Ldp tiir xung hd tieng Viet rat phong phii, chi tiet, mang sde thai bieu cam cao, sir dung vd ciing linh hoat, dem lai hieu qua nha't dinh trong giao tiep, song cting kha phiic tap.. Bai
Trang 1-C? - t j l
'A
CHUYEN DICH DAI TlT NHAN XUNG NGOI THLT HAI
NGUYEN NGOC LONG '*'
Trong giao tiep ngdn ngii, cac chii
the tham gia giao tiep se phai xung
(tu gpi ten mmh) va hd (ggi ten ngudi
khae) Cd the ndi, xung hd hay xung ggi
ludn didn ra d tat ca hoat ddng giao tiep
bang ngdn ngir va dugc chia theo ngdi
Thudng thi ngdi giao tiep dugc phan
dinh nhu sau: Ngdi thii nha't chi ngudi
ndi (Tuxung), ngdi thii hai chi ngudi nghe
(Dd'i ximg) va khdng thudc ngudi ndi,
ngudi nghe la ngdi thii ba (Tha xung)
Trong tieng Han hien dai, ngoai
each xung hd tren cdn cd nhirng tir nhSn
xung khae, nhung ciing ddng vai trd
quan trgng va mang lai hieu qua khdng
nhd trong giao tiep xung hd Dd la bdng
xifng (phiem chi) thdng xifng (bao gom
tu xung, dd'i xung hoac ca tha xung),
phiic ximg (phuc chi nhting danh, dai tir
da ndi d tren)
1 Cac each ximg ho trong ngdn
ngiir Han:
TIf xirng: 4i ' ^'fl'l ' "ii ' "S'fn
mi' M
Bdng ximg: ^^]A ' A ^ ' A-fe '
Thd'ng ximg: ^'^ ' XikJl
Ddi xung: ^^
Tha xUng: -fe
Phiic xung: i] £> ' i] ^ ' l ] ^ ; L
Vi du:
'J^^^^'K ° {i!i- dd'i ximg, ^ tuxung)
Em thdn yeu hdy bay ciing anh, xuyen qua nhihig cdnh rifng de ngdm nhin khe sudi nho
A !i- Hi - y^ 'J^ •€ 4 ' i^^i'k^
•^ ° {4'i tu ximg, ilk tha xung)
Ta nguyen ldm con citu nho, ludn d ben cd dy
i^-^^^i^)i ^m^.{itthaxung) Anh diy nhd't dinh se tdi khu rdng
Bgch Hoa ndy
flbl"^ ° ( A ^ bdng xung, ^ tuxUng)
Quy nii: nhd ngudi ta cd hoa deo, cha minh tien it khdng mua noi
A^^t%]An^ ° (i.-h dd'i xung, ^ bdng ximg ^ tu xung, Ij £> phiic xUng)
Vi ngdy mai em se Id cd ddu ciia ngudi khde, anh cdn kim che long minh
'*'CN DaihocHaNdi
Trang 2TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG
{^'ikJL thd'ng xung)
Mdi khi ai dd co thu tinh, moi ngudi
ciing tranh nhau doc
2 Cach ximg ho tieng Han va
tieng Viet
Tir xung hd trong tieng Han va tieng
Viet vl CO ban cd diem tuang ddng,
nhung cung cd nhilu net khae biet mang
dac thu rieng cua hai dan tgc Ldp tiir
xung hd tieng Viet rat phong phii, chi
tiet, mang sde thai bieu cam cao, sir
dung vd ciing linh hoat, dem lai hieu qua
nha't dinh trong giao tiep, song cting kha
phiic tap Ngugc lai, ttr xung hd tieng
Han hien dai da trai qua qua trinh gian
hoa, vdi ba ngdi ^ wo Or- ni, -fe ta,
mang tinh khai quat va triu tugng hon
Diiu nay mang den nhirng trd ngai
khdng nhd cho nhiing hoat ddng lien
ngdn ngir van hda giiia hai dan tdc, trong
dd cd viec chuyen dich ldp tir xung hd
Han - Viet Day se la chieu hudng chuyen
dich ttr Idi ndi trim tugng, khdng chi tiet,
trung tinh sang phong each chi tiet, uy6n
chuyin, tinh te va het sii'c linh hoat
Ldp ttr xung hd trong bat ky ngdn
ngir nao cung chia thanh hai nhanh,
mdt de xung ggi trong cac quan he
than tdc, nhiing tu nay, gan nhu khdng
cd bien the, dugc xae lap ttr md'i quan
he huyet thd'ng rat rd rang, khi chuyin
dich kha don gian nhu trong tieng Han,
tieng Viet va tieng Anh: ^ ^ : dng,
grandfather; iT^-kVj: bd, grandmother;
^ ^ : bd, father; i^i^: me, mother; -^
-^: anh trai, brother; M M : chi gdi,
sister; ^ ^ : em trai, younger
brother, i ^ i ^ : em gdi, younger sister;
^Jl^Ji: chii, uncle; Hii: cd, aunt; % % :
cdu, uncle; ^ i^: bde uncle: ^'V-^: chdu, grandson, v.v
Nhanh cdn lai la tap hgp cua ttr xung
hd sir dung trong giao tie'p giii'a nhiing md'i quan he phi than tdc Nhanh nhiing ttr xung hd nay trong tieng Han hien dai khdng chi tiet, phiic tap nhu tieng Viet Tuy nhien, khi chuyen dich sang tieng Viet, lai gap rat nhieu trd ngai
Nhirng trd ngai trong qua trinh chuyin dich Idp tu xung hd chi cac md'i quan he phi than tgc ttr tieng Han sang tieng Viet, xua't phat chinh tu dac thti ciia hai ngdn ngtr ma cu thi la dac diem ciia he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh hai Mgt ben la sir dung dai ttr nhan xung mang y nghia trung tinh khdng phan biet dia vi, tuoi tac, sang hen, tdn khinh Mgt ben
la mugn he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh mdt, chl quan he than tdc mang sde thai bieu cam cao d l xung ggi nhiing thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p khdng h i cd quan he huyet thd'ng Bai viet nay chi de cap den each thiirc chuyen dich Han - Viet vl dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong hoat ddng giao tiep giira cac md'i quan he phi than tgc
Mang ten ggi la dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai, song, trong cac hoat ddng giao tiep ngdn ngir, ngdi thti hai de hd ggi thudng xua't hien trudc ngdi thii nha't Ddng thdi cung la khach the mang tinh dd'i lap tuyet dd'i va quan trgng dd'i vdi ngdi thii nha't, chu thi ciia hoat ddng giao tie'p Viec chuyen dich nhdm dai tu nhan xung ngdi thiir hai tieng Han sang tieng Viet cung phiic tap nhat Boi cd qua nhilu tuong duong
de lira chgn khi chuyen dich, ttiy theo ttrng canh hudng giao tie'p cu thi
54
Trang 3Vi du:
i t i l ^ 4 0 - f t 4 ' A-^^l^tltfj o
1 Thdy hay tin d em, em se he't siic
CO gang
2 Cd hay tin d em, em se he't sire
CO gang
3 Bd hay tin d con, con se het sire
CO gang
4 Me hay tin d con, con se he't siic
CO gang
5 Thu trudng hay tin d tdi, tdi se
he't siic cd gang
6 Anh hay tin d em, em se he't siic
cd gang
7 Em hay tin 6 anh, anh se het siic
cd' gang
8 Ong hay tin d chau, chau se he't
sure cd gdng
9 Bd hay tin d chau, chau se het
sure cd gdng
10 Bde hay tin d chau, chau se het
siic cd gdng
11 Chu hay tin d chau, chau se he't
siic cd gdng
12 Cd hay tin d chau, chau se he't
sure cd gdng
13 Bgn hay tin d tdi, tdi se he't siic
cd' gang
14 Cdu hay tin d minh, minh se he't
sii'c cd gdng
15 Mdy hay tin d tao, tao se he't siic
CO gang
Dai tir -f.^ ni cua tieng Han d vi du tren
cd the cd ft nha't 15 dia ttr tuong duong trong tieng Viet ttiy thudc vao hoan canh, tuoi tac, dia vi, gidi tinh cua cac vai giao tie'p Va duong nhien, cung keo theo su thay doi ve viec xae lap cac quan he ddi lap ciia cac ttr nhan xung chi ngdi thiir nha't
{tlidy - em, bd - con, anh - em, chit - chdu, mdy- tao: )
id '^
ngai th^y co bo me thu anh em ong ba bac chu ban cSu may
trucmg
3 Van de chuyen djch Han - Viet
Tinh phiic tap vl viec chuyin dich
Han - Viet cac dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii
hai khdng chi d ehd cd tdi 15 tucmg
duong de lira chgn cho mdi tinh hudng
ma thuc te cd tren 15 kha nang hay
phien ban de xem xet Bdi tinh chi tiet
hda, bieu cam cao trong phong each
xung hd tieng Viet, nd dugc thi hien d
nhung cap ttr xung hd dd'i xiing Khi dich
sir dung cap ngdi - tdi, anh - tdi, em - tdi
bgn - ldi, thii trifdng - tdi, cdu - tdi, se cd
sde thai bilu cam khae so vdi viec dich
thanh ngdi - em, anh - em, em - anh, bgn
- id (minh), thit trifdng - em, cdu - minh (id) va cang khae xa vdi each dich la mdy - tao
Ngay nay, ngudi Han dting chu yeu
hai dai ttr nhan xung i^ (thdng xung),
Ht- (kinh ximg) dl hd ggi trong giao tie'p
Viec sir dung dai ttr nhan xung mang nghla trung tinh trong tieng Han hien dai
Trang 4TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG
da tranh dugc phiin ha cua hien tugng
trting ten hg va dac biet lam cho nhiing
cau van trong giao tiép ngdn ggn ban,
tinh te han va cung hien dai hon
Ngudi Trung Qud'c cd thdi quen
dung hg dl ggi nhu ?^ ^ 'if {thdy
Truong), Fit l^] ^ {ban Nguyin), I-^±
{Ong Vuong),^'VM {cd Ly) Khae vdi
ldi sir dung dai tu nhan xung trung tinh
i^- ni, f^- nin, each hd ggi nay, ngoai
cdng nang khu biet đi tugng giao tiep,
cdn mang sde thai bieu cam nhát dinh,
bilu thi sir tdn trgng, lich su va ca gan
giii nirạ Nhung néu trong mdt ldp hgc
cd ttr hai hgc sinh mang hg P>t Nguyen
tra len thi fitJ^^ {bgn Nguyin) khdng
cdn tinh chat khu biet ten ggi cho mdt ca
thi niia va đi khi ciing rdc rdi neu cac
thanh vien nay cting tham gia giao tiep
Tuy nhien, ldi hd ggi Hg -I- Chiic danh
hoac dia vi xa hdi lai mang lai thuan lgi
cho hoat đng chuyen dich
Ciing nhu xu the phat trien chung
CLia ttr xung hd trong tieng Han la di theo
hudng khai quat hda, trtru tugng hda va
gian hoa, cac dai ttr nhan xung thudc
ngdi thii hai trong tieng Han hien dai da *
trai qua trinh phat trien, thay doi, chgn
Igc tu than rat thii vị
Giai doan dau vdi ba dai ttr /k nhif, fr^
nhi, -^ lif mang y nghla trung tinh hoan
toan nhu you trong tieng Anh Dai ttr nhan
xung /p; nhi, )k {-k) nhu, sau nay phat
trien thanh ij: ni trong tieng Han hien daị
Vl du:
1 T^#T^3ft ' imfr^J^^MẤ^i
{Kinh Thi)
Nhd nguoi khdng len nui sdn bdt,
tgi sao trudc ciia nhd lgi treo nhieu thit tha rimg nhu vaỷ
2 i^^^ij.'^, -kf-f^y^'^ ° {Kinh Thi) Mdu xanh, mdu xanh, mdu xanh ndy
Id do chinh tay ndng del nen
O VI du 1 ngdi thii hai /'^ mud'n
nhae tdi trong tac phdm Kinh Thi la ten
chu nd vdi thdi khdng lam ma hudng,
cau van mang nang y phe phan -k nhU
chi ngudi vg yeu dáu da qua đi d vi du
thii 2 Trong hai vf du tren, ^s nhi va -k:
nhd dugc dich la nhd nguoi va ndng la
do da xii If khi chuyen dich sang ldi xung ggi mang sde thai bieu cam ciia tieng Viet Thuc te, d giai doan nay, hai
dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thiir hai iy- va -k
hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh
Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing nam 400 - 500 TCN (thdi Khong Tu,
Ludn ngii) bat đu co sir phan cdng vl y
nghia cung nhu each dung Ngoai y
nghla mang tfnh khai quat nhu ij: ni
trong tieng Han hien dai, cac dai ttr trong
tieng Han co ^ nhi, ijc {-k) nhif, -^ tif
cdn bieu thi nhimg sde thai tinh cam yeu ghet, tdn khinh Ngudi cd dia vi tháp
hon dung ik, ^-, khi chuyen dich sang tieng Viet, thudng dich la nguoi, con hoac
nhd ngifoị Ngudi cd hgc, cd dia vi cao
trong xa hdi hon dting ^ , thudng dich
la Tien sinh, thdy hoac dng
Vf du:
3 # t > g - # ^ ? i 7 ^ t i ' '^%$,m ?
(Ludn ngii)
Ve Qudn tin nhiem, mdi thdy lo qud'c su, thdy seldm gi đu tien?
4 m-M^^^^^^- " A ^ t r S t
.t- ? " (Ludn ngif)
56
Trang 5Nhan Uyen Quy Lip difng hdu,
Khdng Tu ndi: "Sao cdc nguoi (con)
khdng ndi chi hudng ciia minh ra? "
{Td truyen)
Nhd nguoi thi biet gi ? Ne'u chi sdng
den trung tuoi thi cdi edy tren md nhd
ngifoi dd du cd ngudi dm rdi ddy
De'n thdi Mac Tif, Mgnh Tif, Trang
Tif, dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai ^ tif
khdng cdn mang nghia tdn xung nhu f£
nin nua, ma chi cd y nghla trung tinh
nhu ^1^- ni trong tieng Han hien dai Cung
vao giai doan nay, ]k, ^ mang sde thai
bilu cam tieu cue rd ret, dugc diing vdi
thai do coi thudng, khinh miet ke tiiu
nhan Tuy nhien, khi quan he giii'a hai
thanh vien giao tie'p than thiet tdi mirc cue
diem thi -ik, ^- lai dugc diing dl bieu cam,
dugc ggi la "ff.>kSL Niii nhCf giao", y chi
ldi giao tie'p than thiet de'n miic tao, mdy
"sudng sd" Trong tieng Han hien dai cd
ttr ,^^ S] va tieng Viet cd ttr "con did"
cung cd each dung tuong tu nhu vay, dting
de chi hai thai cue trai ngugc nhau: he't sire
cam ghet va cue ky yeu men
Khae vdi tieng Han hien dai, dai ttr
nhan xung ngdi thir hai trong tieng Han
CO kha phong phii, ngoai ^k, '1^, -?" cdn
cd ^ nhuge, ifv nhi, TJ ndi Cd dieu, ba
dai ttr nay chi mang y nghla trung tfnh,
cd the diing thay the tuong duong nhu i^~
ni {you) va ij: 6^ ni de {your)
Sd lugng dai ttr nhan xung chi ngdi
thii hai trong tieng Han co kha ddng,
each dting rat linh hoat, y nghla ngir
dung cung ludn thay doi theo diln bien
xa hdi, khi thi sir dung vdi nghia khai
quat, trung tfnh, khi thi mang y nghla
bilu cam yeu ghet, tdn khinh Vi vay, khi chuyin dich sang tieng Viet, can xae dinh thdi gian, khdng gian, hoan canh ciia tac gia, tac phdm ngir ngudn, cu thi
la tieng Han, hay ndi khae di la trudc khi chuyen dich sang ngdn ngir dfch (tieng Viet), cac dich gia can dich trong ndi bd ngir ngudn (tieng Han)
Cac dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong ndi bd tieng Han ciing cd khae biet giira tieng Han cd va tieng Han hien dai Sau qua trinh gian hda, dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai trong tieng chi cdn lai ij; (thdng xung) va /£ (tdn xung) Dai ttr
nhan xung sd ft ij: ni dugc phat triin ttr /p nhi trong tieng Han co Su xuat hien ciia /* nin ngdi thii hai mang y nghia
kinh ximg trong tieng Han hien dai
da dugc nhilu nha lich sir ngdn ngir hgc Han quan tam, nghien ciiru Theo ^^^-frf-,
(Nguyen nhdn chgn dgi tif nhdn kinh ximg Ht- nin), dang tren bao Joumal of
Zhangjiakou Vocational College of Technology, sd 19 ky 4 thang 12 nam
2006, 1-E: nin la hgp am ciia j.^-fl'l ni men
(dai ttr nhan xung ngdi thii hai sd nhieu)
Dai ttr i^.ii] ni men dugc dge m6m la
nim, sau chuyen thanh nin f£, nim-nin
Vuong Luc, nha nghien ciiru lich sir ngdn
ngir Han cho rdng, dai ttr fS nin khi mdi
xua't hien d thdi Tdng Nguyen khdng
mang y nghla kinh ximg Vi du: ""l];!./^
^^ikk."" Ta Id chii re cita ede chdu i't
a day chi cac chau i^^-ii] (you) Xet ttt
binh dien ngii am, dng cho rdng M nin
la ndi tdt ciia ttr td i ^ ^ A ^ ni lao
renjia (ninlao - nil- nin)
Tieng Han cd dac thti y nghla nhieu khi bat ngudn ttr ban than van tu
Thudng nhirng chir Han cd bd 'C^' tdm
Trang 6TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009 NGUYEN NGQC LONG
nhu: ,^- trung, 1^ niem, ^ sdu, ^,t- ddc,
^ edm, & tu diu bilu thi sac thai tinh
cam Phan tfch ttr bd cue chir j!t- nin cho
ta y nghia lien tudng de'n bilu thi sir kinh
trgng, tdn thd Tren bd tdm cd chii -f.lr ni
('C^Ji^'f,^ ldm thugng hiTii nhi)
Sau nay, cung vdi sir phat triin cua
xa hdi, iiy ni, i!t nin cd su khu biet vl
nghla ngir dung, 'f.l^ (thdng ximg) chi
ngdi thii hai sd it, mang y nghia trung
tfnh cao i!t- (kinh ximg) dung cho ca so
nhilu va sd ft Hien tugng dai ttr nhan
xung sd nhieu hay kem theo nghia tdn
ximg cd d nhilu ngdn ngir Trong tieng
Anh CO dai ttr thou (i^) luc ddu khdng
mang y nghia kinh xifng, sau nay xuat
hien you, ye (/^.), sau dd thou dan dan ft
dung cho de'n the ky XVIII thi hoan toan
khdng sir dung nira Khdng cdn thou
mang y nghla dd'i lap, you cung khdng
cdn nghia {kinh xifng) ma dting vdi y
nghla khai quat, trung tinh hoan toan
Tdm lai, Iy giai y nghia ngi bd ban
than ngir ngudn (tieng Han) thuc su cd y
nghia cho qua trinh chuyin dich Han
-Viet Cd dieu, qua trinh phat triin, sir
bien doi cua tu than cac dai ttr nhan xung
tieng Han thii vi bao nhieu thi viec tim
cac tuong duong trong ngii dfch de
chuyin dich lai phiic tap bay nhieu Tam
If ciing nhu chien lugc trong giao tie'p d
bat ky ngdn ngii nao ciing deu phiic tap
Ldi xung hd rat chi tiet, bieu cam cua
tieng Viet chuyin tai dugc dieu nay, dac
biet d ngdi thii hai Ngugc lai tieng Han
hien dai vdi ldi xung hd mang tfnh khai
quat, sir dung dai ttr ij:, it Tat ca cac
trang thai tam If, tinh cam ciia cac thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p trong cac md'i quan he chdng chit ciia xa hdi diu gdi
ggn trong hai ttr i^., it Khi chuyen djch
se dugc cac dich gia ma hda, chi tiet hda
dl ddc gia ngdn ngii dfch (tieng Viet) cd thi cam nhan dugc y nghla ngii dung ma ban than ngii nguon mudn chuyen tai thdng qua cac ttr xung hd
N.N.L
Tai lieu tham khko chinh
1 Nguyin Tai Cdn: Mgt so vdn de ve
ngdn ngii hgc Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hpc &
THCN, 1981
2 Nguyin Hdng Cdn: Co sd ngon ngU
hgc ciia nghien cdu dich thudt vd bg mon dich thudt hgc, Ngdn ngif, sd 8, 2004
3 Nguyin Van Khang: Tieng Hdn dViel
Nam vdi tu each Id mgt ngogi ngit, Tap chf Ngon nga, so 1,1999
4 Le Dinh Khdn: Tit viflig gdc Hdn trong tieng Viet hien dgi, Nxb Dai hpc quo'c
gia Tp Hd Chf Minh, 2002
5 Nguyin Ngpc San: Anh hudng cUa
tieng Hdn vdo tieng Viet, trong Nghien citu
vd dgy hgc lieng Hdn (Ki yS'u Hpi thao khoa
hpc qud'c te), 2006, U.263-281
6 F$ia^: {^m^^^it^my, x
^#r: J i ^ l r ^ h i f # l f it ;jg.?i 2000
7 f,f.®i^: {^^^%itX^-} , itt^:
^ h i | - # t # ^ * ^ % tb;&^i 1984./
58