Tài liệu Karen Foley Head of Landscape Architecture, UCD pdf

Landscape perception• Landscape – inherent dualities – Role of landscape profession in LCA and where that fits in within the overall process • Landscape preference memories and associat

Karen Foley

Head of Landscape Architecture, UCD

Landscape Perception

Karen Foley Irish Landscape Institute/University College Dublin

Landscape perception

• Landscape – inherent dualities

– Role of landscape profession in LCA and where that fits in within the overall process

• Landscape preference memories and associations

– Biological and socially determined preference

• The importance of stakeholders engagement

Landscape Different meanings embedded in the term landscape

illustrate the duality inherent in the concept of landscape

• Landscape as synthesis of habitat and history (Aalen 1997)

• Landscape as Cultural Heritage (see Faro Convention)

Landscape at the Interface

• Landscape studies are at

the interface between the

humanities and the natural

sciences

• Challenge in the

combination of these and

other knowledge cultures

Palang, H., and Fry, G, 2003, Landscape interfaces

Landscape at the heart of LCA

http://landscapecharacter.org.uk/files/pdfs/LCA-Guidance.pdf

Landscape icon from the countryside agency

Landscape and the aesthetic

• word „aesthesis‟

– a sensation and a perception– Contemporary meaning: perception by means of the senses

– Implicit in the use of the term aesthetic experience is the

shift from physical to mental, that the aesthetic experience begins with physical stimulation of the senses, e.g the physiological mechanisms of sight, and ends in moods, emotions and meanings

– (Collinson 1992).

LCA – the methodology

Aesthetic experience begins with physical

stimulation of the senses

In terms of landscape this is primarily sight

The visual

• Developing the language to describe our surrounding

• Experience

– Key source books

Table shows the structural/systematic way

to analyse a landscape

The methodology – LCA

• Mapping and the use of

documentary analysis

followed by field work

Stages:

ScopingDesk studyField Survey Description and classification

www.landscapecharacter.org.uk/

The desk study

• Working alongside the other professionals

– Gathering the maps

Tools to use – aerial photographs

Photographs; aerial and oblique

Drumlin images courtesy of Mitchell and Associates

Field Survey: ground truthing and addition of new material

Use of Field Survey forms

From desk survey use

of maps to locate key surveying points

Key components of a field survey form

• a written description of the character observed at particular points;

• an annotated sketch;

Field survey forms

a written description of the character observed

at particular points or in certain

areas;

Use of an annotated sketch, (or photograph)

Analysis inherent in sketching

a checklist of visual elements and their significance;

Landscape

Field survey forms and gathering information on the perceptual

a checklist of aesthetic and perceptual factors;

Image courtesy of BSM/Fingal CC

Classification and

description

(generic) landscape character types and (unique)

landscape character areas

type will have broadly similar patterns of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, land use, settlement and field pattern, e.g Drumlins/ Lakes

geographical areas in which landscape types occur They share characteristics with other areas of the same type but have their own particular identity, e.g The Burren

Co Clare: landscape character types (generic)

Co Clare landscape character areas (unique)

http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Landscape/Landscape_Clare/lca_intro.pdf

Preferences, memories and associations

Preferences, memories and associations

• Memories and associations

– desk study stage

– Historical societies

– HLC

– Stakeholders

• Landscape preference

– Area of research since 1960s

– of use to policy makers in understanding the potential impact of future land use change on public perception

– Research has shown some areas of more of less consistent preference, and areas of difference

Research into landscape preference

• Background of research into landscape preference

• Research findings

– Biological preferences (shared among majority of the

population, possibly based on evolution) – Cultural preferences (transmitted socially through the use of language and other media)

– Personal preference personal (based on individual experience)

Biological landscape preferences

• Evolutionary Theories about attachment to land

– Modern civilization

• We no longer need to

– Hunt our food – Gather and grow crops – Protect ourselves from predators (animals or our own species)

• However these former activities surface in many of our leisure pursuits

– Gardening – Organised sport – Bird watching/wildlife photography – Hunting/fishing etc

Biological landscape preferences

• Early „predispositions‟ transformed by layers of cultural evolution and symbolic ritual

• May no longer rely on cues from landscape for our survival but we respond to it as if we do

• Various theories attempting to explain our response to land in

Habitat Theory Jay Appleton

• Publication „The Experience of Landscape‟

– Theory: that humans prefer landscapes that closely resemble the habitats where their ancestors were best able to survive, i.e

• Savannah environment of Africa

– Scattered tress and grassland

• (coastal areas)

Central Park, New York

Deer in Phoenix Park

Gardens at Chatsworth

Prospect refuge theory

Jay Appleton

• Theory – our response to

space is linked to basic

need for protection

– Humans - both hunter and

hunted – Need to see and observe

our environment while at the same time being

protected by it Importance of views

overlooking landscape –

Cultural landscape preference

• The previous can be considered „universal‟ patterns of preference because they are shared by most people

– (Biological Laws)

• The next layer of preference are the cultural landscape

preferences Here differences in strength of preference are

revealed between different social groups

• Research has shown that some groups have different responses

– age,

– ethnicity

– place of residence (urban/rural),

– gender,

– expertise (professional/ non professional),

– newcomer to landscape or long term resident

Cultural preference and LCA

Techniques to identify stakeholder preference

Cultural preference and LCA

• Importance of finding the “mosaic-like qualities” of preference

Need for stakeholder involvement in LCA