Mục tiêu và đối tượng nghiên cứu của luận án - Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Luận án nghiên cứu quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp trên cơ sở tích hợp giữa quy hoạch cư trú với việc nâng cao các chỉ số sinh kế bền vững cho người lao động và tạo lập các không gian thúc đẩy các hoạt động phát triển cộng đồng, để từ đó đề xuất các mô hình, giải pháp quy hoạch cũng như đưa ra một số công cụ hỗ trợ cho quy hoạch phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. - Đối tượng nghiên cứu: Đối tượng nghiên cứu bao gồm: quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp, sinh kế bền vững, phát triển cộng đồng, và mối quan hệ giữa các đối tượng trên. 2. Các phương pháp nghiên cứu đã sử dụng - Phương pháp tổng hợp, kế thừa, phân tích, đánh giá các tài liệu có liên quan (cả lý luận và thực tiễn) trong và ngoài nước. - Phương pháp khảo sát thực địa: Thực hiện tại các khu vực có dự án khu nhà ở công nhân được xây dựng tập trung, một số khu xóm trọ công nhân. - Phương pháp điều tra xã hội học. Thực hiện với 400 phiếu hỏi với mục tiêu đánh giá thực trạng nhà ở, chỉ số sinh kế bền vững và mức độ phát triển cộng đồng của công nhân với phiếu hỏi theo cấu trúc, phương pháp lấy mẫu thuận tiện (convenience sampling) tại 7 khu công nghiệp trong khu vực nghiên cứu và sử dụng phương pháp phân tích định lượng để đưa ra kết quả đánh giá. - Phương pháp lấy ý kiến chuyên gia. Thực hiện việc lấy ý kiến chuyên gia về vấn đề nghiên cứu thông qua tổ chức 2 hội thảo về nhà ở xã hội, nhà ở công nhân và phiếu hỏi chuyên gia trong việc xây dựng tiêu chí đánh giá quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân. - Phương pháp dự báo. Dựa trên các dữ liệu về thực trạng phát triển, số lao động trong các khu công nghiệp cùng với xu hướng phát triển công nghiệp và việc làm để đưa ra các kịch bản dự báo về số lao động, thu nhập và nhu cầu về nhà ở công nhân trong giai đoạn đến năm 2030. 3. Nội dung nghiên cứu. Theo mục tiêu đề ra, luận án đã thực hiện các nội dung: - Tổng hợp, đánh giá quá trình hình thành và phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân trên thế giới, khảo sát, phân tích, đánh giá thực trạng phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH. Nhận diện những vấn đề cần giải quyết trong việc quy hoạch xây dựng các khu nhà ở công nhân hướng tới mục tiêu phát triển bền vững về mặt xã hội. - Tổng hợp, nghiên cứu các cơ sở quan trọng trong việc phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân, bao gồm: i) Tổng hợp, phân tích các cơ sở pháp lý có liên quan; ii) Tổng hợp, đánh giá các quan điểm lý luận liên quan đến lĩnh vực quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân, sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng; iii) Đánh giá các cơ sở thực tiễn trong phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH. - Đề xuất các mô hình và giải pháp quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân khu công nghiệp vùng ĐBSH, các mô hình đầu tư và một số công cụ hỗ trợ cho phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân gắn với sinh kế bền vững và cộng đồng. 4. Những đề xuất mới. Trong nghiên cứu, tác giả có những đề xuất mới: - Quan điểm và nguyên tắc quy hoạch. Nghiên cứu đưa ra các quan điểm và nguyên tắc quy hoạch phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân gắn với sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng toàn diện và đa chiều, không chỉ giải quyết khía cạnh cư trú mà còn gắn với các vấn đề xã hội trong khu nhà ở cho người lao động. - Các mô hình quy hoạch khu nhà ở công nhân. Các mô hình quy hoạch được đề xuất với cách tiếp cận tích hợp giữa quy hoạch cư trú với quy hoạch gắn với sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng. Trên cơ sở tích hợp, tác giả đưa ra 3 mô hình lý thuyết về khu nhà ở công nhân: 1) Khu nhà ở công nhân là một phần trong khu đô thị mới; 2) Khu nhà ở công nhân phát triển độc lập; 3) Khu nhà ở công nhân phát triển gắn với các khu dân cư làng xã cũ. - Trình tự thực hiện quy hoạch chi tiết và việc phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân theo các giai đoạn. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra trình tự thực hiện quy hoạch chi tiết khu nhà ở công nhân, trong đó đề cao vai trò của các không gian công cộng dịch vụ trong việc nâng cao sinh kế bền vững và phát triển cộng đồng ngay từ giai đoạn đầu. - Các mô hình đầu tư khu nhà ở công nhân. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra các mô hình đầu tư phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. Trong đó, với các mô hình hiện đã có, tác giả đưa ra đề xuất cách thức thực hiện với quan điểm tổng hòa giữa quy hoạch cư trú, sinh kế và phát triển cộng đồng. Nghiên cứu cũng đưa ra một số mô hình phát triển mới, hướng đến cộng đồng và người dân, làm tăng tính đa dạng cho các mô hình đầu tư phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. - Các công cụ hỗ trợ cho quy hoạch, phát triển khu nhà ở công nhân. Nghiên cứu đã đưa ra 2 công cụ hỗ trợ việc quy hoạch phát triển các khu nhà ở công nhân, bao gồm: 1) Hệ thống cơ sở dữ liệu phục vụ cho phát triển và quản lý khu nhà ở công nhân; 2) Hệ thống tiêu chí đánh giá khu nhà ở công nhân.
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Trang 2Completed at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Academic advisor: Dr Pham Dinh Tuyen
Dr Phạm Quynh Huong
Reviewer 1: Prof Nguyen Quoc Thong
Reviewer 2: Dr Nguyen Xuan Hinh
Reviewer 3: Dr Le Thi Bich Thuan
The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Dissertation Evaluation Council at HUCE
On hour date month 2022
For further information, please visit National Library and Library of NUCE
Trang 3PREFACE
1 Research rationale
Workers of industrial sites are one of the recipients of the NOXH policy According to a report from Ministry of Planning and Investment, until June 2021, there are 228 active industrial sites nationalwide with 4,077,000 direct employees, among which 60% (2,446,000 people) has demand for housing However, until September 2021, there are only 121 complete social housing projects which provide accommodation for 380
000 of these workers Most employees live in places with poor infrastructure
Besides the lack of proper and qualified housing, factory workers struggle with multi-perspective challenges A project called Reporting Urban poverty conducted surveys among the migrated workers in Hanoi and concluded six main shortcomings, among which “high living cost” and “lack of social integration” are the most significant ones
According to the 2016 results from Institute of Worker Union the average duration of working life of industrial workers is 7 years It becomes common for factories to laid off employees who are above 35 years old This pattern is increasingly important in the Fourth Industrial Revolution where the rise of automation in chain production has been cutting down on human resources in Vietnam and other countries Therefore, how are we able to achieve industrial growth that provides sustainable social developments? How can former workers adapt to new jobs and changes after spending 10-15 years in industrial sites? With the aforementioned questions, the hypothesis of this dissertation is construction planning of a sustainable worker housing project aiming for not only increasing the quantity of accommodation but also motivating the development of human resources and sustainable livelihood The planning outcome also need to create connections within communities, in order for the workers to integrate into society and take part in constructing the values of their living area
Trang 4This vision is totally appropriate to the government agendas regarding sustainable developments as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable by the United Nations (UN)
For that reason, conducting scientific researches and proposing planning models of residential areas for workers in industrial parks is a crucial and practical step The Red River Delta was selected in the research because it plays an important economical role This area consists of 25%
of the industrial parks in Vietnam but it only meets 5% of the housing demand of workers, which is much lower than the national average
2 Purpose of the study
The purpose of study is to create standardized housing for industrial workers that provides a good living environment in which:
i) Motivate sustainable livelihood which helps workers adapt to future career changes
ii) Improve their integration and connection with the communities
3 Objectives of the study
- Principles and planning guidelines for worker housing models in industrial parks, which promote sustainable livelihood and community development and is the foundation for sustainable society within living spaces
- Models and solutions for worker housing planning in industrial parks consisting of: 1) Planning with accommodation for industrial workers 2) Planning with improvements of sustainable household and individual livelihood parameters 3) Planning with constructing spaces promoting community activities
- Investment models which develop worker housings with sustainable livelihood and social development; Supporting tools for housing planning for industrial workers
4 Research subjects
Planning of worker housing in industrial parks, sustainable livelihood,
Trang 5community development, and the relationships between the mentioned subjects
5 Scope of the study
5.1 Spatial scope
The study was conducted in housing areas for industrial workers in the Red River Delta including 11 provinces: Hà Nội, Vĩnh Phúc, Hà Nam, Hưng Yên, Bắc Ninh, Hải Dương, Thái Bình, Nam Định, Ninh Bình, Quảng Ninh
5.2 Duration of study
The study is proposed to execute until 2030, and projected until 2050
6 Research methods
i) Data collection, analysis and evaluation
ii) Direct interviews and on-site surveys
iii) Sociological surveys
iv) Expert method
v) Forecasting
7 Novelty of the dissertation
Authors selected a mix method approach with an aim of social development and stability This is a new approach in researching the planning of worker housing in industrial parks
The outcomes of the study delivered following contributions:
- Support scientific researches about housing planning for industrial workers with sustainable livelihood and community development
- Propose perspectives and principles regarding housing planning for industrial workers in the Red River Delta are with sustainable livelihood and community development
- Propose models and solutions for planning combining with accommodation, sustainable livelihood and community development
- Clarify investment models for developing worker housings, in order to diversify social housings for industrial workers
Trang 6- Propose elementary content for the database and system of parameters evaluating the worker housing planning with sustainable livelihood and community development
8 Explanation of concepts and terms
8.1 Worker housing in industrial parks
Worker housing in industrial parks is a social housing project constructed for mainly industrial workers
8.2 Sustainable livelihood
Livelihood and Sustainable livelihood: Livelihood consists of capabilities, capital and social assets, and essential activities in order to provide an income The livelihood is sustainable when it is able to adapt and recover from changing circumstances or to improve its capabilities and assets in the presence and the future
Resources for sustainable livelihood: human capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, and natural capital
Housing planning with sustainable livelihood: Housing planning with sustainable livelihood in which solutions reach for the growth of five resources of sustainable livelihood
8.3 Community development
Community: In this study, community is a group of individuals living together in a specific area and having common psychological attributes which interact among each other, and using existing resources
to achieve mutual goals
Community development: Community development include progresses, contributed by the government and citizens, in order to improve the economy, society, culture of communities and achieve sustainable development goals
Housing planning with community development: Housing planning with community development is when the planning solutions aim toward constructing spaces for activities that boosting community
Trang 7development, as well as when there are policies encouraging the community participation in developing and administrating the housing area
- Chapter 2: Scientific basis of the housing planning for workers
in the Red River Delta with sustainable livelihood and community development (40 pages)
- Chapter 3: Proposal of housing models for workers in the Red River Delta with sustainable livelihood and community development (58 pages)
- Conclusion and Recommendation (3 pages)
- List of scientific researches by the author (2 pages)
- Bibliography (6 pages)
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WORKER HOUSING PLANNING WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF WORKER HOUSINGS
IN THE WORLD
The study summarized the history of housing for industrial employees around the world, from the formation, large-scale expansion and re-establishment periods
1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE WORKER RESIDENIAL AREAS IN VIETNAM
1.2.1 Community houses (nha tap the) constructed before 1986
The study provided an overview and analysis of the formation and
Trang 8changes of community houses for workers before 1986
1.2.2 Worker residential areas in industrial parks in Vietnam
The author summarized the current situation of housing developments for workers worldwide, including several large-scale models in Binh Duong and Dong Nai The author also compared the status quo of worker’s housing areas developed by Vietnam Trade Union to the initial critera of the projects
1.3 THE STATUS QUO OF THE WORKER RESIDENIAL AREAS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA AREA
1.3.1 Worker residential areas in the Red River Delta area
The author listed and compared current working housing models in the Red River Delta area based on nearly 20 active concentrated worker housing projects and several rental housing for industrial workers In conclusion, the current situation of industrial worker housings consists
of 2 types:
a) Worker housing projects
Current investment models of concentrated worker housing include: i) Government-funded housing; ii) Private housing invested by industrial infrastructure firms; iii) Private housing invested by property firms; iv) Private housing invested by industrial firms (mostly FDI firms) The author collected, analyzed, and compared these types of worker housings based on location, scale, planning solutions, accommodation type, mortgage or rental status, purchasing or rental cost, and public services within the living area
b) Worker informal rental housing
The author surveyed, collected, and analyzed the current informal rental housing model for workers of industrial parks It is seen that the spontaneous, unauthorized development and formation of rental housing for workers in nearby residential villages leads to different issues: i) Regarding workers: Most of the housings did not meet the criteria and lacked services which make a detrimental impact on the living standard;
Trang 9ii) Regarding residential villages: An increase in population density leads to problems of infrastructure, security, and environment
1.3.2 Status quo of the sustainable livelihood and community development among workers in industrial parks
The current level of sustainable livelihood and community development among workers of industrial parks is relatively low The surveyed statistics clearly showed the pending problems: i) Most industrial workers are unskilled; ii) Low income; iii) Unstable jobs; iv) Difficulties in accessing social services; v) Lack of physical and entertainment activities
1.4 EXPERT PERSPECTIVE AND RELEVANT RESEARCHES The author outlined different perspectives from experts attending 2 conferences about social housing and worker housing, as well as summarized scientific researches relevant to the study Besides that, the author also looked into applicable policies and guidelines
1.5 OVERALL ISSUES AND ATTEMPTED ISSUES IN THE STUDY
1.5.1 Overall issues
The author analyzed, compared, and contrasted the current situation
of worker housings in Vietnam with the international social housing development The results of other countries, including developed and developing ones, can be studied, modified and applied into the situation
of Vietnam Furthermore, the author showed pending issues regarding the development of worker housing in industrial parks in Vietnam and
in the Red River Delta area, including:
a) Obstacles in developing worker housings
- Lack of qualified housing resources
- Lack of supervision regulations regarding the planning and construction of worker housing projects in the development of industrial parks The role of investors are relatively insignificant in the
Trang 10development of the development of worker housings
- Lack of control and inspection regulations, leading to industrial firms constructing the housings within the factory area and not separated from the production activities
- Lack of regulations which encourage property firms to enter the worker housing market
b) Lack of investment policies regarding public infrastructure and social services
There are clear “spaces” for responsibility in the development of public infrastructure and social services for workers
c) Social problems in worker housings
- Consequences of low living standards: Poor accommodation conditions and the lack of public infrastructure greatly influence the physical and mental health of workers It is common for children to live away from their laborer parents
- Income: Reports showed that most workers of industrial park have
a low level of income and high unemployment rate after 35 years old The livelihood resources, including human or physical capital, are not fully developed and even declines due to poor living quality, which prevents them from finding new jobs
- Community problems: A lack of environment for communication, public space, policies and activities supporting the worker’s integration into the community
d) Lack of criteria and specific standards for planning and developing housing for industrial workers
- Lack of criteria for the planning of worker housings: There are currently no specific criteria for the planning of housing projects for industrial workers
- Lack of regulations controlling the development of rental housings for workers in surrounding residential villages, including population density, architecture, safety guidelines, rental contracts
Trang 111.5.2 Issues discussed in the research
a) Theoretical basis: new thesis statements regarding the development
of industrial worker housings need to be constructed
- Changing perspectives on the planning of housings for workers The center is not “housing” but “worker”, with the harmony of physical and mental health demands to achieve social development of individuals
- Changing perspective on the development of worker housings, from
“welfare” to “benefits” Besides pressuring industrial firms and local authorities to be responsible in developing worker housings, it is necessary to promote the benefit of stakeholders, especially private contractors, social organizations and workers
- The development and creation of policies regarding worker housing needs to project future changes in order to help workers increase their income and find stable jobs
- Researching the symbiotic relationship between concentrated worker housings and nearby villages and urban space Recognizing the role of privately owned rental homes for workers to develop appropriate management solutions
b) Solution for the planning and development of industrial worker housings
- Constructing theoretical model and planning solutions for industrial worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development On this basis, proposing suggestions regarding population and spatial statistics of the planning models
- Researching investment models of industrial worker housing aiming for the diversification of investment models
- Proposing tools supporting the planning and development of worker housings towards sustainable livelihood and community development
Trang 12CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE PLANNING OF WORKER HOUSINGS WITH SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
2.1 LEGAL BASIS
2.1.1 Government publications regarding the planning of worker housings with sustainable livelihood and community development
The author collected, summarized and analyzed: i) Documents related
to the planning of worker housings; ii) Government publications regarding the development of worker housings; iii) Government publications regarding sustainable livelihoods; iv) Documents related to community development
2.1.2 Regulations and criteria for construction planning of worker housings
The study summarized current regulations regarding the investment and construction of worker housings, including: Investor of the worker housing construction, Land bank for worker housing construction, Preferential policies and supports for social housing projects for industrial workers, Price regulations, Construction criteria for social housings, Mixed development of social housing and commercial property, National construction planning criteria regarding the planning
of worker housings
2.2 THEORETICAL BASIS
2.2.1 Theoretical bases of the planning of worker housings
2.2.1.1 Theoretical basis of living and working spaces along with the industrial development
The author analyzed how the relationship between living and working spaces changes throughout the periods: 1) Pre-capitalist development stage (until the end of 18th century); 2) Capitalist development stage (until the middle of 20th century); 3) Science and technology
Trang 13development stage (until the end of 20th century); 4) Digital technology development stage (21th century)
2.2.1.2 Theoretical bases of neighborhood regarding the planning of worker housings, sustainable livelihood and community development
In the 20th century, the appearance of theories related to the spatial arrangement of housings and cities, based on spaces for public services and community activities The author summarized and analyzed the theories: a) Neighborhood unit principle, b) Unité d'Habitation de Marseille principle, c) New Urbanism, d) Other new principles of urban planning
2.2.2 Theoretical bases of sustainable livelihood
The authored analyzed the approach to sustainable livelihood by UNDP, CARE, and DFID It is seen that the main content of the sustainable livelihood framework is human (and their livelihood) being the center
of the development Accordingly, human depends on 5 livelihood sources, including: human capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, and natural capital Another reasoning directly related to the household livelihood is income diversification
2.2.3 Theoretical bases of community development
Reasonings: The author summarized and analyzed reasonings of community, including: Egan’s wheel of sustainable community, Elinor Ostrom’s tragedy of the common, reasonings of community and mixed-income housing It is seen that in order for a worker housing to be sustainable and prosperous, the diversity of inhabitants should be promoted and the active participation of inhabitants need to be enhanced
Furthermore, the study also summarized factors that evaluate the connection and scale of community, and analyzed the relationship between community development and economic growth, as well as proposed characteristics of a community of industrial zone workers