Research scope of the thesis: • In terms of content, the thesis focuses on studying theoretical and practical bases, influencing factors, departmental policies and the impact of these de
Trang 11 Necessity of the research
Cao Bang is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam This is a particularly importantstrategic area in terms of socio-economic, national defense, security and foreign affairs of Vietnam Inaddition, Cao Bang boasts relatively diverse mineral resources, with quite large reserves and of goodquality; 332 km of border with the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region - China, with 02 main bordergates (Ta Lung, Tra Linh), 04 auxiliary border gates (Soc Giang, Po Peo, Ly Van, Bi Ha) Cao Bang hasfavorable conditions to develop the trade industry and can become a hub for goods transshipmentbetween China and ASEAN countries However, the province's economy has not yet developedcommensurate with its existing potential This result indicates a not really positive sign of the quality ofthe province's export-oriented economic development policy
Currently, in the context that Vietnam has been promoting economic integration, Cao Bangidentifies export-oriented economic development as one of the key and cross-cutting tasks of foreignaffairs With many practical and effective external economic activities, in recent years, the province hasachieved many positive results in its economy, making significant contributions to the general socio-economic development Especially, according to the data of the Cao Bang Provincial Party Committee, inthe period 2016-2020, the total export turnover of goods through the province reached 10.2 billion USD,
up 175% compared to the period of 5 years ago In particular, in 2020, the province's total export turnoverreached over 334 million USD, with the participation of 175 enterprises, an increase of nearly 50%compared to the same period last year In the next period, the Resolution of the 19th Party Congress of theprovince for the 2020-2025 term also identified export-oriented economic development as one of thestrategic contents to promote the benefits of export-oriented economy existing position of the province,strive to increase on average 10% of total import-export turnover through the area each year, revenue fromborder-gate economic activities accounts for over 30% of Cao Bang's total state budget revenue
From the above reasons, we chose to implement " Export-oriented economic development policy
of Cao Bang province” as subject matter for our thesis.
2 Research objectives and missions
Research objective: Analyzing and assessing the current status of export-oriented economic
development policy of Cao Bang province, for proposing solutions to improve this policy in the period
2021 - 2025 and the following years till 2030
Research tasks: The thesis focuses on a number of main research tasks as follows:
Analyzing and evaluating the overview of research works related to export-orientedeconomic development policy so as to identify the research gaps of the thesis
Systematizing basic theoretical issues and establishing a theoretical research model onexport-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province
Analyzing and assessing the current situation of departmental policies and their impact onthe export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province; on that basis,making general assessments of the results, achievements, shortcomings, limitations andcauses of the export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province
Proposing views, orientations and solutions to improve the export-oriented economicdevelopment policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2021 - 2025 with a vision to 2030
3 Research object and scope
The research object of the thesis is the theory and practice of sub-policies constituted the
export-oriented economic development policy of the province/city of the country in general, and of Cao Bangprovince in particular
Research scope of the thesis:
• In terms of content, the thesis focuses on studying theoretical and practical bases, influencing
factors, departmental policies and the impact of these departmental policies on the effectiveness ofimplementing export-oriented economic development policies of mountainous provinces in general andCao Bang province in particular
• The thesis approaches to perfect export-oriented economic development policies ofmountainous provinces and Cao Bang province is to complete the contents and improve the efficiency
of implementing 6 departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policy of CaoBang province
• Regarding the research space and object, the thesis focuses on studying policies and solutions
Trang 2to implement departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policies of Cao Bangprovince's state management system such as People's Committee, departments, sectors and agencies ofthe province.
• Regarding the research time, the thesis focuses on studying export-oriented economicdevelopment policy in Cao Bang Province in the period 2015 – 2020 and proposed solutions to beapplied in the period 2021 - 2025 and the following years till 2030
4 Research methodology
4.1 Research approaches and process
Research approach: Based on the methodology of Marxism - Leninism and the viewpoints,
lines and policies of socio-economic development of the Party and State of the Socialist Republic ofVietnam, we choose an approach for the thesis which is the systematic, logic and historical approach
To approach is to study the export-oriented economic development policy of a province in a dialecticalrelationship with the country's socio-economic development policy, the development policy ofeconomic sectors and in the resource conditions and socio-economic development trends of Cao Bangprovince
The research process is modeled as follows:
Defining the problem and research objectivesDefining the problem and research
Figure1: Research process
4.2 Collecting and processing data
Methods of collecting and processing secondary data: In order to provide more grounds for the
assessment, we search and summarize secondary data from many different sources of informationrelated to the export-oriented economic development policy in general and in Cao Bang province in the
period 2015 - 2020 in particular.
Method of collecting and processing primary data through interviews: The objective of the
interview is to collect opinions of experts, economic managers, and local managers about the oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang Province and businesses with import-exportactivities in Cao Bang province Specifically, the experts interviewed included 17 people, of which: 14experts as state managers of Cao Bang province and 03 experts as researchers at leading universities inVietnam
export-Methods of collecting and processing primary data through questionnaire survey: The survey
objects are state managers (under the central state management system, the state management system inthe northern border region, and the state management system of Cao Bang province), a number ofexperts, independent economic researchers and some leaders of export enterprises and export serviceproviders in Cao Bang province The questionnaires were sent via email, post or directly to statemanagers (under the central state management system, the state management system in the northernborder region, and the state management system of Cao Bang province) 384 questionnaires weredelivered to state managers, experts and researchers The number collected was 329, of which 11 wereinvalid due to missing answers to important questions Thus, the total number valid for the research was
318 After collected survey data was synthesized and processed by Excel and SPSS To analyze data, weused statistics such as percentage, average to analyze and evaluate in detail the current status ofexport-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province in recent years
Trang 34.3 Research methods
Methods of synthesizing and analyzing documents: These include: method of theoretical
synthesis, method of citation research, method of synthesis and analysis of documents and secondarydata, deductive method, comparative research method
Qualitative analysis method allows to gain insight, explore, and explain the research problem
instead of the hypothesis Based on relevant data in recent years, as well as opinions of experts and stateagencies, we provide a number of forecasts on development and economic policy development trends inthe coming time
Quantitative analysis method: is used to describe the basic characteristics of data collected from
experimental research in different ways Descriptive and inferential statistics together provide simplesummaries of samples and measures We use statistical methods to search and synthesize data onpolicies, the actual situation of implementing export-oriented economic policies necessary for use in theresearch
Testing through EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis): allows to evaluate two important types of
values of the scale, i.e convergent value and discriminant value The EFA method falls into the group
of interdependent multivariate analysis, i.e., based on the correlation between variables This method isused to reduce a set of k observed variables into a set of F (F<k) with more significant factors
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to test if there is a pre-existing theoretical model
that underlies a set of observations Specifically, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient indicates whether themeasures are linked or not; but does not indicate which observed variables should be removed andwhich observed variables should be retained The scale has good reliability when varying in the range[0.7:0.9] Bartlett's Test coefficient to see if the observed variables in the factor are correlated with eachother Bartlett's test has statistical significance (sig Bartlett's Test < 0.05), indicating that the observedvariables are correlated with each other in the factor
Regression method is used to specifically determine the weight of each independent factor
affecting the dependent factor On that basis, we provide a regression equation and determine the degree
of influence of each independent factor on the dependent factor In this study, the multiple regressionmodel is tested to analyze the relationship between the departmental policies and the effectiveness of theimplementation of export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province
5 Research findings and contributions
6 Research structure
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of 04 specific chapters as follows:
• Chapter 1: Research overview
• Chapter 2: Some theoretical issues about the export-oriented economic development policy of
a mountainous province
• Chapter 3: Analysis of the current situation of export-oriented economic development policies
of Cao Bang province
• Chapter 4: Solutions and recommendations to improve the export-oriented economicdevelopment policy of Cao Bang province in the period 2011 - 2025, with a vision to 2030
CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Overview of research works related to export-oriented economic development policy
1.1.1 Research works related to economic development and socio-economic development policy of a country/province
A number of works related to economic development and socio-economic development policies
of a country/province such as the studies by Yew-KwangNg (2018), Tran Thu Nga (2016), NguyenHoang Quy et al (2016), Yuriy and Temur (2016) 2014), Reinert (2012), ITC (2011), Jouen et al(2010), Nguyen Van Nam and Ngo Thang Loi (2010) In addition, there are many other domestic andforeign works on economic development and socio-economic development policies of acountry/province such as: Pham Thi Luong Dieu (2018), Nguyen Xuan Thang (2017), Christopher D.Piros, et al (2013), Joynal Abdin (2013), Vu Trong Hoa and Nguyen Sy Cuong (2013), Pham Thi Tuyand Pham Quoc Trung (2012), Ngo Doan Vinh and Bui Tat Thang (2009), Ngo Doan Vinh (2007),Nicolas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock (2007), Ludwig v on Mises von Mises (2006), Doan Thi Thu Ha
et al (2000), etc
1.1.2 Research works related to import-export and export-oriented economic development policy of a
Trang 4province/city under the central government
Works related to import-export and export-oriented economic development policies of aprovince/city under the central government, such as studies by Nguyen Danh Son (2018),Teangsompong and Sirisunhirun (2018), Mai Van Tan (2014), Nguyen Truong Giang (2013), Carbaugh(2008) In addition, there are a number of research works related to import-export and export-orientedeconomic development policies of a province/city under the central government, such as: Tran NghiaHoa (2015), Nguyen Truong Giang (2012), Nguyen Van Tuan (2002), Truong Thi Hien (2011), etc
1.1.3 Research works related to socio-economic development and import-export development of Cao Bang province
A number of research works related to socio-economic development and import-exportdevelopment of Cao Bang province, such as those by Dang Hieu (2016), Truong Ha (2016), Duong MacThang (2004)
1.2 Overall review and research gaps
1.2.1 Achievements
The analysis of domestic and foreign studies allows us to provide the research findings that we
can inherit, refer to as follows: Firstly, the works have outlined the concepts of policy, economic
development policy, local economic development and interpreted the connotation of these conceptsaccording to the approach to the goal of perfecting the policy system towards comprehensive
development in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment Secondly, the studies have
basically presented the economic development trend of the world in general and countries in particular
in the process of integration and globalization Thirdly, there have been a number of studies on the
theory and practice of the development trend of economic policy in the localities and the impact of that
policy on the overall national economy Fourthly, there have been a number of studies on economic development trends in regions, provinces and cities in Vietnam Fifthly, there have been a number of
studies related to socio-economic policies of Cao Bang province
1.2.2 Research gaps
In spite of many research works related to economic development strategies and policies ingeneral of the country and trade development strategies and policies (of the country, region and sector),currently, there are very few studies on the export-oriented economic development policy of a province
or city under the central government in general In our opinion, there are no specific and detailed studies
on economic development policies of Cao Bang province in the period from 2010 to present A number
of research works, which are research and development programs or projects on policies constitutingsocio-economic development policies of Cao Bang province, are mainly accessed to by qualitativeapproach based on secondary data sources and expert interview results There are almost no works thatapply quantitative analysis methods through regression model testing for research
Thus, the findings of the overall review of the above works are sources of reference andinheritance with practical scientific value for us to study the thesis At the same time, it also points outthe gaps in theory, practice, research methods and confirms the necessity and non-duplication of thethesis The research student's thesis will focus on the above gaps, and when the research objectives arewell implemented, it will make new contributions in both theory and practice to Cao Bang province
CHAPTER 2: SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES ON EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF A MOUNTAIN PROVINCE 2.1 General overview of the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous provinces of Vietnam
2.1.1 Some basic concepts
2.1.1.1 Policy and economic policy
According to the Vietnam Encyclopedia (p 505), “Policies are specific standards for implementing guidelines and tasks; Policy is implemented for a certain period of time, in certain specific areas The nature, content and direction of the policy depend on the nature of the political, economic, cultural and social lines and tasks…” Economic policies are policies that regulate economic
relationships in order to create motivation for economic development Economic policies again form acomplex system consisting of many policies: Financial policy, Monetary and credit policy, Distributionpolicy, Foreign economic policy, Economic structural policy, Policy on economic development,Competition policy, etc
Trang 52.1.1.2 Trade policy and policy on import and export of goods
Trade policy is the totality of viewpoints, objectives, principles, tools and measures applied bythe State (central and local) to regulate, govern and manage trade activities of the country, province orcity in a certain period Trade policy is a system of viewpoints, standards, institutions, measures, andtricks that the State uses to influence the market to adjust activities to serve socio-economicdevelopment goals in a certain period (Nguyen Van Dung, 2010)
The import policy of a country is a set of tools that the country applies to influence the behaviorand issues related to the import of goods (Nguyen Hoang Quy et al., 2016)
2.1.1.3 Economic growth model and export-oriented economic development policy
Economic development in the context of integration is basically an economic transformation
process related to the structural transformation of the economy through industrialization, increasinggross domestic product and per capita income based on the connection, exchange and cooperationbetween the economy of one country and the economy of other countries or regional and globaleconomic organizations Only in the context of integration can the export-oriented economicdevelopment policy really contribute to accelerating the local economic development
Economic growth model describes the ways, forms and content of economic growth of countries
through variables, economic factors in close relationship with socio-political conditions In economicgrowth models, export-oriented economic development policies play an important role, especially forcountries that choose export as the driving force of socio-economic development
An export-oriented economic policy is a policy aimed at economic development through the export of goods/services This policy is considered as a solution for a country to reach a higher level of
technology, successful implementation of industrialization and modernization of the country, therebymaintaining sustainable growth
2.1.2 The role of export-oriented economic development policy
Firstly, the export-oriented economic development policy allows countries to take the advantages of expanding international cooperation for socio-economic development Secondly, the
export-oriented economic development policy plays an important role in the balanced economic and
trade development of a country Thirdly, the export-oriented economic development policy contributes
to stable and sustainable economic development and enhancing the national position
2.1.3 Socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces in Vietnam and the necessity of an export-oriented economic development policy
2.1.3.1 Overview of socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces in Vietnam
Firstly, agriculture accounts for a large proportion in the structure of provinces Secondly,
mountainous provinces have a diverse natural environment, bringing about an abundance in ecological
conditions, creating conditions for the production of many products of high economic value Thirdly, the
macro-economic development indicators GDP, GPP, total industrial production, total agricultural
production, etc of provinces are still low, much lower than those of the plain provinces Fourthly, the
transport system in mountainous provinces has a less developed border than in the midland and plain
areas Fifthly, in general, mountainous provinces are sparsely populated areas with many ethnic
minorities living together (multi-ethnicity) with an average population density ranging from 50 to 100
people per sq.km Sixthly, infrastructure and science and technology in mountainous border provinces
are still quite rudimentary in spite of extensive investment in recent years, especially in remote and
innermost areas Seventhly, due attention has not been paid to the education and health work of mountainous provinces Eighthly, information and policy propaganda activities in mountainous provinces face many difficulties Ninthly, although the resources of mountainous provinces are limited,
the local commodity products of mountainous provinces have their own characteristics, creating acomparative advantage for the provinces in exporting goods
2.1.3.2 The concept and necessity of the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous province in Vietnam
With the socio-economic characteristics of mountainous provinces and the point of view ofapproaching the concept of an export-oriented economic development policy mentioned above, theexport-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province is understood as theestablishment of development orientations and implementation of solutions to organize and manageeconomic sectors, regions and infrastructure factors towards stable and sustainable development ofexports (export goods and services) to ensure the implementation of socio-economic goals of the
Trang 6province in each definite period/time.
The necessity of the export-oriented economic development of a mountainous province is
reflected in the following contents: Firstly, realizing the goal of sustainable socio-economic
development of the mountainous province on the basis of promoting the potential and the advantages ofthe province requires the development and implementation of an export-oriented economic development
policy Secondly, proceeding from the requirement of economic restructuring of mountainous provinces Thirdly, implementing the export-oriented economic development policy creates a driving force for economic sectors to develop together Fourthly, implementing the export-oriented economic
development policy will create a premise to realize the goal of improving the lives of people in general
and ethnic minorities in particular in the province Fifthly, the export-oriented economic development
policy not only brings great economic benefits to the province, but also has important implications foreconomic and cultural exchanges with provinces in Vietnam and with provinces of the countries sharing
a border Sixthly, implementing the export-oriented economic development policy contributes to
improving the technology level according to the province's goal of industrialization and modernization
Seventhly, the export-oriented economic development policy creates sources of capital and experience
for the sustainable development of the province through export activities The province will gain foreigncurrency and experience, creating material strength and creating knowledge to help the province achievethe goals of sustainable development
2.1.4 Factors influencing the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous province
2.1.4.1 Factors of international and regional environments and international integration
Including the following: economy and international integration, culture and society of countriesand integration trends in the world, development of science and technology in the world
2.1.4.2 National macro-environmental factors
Including the following: the legal and political situation, the level of development and the size ofthe economy, inflation and exchange rate, the state's export promotion and management policies,thinking and awareness of the leadership
2.1.4.3 Factors of particularity of the mountainous province
Including factors related to natural conditions, technical development level and technicaldevelopment infrastructure conditions, level and quality of human resources and labor market, scientificand technological development level and socio-cultural identity
2.2 Departmental policies and theoretical research model of export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province
2.2.1 Frameworks of tasks and policies for export-oriented economic development
According to ITC (2011), the frameworks related to the country's export-oriented economicdevelopment policy encompass: increasing competitiveness, creating favorable conditions for tradeactivities, measuring progress over time of the trade policy and export competitiveness These frameworkswill help managers formulate export-oriented economic development policies to best assess the businessenvironment of the province, allowing them to focus on specific areas to improve national competitivenessindex The relationship between export-oriented economic development policy and export competitiveness
is shown in the figure below This model illustrates the specific needs of policy tools in solving theproblems faced by exporters related to each stage of production and distribution of export services
2.2.2 Objectives and departmental policies in the export-oriented economic development policy of
a mountainous province
2.2.2.1 Objectives of export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province
Firstly, the export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province aims at achieving stable growth and sustainable socio-economic development of the province Secondly, the
export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province aims at achieving economic
restructuring to promote the economic advantages of the province Thirdly, the export-oriented
economic development policy of a mountainous province aims to improve the quality of life of thepeople in the province
2.2.2.2 Departmental policies in an export-oriented economic development policy
Policy to develop economic infrastructure and human resources
The policy for development of basic economic infrastructure serves export business activities
through the synchronous construction of transport infrastructure, infrastructure construction of key
Trang 7industrial zones, software industrial zones, and the construction of product introduction and promotion
points, forming a supply chain of high-quality products The policy for development of border-gate economic zones covers two main issues, which are: Regarding the spatial development of economic and
residential territory in the border gate economic zone, the border-gate economic zone developmentpolicy shows respect for the sovereignty of countries Activities in the area must consider geographicaland natural factors without prejudice to the interests of the parties Regarding the development ofeconomic exchanges across border gates, the border gate economic zone development policy focuses ongoods trading, service provision, trade promotion, trade processing and tourism activities at border gate
economic zones The human resource development policy for export development of a mountainous
province focuses on planning to develop the quantity of human resources, upgrade the quality of humanresources and attract talents (Le Thanh Tuan, 2019)
Policy to develop services and improve the capacity for providing export services
Organizing the export network by product line for agricultural products, for industrial consumer goods and towards increasing the technological content in the production of export products Developing export trade models at the local level as well as developing business networks of enterprises producing
and processing export goods, goods circulation, and cooperatives, unions of commercial cooperatives withsystem of branches, shops, establishments for preliminary processing, classification, packaging,preservation and small storage, factories, production camps, system of wharves and yards, basic
warehouses and transit warehouses located at towns, townlets Management of export trade in the area is
related to the quality management of export goods in the mountainous province and the management ofthe workforce and export enterprises in the mountainous province and the production stages of exportproducts
Policy to promote investment and promote export
Policy for investment promotion is a collection of measures and strategies to orient domestic and
foreign investors towards investment opportunities in a country or attract investors' interest in a
particular country to attract FDI for socio-economic development goals Export promotion policy is a
collection of measures and tools used by the government of a country to find, attract, support andencourage businesses and organizations to promote the export of goods and services of that country tothe target market
Policy to develop products and product export market
Improving inputs of goods and services at global prices and taking advantage of export
opportunities under certain conditions of access play an important role in the export competitiveness of
localities Developing processes and products and services to support exports enable to increase trade
flows between localities and international partners, boot local revenue, diversify and expand markets
(Broocks and Johannes, 2017) Access to export market focuses on information about export markets
that exporters need, and ways to obtain information and exploit opportunities (Broocks and Johannes,2017)
Policies on tax administration and technical barriers in export
Export tax management policies are measures used by the government to manage the export of goods and services by the tool of export tariffs (tax levied on each unit of export goods) The policy of technical barriers to export or non-tariff depends largely on the technical standards of the import
markets and the characteristics of the export products In addition, another important content in thepolicy of technical barriers to export is to suggest ways to organize the implementation of solutions tosupport enterprises to meet technical and environmental barriers so as to increase the capacity to meetand overcome technical and environmental barriers for export products and services
Policies to develop culture and identity to create brand image of export products and services
All policies to develop culture and identity to create brand image of export products and services
of mountainous provinces need to be developed based on objective practical requirements of cultural and economic situation and export in the province under the current conditions of openness andintegration At the same time, these policies need to pay attention to uneven development amongregions within a province, multiethnic and multicultural factors (Van Thi Thanh Mai, 2018)
socio-2.2.3 Theoretical research model of export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainous province
2.2.3.1 Research models and hypotheses
The point of view of approaching the target and delineating the departmental policies in the
Trang 8province's export-oriented economic development policy mentioned above allows us to create atheoretical research model of the export-oriented economic development policy of a mountainousprovince as follows:
Figure2: Proposed research model
Constructed research hypotheses include:
Hypothesis 1: The policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources for export has a
positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of themountainous province
Hypothesis 2: The policy of developing export services and improving the capacity for providing export
services has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy
of the mountainous province
Hypothesis 3: Investment promotion and export promotion policies have a positive impact on the
effectiveness of export-oriented economic development policies of the mountainous province
Hypothesis 4: The policy to develop products and export market has a positive impact on the
effectiveness of export-oriented economic development policies of the mountainous province
Hypothesis 5: The policy on export tax administration and export-environment technical barriers has a
positive impact on the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of themountainous province
Hypothesis 6: The policy of developing culture and identity to create a brand image of export products
and services of the mountainous province has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the oriented economic development policy of the mountainous province
export-2.2.3.2 Development of research scales
Table1: Scale to evaluate the factors of the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human
resources for export of the mountainous province
Shepherd (2016);Dang Xuan Phong(2012);
Portugal-Perez and Wilson (2012)
1.1 EZ/IZ/EPZ scale and location planning
1.2 EZ/IZ/EPZ level of material and technical infrastructure and
technology 1.3 EZ/IZ/EPZ contribution to the province’s GDP
2 About enterprise system infrastructure
2.1 Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology
of state-owned limited enterprises2.2 Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology
of joint-stock enterprises2.3 Organizational level, material and technical infrastructure, technology
H1H2H3H4H5H6
Trang 9of private enterprises2.4 Level of organization, material and technical infrastructure,
technology of the household businesses 2.5 Organizational level, physical and technical infrastructure, technology
of FDI enterprises
3 About transport infrastructure
3.1 Level of reasonableness of planning and construction of
transportation system3.2 Degree of modernization of the transportation system
3.3 Source of capital and speed of recovery of investment in transport
infrastructure
4 About IT infrastructure
4.1 Level of reasonableness of information infrastructure development
planning4.2 Level of assurance of quantity and quality of market and trade
information updates
Vu Thi Loc (2018);
Le Thanh Tuan (2019)
5.1 Potential to develop the number of local human resources
5.2 Qualification and level of improvement of local human resources
5.3 Skills and level of skill improvement of local human resources
5.4 Ability to attract highly skilled human resources
Table2: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy to develop services and improve capacity for providing
export services of the mountainous province
1 Regarding diversified development, improvement of dynamic
competitiveness and differentiation of local export services in line with the
needs of foreign importers and domestic exporters in the global
competitive import-export environment
Broocks andJohannes(2017); ITC(2011); Basand Strauss-Kahn (2015);
Hu and Faqin(2016); Biles(2004);ChirathivatandCheewatrakoolpong(2015);Krainara andRoutray(2015)
1.1 Level of diversity in line with export services offered for sale
1.2 Level of reliability and quality of export services provided
1.3 Increase level of value-added services provided
1.4 Degree of difference in export services provided
1.5 Creditworthiness and image of export services provided
2 Regarding quality management and efficiency in the process of providing
export services
2.1 Selecting and deciding on SBUs of service pairs and target export service
markets
2.2 Determining the value and positioning of the supply value in the target
export service market
2.3 Quality of creating and implementing the value of export services to
supply the target market
2.4 Regarding developing and improving the capacity of the export logistics
system
Table3: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy on investment promotion with export promotion of the
mountainous province
1 Regarding the completeness and appropriateness of the policy and
mechanism for investment and export promotion
Tu Quang Phuong and Pham Van Hung(2013); Broocksand Johannes (2017); Biles (2004);
1.1 Completeness of policies and mechanisms for investment and export
development
1.2 Completeness of export promotion policies and mechanisms
2 Quality of implementing programs and projects on investment promotion
and export development
Trang 10Bas and Strauss-Kahn (2015);
Carbaugh (2008) ;Harris and Schmitt (2000)
2.1 Level of diversity of forms and implementation quality of investment
3 Quality of implementation of export promotion projects
3.1 Level of diversification is suitable for investment promotion forms
3.2 Quality of implementation of export programs/projects
3.3 Level of attractiveness and increase in the attraction of investment
promotion participation of partners and strategic partners
Table4: Scale to evaluate the factors of policy on development of commodity and export market of the
mountainous province
1 Determining the export product portfolios, developing the market for
investment in infrastructure, facilities and technology for manufacturing
and processing export products
Truong Thi Hien (2011);
Hu and Faqin (2016);
Broocks and Johannes (2017);
Seringhaus (1987); Harris and Schmitt (2000); Yuriy and Temur (2014); Naidu
et al (1997); Krainara and Routray (2015)
1.1 Selecting and stipulating the local product and export portfolios
1.2 Developing the market for export products
1.3 Investment in development of physical and technical infrastructure and
production technology
2 Organizing production and synchronously managing the quality of the
manufacturing and processing of export products according to the export
supply chain standards required by the import market
2.1 Managing the quantity and quality of input materials
2.2 Managing production technology process
2.3 Managing export product quality
3 Managing the implementation of supply of export products and goods to
meet the requirements of good quality-time-cost-service in order to build
and position the brand image of local products/exports
3.1 Managing sources of supply and formation of export shipments
3.2 Managing reserve, organizing and preserving export shipments
3.3 Organizing the transportation of export goods
3.4 Carrying out customs procedures and delivering goods for export
3.5 Inspection, supervision of export supply process
Table5: Scale to evaluate the factors of tax policy and technical barriers to export environment of the
mountainous province
1 Regarding management of import and export tax policy Broocks and
Johannes (2017);Nguyen Hoang Quy et al (2016);Harris and Schmitt (2000); Biles (2004); Yuriy and Temur (2014); Yew-KwangNg (2018);
1.1 Updating tax policy with groups, types of products and services for export
by export method
1.2 Effective communication of export tax policies to target customers
1.3 Implementing export tax management appropriately and effectively
2 Regarding policy management with technical and environmental barriers
2.1 Updating technical and environmental barriers
2.2 Communicating technical and environmental barriers to target customers
2.3 Organizing and deploying solutions to support target customers to
overcome technical and environmental barriers
Table6: Scale to evaluate the factors of business culture policy to create the image of export service
brand of the mountainous province
1 Thinking and awareness of cultural values, local cultural identity Jamieson,
Trang 11(1991); LeTrong Cuc(2015); VanThi ThanhMai (2018);Krainara andRoutray(2015)
1.1 Thinking and perceiving the values, local cultural identity of management
2 Cultural environment in import-export business
2.1 Cultural values concretized in the policy environment and the import-export
management mechanism
2.2 The unique and outstanding cultural identities concretized in the policy
environment and the import-export business management mechanism
3 Values and cultural identity in implementing export business
3.1 Values and cultural identity in deciding export methods
3.2 Values and cultural identity in deciding to coordinate and promote export
services
3.3 Values and cultural identity in creating, conveying and implementing the
value of providing export services
2.2.3.3 Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the export-oriented economic development policy of the mountainous province
The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the local export-oriented economic developmentpolicy are measured through the following group of criteria:
Group 1: The effective quantitative statistical indicators and the contribution of the province's export-oriented economic development policy:
Group 2: The criteria for evaluating the quality of policy making and annual in implementation and medium-term plans including:
Group 3: The criteria for evaluating the quality and contribution to the effectiveness of
implementing the export-oriented economic development policy in mountainous provinces, thedepartmental policies as set out in subsection 2.2.2.2 above
2.3 Experiences of export-oriented economic development policies of some similar provinces and territories abroad and lessons drawn therefrom
2.3.1 Experiences from some provinces and territories abroad
The thesis researches 04 experiences of provinces and territories around the world under similarmountainous conditions like Cao Bang province, including: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region -China, Thai border provinces, Uttarakhand state - India, and Coahuila - a mountainous state of Mexicobordering the United States
2.3.2 Lessons drawn therefrom for the mountainous provinces in Vietnam
Regarding the policy of developing economic infrastructure and human resources: Establishing
special economic zones and offering certain incentives to special economic zones that produce
export-oriented goods Regarding the policy of developing services and improving the capacity for providing export services: Strengthening support for exporters: creating maximum conditions for domestic
exporters by means of financial support, improving the quality of the infrastructure system, building achannel to provide domestic and international market information, transferring technology and guidingthe application of technology in production, organizing exchanges and seminars between exporters and
policy makers, simplifying import-export procedures and shortening processing time Regarding investment promotion and export promotion policies: From experience of export-oriented economic
development of Thai border provinces, the promotion of external activities should be strengthened to
create a favorable international business environment for Vietnamese export enterprises Regarding policies of developing products and export markets for local products: From the lessons of Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, Vietnam needs to have a mechanism to promote processing tradeactivities by improving the quality of input materials of the supply chain, supporting and encouragingenterprises to apply technology to produce finished products according to the system of international
standards, investing in building and forming export processing zones Regarding policies on export tax administration and technical barriers: From the experience of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,
Vietnam should flexibly and properly coordinate tools in its export-oriented economic development
Trang 12policy Regarding the policy of developing culture and identity to create a brand image of products andservices for export, Cao Bang can combine tourism activities with the introduction of cultural identities
of ethnic groups and local products through tourism festivals, cultural festivals of ethnic groups,participating in trade promotion programs, fairs in other localities to promote the brand image of theprovince's products
CHAPTER 3: ANALYZING THE CURRENT STATUS OF EXPORT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT POLICY OF CAO BANG PROVINCE 3.1 The current status of socio-economic development and factors influencing export-oriented economic development policy of Cao Bang province
3.1.1 Natural characteristics and socio-economic development status of Cao Bang province
3.1.1.1 Natural characteristics
Cao Bang is a mountainous province in the North of Vietnam Cao Bang borders China to thenorth and east, Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang to the west, Bac Kan and Lang Son to the south With anarea of 6,700,3 sq km of natural land, the province's main terrain is limestone plateau mixed withmountains and soil, with an average elevation of over 200m, the border zone areas have an altitude of600-1,300m above sea level Mountain forests cover 90% of the province’s area The province isdivided into 3 main regions, including the east with many rocky mountains, the west rocky mountainsintermingling with earth mountains, the southwest mostly earth mountains and jungles The provincehas 13 districts and township, with 189 communes, wards and towns The north and northeast of CaoBang province border on Guangxi province - China, with a border length of over 311km This creates anadvantage for the export of local products and goods
3.1.1.2 Situation of socio-economic development
In the past few years, the province's socio-economic situation in all fields of economy, society,national defense, security, foreign affairs, fight against corruption, wastefulness, and negativity continued to develop and achieve positive results
Table7: Cao Bang’s main socio-economic indicators Indicators 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Population (thousands of people) 522.0 524.2 526.4 528.7 530.9 533.1
Current price GDP (VND billion) 11.347 12.056 14.495 16.191 17.460 19.016
Structure of agriculture, forestry
and fisheries 25.28% 26.44% 23.14% 22.08% 21.85% 23.20%Structure of industry and
construction 19.33% 19.28% 18.74% 20.24% 19.42% 19.97%Service structure 50.93% 50.25% 54.52% 54.00% 54.99% 53.19%
-Labor force (thousands of people) 349.3 360.9 347.8 351.9 349.0 349.0
Source: Cao Bang Statistical Yearbook (2015 - 2020) 3.1.1.3 Situation of import and export of goods in Cao Bang province
The import-export situation of goods in Cao Bang province in the period 2015 - 2020 is detailed
in the table below:
Table8: Situation of import and export and customs clearance in Cao Bang province
Indicators 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Growth (%) -85.6 25.6 6274 -66.4 -72.7 +1,500.6
Import-Export turnover (USD million) 28.89 21.89 165.81 89.19 50.18 442Number of export customs clearance
Customs clearance value (USD million) 277.5