in brackets into the Past Continuous

1 He (play) table-tennis at 6 o’clock yesterday morning

2 What you both (do) at 10 o’clock this morning ?

3 When I saw him, he (sit) asleep in a chair

4 He was at home He (do) his homework

5 While I (wait) for an answer, a knock came at the door

Exercise 9 Use the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous

1 The old man (fall) as he (get) into the bus

2 I saw a light in your house as I (pass)

3 He often (visit) us when he (live) in Danang City

4 The light (go) out when we (study) our lesson

5 You (learn) your lesson when I (phone) you ?

- Supply the correct verb forms: Simple Past or Past Continuous

I, He, She, It + was + V_ing

We, You, They + Were +V_ing

13

1 When I (arrive) at his house, he still (Sleep)

2 The light (go) out while we (have) dinner

3 Bill (have) breakfast when I (stop) at his house this morning

4 As we (cross) the street, we (see) an accident

5 Tom (see) a serious accident while he (stand) at the bus stop

IV THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

3 he Present Perfect ense ( hì hiện tại ho n th nh)

 hì Hiện tại ho n th nh diễn tả m t h nh ng v a mới xảy ra

Ex: I have just seen my sister in the park

She has finished her homework recently

 hì Hiện tại ho n th nh diễn tả m t h nh ng ư c lặp i lặp lại nhiều lần ở quá khứ

Ex: Daisy has read that novel sevaral times

I have seen "Titanic" three times

 hì Hiện tại ho n th nh diễn tả m t h nh ng bắt ầu t quá khứ m còn kéo d i ến hiện tại v có

khả năng tiếp tục ở tương lai

Ex: Mary has lived in this house for ten years

They have studied English since 1990

 H nh ng xảy ra trong quá khứ m không biết rõ thời gian

Ex: I have gone to Hanoi

He has done his housework

ince : t khi (thời iểm)

For : khoảng (thời oạn)

o far = until now = up yo now = up to the present: cho ến bây giờ

Lưu ý: các phó t n y chỉ ư c dùng kèm với thì H H trong các câu ơn ối với câu có t 2 mệnh ề trở lên hoặc trong m t oạn văn thì ng t phải ư c chia theo ngữ cảnh chứ không phụ thu c v o các phó t (xem thêm ở phần equence ò enses)

Ex: He has just seen her

(but) He said that he had just seen her

I have already done my exercises

(but) When I came, they had already shown the film

Exercise 10 Use the verbs in the Present Perfect Comment on the use of the Present Perfect

1 I (see) that film

2 We (have) four tests this semester

3 I (be) here since seven o’clock

4 We (be) here for two weeks

5 I (meet) many people since I came here in June

Exercise 11 Use the verb in the Present Simple or in the Present Perfect

1 Ann (want) to see you You (not see) her for a long time

2 “You (read) this book ?” “Yes.” “What you (think) of it ?”

3 “You (know) Eliza ?” “Yes.” “How long you (know) her ?”

4 “Where Nick (be) ?” “He just (go) out ?”

 I, We, They, You + have + past participle (V3)

 He, She, It + has + past participle (V3

5 “Do you know where he (live) ?” No, he recently (move) to a new flat I (not be) there yet

Exercise 12 Use the verb in the Past Simple or in The Present Perfect.

1 A: Have you ever been in Europe ?

B: Yes, I (have) I (be) in Europe several times I (be) in Europe

last year

2 You (not be) here for ages !

3 A: You ever (play) football ?

B: Yes, I

A: Yes, I (play) when I (be) a schoolboy

4 You already (drink) three cups of tea since I (sit) here

5 We (study) English for four years now

V THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

4 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( Thì hiện tại ho n th nh tiếp diễn)

a/ Form:

b Usage:

 hì n y diển tả 1 h nh ng bắt ầu trong quá khứ v kéo d i liên tục ến hiện tại

Lưu ý: Không dùng thì n y với các ng t chỉ nhận thức, tri giác Với loại ng t n y ta dùng Present Perfect (xem các ng t ã nêu trong thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

Ex: I have been studying french for five years

They have been living in this city since 1995

How long have you been waiting for her?

 Các từ hay đi kèm là: S ince ( mốc thời gian), for ( khoảng thời gian)

Exercise 13 Use the verbs in the Present Perfect Continuous Comment on the use of the Present Perfect Continuous

1 I (wait) for him for two hours

2 This student (study) English for four years up to now

3 It (rain) for two hours

4 Come in, my dear boy We ( expect) you

Exercise 14 Use the verbs in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous

1 Mrs Smith (work) in the library since 1983

2 I (do) my homework for two hours, and I (not finish) yet

3 I (wait) for him long and he (not come) yet

4 A: What you (write) ?

B: I (write) my essay I (write) it all morning and I (not finish) it yet

A: I (finish) mine

+ Supply the correct verb forms: the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous:

1 How long you (study) English? For 5 years

2 I (wait) for two hours, but he (not come) yet

3 They (live) in Ho Chi Minh City since 1975

4 She (read) all the books written by Dickens How many books you (read)?

5 He (not,be) here since Christmas, I wonder where he (live) since then

V I THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

 I, We, You, They + Have + been + V-ing

 He, She, It + Has + been +V-ing

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VI.1 The Past Perfect Tense (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành/ Tiền quá khứ)

a Form:

(Negative form: S + Hadn't +V3

Interrogative form: Had + S + V3)

b Usage:

Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động quá khứ xảy ra trước một thời gian quá khứ hoặc trước một hành động quá khứ khác (Nếu trong câu có 2 hành động quá khứ, hành động nào xảy ra trước ta dùng Past Perfect, hành động nào sau ta dùng Simple Past)

Ex: We had lived in Hue before 1975

When I got up this morning, my father had already left

After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed

It was the most difficult question that I had ever known

VI.2 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

a.Form:

b Usage:

Diễn tả một hành động quá khứ đã xảy ra và kéo dài cho đến khi hành động quá khứ thứ hai xảy ra (hành động thứ hai dùng Simple Past) Thường thường khoảng thời gian kéo dài được nêu rõ trong câu

Ex: The men had been playing cards for 3 hours before I came

They had been living in London for 10 years when I met them

Exercise 15 Use the verbs in the Past Perfect tense Comment on the use of the Past Perfect

1 He (be) in for about an hour when he heard the doorbell ring

2 She (finish) packing by three o’clock

3 I watched TV after I (do) my homework

4 The match already (begin) when we got to the stadium

5 The train (start) before we arrived at the station

Exercise 16 Use the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Perfect

1 His mother (be) not in She (go) out half an hour

2 She (not notice) that she (never see) that film before

3 After the passengers (get) on, the bus (leave)

4 As soon as the boys (enter) the hall they (begin) to speak about books and writers

+ Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Simple Past or Past Perfect

1 They (go) home after they (finish) their work

2 She said that she (already, see) Dr Rice

3 When we came to the stadium, the match (already, begin)

4 They told me they (not, eat) such kind of food before

5 He (ask) why we (come) so early

6 Before she (watch ) TV, she (do) her homework

+ Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Past Tenses

1 Yesterday John (go) to the store before he (go) home

2 Our teacher (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) England in 1970

3 When John and I got to the theatre, the movie (start) already

4 Before Alice (go) to sleep, she (call) her family

5 When the phone (ring), I (have) dinner

6 Daisy (agree) with other members in the last meeting

7 What you (do) at 6 p.m yesterday?

8 The little girl asked what (happen) to her ice-cream

9 He (teach) in this school before he (leave) for England

10 She (win) the gold medal in 1986

VII FUTURE TENSES

Subject + had +V3

S + had + been +V-ing

VII.1 The Simple Future Tense ( Thì tương lai đơn)

a Form:

bare-inf:bare-infinitive (động từ nguyên mẫu không "to")

b Usage:

 Diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai (một quyết tâm hoặc một ý kiến về một

hành động trong tương lai)

Ex: I'll call you tomorrow

He'll come back next week

c Các phó từ đi kèm:

 Someday: một ngày nào đó

 Tomorrow: mai

 Next week, month : (tuần/tháng tới) Soon: chẳng bao lâu nữa

VII.2 Near future (Tương lai gần)

Ex: My father is retiring

Where are you going to spend your holiday?

Exercise 17 Use the verbs in the Future Simple tense :

1 My father (be) in Hanoi tomorrow morning

2 You (know) the result in a week

3 I (tell ) you about it when I have time

4 If you don’t get up early, You (be) late for school

5 Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? - Yes, please When we (meet) ?

+ Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Simple Future or Simple Present

1 We'll go out when the rain (stop)

2 I (stay) here until he (answer) me

3 Wait until I (catch) you

4 She (not come) until you (be) ready

5 Miss Helen (help) you as soon as she (finish) that letter tomorrow

6 After the class (be) over, ask the teacher about that sentence

7 I (come) and (see) you before I leave here

8 We (go) home as soon as we have finished our work

9 I (wait) here until you (come) back tomorrow

10 I (send) you some postcards as soon as I (arrive) in London

* WILL / BE GOING TO

1 To express a PREDICTION - either WILL or BE GOING TO is used:

- According to the weather report, it will be (or is going to be) cloudy tomorrow

2 To express a PRIOR PLAN - only BE GOING TO is used:

a) A: Why did you buy this paint ?

B: I’m going to paint my bedroom

You, He, She, I, They + will + V(bare-inf)

I, We + shall +V(bare-inf)

I + am + going to + V(bare-inf)

He, She, It + is + going to + V(bare-inf)

We, You, They +are +going to + V(bare-inf)

I + am +V-ing

He, She, It + is + V-ing

We, You, They +are + V-ing

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b) Bob is tired of taking the bus to work He’s going to buy a car

3 To express WILLINGNESS - only WILL is used:

a) A: The phone’s ringing B: I will get it

b) A: I don’t understand this lesson B: I’ll help you

Exercise 18 Use WILL or BE GOING TO

1 I think Jack (come) here tonight

2 Do you want to go shopping with me ? I (buy) some shirts

3 I (make) you a hot cup of tea - Thanks That sounds good

4 What do you want to be when you grow up ? - I (be) a teacher

5 Why do you have a pencil in your hand ? - I (draw) a cartoon

VII.3 The Future Continuous Tense ( Thì tương lai tiếp diễn)

a Form:

b Usage:

 Thì tương lai tiếp diển diễn tả một hành động sẽ diễn ra và kéo dài suốt một thời kỳ ở tương lai

Ex: What will you be doing when I come tomorrow?

 Nó diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang xảy ra vào một thời điểm ở tương lai

Ex: He will be doing research at this time tomorrow

When you come today, I'll be working at my desk

She will be living in this house in May (next year.)

1 He (wait) for you when you (get) back tomorrow

2 At this same time tomorrow, we (drive) through Pennsylvania

3 If you call her at 6, she (practise) the piano then

4 Don't call him at 2:30p.m He (interview) job applicants at that time

VII 4 The Future Perfect Tense (Thì tương lai hoàn thành)

a Form:

b Usage:

 Diễn tả một hành động sẽ hoàn tất vào một thời điểm cho trước ở tương lai

 Thì này thường dùng trong câu có các cụm từ chỉ thời gian như "BY (+ mốc thời gian)", "BY THE TIME", " BY THEN"

Ex: I'll have finished my work by noon

They'll have built that house by July next year

When you come back, I'll have written this letter

+ Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Future Tenses

1 I'm sure they (complete) the new road by June

2 By November I (work) for this company for 6 years

3 By March 15, I (be) here for one year

4 By the end of December, John (work) as a reporter for ten years

5 By the time you arrive, I (finish) writing an essay

5 He certainly (not do) all his homework by ten tonight

VIII TENSES MIXED

Exercise 19 Use the verbs in PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

1 Mr Brown always reads his newspapers in the evenings Tonight he (not read); he (watch) a very

interesting football match

2 I (remember) this summer all my life

3 Let me look at you You (not change) much since I met you

S + will + Be + V-ing

S + will + have + V3

4 I just (want) to sit down and have a drink and some food I (not eat) all day

5 She (wait) for you for two hours !

6 Who you (go) with last night ?

7 While I (practise) my English with Mr John, she came in

8 She realized that she (not learn) hard enough for the exam

IX) Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Simple Present, Simple Future, Present Perfect or Future Perfect

1 I'll wait until he (finish) his novel

2 When you (come) back, he already (buy) a new house

3 Don't come until I (finish) lunch

4 I (hope) it (stop) raining by 5 o'clock this afternoon

5 The river (not begin) to swell until some rain (fall)

6 By next month I (leave) for India

7 The film (end) by the time we (get) there

8 They (build) a house by June next year

9 We (start) our plan next week

10 I (give) her your letter when I (see) her tomorrow

X) Give the right forms of the verbs in brackets: Simple Present, Simple Future or Simple Continuous

1 When you (go) into the office, Mr John (sit) at the front desk

2 Our English teacher (explain) that lesson to us tomorrow

3 We (wait) for you when you (get) back tomorrow

4 What you (do) at 7 p.m next Sunday? I (practise) my English lesson then

5 When I (see) Mr Pike tomorrow, I (remind) him of that

6 When you (come) today, I (work) at my desk in Room 12

7 He (work) on the report at this time tomorrow

8 Please wait here until the manager (return)

9 Don't leave until you (see) her

10 The Browns (do) their housework when you (come) next Sunday

Part II: NOUNS:

a Singular and Plural Nouns

Compound nouns

Noun + noun: toothpick (tăm), schoolboy (nam sinh) Adjective + Noun: quick silver (thủy ngân)

Gerund + Noun: walking stick (gậy chống)

Adjective + Verb: whitewash (lớp nước vôi trắng) Verb + Noun: pickpocket (tên móc túi)

Adverb + Pronoun: overall (áo choàng) (áo bảo hộ lao động) Adverb + Verb: outbreak (sự bùng nổ)

Others: Mother-in-law

b Uncountable and Countable Nouns

c Possessive case

- Với các danh từ số đơn, thêm "s"

Ex: The boy's book = The book of the boy (sách của thằng bé)

Tom's house = The house of Tom (nhà của Tom)

- Với các danh từ số nhiều tận cùng bằng "s", chỉ cần thêm "'"

Ex:The boys' house = The house of the boys (nhà của mấy thằng bé)

- Với các danh từ số nhiều không tận cùng bằng "s", thêm "s"

Ex:The men's room = The room of the men (phòng của mấy ông)

The children's voice = The voice of the children (giọng bọn trẻ)

- Có thể dùng dạng "s" mà không có danh từ theo sau

Ex: This isn't my book It's my brother's (my brother's book)

19

- Để chỉ sự vật, ý tưởng, ta dùng "of"

Ex: The roof of the garage (không dùng "the garage's roof)

- Dùng "of"với "the beginning/ end/ top/ bottom/ front/ back/ middle/ side "

Ex: The back of the car (phía sau xe) The beginning of the month (đầu tháng)

- Có thể dùng "s" hoặc "of" với danh từ chỉ một tổ chức

Ex: The government's decision hoặc The decision of the government (quyết định của

chính phủ)

The company's success hoặc The success of the company (thành công của công ty)

- Có thể dùng "s" để chỉ nơi chốn

Ex: The city's new theatre (nhà hát mới của thành phố)

Italy's largest city (thành phố lớn nhất của Ý)

- Có thể dùng "s" sau một nhóm có hai danh từ trở lên

Ex: Jace and Jill's wedding (lễ cưới của Jace và Jill)

- Có thể dùng "s" với cụm từ chỉ thời gian

Ex: Have you still got yesterday's newspaper?

(Bạn còn giữ tờ báo hôm qua không?)

- Có thể dùng "s" hoặc " ' " với các khoảng thời gian

Ex: I've got three weeks' holiday (tôi có 3 tuần nghỉ)

I live near the station It's only about ten minutes' walk

(nhà tôi gần ga Chỉ đi bộ mất 10 phút là tới)

- Đôi khi chúng ta có thể gặp cả "'s" lẫn "of" trong cùng một câu

Ex: We saw a play of Shaw's (We saw one of Shaw's

4 Subject and Verb Agreement

1/ Singular Verb:

 Noun + Noun

(The same idea, person, thing)

Ex: My best friend and adviser, Tom, is coming tonight

 Each

Every

Either + Singular noun of + plural noun

Neither

Ex: Each of children has a toy

 Each/ every + Singular Noun and Each/ every + Singular Noun

Ex: Each boy and each girl has a book

 Every

Any + (body, thing, one)

No

Some

Ex: Everything looks bright and clean

 The form of some plural nouns before a singular Verb

(news physics, economics, politics, linguistics, genetics, athletes, measles, mumps, the Philippines, the united States, Wales, )

Ex: Physics is more difficult than chemistry

 Uncountable nouns

(Furniture, water, traffic, progress, knowledge, homework )

Ex: The furniture was more expensive than we thought

 Distance, time, money

Ex: Four weeks is a long time to wait to hear from him

 A little of the book, an article, a story

Ex: "Tom and Jerry" is very well known all over the world

 Subject is used as a clause, gerund,

Ex: That you get very high grades in school is necessary

2/ Plural Verb

 Noun + Noun (different thing, person)

Ex: Water and oil do not mix

 The + Adj (noun)

Ex: The rich are not always happy

 People, police, poultry, cattle

Ex: The police have arrested the thieves

 Some, a few, both

Ex: Some books I read yesterday are famous

3/ Singular or plural Verb:

Neither + Noun1 + Nor + Noun2 + verb (N2)

Ex: Not only my brother but also my sister is here

 The number of + plural Noun > singular Verb

A number of + plural Noun > Plural Verb

Ex: The number of students in this class is small

 Pronoun + Prepositional phrase Pronoun

Noun1 + Noun2 + Verb (N1)

Ex: A box of cigarettes contains 20 pipes

 All, Some, None Singular Noun >Singular verb

Half, Most, The rest, Plural Noun >Plural Verb

A lot/ Lots

Ex: None of the boys are good at English

A lot of coffee has been hot

 No + Singular Noun > Singular Verb

No + Plural Noun > Plural Verb

Ex: No example is relevant to this case

 There + (be) + Noun

Ex: There is a fly in this room

nouns countab le Singular

Uncountable nouns, consist of:

 Drinks : tea, beer, wine, water, coffee, milk

 Foods : fish, bread, cheese, ham, meat, sugar, salt

 Things : toothpaste, soap, shampoo

 Materials : paper, wood, wool, plastic

 General words: : information, music, money,…

There are (were) + Plural Nouns

6 How much + Singular Uncountable Nouns

How many + Plural Countable Nouns

7 Functions of nouns

a Subjects: The children have gone to bed

b Direct object, Indirect object, prepositional object:

Ex:+ You did such splendid work

21

+ The mother gave her son a cake

+ He won't listen to any advice

c Complement: Ex: He is my closest friend

d Objective complement: Ex: They elected him president of the club

e Part of prepositional phrases): Ex: He spoke in a different tone

f (Oppositive phrases): He told us about his father, a teacher, who died in the war

EXERCISES

I Chọn dạng đúng của đôïng từ:

1 The picture of the soldiers (bring/ brings) back many memories

2 Anything (is/ are) better than going to the play tonight

3 A number of reporters (was/ were) at the conference yesterday

4 There (was/ were) some people at the meeting last night

5 Each student (has/ have) answered the first three questions

6 Either John or his wife (make/ makes) breakfast each morning

7 The army (has/ have) eliminated this section of the training test

8 The number of students who have withdraw from class this quarter (is/ are) appalling

9 These pictures as well as photograph (brighten/ brightens) the room

10 Gymnastics (is/are) my favourite sport

11 The trousers you bought for me (doesn't / don't) fit me

12 Where (do/does) your family live?

13 Three days (isn't/ aren't) long enough for a good holiday

14 What he told me (seem/ seems) to be of no importance

15 Measles (is/ are) cured without much difficulty nowadays

16 Neither the moon nor stars (is/ are) visible in this dark night

17 Wheat (is/ are) used to make flour

18 The staff (was/ were) opposed to any change

19 Fortunately the news (wasn't/ weren't) as bad as we expected

20 I don't like very hot weather Thirty degrees (is/ are) too warm for me

II Nối hai hoặc ba danh từ với nhau, dùng " 's", " '" hoặc "of"

1 The mother/ Ann

2 The top/ the page

3 The newspaper/ yesterday

4 The name/ this street

5 The garden/ our neighbours

6 The children/ Don and Mary

7 The wedding /the friend/ Helen

8 The ground floor/ the building

9 The car/ the parents/ Mike

10 The economic policy/ the government

III) Viết lại các câu sau, bắt đầu bằng từ cho sẵn:

1 Peter's photograph in the exhibition was much praised

Part III: ARTICLE

1 Definite article m o t x nh : the

2 Indefinite articles m o t t nh : a , an (an umbrella a white umbrella)

a house nhưng an hour

a university nhưng an umbrella

EXERCISES

Điền vào chỗ trống với các mạo từ thích hợp, nếu cần thiết

1 Jason's father bought him _ bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday

2 _ statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from _ France to _ United States

3 Rita is studying _ English and _ math this semester

4 _ judge asked _ witness to tell _ truth

5 Please give me _ cup of _ coffee with _ cream and _ sugar

6 _ big books on _ table are for my history class

7 No one in _ Spanish class knew _ correct answer to Mrs Brown's question

8 My _ car is four years old, and it still runs well

9 When you go to _ store, please buy _ bottle of _ chocolate milk and _ dozen oranges

10 There are only _ few seats left for _ tonight's musical show at _ university

11 John and Mary went to _ school yesterday and then studied in _ library before returning home

12 _ Lake Erie is one of _ five great Lakes in _ North America

13 On our trip to _ Spain, we crossed _ Atlantic Ocean

14 _ Mount Rushmore is the site of _ magnificent tribute to _ four great American presidents

15 What did you eat for _ breakfast this morning?

16 David played _ basket ball and _ baseball at _ Boy's club this year

17 Rita plays _ violin and her sister plays _ guitar

18 While we were in _ Alaska, we saw _ Eskimo village

19 Tom can't go to _ movies tonight because he has to write _ essay

20 David attended _ Princeton University

21 Harry has been admitted to _ School of Medicine at _ mid wertern university

Sử dụng "THE" với:

1/ oceans, river, seas, gulfs, plural lakes:

Ex: the Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian gulf,

the great Lakes

2/ mountains:

Ex: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes

3/ earth, moon:

Ex: the earth, the moon

4/ schools, colleges, universities when the phrase begins with

school,

Ex: The University of Florida

The college of Art and Sciences

5/ ordinal numbers before nouns

Ex: the First World War, the third chapter

6/ wars (except world wars)

Ex: the Korean war

7/ certain countries or groups of countries with more than

one word (except Great Britain)

Ex: the United States, the United Kingdom

8/ historical documents:

Ex: the constitution

9/ ethnic groups:

Ex: the Indians

Không sử dụng "THE" với:

Ex: Venus, Mars

4/ schools, colleges, universities when the phrase begins with

a proper noun

Ex: Hong Bang college

Hung Vuong university

5/ cardinal numbers after nouns

Ex: World war one, chapter three

6/ countries preceded by "New" or an adjective such as a direction

Ex: New Zealand, South Africa

7/ countries with only word

Ex: France, Sweden, Vietnam,

Ex: freedom, happiness

12/ general areas of subject matter:

Ex: mathematics, sociology

13/ holidays:

Ex: Christmas, Easter

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22 Mel's grandmother is in _ hospital, so we went to visit her _ last night

23 _ political science class is taking _ trip to _ France in Spring

24 _ Queen Elizabeth II is _ monarch of _ Great Britain

25 Scientists sent _ expedition to _ Mars during _ 1990s

26 Last night there was _ bird singing outside my house

27 _ chair that you are sitting in is broken

28 _ Civil War was fought in _ United States between 1861 and 1865

29 _ Florida State University is smaller than _ University of Florida

30 There was _ knock on _ door I opened it and found _ small dark man in _ blue overcoat and _ woolen

31 Do you know _ time? Yes, _ clock in _ hall has just struck nine Then it isn't _ time to go yet

32 _ listening to _ teacher is useful for all of us

33 Most of students working in _ garden are tired

34 He works as _ assistant in _ same shop as I do

35 Do you think I should go to _ police?

36 To prevent _ possible repetition of this accident, I lent him _ torch

37 Most _ farmers working hard on their land almost get nothing for their lifetime

38 Do you see _ man standing near _ door?

39 I told you about _ burglary that we had at _ shop, didn't I?

40 _ practising English everyday of all the students in our class is very necessary

Part IV: PRONOUNS:

1 Person l Pronouns i t nh n x ng

 Subject h ng : I, you, he, she, it, we, they

 Object t n ng : Me, you, him, her, it, us, them

2 It: + Formal subject

- It was she who called you.

- It is no use hoping he'll ever change his mind

 It is difficult to study English: Thật khĩ nghi n u Anh ng

 It is a pleasure to live simple life: Thật hài lịng sống m t u sống n gi n

- He thought it no use going over the subject again

 I feel it strange that she doesn't want to travel with us: T i th y l là y kh ng muốn i du

l h với húng t i

3 Adje tive Possessive tính t s h u : my, your, his, her, our, their

Possessive Pronouns i t s h u : mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

+ Đôi khi ta có thể thấy đại từ sở hữu đứng sau giới từ "Of"

Sự kết hợp này được gọi là sở hữu kép

It is/was + adj/noun + to infinitive

It is/was + adj + that + clause

Subject + Verb + it +adj/noun + to infinitive

Subject + Verb + it + adj + that clause

Ex: He is a friend of mine

It happened through no fault of his

4 Reflexive Pronouns i t ph n th n : myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself;

ourselves; yourselves; themselves

 Quan sát 2 ví dụ sau:

Ex: John bought him a new car (him = another person) John bought himself a new car (himself = john)

- Đại từ phản thân có chức năng như một tân ngữ trong câu

Ex: she served herself in the cafeteria

I'm sure you both remember the day when you talked about yourselves and the past

He sent himself the letter

- Đại từ phản thân còn có thể được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh Điều này có nghĩa là chính chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động Trong trường hợp này nó thường đứng sau chủ ngữ

Ex: You yourselves told them the story

The students themselves decorated the room

 By + đại từ phản thân = alone (một mình)

Ex: John washed the dishes by himself

= John washed the dishes alone

4 Demonstrative Pronouns i t h nh : this, that, these, those, such, same

+ this (người này, cái này) > these (các người này, các cái này)

+ that (người kia, cái kia) > those (các người kia, các cái kia)

+ such (như thế này, như thế kia) + same (như nhau)

- Đại từ 'this (these)" để chỉ những gì ở gần về không gian, thời gian hoặc khái niệm,

"that (those)" để chỉ những gì ở xa hơn

Ex: Do you know these people? This is Harry and this is Jake

"Look at this," he said and showed me his tie

Do you see those houses in the distance? That's where we are going

Father had to go to Chicago this morning

I remember that he woke up early that morning

After I've listened to you very attentively I'll tell you this - I don't think you should trust the man

I'm glad to know that you have an interest in sport That means we have two things in common

- Đại từ "that (those)" có thể được sử dụng thay cho một danh tư øđã được nói đến rồi Ex: He hung his daughter's portrait beside that of his wife's

These poems are not so good as those written by you last year

- Đại từ "those" được theo sau bởi một mệnh đề quan hệ hoặc một ngữ phân từ để nói về người

Ex: Those (= people) injured in the accident were taken to hospital

Even those who do not like his pictures are not indifferent to him

- Đại từ chỉ định "such" có nghĩa "như thế này, như thế kia"

Ex: If I were you, I would not say such a thing about him

He was a silent, ambitious man Such men usually succeed

- "such" thỉnh thoảng có thể được thấy trong một cụm từ:

Ex: They export a lot of fruits, such as oranges, lemons, etc

- Đại từ chỉ định "same" luôn luôn đứng sau mạo từ xác định

Ex: I found her just the same as before

5 Indefinite Pronouns i t t nh : all, both, each, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone,…

1/ "Some" -> "Somebody, someone (ai đó), something (cái gì đó)"

> được dùng trong câu khẳng định, và đi với động từ số ít

Ex: There's somebody at the door

I've got something to tell you

> được dùng trong câu hỏi khi câu trả lời là "yes"

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Ex: What's wrong with you? Have you got something in your eyes? (I see something in your eyes)

> được dùng khi muốn "mời" hay 'yêu cầu" điều gì

Ex: Would you like something to drink?

2/ "any" > "anybody, anyone (bất cứ ai), anything (bất cứ cái gì)"

> được dùng trong câu phủ định và nghgi vấn và đi với động từ số ít

Ex: Is there anybody in the room?

I'm very tired now I don't want to eat anything

> được dùng trong mệnh đề "if"

Ex: If anyone has any questions I'll be pleased to answer them

3/ "No" > "nobody, noone, nothing" (không ai, không cái gì, )

> được dùng với nghĩa phủ định,có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc đứng một mình

Ex: "What did you say?" "Nothing"

Nobody (Noone) came to visit me when I was in hospital

> "nothing, nobody, = "not + anything, anybody"

Ex: She didn't tell anybody about her plans (=she told nobody )

> được dùng với động từ ở hình thức số ít

Ex: The house is empty There's nobody living there

> khi dùng "nothing, nobody " thì không dùng động từ phủ định

Ex: He said nothing

Nobody tells me anything

> sau "nobody, noone" có thể dùng "they, them, their"

Ex: Nobody phoned, did they?

Noone in the class did their homework

The party was a disaster Nobody enjoyed themselves

6 Predeterminers (Từ xác định đứng trước):

Có chức năng làm đại từ (Pronouns) Chúng có thể dùng trước giới từ "OF" và một danh từ số ít hoặc số nhiều, đếm được hoặc không đếm được Động từ theo sau các từ xác định đứng trước có thể ở hình thức số ít hoặc số nhiều, tùy loại

All (tất cả), some (vài), a few (một vài), several (vài), both (cả hai), each (mỗi), either (một trong hai), neither (không có ai/ gì trong hai), none (không có ai / gì trong nhiều), little (ít), much (nhiều),

1/ "Some of / Most of / None of v.v " + the, this, that, these, those, my, his, Ann's v.v

> có thể đi với động từ số ít hoặc số nhiều tùy thuộc vào danh từ sau nó:

Ex: Some of the people I work with are very friendly

None of this money is mine

2/ Có thể dùng "Some of/ None of " + us/ you/ them

Ex: How many of these people do you know?

None of them/ A few of them

3/ Có thể dùng "Some, Most, Many, Little, " một mình không có danh từ

Ex: Some cars have four doors and some have two

4/ Khi dùng " both, neither, either" + of cần phải thêm "the/ these/ those/ my/ his/ Tom's "

Ex: Both of these restaurants are very good

I haven't been to either of those restaurants

> Không cần dùng 'of" sau "both"

Ex: Both my parents are from London

5/ Có thể dùng "both of/ neither of/ either of + us, you, them."

Ex: Both of us were very tired (= We were both very tired.)

6/ Sau "Neither of" động từ có thể ở hình thức số ít hoặc số nhiều

Ex: Neither of the children wants (want) to go to bed

7/ 'Both, neither, either" có thể được dùng một mình

Ex: I couldn't decide which of the two shirts to buy I like both

Is your friend British or American?

- Neither She's Australian

Do you want tea or coffee?

- Either I don't mind

8/ "Either, Neither, both" chỉ hai sự việc và "Any, None, All" chỉ hơn hai sự việc

Ex: We tried two hotels Neither of them had any rooms Both of them were full

We try a lot of hotels None of them had any rooms All of them were full

9/ Không dùng "all" để chỉ "everybody, everyone"

Ex: Everybody enjoyed the party

10/ "Everyone, Everybody (mọi người), Everything (mọi thứ)" được dùng với động từ ở hình thức số

ít

Ex: Everybody has arrived

11/ "All" dùng với cả danh từ số ít hoặc số nhiều Động từ ở hình thức số ít hoặc số nhiều tùy vào danh từ trước nó ở số ít hoặc số nhiều

Ex: All of the women in this factory are working

All of the money has been spent

12/ "Little, Much" chỉ được dùng với danh từ không đếm được (số ít)

Ex: Much of the time in my life was in the countryside

EXERCISES

I) Chọn từ đúng trong ngoặc:

1 I see (she/ her/ herself) at the Union every Friday

2 She speaks to (we/ us/ ourselves) every morning

3 Isn't (she/ her) a nice person?

4 John and (she/her) gave the money to the boy

5 John bought (himself/ herself/ hisself) a new coat

6 John (he/ himself) went to the meeting

7 Mary and (I/ me/ mine) would rather go to the movies

8 Could you lend me your ruler? (I/ Mine/ Me) has just been broken

9 This parcel is for George and (I/ me)

10 To (us/ we), it seems like a good bargain

II) Điền vào chỗ trống với các đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns) thích hợp và cho biết chức năng của nó trong câu:

1 I'll do the job by _ *

2 She stood admiring in front of the mirror

3 Look after !

4 We gave a lot of trouble

5 It's time you got a new coat

6 We hurt playing football

7 The students decorated the room *

8 John _ bought these gifts *

9 You can see the difference for _

10 I washed

III) Hoàn chỉnh các câu sau với "somebody, something, anybody, anything"

1 I was too surprised to say _

2 There's _ at the door Can you go and see who it is?

3 Does _ mind if I open the window?

4 I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat _

5 You must be hungry Would you like _ to eat?

6 Quick, let's go! There's _ coming and I don't want _ to see us

7 Sally was upset about _ and refused to talk to _

8 This machine is very easy to use _ can learn to use it in a very short time

9 I'm going out now If _ phones when I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 11.30?

10 _ who saw the accident should contact the police

IV) Chọn từ đúng trong ngoặc:

1 She didn't tell (nobody/ anybody) about her plans

2 The accident looked serious but fortunately (nobody/ anybody) was injured

3 The situation is uncertain (Nothing/ Anything) could happen

4 "What's in that box?" (Nothing/ Anything) It's empty

5 I don't know (nothing/ anything) about economics

V) Viết lại các câu sau, sử dụng đại từ "IT" (Rewrite these sentences by using It in such a way that they have the same meaning as the first ones.)

1 To learn English is very interesting

2 The journey to bringhton from London takes only one hour by train

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3 Some parts of King Lear are extremely difficult to understand

4 That he will fail is clear to everyone but himself

5 Finding our way home won't be easy

6 My question itself made him angry

7 Meeting each other on this occasion is a good chance

8 Do you think that to explain to him what happened is difficult?

9 People think that he is a famous doctor in this city

10 To fall asleep like that is stupid

VI) Điền "of" vào chỗ trống, nếu cần thiết:

1 All _ cars have wheels

2 None _ this money is mine

3 Some _ people get angry very easily

4 Some _ the people I met at the party were very interesting

5 I have lived in London most _ my life

6 Many _ people watch too much TV

7 Are any _ those letters for me?

8 Most _ days I get up before 7 o'clock

9 Jim thinks that all _ museums are boring

10 Some _ us dislike him

VII) Hoàn chỉnh các câu sau, dùng từ trong ngoặc Có thể thêm "the, of the", nếu cần thiết:

1 I wasn't well yesterday I spent _ in bed (most/ day)

2 _ drive too fast (many/ people)

3 _ you took on holiday were very good (some/ photographs)

4 _ learn more quickly than others (some/ people)

5 We've eaten _ we bought There's very little left (most/ food)

6 Have you spent _ you borrowed? (all/ money)

7 Peter can't stop talking He talks _ (all/ time)

8 We had a lazy holiday We spent _ on the beach (most/ time)

9 George is easy to get on with _ like him (most/ people)

10 The exam was difficult I could only answer _ (half/ questions)

VIII) Hoàn chỉnh các câu sau với "neither, either, none, any"

1 We tried a lot of hotels but _ of them had any rooms

2 I took two books with me on holiday but I didn't read _ of them

3 I took five books with me on holiday but I didn't read _ of them

4 There are a few shops at the end of the street but _ of them sell newspapers

5 You can phone me at _ time during the evening I'm always at home

6 I can meet you as the 6th or 7th Would _ of those days be convenient for you?

7 John and I could get into the house because _ of us had a key

8 There were a few letters this morning but _ of them were for me

9 I was invited to two parties last week but I didn't go to _ of them

10 Sarah and I play tennis together regularly but _ of us can play very well

7 Relative Pronouns i t li n h : who, whom, which, that, whoever, whomever, whichever

8 Reciprocal Pronouns i t t ng qu n : each other; one another

9 Interrogative Pronouns i t nghi v n : who, which, what, where

Part V: PREPOSITIONS:

1 Prepositions of Time: on (vào ngày), in (trong vịng,vào tháng-năm , at vào lú m y giờ , by tr ớ

m y giờ , since t khi , during suốt , for trong kho ng , about vào kho ng , ago h y , before

tr ớ , after (sau), past qu ,h n , till tới , until ho tới ,…

2 Prepositions of Place or position: in trong , at h nào , on tr n , near gần , by gần n , next

to n nh , beside n nh , against dự vào under d ới , below phí d ới , over tr n , above phí tr n , inside (bên trong), outside (bên ngồi), behind ằng s u , between gi h i , among gi

5 Prepositions of purpose: "to, in order to, so as to" -> đi với một động từ nguyên mẫu

"for" -> đi với một "V-ing"

Ex: He stood up to see better

Money is used for buying and selling goods

6 Lưu ý:

+ Chú ý sự khác biệt giữa các giới từ sau:

+ "Among, between": giữa

- Between: giữa hai vật, hai người hoặc hai sự việc

- Among: giữa nhiều cái, nhiều người

Ex: The little child sat between his mum and dad

Share these sweets among the five children

+ "At, in": dùng để chỉ địa điểm nhưng "at" thường dùng cho các thành phố nhỏ,

"in" cho các thành phố lớn, đô thị, miền, xứ

Ex: I'm living at Tan Binh, in Ho Chi Minh City

He has just arrived at the station

+ INTO dùng trong toán học có nghĩa là được chia

Ex: 5 into 25 equals 5 (= 25 devided by 5 equals 5)

+ "Beside": bên cạnh; "besides": ngoài ra, vả lại, hơn nữa

Ex: He was standing just beside me

No one besides me could like him

 Những cụm từ thường dùng với "on":

On holiday, on business, on a trip, on a tour, on a cruise,

On television, on the radio, on the phone, on strike, on a diet, on fire, on the whole, on purpose,

 Những cụm từ với "in":

In the rain, in the sun, in the shade, in the dark, in bad weather, in ink, in pencil, in words, in figures,

in cash, in love with, in one's opinion,

7 Prepositions Following Adjectives:

 (Giới từ theo sau các tính từ)

1/ OF:

ashamed of : xấu hổ về

afraid of : sợ, e ngại

capable of : có khả năng

confident of : tin tưởng

doubtful of : nghi ngờ

jealous of : ghen tỵ với

guilty of : phạm tội (về), có tội

quick of : mau, nhanh chóng về

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2/ TO:

acceptable to : có thể chấp nhận

accustomed to : quen với

agreeable to : có thể đồng ý

delightful to sb : thú vị đối với ai

familiar to sb : quen thuộc đối với ai

contrary to : trái với, đối lập

equal to : tương đương với, bằng

favourable to : tán thành, ủng hộ

grateful to sb : biết ơn ai

harmful to sb (for sth) : có hại cho ai (cho cái gì)

important to : quan trọng

pleasant to : hài lòng

preferable to : đáng thích hơn

profitable to : có lợi

rude to : thô lỗ, cộc cằn

similar to : giống, tượng tự

useful to sb : có ích cho ai

necessary to sth/sb : cần thiết cho việc gì, cho ai

available to sb : sẵn cho ai

responsible to sb : có trách nhiệm với ai

3/ FOR:

available for sth : có sẵn (cái gì )

difficult for : khó

dangerous for : nguy hiểm

famous for : nổi tiếng

greedy for : tham lam

necessary for : cần thiết

perfect for : hoàn hảo

suitable for : thích hợp

sorry for : xin lỗi

qualified for : có phẩm chất

helpful/ useful for : có lợi, có ích

good for : tốt cho

grateful for sth : biết ơn về việc

convenient for : thuận lợi cho

ready for sth : sẵn sàng cho việc gì

responsible for sth : chịu trách nhiệm về việc gì

4/ AT:

good at : giỏi (về )

clever at : khéo léo

skilful at : khéo léo, có kỹ năng về

amazed at : ngạc nhiên

amused at : vui về

excellent at : xuất sắc về

present at : hiện diện

surprised at : ngạc nhiên

angry at sth : giận về điều gì

clumsy at : vụng về

annoy at sth : khó chịu về điều gì

5/ WITH:

delighted with : vui mừng với

acquainted with : làm quen (với ai)

crowded with : đông đúc

angry with : giận dữ

friendly with : thân mật

bored with : chán

fed up with : chán

busy with : bận

familiar with : quen thuộc

furious with : phẫn nộ

pleased with : hài lòng

popular with : phổ biến

satisfied with : thoả mãn với

contrasted with : tưởng phản với

6/ ABOUT:

confused about : bối rối (về )

excited about : hào hứng

happy about : hạnh phúc, vui

sad about : buồn

serious about : nghiêm túc

upset about : thất vọng

worried about : lo lắng

anxious about : lo lắng

disappointed about sth : lo lắng về việc gì

7/ IN:

interested in : thích, quan tâm (về )

successful in : thành công (về )

confident in sb : tin cậy vào ai

8/ FROM:

isolated from : bị cô lập

absent from : vắng mặt (khỏi )

different from : khác

safe from : an toàn

divorced from : ly dị, làm xa rời

9/ ON:

keen on : hăng hái về

 Lưu ý: Sau giới từ ta thường dùng V-ing hoặc Noun

10/ Một số trường hợp cần lưu ý:

 be tired of: chán

 Be tired from: mệt vì

Ex: I'm tired of doing the same work everyday

I'm tired from walking for a long time

 Be grateful to sb for sth.: biết ơn ai về vấn đề gì

Ex: I'm grateful to you for your help

 Be responsible to sb for sth.: chịu trách nhiệm với ai về việc gì

Ex: You have to be responsible to me for your actions

 Good/ bad for: tốt/ xấu cho ; good/ bad at: giỏi/ dở về

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Ex: Milk is good for health

He is good at English

 Be kind/ nice to: tốt với ai - It's kind/ nice of sb.: thật tốt

Ex: Mary is kind to me

It's very kind of you to help me

8 Prepositions following verbs/ Two-word verbs

Sau đây là một số giới từ theo sau các động từ thường gặp

Apologize sb for sth : xin lỗi ai vè một việc

Admire sb of sth : khâm phục ai về một việc

Belong to sb : thuộc về ai

Accuse sb for sth : tố cáo ai về một việc

Blame sb for sth.: : đỗ lỗi cho ai về một việc gì đó

Congratulate sb on sth : chúc mừng ai về một việc

Introduce to sb : giới thiệu với ai

Look after : chăm sóc, trông nom

Look up : tra từ (trong tự điển)

Look forward to : mong đợi

Put off : hoãn lại

Call off : huỷ bỏ, hoãn bỏ

Object to sb/V-ing : phản đối ai/ việc gì

Infer from : suy ra từ

Approve of sth To sb : đồng ý về việc gì với ai

Participate in : tham gia

Prevent sb from : ngăn ai

Beg for sth : van nài cho, xin

Borrow sth From sb : mượn cái gì của ai

Depend on/ rely on : dựa vào, phụ thuộc vào

Die of (a disease) : chết vì (một căn bệnh)

Joint in : tham gia vào

Change into, turn into : hoá ra

Arrive at (station, bus stop, airport ) > nơi nhỏ

Arrive in (London, Paris, England ) > thành phố đất nước

I) Write the correct prepositions in the following passage

_(1) _ the summer, we went _(2) _ the beach every day We stayed _(3) _ a lovely hotel right _(4) _ the beach _(5) _ the morning we would get up _(6) _ 9:30, have breakfast, and then spend four hours _(7) _ the pool _(8) _ all the other guests _(9) _ lunch we would eat something light like sandwiches and fruit _(10) _ the afternoon we would return to the pool area

II) Hoàn chỉnh các câu sau vơí "in, at, hoặc on"

1 Write your name _ the top of the page

2 I like that picture hanging _ the wall _ the kitchen

3 There was an accident _ the crossroads this morning

4 I wasn't sure whether I had come to the right office There was no name _ the door

5 _ the end of the street there is a path leading to the river

6 You'll find the sports results _ the back page of the newspaper

7 I wouldn't like an office job I couldn't spend the whole day sitting _ a desk

8 My brother lives _ a small village _ the south-west of England

9 The man the police are looking for has a car _ his right cheek

10 Nicola was wearing a silver ring _ her little finger

11 It can be dangerous when children play _ the street

12 If you walk to the end of the street, you'll see a small shop _ the corner

13 Is Tom _ this photograph? I can't find him

14 My office is _ the first floor It's _ the left as you come out of the lift

15 We normally use the front entrance but there's another entrance _ the back

16 Is there anything interesting _ paper today?

17 I love to look up at the stars _ the sky at night

18 When I'm a passenger in a car, I prefer to sit _ the front

19 It's a very small village You probably won't find it _ your map

20 Paris is _ the river Seine

21 I didn't see you _ the party _ Saturday Where were you?

22 It was a very slow train It stopped _ every station

23 I don't know where my umbrella is Perhaps I left it _ the bus

24 Shall I travel _ your car or mine

25 We stayed _ a very nice hotel when we were _ Amsterdam

26 Tom is ill He wasn't _ work today He was _ home _ bed

27 I wasn't _ when you phoned I was _ my sister's house

28 It's always too hot _ my sister's house The heating is always on too high

29 I haven't seen Kate for some time I last saw her _ Dave's wedding

30 Paul lives _ London He's a student _ London University

III) Điền "to, at, in, into" vào nơi cần thiết Nếu không cần giới từ hãy để trống:

1 Three people were taken _ hospital after the accident

2 I met caroline on my way _ home

3 We left our luggage _ the station and went to find something to eat

4 Shall we take a taxi _ the station or shall we walk?

5 I must go _ the bank today to change some money

6 The river Rhine flows _ the North sea

7 I'm tired As soon as I get _ home, I'm going _ bed

8 "Have you got your camera?" _ No, I left it _ home"

9 Marcel is French He has just returned _ France after two years _ Brazil

10 Have you ever been _ China?

11 I had lost my key but I managed to climb _ the house through a window

12 We got stuck in a traffic jam on our way _ the airport

13 Welcome _ thje hotel We hope you enjoy your stay here

14 She got _ the car and drove away

15 Don't wait outside Come _ the house

IV) Điền vào chỗ trống với các giới từ "by, in, on hoặc with"

1 Who is that man standing _ the window?

2 I managed to put the fire out _ a fire extinguisher

3 These photographs were taken _ a friend of mine

4 These photographs were taken _ a very good camera

5 I don't mind going _ car but I don't want to go _ your car

6 Shall we get a taxi or shall we go _ foot?

7 What's that music? I know it's _ Beethoven but I can't remember what it's called

8 There was a small table _ the bed _ a lamp and a clock _ it

9 Our team lost the game only because of a mistake _ one of our players

10 I didn't feel like walking home, so I came home _ a taxi

V) Điền vào chỗ trống với các giới từ thích hợp:

1 My house is next _ the post office

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2 He succeeded _ opening the door

3 An accident has happened _ that family

4 I thanked everybody _ all the help they had given me

5 I can't deal _ this problem

6 Celia often remind me _ her mother

7 I congatulate you _ your success

8 I can't combine oil _ water

9 Don't tell anyone _ me

10 Please _ English not _ Vietnamese

11 I'd like to book a table _ twelve _ 6:30 this evening

12 The differences _ British English and American English are small

13 It isn't easy to start looking _ a job at her age

14 We often go to school _ the morning

15 I usually read the newspaper while I'm waiting _ the bus

16 Janet doesn't take good care _ himself

17 Next month I'm going to Scotland _ a short holiday

18 There was panic when people realized the building was _ fire

19 The pupils left their bicycles leaning _ the wall

20 I'm a little short _ money Can you lend me some?

Part VI: THE PASSIVE VOICE

4 Tenses:

Present simple : is/ am/ are

Present continuous : is (am/are) being

Present perfect : has (have) been

Past simple : was / were

(BE) Past continuous : was (were) being Past participle

Past perfect : had been

Future simple : will (shall) be

be going to : is (am/are) going to be

Exercise 20: Change the Active to the Passive by supplying the correct form of BE

1 Mary helps the boys -> The boys helped by Mary

2 Tom is opening the door > The door opened by Tom

3 He has painted the hall > The hall painted by him

4 He wrote that play > That play written by him

5 She was writing a note > A note written by him

6 Peter had repaired these chairs. >These chairs repaired by him

7 Jack will write this essay. > This essay written by Jack

8 She can play games > Games played by her

9 Tuan is going to write a report > A report written by Tuan

Exercise 21: Change the active to the passive Then put them in Negative and Interrogative form

1 Waitresses and waiters serve customers

2 Shakespeare wrote that play 3 Alex is preparing that report

4 Bill will invite Ann to the party

5 The teacher is going to explain the lesson

6 Shirley has suggested a new idea

7 They were laying the tables

8 Kathy had returned the book to the library

THE PASSIVE VOICE (Continued)

1 TRANSITIVE VERBS & INTRANSITIVE VERBS

a) Active : Bob mailed the letter (S V O )

Passive : The letter was mailed by Bob

-> Transitive verb: Verb + Object

b) Active : An accident happened

Passive: ( not possible)

-> Intransitive verb: Verb + (no object)

c) Incorrect : An accident was happened

2 CAUSATIVE FORM:

I had him repair my bicycle yesterday

-> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday

3 BE + made + Preposition phrase

This coat is made in Japan

The cake is made from flour, eggs and sugar

This table is made of wood

4 IT + BE + SAID + (THAT) + CLAUSE

Subject + be + SAID + To infinitive / perfect infinitive

People said that he had gone abroad

> It was said that he had gone abroad

> He was said to have gone abroad

Exercise 22: Change the sentences to passive if possible

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1 Jack walked to school yesterday

2 We stayed in a hotel

3 Susie broke the window

4 Ann’s cat died last week

5 Many people saw the accident

6 People said that he had built a new house

Exercise 23: Use the correct form of the verb

1 Jack (give) a dictionary yesterday for his good marks at school

2 Dr George is having the students (write) a composition

3 My sweater (make) in England

4 He (see) to climb in the tree yesterday

5 She had her car (repair)

6 Paper (make) from wood

Part VII: A RELATIVE CLAUSE

I Relative Pronouns

Antecedent People Things

Functions

Subject (S) WHO WHICH

Object (O) WHOM WHICH

Possessive (P) WHOSE OF WHICH

(WHOSE)

a I saw the man He wrote the book

(S) >who wrote the book

-> I saw the man who wrote the book

b I saw the man You want to meet him

(O) > whom you want to meet

-> I saw the man ( whom ) you want to meet

c The book is hers The book is on the wild animals

(S) > which is on the wild animals

-> The book which is on the animals is hers

d The book is interesting She likes that book

(O) > Which she likes

-> The book (which ) she likes is interesting

e The man is my teacher You took the man’s book

The man is my teacher You took his book

(P) >whose book you took

-> The man whose book you took is my teacher

f He gave a chair The leg of the chair is broken

(P) > of which

-> He gave me a chair, the leg of which is broken

Note: + A relative clause immediately follows the noun it modifies