COVID-2019 LOCKED DOWN IMPACT ON DAIRY INDUSTRY IN THE WORLDDr.Naushad KhanInstitute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar Corresponding Author Email:- drkhan@au
Trang 1COVID-2019 LOCKED DOWN IMPACT ON DAIRY INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD
Dr.Naushad KhanInstitute of Development Studies, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
Corresponding Author Email:- drkhan@aup.edu.pk
Shah FahadDepartment of Rural Sociology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
Mahnoor NaushadB.Sc (Hons) Agriculture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
Shah FaisalB.Sc (Hons) Agriculture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar
ABSTRACT
Locked down is the rule and regulation which stop the movement of the people from one place to anotherwhile dairy industry is activities of agriculture which supply milk and different by products to worldcommunity Covid-2019 is the virus which has killed so many people in the world The world try how tocontrol the problem of the Covid-2019, so each government of the world apply the locked down for thecontrol of corona virus Seeing to its importance the present study was arranged since June,2020 to analyzethe covid-2019 locked down impact on dairy industry in the world Total 18 articles were downloaded fromthe net and wrote the result The result indicates that locked down has decreased the demand of the dairyproducts in the world which have disturbed the socioeconomic condition of the dairy owner and weakenedtheir economy The Covid-2019 created the terror and fear in the world which have increased the lockeddown period in the world and create shortage in the fodder of the dairy animal while in some area consideredanimal to the carrier of the corona virus in the world They told that corona has spread from the soup of batwhile bat belong to mammalian family, So all world doctors claimed that animal also play great role inCovid-2019 as a carrier Experiment in different world countries were launched and found that corona alsoaffects different animal of the world Among these animals, ferret, tiger, lion, cat, camel, civet are theanimals which play great role in this virus spreading in the world One recent experiment found that cells with ACE2 proteins from humans, horseshoe bats, civets, and pigs could be infected with the virus, while mice could not Smith explained that these strains have narrow host ranges, and the chance that a human strain of coronavirus would come from a cow or calf is extremely low The world scientists also thought how to control the situation for thefuture because some animal play great role as a reservoir as a host The study further explains that the lockeddown has damaged the dairy industry of the world Particularly Canada, USA, Russia, Iran, China haveclaimed that corona virus has mostly affected the workers of the meat and milk plants companies andbecause of this all industries of the dairy were closed which have directly affect the export of the dairyproduct in the world Due to locked down the demand of the product decreased and the price level alsodeclined of the dairy product in the world which have totally closed the production of the dairy products inthe world market It was also observed that Locked down rule regulation were not fully implementedbecause of this the swing of the corona in the world is still continued and from the beginning more people winfected and the number of affected reached to 64 laces while the death number was reached to 3 laces in theworld On the basis of problems the study recommends that to locked down should be continued and ruleregulation should be fully applied in the world; Wash hand sanitizer should be applied on proper places ofPreprint not peer reviewed
Trang 2the body; Who goes against the rule should be punished; Army and honest personal should be deployed onduty; Rich people should be helped the poor community of the world; Credit and market facilities should beprovided to dairy owner; Dairy owner should be exempted from the tax in the world; Training should bearranged for awareness of the community in the world; Locked down should be developed in the world; Allanimal Corona test should be processed in the world for future controlling; Dairy product should be testedfor corona virus in the world; Mask should be wore everywhere in the world according to environment
Key Words:- Covid-2019, Locked Down, Impact, Dairy Industry, World
Covid-2019 started in December, 2019 in city of Wuhan, Province Hoebi Country China In the startmany people were killed and panic was spread in the world and locked down was imposed by eachgovernment for its controlling in the world Through this law implementation all world activities wereslow downed Majority industries and companies were closed and the price of oil decreased due to lessconsumption of oil by locked down All worlds were affected by different angles Similarly the dairyindustries products demand were decreased due to locked down implementation in the world Theexports and imports of dairy products were decreased which have indirectly affected the balance of trade
of milk in the word and through this way majority people were became unemployed in the world On theother side it was also observed that animals are the carrier of the corona virus Different experiment inthe world were launched and analyzed the situation what role animals play in corona virus multiplicationand similarly many animals corona virus results were found positive Past record was checked and camel,covet were found the carrier of MERS and SARS respectively All scientists found that animal play greatrole in the spreading of corona virus in the world and in some world countries meats were banned foreating So terror and fear was raised in the world and the demand of dairy product was decreased becausethe problem was raised due to bat soup in China Locked down have decreased the demand of the dairyproducts due to corona virus spreading Social stigma in the world was increased day by day when thecorona cases number was found in the swing in the world Total 64 lacs people were infected by coronavirus in the world and about 3 laces people were died by this virus and through this way the locked downperiod was enlarged in the whole world In April, 2020 the world scientists have claimed that it will befinished in June, July due to high temperature while still the swing of the corona is on the raise in theworld Its panic has not only destroyed the sectors of the dairy but also affect the other sectors of theworld economy and still all universities and schools of the world are closed If it will not controlled stillAugust, 2020 then the chances of the recession of the world is possible The main control methodology isthe social distance, wearing of mask, regular washing of hands and stay at home and away fromPreprint not peer reviewed
Trang 3gathering while still the people avoid the rule regulation because of this corona swing is still on the peakand the death number from the beginning is more than before Seeing to its importance the present studywas arranged to see the covid-2019 locked down impact on dairy industry in the world.
The universe of the study was the world and the major objective of the study was to see
covid-2019 locked down impact on dairy industry in the world Total 18 articles were downloaded from the net and read many times and analyzed the situation and draw the abstract and conclusion
THE WORLD
1 Abby Bauer (March, 13, 2020) told that Concerns surrounding coronavirus are impacting peopleacross the United States and around the world As I write this blog, events are being canceled andtravel is highly discouraged — all in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus This Wuhan strain ofcoronavirus in humans is a relatively new challenge, but for those of us who work with dairy cattle,this is not the first time we have heard of the infection That’s because coronavirus is one cause ofdiarrhea in calves and respiratory disease in adult cattle With coronavirus all over the headlines, wereached out to one of our contributing authors, Geof Smith, D.V.M., from North Carolina StateUniversity, to learn more about the virus that impacts dairy cattle An article with much more detail
about coronavirus in cattle will appear in our March 25, 2020, issue of Hoard’s Dairyman, but I will
share a few highlights here We were curious if the coronavirus strain that affects cattle is connected
to the current Wuhan strain in humans In his article, Smith posed the question, “Can I catchcoronavirus from my cows and calves?” The answer to that question is no, or extremely unlikely.Smith explained that coronaviruses come from a diverse family of RNA viruses The strains thatcause respiratory disease in humans are different than those that cause disease in cattle Many of thehuman strains most likely did originate from animals, though The SARS virus affected by bats, thencats, before moving into humans For MERS, it is believed the disease went from bats to camels topeople The current Wuhan strain likely originated in bats, too Still, Smith explained that thesestrains have narrow host ranges, and the chance that a human strain of coronavirus would come from
a cow or calf is extremely low With this knowledge in hand, focus your efforts on minimizing thespread of disease between people Even if you don’t see yourself as a high risk, there are individualsamong us who could become extremely ill from this virus We can all take precautions to help limit
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Trang 4the impact this virus has in the United States To learn more about coronavirus and dairy cattle, don’t
forget to take a look at Smith’s article in the March 25 issue of Hoard’s Dairyman, which will be
arriving to mailboxes late next week The coronavirus impact on dairy prices will also be discussed
in our Milk Check Outlook article in that same issue
2 A prolonged lockdown imposed by the Pakistani government to check the spread of the novelcoronavirus poses a potential threat to the survival of hundreds of thousands of livestock in thecountry's southeastern Thar desert, local residents and experts say The crippling restrictions havenot only stopped the traditional annual migration of the desert-dwellers, or Tharis, to adjoiningdistricts in search of water and fodder for the livestock - their main source of livelihood, accountingfor 80 percent of the local economy - but have also barred the transportation of fodder in the region.From April to June, the three driest months in the region, thousands of Tharis migrate to the districts
of Mirpurkhas, Badin and Sanghar, where they find water and fodder for their cattle, as well astemporary jobs for themselves as harvesters on farmlands The Thar desert, which forms a naturalboundary with neighboring India, covers a region of 200,000 square km (77,000 square miles), has apopulation of 1.5 million and is ranked by the UN World Food Programme as the most food-insecureregion in the country Its annual rainfall is 250mm (10 inches).While the Tharis have been able tostruggle through previous droughts, each year makes the situation more desperate as more of theirtraditional sources of water go dry."At present, overall conditions are tough, due to the ongoinglockdown But the situation concerning the livestock is harder," Nashad Samoon, a resident of aremote village in the town of Mithi, told Anadolu news agency He said the administration was notallowing traditional migrants to move to the irrigated districts, while the unavailability of transporthas led to an acute shortage of fodder and water Many of those who attempted to travel to thenearby districts were forcibly sent back by the security forces, said Samoon "We have been left with
no other choice but the rationing of fodder for our cattle," he said."There might be alternativesources of income in other parts of the country But here for us, there is no alternative source besideslivestock," he added."If this [source of income] is wiped out, that means everything is destroyed forus."Khatau Jani, a local journalist, said a lingering drought coupled with untimely rains and a recentonslaught by locusts in the region has led to a severe shortage of water and fodder for thelivestock."Thar is one of Pakistan's poorest regions, where 95 percent of the population lives inremote villages with only a single source of income," he said."No other area has been affected bythis lockdown more than Thar Many Tharis trudged through the hot sand and roads to get to theadjoining districts days before the lockdown was imposed, but thousands are still waiting for therestrictions to ease, according to Samoon."Even those who managed to move are also facing
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Trang 5troubles Some have been forced to return while others are still stranded at different points," he said.Ali Akbar Rahimoo, head of Aware, a local non-governmental organization which deals with waterand livestock issues, fears a water and fodder crisis could affect the breeding of animals in the region
in the months to come."Shortage of fodder and water will have a cascading effect on the breeding ofcattle, which will eventually hit the region's already weak economy," Rahimoo told Anadolu Headded that the closure of several cattle markets in Thar and adjoining districts due to the lockdownhas compounded the economic hardships of the local communities Rahimoo said Thar's cattleaccount for 15 percent of the country's livestock."Wheat harvesting is still continuing [in nearbydistricts] They can still find jobs for themselves and fodder for their cattle at the farmlands if the[lockdown] restrictions for them are eased immediately," he said."Livestock is everything for Tharis.It's a source of income, nutrition and property Immediate actions need to be taken to save that." saidRahimoo Pakistan has been under lockdown since late last month and will continue until May 9 asthe country reported more than 13,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 281 deaths so far.https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/pakistan-coronavirus-lockdown-threatens-livestock-thar-desert-200427100837890.html
3 Daly R (March 16, 2020) reported that when COVID-19 pandemic first hit the US, very few peoplehad likely heard of coronaviruses—with some notable exceptions: cattle producers and theirveterinarians It’s not that people involved with cattle health have any particular insight into theincreasing human toll the novel coronavirus is inflicting Rather, it’s a reflection that generations ofcattle producers have recognized coronavirus as a significant cause of diarrhea in their youngcalves What’s the connection between the novel coronavirus (designated “SARS-CoV 2”) causingCOVID-19 across the world and the “scours” germ cow-calf and dairy producers deal with? Exceptfor the name, very little There are many different versions of human and animal coronavirusesthroughout the world Many animal caretakers have probably dealt with coronavirus infections foryears without realizing it Swine producers and their vets have fought Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea(PED) Virus and (historically) Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) Virus Companion animalveterinarians recognize Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Virus as a cause of illness in cats – allcoronaviruses Considering the above list, it should be apparent that the vast majority of thesecoronaviruses stick to their own species No human or cross-species illnesses have resulted frombovine coronaviruses, PED, TGE, or FIP This is due to the very specific molecular makeup of the
“spikes” on the surface of each different coronavirus version In order for coronaviruses to causeinfection, these specific spike molecules need to attach to very specific molecules on a body cell, in
a lock-and-key fashion Pig cells have different surface molecules than do calf cells, than do human
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Trang 6cells, and so on Additionally, respiratory cells have different surface molecules than do intestinalcells This explains why different coronavirus strains affect specific species and body systems Italso explains the variability in the usefulness of different coronavirus vaccines (fair for bovinecoronavirus, good for TGE, poor for PEDV) in animals Additionally, it also highlights the fact thatour current animal coronavirus vaccines have no utility for people in the face of the COVID-19epidemic Severe adverse reactions (due to the additives in these products) can result from peopleusing animal vaccines for themselves Yet changes can occur to these viral molecules over time Asmall shift in the molecular structure of the spike, and you may end up with a virus that can affect adifferent part of the body or different species In investigating where COVID-19 cases began,authorities have pointed the finger at a “wet market” in one Chinese city Wet markets arefascinating places where people can buy supplies, food, and live animals The variety and number oflive animals for sale can be astounding: chickens, pigeons, bats, rodents, snakes, and more Throw inthousands of human shoppers and you have a unique opportunity for viruses to “try out” infectingspecies besides their normal host Sometimes – apparently in this case – it works There’s somehistorical precedence to fall back on here Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) took theworld by storm in the early 2000’s With its likely origin in a bat, it looks like that coronavirusslowly circulated among people in wet markets before it became efficient at infecting people MERS(Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome) emerged quite similarly more recently – with origins in batsand camels Much more commonly, other circulating “normal” coronaviruses cause cold symptoms
in people everywhere Could common animal coronaviruses (e.g., bovine coronavirus or PEDV)ever morph into viruses that make people sick? Despite our long history with these germs, it hasn’thappened yet When PEDV splashed into the world of pork production in 2013, it wasn’t because of
a change in the virus: it simply was moved from overseas to the US Despite its likely animal origin,the current coronavirus causing COVID-19 hasn’t yet made animals sick where human illnesseshave been common That’s the good news for our animals Swings in global financial markets haveoccurred due to worries about restrictions on travel and other human activity, not any perceivedproblem with livestock or the food supply But things can change The COVID-19 situation bearsclose watching, especially if evidence emerges that the virus is behaving in a different manner thancurrently expected https://extension.sdstate.edu/novel-coronavirus-and-livestock-there-connection
4 BBC reported that Coronavirus lockdowns globally have given parts of the natural world a rareopportunity to experience life with hardly any humans around Animals in urban areas are exploringemptied streets and waterways, and delighting human inhabitants along the way While many ofthese are not unique sightings, the human restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic seem to have
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Trang 7given animals the confidence to go deeper into our cities and stay for longer Others are enjoyinghaving nature reserves and parks all to themselves, and some authorities report a boom in wildlifewhile tourists are away The Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey is normally one of the world's busiestmarine routes Huge tankers, cargo ships and passenger boats criss-cross the straits that cut the city
in half 24 hours a day Now, with a lull in traffic and fishermen staying at home during the city'slockdown, dolphins are swimming and jumping in the waters It's not uncommon to spot the tell-taledots of a dolphin from the city's quays, far away in the distance But videos posted by residents ofthe animals swimming near the banks show how much closer to the city they're happy to come now.Dolphins "are coming closer to the edge of the water as the terror of uncontrolled anglers on theshoreline has temporarily stopped," a ship spotter who has photographed dolphins in the past toldAFP "Wild boars take over Haifa as residents stuck inside," said the headline in Israeli newspaperHaaretz Boars were seen snuffling and foraging for food around the city of Haifa before thepandemic, but the absence of humans has encouraged them further, residents say The issue is now
so serious that local officials held a Zoom meeting to discuss the expanding population."I'm scaredthat after the coronavirus passes, the boars will have gotten used to coming every day, every night,every hour," Yaron Hanan who is campaigning for a crackdown on the animals told Reuters.However some species are enjoying solitude in previously busy natural reserves or parks InAlbania, pink flamingos are flourishing in lagoons on the country's west coastline, where numbershave increased by a third to 3,000, park authorities told AFP Thousands have been seen soaring overthe waters at Narta Lagoon where they go to mate after flying from Africa and the southernMediterranean The wildlife species enjoying lockdown in Britain.Air pollution and CO2 fall asvirus spreads.Freelance mask makers find huge demand for their skills.Nearby olive oil and leatherprocessing factories that have been accused of polluting the waters are closed, and the traffic thatusually congests a road 500m away is absent, creating quiet for the birds Couples have been
"moving a little further into the lagoon and are now starting courtship rituals," said NexhipHysolakoj, the head of the Vlora protected area And in Divjaka National Park, 85 pairs of curlypelicans are nesting The usual 50,000 monthly tourists are keeping away, creating quiet in the areawhere officials hope a population boon will now happen In Thailand, a herd of 30 dugongs wascaught on camera swimming in the Hat Chao Mai National Park where tourism has ground to a halt.The dugong, also known as sea cow, is classed as a vulnerable species and can often fall victim tofishing nets or suffer due to water pollution The national park has been posting videos on Facebook
of large swarms of fish and other species, and says there has been a revival in wildlife since thepandemic began However some animals enjoying new adventures aren't able to stay around for
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Trang 8long Several cougars found wandering the streets of Santiago, Chile were captured and releasedback to their natural habitats One of the big cats was found inside an apartment complex."Theysense less noise and are also looking for new places to find food and some get lost and appear in thecities," Horacio Bórquez, Chile's national director of livestock and agriculture service, said of theanimals And who could forget the famous Kashmiri goats of Llandudno? They enjoyed the desertedtown in Wales and had a scamper around last month Some even helped themselves to gardenflowers and hedges But not all creatures are benefitting from the coronavirus lockdown Europe'spigeons risk starvation, warns an animal rights group in Germany That's because the humans whonormally feed them or drop morsels of food on the streets are stuck at home The group, whileacknowledging that pigeons are a problem for many cities, says they should not be allowed to die apainful death In Krakow, Poland, one animal welfare organisation is coming out specially to feedthe flocks abandoned for the time being https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52459487
5 Zhou et al (2020) reported that Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered
in their natural reservoir host, bats Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs havethe potential to infect humans Here we report the identification and characterization of a newcoronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans inWuhan, China The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020 Full-length genome sequences wereobtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak The sequences are almost identical andshare 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96%identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus Pairwise protein sequence analysis ofseven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species ofSARSr-CoV In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of acritically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients Notably, we confirmed that2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—asSARS-CoV
6 K I N G ( A P R I L 3 , 2 0 2 0 ) t o l d t h a t a s c o v i d - 1 9 b l i s t e r s its way around theglobe, much of the focus has been on stopping the spread of the virus and treating those who aresick But virologists say there’s something else that deserves our focus as well—the search forfuture animal hosts Experts say that it’s possible the virus could take hold in a new species andbuild a redoubt for re infecting people in the future.“As the virus is spreading around the world, it
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Trang 9might find entirely new reservoir hosts [outside of] China,” says virologist Ralph Baric at theUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill “We don’t know It is something every country needs to
be thinking about as the epidemics wind down.” Coronaviruses are notoriously promiscuous Batshost thousands of types without succumbing to illness, and the viruses have the potential to leap tonew species Sometimes they mutate along the way to adapt to their new host; sometimes they canmake the leap without changing Coronaviruses are known to infect mammals and birds, includingdogs, chickens, cattle, pigs, cats, pangolins, and bats The global health crisis likely started with acoronavirus-infected horseshoe bat in China From there, the germ possibly jumped to anintermediary species, then jumped to humans (Read more about how that happens in this zoonoticdiseases explainer )Virologists are working to predict which species are the most likely potentialreservoirs The risk of the virus taking hold in a new species—and then those animals quietlyhosting it for a while before passing it back to humans—is low, says Lin-Fa Wang , a virologist atDuke Global Health Institute in Singapore But it’s still worth preparing for, Baric says, because theconsequences could be a resurgence of the pandemic We already know from experience that somepets can become infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 A Pomeranian and a Germanshepherd in Hong Kong have grabbed headlines by becoming infected; so, more recently, has
a domestic cat in Belgium A Malayan tiger at the Bronx Zoo in New York City became sick with adry cough in late March and tested positive for the virus , the U.S Department of Agricultureannounced April 5 Researchers are interested broadly in any animal that the coronavirus couldinfect, whether or not it causes illness Though the USDA and the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention say there is currently no evidence that domestic or captive wild animals can spread thenovel coronavirus to people , it is important to see if such a thing is possible One way virologistscan try to predict potential host species is by using 3D computer modelling For the virus to enter acell to replicate, a spike-shaped protein it has must bind neatly with an enzyme receptor on thesurface of certain animal cells, according to a recent discovery The receptor, called an ACE2protein, is the doorknob, and the spike protein is the key that unlocks it Three-dimensionalcomputer modelling can help figure out which animals have ACE2s that can be “unlocked” by thevirus’s spike protein By comparing ACE2 receptors, a March 2020 study identified a number ofspecies that the virus might be able to infect, including pangolins, cats, cows, buffalo, goats, sheep,pigeons, civets, and pigs Another way scientists are searching for potential hosts is by exposingcells from various animals to the virus, to see which species can actually become infected This iswhat Baric’s lab is doing, with a focus on a variety of animal species in the United States, includinglivestock One recent experiment found that cells with ACE2 proteins from humans, horseshoe bats,
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Trang 10civets, and pigs could be infected with the virus, while mice could not Once it becomes clearwhich species’ cells can become infected in the lab, it’s necessary to do tests with live animals in acontrolled environment, Baric says To that end, the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, the Germangovernment’s research organization focused on animal health and welfare, is exposing pigs,chickens, fruit bats, and ferrets to the virus to determine whether these species can be infected andwhether the virus can replicate in them If the virus can, the animals would be considered potentialreservoirs Initial results suggest that fruit bats and ferrets are susceptible, whereas pigs andchickens are not A similar study, reported this month in a preliminary paper , found that the virusreplicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but replicates well in ferrets and cats, with catscapable of spreading the virus in respiratory droplets This was a lab study, Wang notes, andtherefore it doesn’t necessarily mean it will happen in the real world Equally important, Baric says,
is getting out and testing animals in their natural environments “Coronaviruses shift hostfrequently,” he says “Ultimately you have to go out and survey wildlife.” These types of studiesare very hard to do, Wang says, and currently most wild surveys are focused on finding the possiblespecies that spread the virus in the first place, not which species may maintain it in the future Ofthe animals that turn out to be susceptible to the virus, those that humans spend the most time withare the most likely to get infected, says disease ecologist Peter Daszak , president of EcoHealthAlliance Daszak was part of a virus surveillance team that in 2017 warned about multiple SARS-like viruses in a bat cave in Southern China More time together means more opportunities for thevirus to make the jump from human to animal, he says Even if the virus makes the jump to a newspecies, there’s no certainty it will colonize and persist in that animal, say virologists There are alot of factors that have to work out just right for an animal not only to become a host but to become
a host capable of re-introducing the virus to humans If it turns out the virus could infect a farmanimal, it may cause severe illness or multiple deaths In that case, the virus might be spotted andthe outbreak contained Or the virus may infect the animals and cause nonspecific symptoms, likediarrhea, that are associated with more common diseases Or it may cause no symptoms at all Thevirus could circulate undetected and never jump back to humans—or, in any matter of months,jump back to humans and kick off a renewed outbreak The best approach for monitoring, saysDaszak, is to strategically test key species for antibodies to the virus—a sign that the animal fought
a successful battle against the virus Luke O'Neill , an immunologist at Trinity College Dublin,Ireland, says antibody tests are cheap and easy “It is just like a pregnancy test,” he says “A drop ofblood, you can see it within minutes if you have the antibodies or not.” It’s a “low probability thatthe virus will go from a sick person back into an animal,” Daszak says But then again, he muses,
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7 Outbreaks of Covid-19 at slaughterhouses are occurring in a number of countries around the world,
in a development that may have long-term implications for food supply systems, say experts The
US has been hardest hit, with outbreaks at more than 180 meat and processed food plants But othercountries with highly consolidated meat supply chains – Ireland, Spain, Australia, Germany, Brazil,Canada and the UK – are also struggling.“Workers are having to go back to work, and farmers arehaving to euthanise their animals,” said Ben Lilliston of the Institute for Agriculture and TradePolicy “It’s a very chaotic, crazy situation.”The reasons for the outbreaks are said to be acombination of crowded working conditions, workforces that are often made up predominantly ofmigrant workers living in communal housing, and the fact that plants have remained open during thecrisis The problem is particularly acute where large companies dominate the industry, as hasincreasingly been the case Many small slaughterhouses have been shut down over recent years infavour of fewer but larger plants that may have thousands of workers, leading to what oneobserver called “the most narrow bottleneck in US agribusiness” In the short term, the issue iscausing instability in the supply chain, with panic buying of meat in the US and the euthanisation
of millions of farm animals Questions are being asked about the risks to workers of infection andeven death In the long term, the problems will raise questions about stability and lack of resilience
in the current system, which is dominated by a handful of vast international companies includingCargill, JBS, Smithfield and Tyson In the US there have been almost 5,000 cases and at least 20deaths among meat plant workers as of the end of April The Midwest Center for InvestigativeReporting says there have now been more than 10,000 cases linked to meat plants Difficulties withphysical distancing and hygiene, and crowded living and transportation conditions, are listed aspotential risk factors by US health officials.More than 20 meat plants have been closed in recentweeks, and one outbreak alone – at the Smithfield pork plant in South Dakota – saw more than 850confirmed cases Workers may have continued to work while feeling ill due to economicinsecurity, health officials said Tyson poultry workers were being offered a $500 bonus to continueworking In Germany there have been more than 300 confirmed cases at the Müller Fleisch plant inBirkenfeld The owners called it the “most serious crisis” in the plant’s history The communal livingspaces for the largely migrant workforce have been partially blamed In Canada, 949 cases havebeenconfirmed at an Alberta meat packing house owned by Cargill, in the largest outbreak linked to
a single facility in the country In Australia, approximately 70 cases have so far been confirmed
at Cedar Meats in Melbourne, which has been shut down for deep cleaning Prosecutors in Brazil are
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a row at Litera Meat in Binéfar, Aragon, about the number of workers who have the virus Initialserological tests were positive for about 200 workers The management have carried out subsequenttests on 284 workers to see if they are currently carrying the virus and had 11 positive results Plants
in Ireland have also been hit hard Official figures show outbreaks at ten plants with more than 560workers affected Outbreaks were reported at Liffey Meats in Cavan and Kepak plants inRoscommon and Longford More than a third of the workforce – 120 workers in all – at theRosderra pigmeat plant in Co Tipperary reportedly tested positive for the virus, while last FridayDawn Meats closed its plant in Westmeath following positive cases “We are seeing the results ofyears of meat industry consolidation and vertical integration aimed at increasing profits throughefficiency and low wages,” Marion Nestle, professor of nutrition, food studies and global health atNew York University told the Guardian, “regardless of effects on animals, workers, and theenvironment Covid-19 reveals the costs to workers crowded together under already dangerousworking conditions in jobs that often lacked sick leave and healthcare benefits These are allproblems dating from the early 1980s when the shareholder value movement forced corporations tohave profit as their sole goal.”“I think it’s woken up a lot of people about how consolidated thissystem is, and how it is not very resilient, it’s really vulnerable,” said Lilliston “People asking aboutfood security in the US is kind of new There is also a greater awareness of worker rights - the lack
of power, working tightly packed together, the lack of government enforcement and inspection Ithink there is going to be some fallout but whether action will be taken remains to be seen.” “It isclear that centralization of processes into fewer and fewer centres, coupled with just-in-time supplychains, leads to a lack of resilience,” said Prof Tim Benton, research director for emerging risks atChatham House, a London think tank “It’s not so easy to draft in a slaughter man off the street than
to pull in casual labour into supermarkets or even farming.”The Guardian contacted all thecompanies named above Cargill, JBS, Tyson and BRF detailed the significant work they are doing
to deal with these issues including, in the case of JBS, working with physicians specializing ininfectious diseases to develop a protocol, and, in the case of BRF, working with a global consultancythat specializes in risk management Tyson has put aside $120m to give its workers “thank youbonuses” All four said that they are carrying out special measures in their plants to protect workers,including distancing, staggered breaks, keeping vulnerable workers home and distributing facemasks Cargill pointed out: “We are also sensitive that farmers and ranchers need a place to move
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Trang 13their cattle This is a difficult balancing act facing our entire industry … We recognize farmers andranchers rely on the global food system to earn their livelihoods, so it is critical we keep the marketmoving – for the farm economy and for the people and animals who rely on us for their food andnourishment.”Litera Meats told the Guardian it is focused on keeping workers safe, and that “goodsense, caution, collaboration and understanding” are the principles guiding the response LiffeyMeats said that the health and safety of workers was its priority To make a greener world Covid-19has delivered unusual environmental benefits: cleaner air, lower carbon emissions, a respite forwildlife Now the big question is whether we can capitalize on this moment The Guardian aims tolead the debate from the front In the weeks and months ahead, our journalism will investigate theprospects for a new green settlement We will showcase the big thinkers and protagonists andamplify the arguments for authorities everywhere to consider as they lead us out of coronavirus Ourcredentials suit us well to the task: we are independent, we have no owners, no paymasters oroligarchs pulling the strings We have committed to carbon neutrality, divested from the oil and gassectors and renounced fossil fuel advertising But at this crucial moment, news organizations likeours are facing a daunting financial challenge As businesses everywhere feel the pinch, theadvertising revenue that has long helped to sustain our work has plummeted We need you to helpfill the gap Our journalism is open to all because we believe everyone deserves access to factualinformation, regardless of where they live or what they can afford to pay If you can afford to, wehope you will consider supporting our journalism today The Guardian believes that the climatecrisis we face is systemic We will inform our readers about threats to the environment based onscientific facts, not driven by commercial or political interests We will keep reporting on the efforts
of individuals and communities around the world who are fearlessly taking a stand for futuregenerations and the preservation of human life on earth We want their stories to inspire hope Weneed your support to keep delivering this kind of open, committed independent journalism Everyreader contribution, however big or small, is so valuable.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/11/chaotic-and-crazy-meat-plants-around-the-world-struggle-with-virus-outbreaks
8 Jamal (May 01, 2020 10:20) told that With COVID-19 cases rising and lockdown extended inPakistan, the impact on health and economy was felt rather much earlier on the food basket Itbecame visible when farmers destroyed excess produce.“Ploughing [to grow] fresh vegetables is notonly financially upsetting but [also] heartbreaking for those who laboured in the field,” says AamerHayat Bhandara, a young, middle-class farmer from Pakpattan district in southern Punjab “Thepandemic has devastated the small-scale farmers who were already struggling due to climate change
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Trang 14Now they can’t even afford to take their goods to the market in absence of labourers and vehicleswith the lack of a clear government strategy to protect our key workforce,” Hayat told Gulf News.The same applies to farmers associated with livestock, dairy and poultry.“Small farmers needimmediate financial aid from the government such as agriculture utility bill waiver, interest-freeloans that can be repaid at the next harvest This support should be sent via mobile payment systems
to minimise human contact and ensure quick transfer,” he suggested He also urged authorities toprovide quality farm inputs such as seeds, fertilizer and pesticides on time for the next crop season.For now, experts do not foresee food shortage in Pakistan and believe this year’s produce wouldmeet local needs Coronavirus, however, is a threat to those who put the food on our plates and hasdisrupted the whole food supply chain involving farmers, marketers, processors, transporters, sellersand customers Food security expert, Dr Abid Qaiyum Suleri says the looming crisis is unequaldistribution and not food scarcity “We may witness food surplus in one place and demandsomewhere else for which we should be prepared.”Fruit and vegetable growers are especiallyvulnerable as these perishable items cannot be stored The time is of the essence as the mangoproduce in Sindh will be ready by the first week of May and by early June in Punjab “If we don’tget workers on time to pluck mangoes, we fear our hard-earned produce may be wasted,” AdeebAhmed Rao, chief of Multan-based Rajput Orchard, told Gulf News Every year, at least 20 tonnes
of mangoes are exported weekly from his farm to the Gulf region “The Gulf traders have asked us
to wait until May 15,” he said, urging the governments to ensure food trade by air and sea duringCOVID Rao is one of the thousands of farmers desperately looking for labour to harvest themangoes Pakistan annually produces roughly 1.7 million tonnes of mangoes, exported to more than
50 countries, mainly to UAE and Saudi Arabia Waheed Ahmed, patron-in-chief of the All-PakistanFruit and Vegetable Exporters, Importers and Merchants Association, has requested the officials toallow the labour from South Punjab to travel and work in mango farms to save billions of rupeesworth of the yield Pakistan is among the world’s top producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugar cane,mango and oranges Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy, contributing 19 per cent tothe country’s GDP and employing 39 per cent of the labour force Major crops (cotton, wheat, rice,maize and sugar cane) contribute 4 per cent and minor crops add 2 per cent to GDP while livestocksector adds 11 per cent GDP Prime Minister Imran Khan announced Rs1.13 trillion ($7 billion)stimulus package to offer relief to the economy and people during COVID-19 Rs280 billion ($1.7billion) allocated for wheat procurement, around Rs100 billion ($627 million) for deferred payment
of loans for small and medium enterprises and agriculture sector One of the biggest relief wasEhsaas Emergency Cash programme offering a one-time cash assistance of Rs12,000 each to support
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Trang 1512 million families The Punjab government offered Rs15 billion worth interest-free loans tofarmers, crop insurance for 250,000 farmers and 1.2 million sacks of seeds for the next wheat crop.Rs75 billion allocated for labourers and daily wage earners who lost jobs due to the pandemic Thepandemic is exposing the loopholes and outdated practices in the agriculture sector that has led tounderperformance “The COVID-19 has unveiled Pakistan’s poorly managed food supply chain thatled to food wastage and reduced prices, affecting the poor farmers,” said Syed Mahmood Nawaz,vice-president of the Sindh Abadgar Board “The loss is evident due to the global pandemic butgovernment can minimize losses with proper harvesting, storage and cross-border movement ofgoods to Iran and Afghanistan, and to the UAE by sea and beyond via cargo flights.” HOW CANTHE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FARMERS DURING COVID-19? According to agricultureexperts, Pakistan should: Improve financial aid and social security to farmers via mobile payments.Waive bills, extend deadlines, and offer interest-free loans Connect farmers with retail chains and e-commerce channels closer to their location Training and awareness for workers to contain exposureand transmission of the virus Keep the food value chain running by ensuring labour, transport anddelivery across the country Address global trade and tax issues to ensure food export Expertsbelieve that COVID-19 is an opportunity for Pakistan to reform the agriculture sector and suggestthese measures: Sustainable agricultural mechanization to improve production, create more jobs (bytraining and relocating workers) and encourage youth participation Local production of tractors andother modern equipment should be encouraged while making it available at reasonable price.Connecting Pakistan’s farming industry with technology, manufacturing, engineering, e-commerce,can offer multitude benefits such as boosting economy, creating jobs and improving lives.Government should play a leading role to ensure food security and control price Directly buyingfrom the farmers and pushing the middleman out of the equation would remove barriers and deterhoarding and corruption Lack of cold storages, proper packaging and food processing capacity isone of the major reasons of food waste Investment in refrigerated transport and cold storages forfood items such as milk, fruits, spices, as well as silos for grains for preservation Introduce specialindustrial zones in every farm district, equipped with cold storages, food-processing units, connectedwith retail chains and export industries Tax free zones, provision of basic utilities and facilitationfrom setting up food SMEs to exports can attract expat investors Most farmers feel secure growingtraditional cash crops (wheat, sugar cane, rice) However, diversification of products such as cannedmangoes, cherry jams, dried fruits juices, jellies, frozen yogurts and even pickles and chutneys canhelp reduce waste and earn foreign exchange Improving water management is key as the four majorcrops (rice, wheat, sugar cane and cotton) consume 80 per cent of water but contribute only 5 per
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Trang 16cent to GDP Improving the nexus of agriculture, education, training and research and technology.Even as Pakistan recorded its single highest overnight death toll of 78 and its numbers of COVID-19confirmed cases soared passed 66,000, the country’s Civil Aviation Authority announced
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https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/how-will-covid-19-affect-pakistan-farmers-food-system-9 Katherine J Wu(APRIL 20, 2020) reported that In just a few months, the ongoing COVID-19pandemic has put billions of humans at risk But as researchers work around the clock to understandSARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the disease, some have begun to worry that countless others may be
at stake: animals who could catch the germ from their distant Homo sapiens cousins Recent reports
of SARS-CoV-2 infecting creatures such as monkeys, dogs, ferrets, domestic cats and even
a tiger have raised the possibility that the pathogen could plague other species—including, perhaps,ones already imperiled by other, non-infectious threats Though researchers suspect the virusoriginated in a wild creature such as a bat, they stress that humans remain the virus’ most vulnerablevictims, as well as the hosts most likely to spread the disease from place to place There is also noevidence that animals are passing the pathogen to people, says Jane Sykes, a veterinarian and animalvirus researcher at the University of California, Davis However, studying the creatures this stealthyvirus has affected so far could help scientists understand what makes some species—but not others
—susceptible Coronaviruses are notoriously indiscriminate infectors The number of differentcoronaviruses that exist in the wild number in at least the hundreds, with most likely inhabiting thebodies of bats On the whole, members of this large family of viruses seem very capable of frequenthops into new species, including humans, making recent detections of SARS-CoV-2 in non-humananimals somewhat unsurprising, says Linda Saif, a virologist and animal coronavirus expert at OhioState University Already, a commonality in these cases has emerged: the molecular compatibility ofthe virus with its host To infect a cell, a virus must first break in This encounter typically requiresthe pathogen to fit itself into a specific molecule, called a receptor, on the surface of its target cell.It’s a bit like a key opening a lock Not all viral keys will work on a given cell’s lock, but the betterthe fit, the more easily the virus can gain access Unfortunately for humans and our animal relatives,SARS-CoV-2’s key, called spike protein, is a multifunctional tool It homes in on a cellular lockcalled ACE2—a blood pressure-regulating protein thought to be universal among vertebrates, thegroup that includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, says Jim Wellehan, a zoologistand microbiology at the University of Florida’s College of Veterinary Medicine Millions of years ofevolution have subtly tweaked the shape of ACE2 in each of these lineages But in domestic cats and
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