Tài liệu Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude and Latitude docx

Martin Beniston Elements of climatic change and extremes relevant to forests 17 Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development 1 Rainer Matyssek, David Karnosky, Gerhard Wies

23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems

Murten, Switzerland September 7–12, 2008

Abstracts

Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude and Latitude

23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems

Murten, Switzerland September 7-12, 2008 Abstracts

Edited by Marcus Schaub, Michèle Kaennel Dobbertin and Doris Steiner

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Michèle Kaennel Dobbertin

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Florence, Italy

Recommended form of citation

Schaub, M., Kaennel Dobbertin, M., Steiner, D (Eds) 2008 Air Pollution and Climate Change at Contrasting Altitude and Latitude 23rd IUFRO Conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems Murten, Switzerland, 7-12 Sept 2008 Abstracts Birmensdorf, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 162 pp

Electronic version available from

Library WSL

Zürcherstrasse 111

CH-8903 Birmensdorf

Url: http://www.wsl.ch/publikationen/books/index_EN

Foreword

The focus of the conference is on impacts and interactions of air pollutants and climate change on the tree performance across latitudinal and altitudinal ranges In particular, the regional specificities of tree and ecosystem responsiveness to anthropogenic stressors such as elevated CO2 and O3 regimes, enhanced nitrogen deposition and scenarios of climate change,

as represented through altered seasonal temperature and moisture regimes will be emphasized The overall aim of the conference is the advancement in risk assessment: which are the consequences for carbon sink strength in respect to the post-Kyoto policies? How are strategies such as the critical levels concept in risk assessment to be defined and evaluated

by exposure versus dose-related approaches of stress

diagnosis? How realistic are potentials towards process-based, i.e mechanistic concepts for risk assessment? In respect to the above questions the state of the art will be highlighted

We cordially invite you to this conference and would be

delighted to address the air pollution and climate change

effects on forests which will provide a broad, cause-effect related basis for environmental policy making

Martin Beniston

Elements of climatic change and extremes relevant to forests 17

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator

development

1

Rainer Matyssek, David Karnosky, Gerhard Wieser

Advances in understanding ozone risk in forest trees: key messages from Aspen

Filippo Bussotti, Chiara Cascio, Reto J Strasser, Marcus Schaub, Giacomo A Gerosa

General features of ozone stress on woody plants, detected by the chlorophyll a

Mireille Cabané, Brigitte Pollet, Jean-Claude Pireaux, Nicolas Richet, Françoise Huber, Jacques

Banvoy, Patrick Perré, Pierre Dizengremel, Catherine Lapierre

Effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on lignification in leaves and stems 20

Carlo Calfapietra, Silvano Fares, Francesco Loreto

Volatile organic compounds from vegetation and their interaction with ozone 21

Pierre Dizengremel, Yves Jolivet, Didier le Thiec, Marie-Paule Hasenfratz-Sauder, Matthieu

Bagard

Reducing power dependent on metabolic changes as an indicator of effective ozone

Matthias Dobbertin, Britta Eilmann, Peter Bleuler, Arnaud Giuggiola, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier,

Werner Landolt, Andreas Rigling

Response of mature Scots pines to drought stress: comparing various foliar and stem

Raphael Mainiero, Marian Kazda

Fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica and the influence of elevated ozone

Izabella Franiel, Anna Błocka

Leaf fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth as an indicator of environment

Irina Neta Gostin

Histological, morphological and micromorphological changes in Abies alba leaves and

young stems under the influence of air pollutants 28

Jožica Gričar, Primož Oven, Tom Levanič

Effect of the warm and dry 2003 growing season on wood formation dynamics in

Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg, Rainer Steinbrecher, Matthias Dobbertin, Pierre Vollenweider,

Nicla Contran, Sandra Hermle, Elena Paoletti

Querco: Oak model ecosystems under climate change 30

Elina Häikiö, Vera Freiwald, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto, Egbert Beuker, Toini Holopainen, Elina

Oksanen

Differences in autumn senescence and foliar phenolics in ozone sensitive and tolerant

Kaisa Hartikainen, Anne-Marja Nerg, Minna Kivimäenpää, Elina Oksanen, Toini Holopainen

Leaf structural characteristics and plant VOCs affecting defence responses against

elevated temperature and ozone on European aspen 32

Sun Mi Je, Su Young Woo, Soo Zin Rayng, Joo Han Sung

Photosynthetic properties and stomatal conductance traits of Platanus occidentalis

growing under two levels of air pollution along the streets of Seoul 33

Hojka Kraigher, Franc Batič, Primož Simončič

Bioindication of disturbances as reflected in belowground processes in forest

Ebe Merilo, Ingmar Tulva, Eve Eensalu, Olaf Räim, Carlo Calfapietra, Olevi Kull

The effect of elevated CO2 on leaf nitrogen partitioning between photosynthetic and

non-photosynthetic functions in poplar (EuroFACE) during and after CO2 fumigation 35

Suvi Nikula, Pertti Pulkkinen, Sirkku Manninen

Growth and frost hardiness of European and hybrid aspen as influenced by water and

Elena Paoletti, Angela J Nunn, Nancy Grulke, Ursula Metzger, Rainer Matyssek

Ozone amplifies short-term water loss from mature trees by slowing down stomatal

Populus maximowiczii Henry x P x berolinensis Dippel: a model tree to study ozone

Ingmar Tulva, Olaf Räim, Eve Eensalu

In situ photosynthesis of three poplar species in EuroFACE 40

Pierre Vollenweider, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn, Terry Menard, Madeleine S

Günthardt-Goerg

Structural changes in Ponderosa pine needles exposed to high ozone concentrations

in the San Bernardino Mountains near Los Angeles, CA 41

Session 2: Atmospheric deposition, soils and nutrient

cycles

2

Christian Kưrner

Sabine Braun, Vera F D Thomas, Walter Flückiger

Does nitrogen deposition increase carbon sink strength of forests? 43

Michela Rogora, Aldo Marchetto

Response of a forested watershed in Italy to changing N deposition detected through

Martine M Savard, Christian Bégin, Anna Smirnoff, Joëlle Marion

Tree-ring isotopic perspective on NOx and climate effects in regular field settings 45

Herman Sievering, Werner Eugster, Hugo Balster, Patrick Schleppi, Peter Waldner, Anne

Thimonier, Nina Buchmann

Photosynthetic efficiency vs canopy N uptake at a high-N-loading Swiss forest and at

a highly variable-N-loading Rocky Mountain subalpine forest 46

Anne Thimonier, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier, Maria Schmitt, Peter Waldner, Matthias Dobbertin,

Lorenz Walthert, Norbert Kräuchi, Patrick Schleppi

Exceedance of critical loads for nitrogen, nutrient status and forest condition on

Swiss Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) plots 47

Antti-Jussi Lindroos, John Derome, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari

Seasonal variation in DOC leaching from the tree canopy and uppermost forest soil

Yusuf Serengil, Süleyman Ưzhan

Nutrient and hydrological cycles in forest ecosystems: results of a long-term

Adina Călugăr

Effect of fluorine and heavy metals pollution on gamasid mite communities (Acari:

Gamasina) in forest ecosystems in Romania 50

Rosa Inclán, Daniel De La Torre, Dolores M Sánchez, Ana Maria Fernandez, Ángeles Clavero,

Maria del Mar Gonzalez, Ana Cardeña, Ramón Morante, Carla Uribe

Soil-surface CO2 efflux after a fire in a Holm oak, a Scots pine and a Pyrenean oak

Ahmet Karakaş, Mustafa Zengin, Mehmet Sarıgül, Faruk Ş Özay, Kazım Uluer

Assessment of forest damages caused by air pollution (SO2) in the western Black

Václav Lochman, Vít Šrámek, Věra Fadrhonsová, Zora Lachmanová

Long-term acid deposition in the Ore Mountains and its influence on the chemistry of

Johan Neirynck, Ivan A Janssens, Peter Roskams, Reinhart Ceulemans

Nitrogen biogeochemistry of a mature Scots pine forest subjected to high nitrogen

Dolores M Sánchez, Rosa Inclán, Maria Ángeles Clavero, Manuel Fernandez, Ana Cardeña,

Ramón Morante, Carla Uribe

Throughfall and open-field bulk precipitation chemistry in a Quercus ilex, a Quercus

pyrenaica and a Pinus sylvestris forest in the surrounding area of Madrid, Spain 57

Stefan Smidt, Friedl Herman

Altitude-related impact of air pollutants on Austrian forest ecosystems 58

Tomasz Staszewski, Piotr Kubiesa, Włodzimierz Łukasik, Jerzy Szdzuj

Response of spruce stands of national parks in southern Poland to air pollution

Vera F D Thomas, Sabine Braun, Walter Flückiger

The influence of N fertilization on N and P resorption efficiency and proficieny in

Session 3: Joint session on concept and application of

critical loads for forests

3

Martin Lorenz

Critical loads assessments for acidity and nitrogen by ICP Forests 61

Steven McNulty, Erika Cohen, Harbin Li, Jennifer Moore Myers, Timothy Sullivan

Estimates of critical acid loads and exceedances for forest soils across the

Need for more integrated collaboration between Europe and North America in

developing and implementing critical loads methodologies 63

Benjamin S Gimeno, Fengming Yuan, Mark Fenn, Thomas Meixner

Unique characteristics of Mediterranean ecosystems in relation to the determination

Rock Ouimet, Paul A Arp, Julian Aherne, Shaun Watmough

The critical loads approach: providing the basis for sustainable forest land

Lars Lundin

Effects of S, N and HM deposition on natural forest ecosystems 67

Till Spranger

Critical loads of nitrogen: definition and application in European air pollution policy 68

Sarah Jovan, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark Fenn

Effects of elevated nitrogen deposition on lichen communities of mixed conifer forests

Henning Meesenburg

Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen - application to intensive monitoring plots in

Tatiana Pampura, Eugenia Blagodatskaya, Steven Lofts

Application of heavy metal critical loads concept for forests: verification of critical

Zuzana Sitkovâ, Tomầ Hlâsny, Pavel Pavlenda, Vladimír Kunca

Climate change impacts on the exceedance of critical loads in forest ecosystems in

Nancy E Grulke

Plasticity in ecophysiological traits of western U.S conifers along elevational and

latitudinal gradients: implications for response to environmental uncertainty 73

Andreas Gruber, Gerhard Wieser, D Baumgartner, J Zimmermann, Walter Oberhuber

Growth dynamics and stem respiration in Pinus cembra (L.) 74

Leszek Karliński, Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Norway spruce and soil microbial communities in

forest sites with different environmental conditions 75

Seasonal and long-term effects of CO2 and O3 and their interaction with climate and

Rolf Siegwolf, Maria Rossella Guerrieri,, Matthias Saurer, Maya Jäggi, Paolo Cherubini,

Francesco Ripullone, Marco Borghetti

Different stressors in combination change the initial response of trees to air

pollutants: NO2 and drought effect on tree growth and stable C and O isotopes 78

Pierre Vollenweider, Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg

Structural changes triggered by zinc and ozone in plant foliage: comparison of

uptake routes, tissue and cell reactions of two abiotic stress elicitors 79

Ligia Acatrinei, Constantin Ciornei

Physiological aspects in leaves of Quercus petraea under chemical pollution in

Masatoshi Aoki, Shino Mizuno, Takahiro Kurohata, Shiro Hatakeyama , Katsutoshi Horie,

Toshiko Fukunaga

Single and combined effects of atmospheric concentration levels of ozone and

Masatoshi Aoki, Merina Azad Shahin, Yun Fan, Takahiro Kurohata, Takeshi Yokoyama, Osamu

Ninagi, Shiro Hatakeyama, Katsutoshi Horie

Single and combined effects of atmospheric concentration levels of ozone and

peroxides on the growth and survival of silkworm 82

Carlos Calderón Guerrero, Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg, Pierre Vollenweider

Urban trees and air pollution: Quantitative and qualitative results from Madrid 83

Carlos Correia, Jorge Ferreira Cardoso, Cármen Moreira, Berta Gonçalves, Eunice Bacelar,

Helena Ferreira, José Moutinho Pereira

Elevated CO2 and drought affect primary and secondary metabolism of pedunculate

Marisa Domingos, Patricia Bulbovas, Regina M de Moraes, Edenise S Alves, Bárbara B Moura,

Mirian C.S Rinaldi, Silvia R Machado

Suitability of Caesalpinia echinata L (brazilwood) as ornamental tree in an urban

Andreas Gruber, Walter Oberhuber, Lisa Walder, Daniela Spieler, Gerhard Wieser

Thermal acclimation of Pinus cembra gas exchange to microclimatic conditions along

Nancy E Grulke, Elena Paoletti, Thorsten E Grams, Angela J Nunn, Karl-Heinz Häberle,

Rainer Matyssek

Stomatal responses of European beech to short-term chronic to acute O3

Satoshi Kitaoka, Yoko Watanabe, Takayoshi Koike

Effects of nitrogen deposition and clear cutting of overstory larches on gas exchange

in four deciduous tree species growing in larch plantations 88

Elina Oksanen, Matti Rousi, Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Maarit Mäenpää, Kaisa Hartikainen, Anne

Kasurinen, Anne-Marja Manninen, Timo Oksanen, Johanna Riikonen, Toini Holopainen

Integrated effects of elevated ozone and temperature in aspen (Populus tremula) and

Ivan Seletković, Nenad Potočić, Damir Ugarković, Anamarija Jazbec, Renata Pernar, Ante

Seletković

The influence of climate and relief properties on crown condition status of Fagus

sylvatica: a case study in Medvednica massif, Croatia 91

Anu Sõber, Priit Kupper, Jaak Sõber, Arne Sellin, Krista Lõhmus, Olevi Kull

Free air experiment in deciduous tree canopy with air humidity manipulation (FAHM) 92

Gerhard Wieser, Walter Oberhuber, Andreas Gruber, Michael Bahn

High-elevation forests in a changing environment 93

Vitali Zverev

Impact of pollution and annual climatic fluctuations on growth of mountain birch 94

Elena Zvereva, Mikhail V Kozlov

Biotic effects of pollution in relation to climate: results of meta-analyses 95

Gail Taylor

Maren Olbrich, Elke Gerstner, Günther Bahnweg, Werner Heller, Frank Fleischmann, Wolfgang

Oßwald, Wilma Ritter, Thorsten E Grams, Maren Schmalmack, Wolfgang zu Castell, Karin

Pritsch, Barbro J Winkler, Dieter Ernst

Effects of abiotic and biotic stress on gene transcription in European beech (Fagus

sylvatica L.): from saplings to mature trees 97

Maria Rudawska, Leszek Karliński, Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka, Tomasz Leski

Effect of industrial pollution and host genotype on fine root production and

Tarja Silfver, Matti Rousi, Heikki Roininen, Elina Oksanen

Large genetic variation enables birch populations to adapt to climate change 99

Rainer Steinbrecher, Nicla Contran, Sandra Hermle, Madeleine Günthardt-Goerg, Jörg-Peter

Schnitzler, Ina Zimmer

Isoprene and photosynthesis: inter- and intra-specific variability in European oak

Changes in gene expression in aspen roots during aluminium stress and the potential 101

Maren Olbrich, Gunter A Betz, Evi Bieber, Elke Gerstner, Claudia Knappe, Susanne Stich,

Günther Bahnweg, Werner Heller, Dieter Ernst

Molecular regulation of primary and secondary metabolism in European beech upon

Maren Olbrich, Claudia Knappe, Marion Wenig, Elke Gerstner, Karl-Heinz Häberle, K

Mitsutoshi, Rainer Matyssek, Susanne Stich, Herbert Werner, Gerhard Müller-Starck, Dieter

Ernst, Werner Heller, Günther Bahnweg

Ozone fumigation (twice ambient) reduces infestation by the endophytic fungus

Apiognomonia errabunda in leaves of adult European beech trees 104

Cristina Vettori, Matthias Fladung, Maren Olbrich, Dieter Ernst, Markussen T., Manfred

Forstreuter, Maik Veste, D Paffetti, G Emiliani, Giorgio Citterio, Raffaello Giannini

Gene expression and ecophysiological analyses of different Fagus sylvatica genotypes

Werner Eugster

CO2 flux measurements near the alpine treeline at Davos: the need for long-term

Marco Ferretti, Filippo Bussotti, Marco Calderisi, Gianfranco Fabbio, Bruno Petriccione

Evidence of change in climate, pollution and vegetation in selected forest ecosystems

Giacomo A Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Riccardo Marzuoli, Antonio Ballarin Denti

Ozone, water, carbon dioxide and energy fluxes over a Mediterranean macchia in

Mikhail V Kozlov, Elena Zvereva, Vitali Zverev

Impact of point polluters on terrestrial biota: Comparative analysis 109

Angela J Nunn, Stan Cieslik, Nancy E Grulke, Elena Paoletti, Ursula Metzger, Rainer Matyssek

Comparison of ozone fluxes as determined above-canopy, at the canopy and the leaf

Remigijus Ozolinčius, Vidas Stakėnas, Rasa Buožytė, Brigita Serafinavičiūtė

Effects of artificial drought on the ground vegetation, crown condition and litterfall in

Scots pine stands: results of a roof experiment 111

Vidas Stakėnas, Remigijus Ozolinčius, Brigita Serafinavičiūtė, Rasa Buožytė

Effects of artificial drought on Scots pine pollen germination, fructification and seed

quality: results of a roof experiment in Lithuania 112

A reference data system for forest condition in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany 113

Algirdas Augustaitis, Ingrida Augustaitienė, Almantas Kliucius, Gintaras Pivoras, Dalia

Šopauskienė, Rasele Girgzdiene

Seasonal effect of regional pollution on Scots pine condition under changing climate

Saeng Geul Baek, Su Young Woo, Wilfredo M Carandang, Kyeong-nam Kim

Physiological and morphological differences of several tree species in degraded urban

Vicent Calatayud, Júlia Cerveró, María-José Sanz, Marcus Schaub

Visible injury in two poplar clones along an ozone transect 117

Ľubica Ditmarová, Katarína Střelcová, Jaroslav Kmeť, Rastislav Jakuš, Marek Fabrika

Eco-physiological aspects of spruce forest decline in northern Slovakia 118

Angelo Finco, Giacomo A Gerosa, Riccardo Marzuoli, Filippo Bussotti, Antonio Ballarin Denti

Seasonal variations of ozone exposure and fluxes in a coastal Holm oak forest 119

Stefan Godzik, Piotr Kubiesa, Włodzimierz Łukasik, Jerzy Szdzuj, Tomasz Staszewski

Response of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings to different pollution and climatic

Laura González, David Elustondo, Esther Lasheras, Raúl Bermejo, Jesús Miguel Santamaría

Moss biomonitoring of heavy metals and nitrogen in a Pyrenean forest ecosystem 121

Marcel Holy, Sébastien Leblond, Roland Pesch, Winfried Schröder

Spatiotemporal patterns of metal and nitrogen accumulation in French mosses 122

Lukas Kleppin, Roland Pesch, Winfried Schröder

Implementation of the WebGIS MossMet for the UNECE Moss Monitoring 123

Eugenija Kupcinskiene, Satu Huttunen

Factors influencing ammonia pollution effects on Scots pine stands 124

Eugenija Kupcinskiene, Alfredas Radzevicius, Ricardas Taraskevicius, Vitas Marozas, Aida

Stikliene, Asta Judzentiene, Sabina Mikulioniene, Almantas Kliucius, Edmundas Bartkevičius,

Dalia Jasineviciene, Isabelle Schwob, Jacques Rabier, Rimante Zinkute

Present cement dust pollution still effects Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) 125

Niina M Lappalainen, Satu Huttunen, Kaisa Lakkala, Hanne Suokanerva

Acclimation of an endohydric moss Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw to light and

Leona Matoušková, Iva Hůnová

Surface ozone concentrations and visible leaf injury of selected species in the

Nenad Potočić, Ivan Seletković, Matjaž Čater, Anamarija Jazbec, Mario Šango

Ecophysiological response of beech seedlings grown under excessive sun conditions

Aldo Marchetto, Michela Rogora, Rosario Mosello, Ombretta Tornimbeni, Silvia Arisci, Maria

Cristina Brizzio

10-years monitoring of atmospheric deposition chemistry at the ICP Forests plots in

Judit Sitkey

Ecophysiological investigations on ICP Forests Level II plots in Hungary 132

Vít Šrámek, Radek Novotný, Emílie Bednářová

Forest vitality, forest growth and indicators of ozone injury in regions with different

Peter Waldner, Gặlle Logeay, Andreas Papritz, Norbert Kräuchi, Werner Landolt, Isabella

Sedivy, Patrick Schleppi

Heavy metals accumulation in spruce needles indicating fine particulate matter

pollution along traffic routes through the Swiss Alps 134

Peter E Thornton, Scott C Doney, Keith Lindsay, J Keith Moore, Natalie Mahowald, James T.

Randerson, Inez Fung, Jean-François Lamarque, Johannes J Feddema, Yen-Huei Lee

Fundamental influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on climate-carbon cycle

Aleksander Astel, Stanisław Małek

Multiple modeling in water chemistry flows assessment in a mountain spruce

Marek Fabrika, Katarína Střelcová, Ľubica Ditmarová

Tree growth simulator as a tool for tree transpiration modeling depending on climatic

Johan Uddling, Ronald M Teclaw, Kurt S Pregitzer, Davis S Ellsworth

Stomatal ozone uptake of forest trees under rising atmospheric [CO2] and

Colin Whitfield, Shaun Watmough, Julian Aherne, Marjorie McDonald

Assessing the risk of acidification from industrial activities in the Athabasca Oil Sands

Forest ecosystem responses to nitrogen loads under a changing climate: results from

integrated dynamic modelling of forest ecosystems in Switzerland and Sweden 140

Alessandra De Marco, Ilaria D’Elia, Mariantonia Bencardino, Augusto Screpanti, Giovanni

Vialetto

Risk assessment for ozone and nitrogen impacts on forestall vegetation 142

Giacomo A Gerosa, Angelo Finco, Riccardo Marzuoli, Antonio Ballarin Denti

Instantaneous reduction of carbon sequestration due to ozone uptake in a poplar

Elena Gottardini, Fabiana Cristofolini, Antonella Cristofori, Marco Ferretti

Local scale variability of ozone concentration, exposure and impact on vegetation in a

Iva Hunova

How to map surface ozone levels for vegetation risk assessment? A case study from

Hubert Jochheim, Martina Puhlmann, Fritz Beese, Dirk Berthold, Peter Einert, Reinhard

Kallweit, Alexander Konopatzky, Henning Meesenburg, Karl-Josef Meiwes, Stephan Raspe,

Hubert Schulte-Bisping, Christoph Schulz

Modeling the carbon budget of selected German forest intensive monitoring test sites

Riccardo Marzuoli, Giacomo A Gerosa, Rosanna Desotgiu, Filippo Bussotti, Antonio Ballarin

Denti

Effectiveness of the stomatal flux approach in predicting the onset of foliar visible

Markus Meili, Ishi Buffam, Peder Blomkvist, Hjalmar Laudon, Kevin Bishop

Climatic influences on the coupling of water fluxes, organic carbon fluxes and

Roland Pesch, Gunther Schmidt, Winfried Schröder

Mapping the carbon sequestration in forests of North Rhine-Westphalia - applying

Gerhard Soja, Werner Hann, Stephan Pietsch

Medium-term trends in meteorological conditions, ozone exposure and ozone uptake

of oak trees in eastern Austria: a trend analysis 1990–2007 150

Makoto Watanabe, Naoki Matsuo, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Hideyuki Matsumura, Yoshihisa Kohno,

Takeshi Izuta

Risk assessment of ozone for carbon absorption of representative Japanese conifers 151

Martin Beniston

While changes in the long-term mean state of climate will have many important consequences

on numerous environmental, social, and economic sectors, the most significant impacts of climatic change are likely to arise from shifts in the intensity and frequency of extreme weatherevents Indeed, insurance costs resulting from extreme weather events have been steadily increasing over the last two decades, in response to both population pressures in regions thatare at risk, but also because of the frequency and severity of certain forms of extremes are changing Regions which have been safe from catastrophic wind storms, heat waves, and floods are increasingly becoming more vulnerable to these events The associated damage costs would consequently be extremely high

Some attention will be given to the impacts that changes in mean climate and also extreme events may have on forests, and the feedbacks of forest structures on climate, both in the tropical countries and the mid-latitude zones It will be seen that many of the processes

involved are a complex mix of social, environmental and technological factors A holistic view isthus necessary to address climate/forest issues and in order to respond to the needs of the

“end-user community” (i.e., policy makers and the general public) with a view of finding

adequate, sustainable solutions to these problems

Chair for Climate Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Elements of climatic change and extremes relevant to forests

Opening keynote

Corresponding author: Martin Beniston (Martin.Beniston@unige.ch)

Rainer Matyssek (1), David Karnosky (2), Gerhard Wieser (3)

Contrasting with the 1980s, when the anthropogenic enhancement of tropospheric ozone (O3)was controversially debated as a factor driving local forest decline phenomena, this agent hasgained global importance, given the well-proven long-distance transport across continents andpredicted new "hot spots" of O3 emission in many parts of the world Although immediate O3 risk of dying trees and forests is presently regarded to be unlikely, consensus exists about thehigh injurious potential of enhanced O3 regimes and their chronic risks that, can result from interaction with other factors such as elevated CO2, parasites, drought) In view of "climate change" scenarios, O3-induced long-term mitigation of the carbon sink strength of tree

vegetation has become a new concern, also with respect to post-Kyoto policies Hence, reliablecause-effect based O3 risk assessment of trees and forests has become more important than ever Still, knowledge about O3 effects on trees is dominated by the outcome of experimental studies with juvenile individuals under growth conditions of limited ecological significance

Available information of this kind mostly shows distinct O3 sensitivity, although evidence is inconsistent across tree species and genotypes as well as successional status (pioneer vs

climax) or growth habit (evergreenness vs deciduousness) New perspectives towards

ecologically meaningful clarification have been opened, through advances in free-air fumigationmethodology, allowing controlled experimentation with enhanced O3 regimes, also in

combination with elevated CO2, on mature trees in plantations and forests Two prominent studies of this latter kind were Aspen FACE (Rhinelander, USA) and CASIROZ/SFB 607

(Freising, Germany), key findings of which will be cross-compared and examined for

becoming evident within Aspen FACE (Populus tremuloides/Betula papyrifera vs Acer

saccharum) compared to CASIROZ/SFB 607 (Fagus sylvatica vs Picea abies) Comparisons will

be extended towards experimental findings on O3 responsiveness from the harsh timberline

ecotone of the European Alps, exemplifying Larix decidua (deciduous pioneer) vs Pinus

cembra (evergreen climax species) In demonstrating such comparisons, the need for basing

O3 risk assessment on mechanistic grounds will become evident, the latter being defined

through the biophysics of O3 uptake (i.e., actual O3 dose) and the metabolic sensitivity

expressed on an O3 uptake basis (i.e., effective dose) Novel experimental concepts for

achieving this task will be addressed, enabling for tree-stand process scaling and new modelingtools for O3 risk assessment On the grounds of methodological advances and recent evidence

(1) Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany

(2) School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton,

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Rainer Matyssek (matyssek@wzw.tum.de)

Filippo Bussotti (1), Chiara Cascio (1), Reto J Strasser (2), Marcus Schaub (3), Giacomo A Gerosa (4)

This paper re-analyzes fluorescence data from open-top chamber (OTC) experiments, already published by different research groups, in order to individuate some general features of ozonestress on woody plants

The experiments were carried out by Swiss and Italian research groups at the experimental research facilities of the Lattecaldo cantonal forest nursery (Switzerland, managed by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf) and the Curno regional forest nursery (Italy, managed by FLA, Milan and Catholic University at Brescia) The experimental settings were similar and consisted of four charcoal filtered (CF) and four non-filtered air chambers (NF,where O3 concentrations are about 92% in respect to ambient air) The woody species

assessed were: Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium, Viburnum lantana, Fagus sylvatica, Populus

nigra and Quercus robur Ozone levels (AOT40 April-September) were close to 25 ppm·h at

both sites, for all the considered years

Chl a fluorescence transients of intact leaves were measured by means of direct fluorescence

at different times during the seasons On a logarithmic time scale, the rising transient from F0(when all the reaction centres of the PSII are open, i.e when the primary acceptor quinone QA

is fully oxidised) to FP (where FP = FM under saturating excitation light) had a polyphasic

behavior The analysis of the transient is called the JIP-test

Ambient ozone concentrations lead to the closure of reaction centres (RC), which function as dissipater centers All the parameters connected to dissipation were also increased The

quantum yield efficiency (FV/FM) demonstrated only little sensitivity The response was not proportional to ozone exposition and/or fluxes During the first part of the season, leaves werevery resilient and photosynthesis could be transiently stimulated by ozone Only towards the end of the growing season, efficiency and performance parameters showed a sudden drop Forspecies with terminated growth during the first part of the season, ozone has little effect on carbon fixation and storage Growth was significantly reduced in species with a continuous growth pattern The comparison of the shape of FT normalized per F0 and FM and per F0 and FJshows evident peaks at the steps K, J and I Each peak corresponds to specific biochemical events K indicates the reduced efficiency in the water splitting system J indicates a QA

accumulation in the single turnover region I-peak seems to be more specifically connected toozone stress due to the inactivation of Rubisco

(1) University of Florence, Dept of Plant Biology, Firenze, Italy

(2) University of Geneva, Bioenergetics Laboratory, Jussy-Geneva, Switzerland

(3) Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

(4) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy

General features of ozone stress on woody plants, detected by the

chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (FT)

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Filippo Bussotti (filippo.bussotti@unifi.it)

Mireille Cabané (1), Brigitte Pollet (2), Jean-Claude Pireaux (1), Nicolas Richet (1), Françoise Huber (3), Jacques Banvoy (1), Patrick Perré (3), Pierre Dizengremel (1), Catherine Lapierre (2)

The industrial development has led to an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide but also resulted in an increase of tropospheric ozone concentrations Ozone has beensuggested to cause the greatest amount of damage to vegetation as compared to other

gaseous pollutants Plants submitted to various biotic or abiotic stresses respond with a

stimulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, especially in the case of oxidative stress induced

by wounding and pathogen attack This activation was associated to an increase in lignin synthesis near the site of infection (or wounding), which supports a role of lignin in disease resistance in leaves

In a similar way, we showed that ozone induced an increase of the phenylpropanoid pathway suggesting a possible role of lignin in ozone resistance Various plant species were cultivated inphytotronic chambers with different levels of ozone In all cases, we showed a coordinated increase of several enzymes involved in phenolic synthesis and particularly in lignin synthesis

in response to ozone treatment in leaves The stimulation of enzyme activities was generally associated with a higher Klason lignin content in extract-free leaves In addition, stress ligninssynthesized in response to ozone displayed a distinct structure, relative to constitutive lignins.The highest changes in lignification and in enzyme activities were obtained with the highest ozone dose All these results suggested a possible role of lignin in tolerance to ozone by

limiting the necrosis extension

Ozone combined with elevated carbon dioxide resulted in similar observations Nevertheless, the stimulation of lignin biosynthesis was less marked than with ozone alone High carbon dioxide could lower the detrimental effect of ozone in leaves

In stems, ozone reduced lignin biosynthesis probably due to lower availability in carbon

skeletons The modifications in cell-wall component synthesis were related to anatomical modifications and some wood properties

(1) UMR1137 INRA-Nancy Université, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Nancy, France

(2) UMR 206 AgroParisTech-INRA, AgroParisTech, Centre de Grignon, France

(3) LERMAB, ENGREF, Nancy, France

Effects of ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on lignification in leaves and stems

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Mireille Cabané (cabane@scbiol.uhp-nancy.fr)

Carlo Calfapietra, Silvano Fares, Francesco Loreto

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids)

represent an important source of the atmospheric hydrocarbons (Guenther et al., 1991) Biogenic VOC emissions almost double the anthropogenic source When biogenic VOCs mix with NOx in the presence of UV radiation, ozone is being formed Biogenic contribution to ozone formation is particularly frequent around conurbations, or following wind transport overareas with anthropic pollution This topic is particularly important in Mediterranean regions, since optimal conditions for ozone formation in terms of VOC/NOx ratios, abundance of UV radiation, and presence of urban areas and recurrent wind regimes, are present for long

periods of the year Moreover, Mediterranean vegetation includes several species that are strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions

Emission of isoprenoids can be an evolutive mechanism to cope with ozone from the plant standpoint Isoprenoids have been reported to remove and detoxify ozone in plants (Loreto etal., 2004) We present here current knowledge on the impact of rising ozone levels on

isoprenoid emission (Calfapietra et al., 2007), and evidences showing that species that emit isoprenoids are more protected against oxidative stress because of isoprenoid antioxidant functions (Loreto and Fares, 2007) This trait not only influences plant tolerance to ozone but also may substantially alter the flux of ozone between atmosphere and biosphere

References:

Calfapietra, C., Wiberley, A.E., Falbel, T.G., Linskey, A.R., Scarascia Mugnozza, G., Karnosky,D.F., Loreto, F., Sharkey, T.D., 2007 Isoprene synthase expression and protein levels are reduced under elevated O3 but not under elevated CO2 (FACE) in field-grown aspen trees Plant, Cell and Environment 30, 654-661

Guenther, A.B., Monson, R.K., Fall, R., 1991 Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate

variability: Observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, Journal ofGeophysical Research 96, 799-808

Loreto, F., Pinelli, P., Manes, F., Kollist, H., 2004 Impact of ozone on monoterpene emission

and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action of monoterpens emitted by Quercus ilex

leaves Tree Physiology 24, 361–367

Loreto, F., Fares, S., 2007 Is ozone flux inside leaves only a damage indicator? Clues from volatile isoprenoid studies Plant Physiology 143, 1096-1100

National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy

Volatile organic compounds from vegetation and their interaction with ozone

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Carlo Calfapietra (carlo.calfapietra@ibaf.cnr.it)

Pierre Dizengremel (1), Yves Jolivet (1), Didier le Thiec (2), Marie-Paule Hasenfratz-Sauder (1), Matthieu Bagard (1)

Long-term exposures of higher plants to low ozone concentrations affect biochemical processesprior to any detectable symptoms of visible injury On the other hand, the current critical level

of ozone used to determine the threshold for damaging plants (biomass loss) is still based on the seasonal sum of the external concentrations of the pollutant above 40 nL.L-1 (AOT40) A more relevant concept developed a flux-based approach taking into account the actual ozone flux in the leaf through the stomata (cumulative uptake of ozone=CUO) CUO however ignoresthe internal capacity of leaf defense, which led to the concept of "effective ozone flux", a

balance between stomatal flux and the intensity of cellular detoxification (Musselman et al., 2006; Paoletti and Manning, 2007; Wieser and Matyssek, 2007)

Although the direct detoxification of ozone (and ROS) can primarily be carried out by cell wall ascorbate, the existing level of ascorbate is not sufficient as a good indicator for the degree ofcell sensitivity (D’Haese et al., 2005) A regeneration of the antioxidant barrier is needed, implying an increased production of reducing power (NAD(P)H) It is made possible through the increased participation of the catabolic pathways In addition, the large change in the rubisco/PEPcase ratio, due to a huge increase in activity of the latter enzyme, leads to changes

in carbon isotopic discrimination which could, in turn, modify water use efficiency The

challenge is to adjust these indicators in a leaf-model system (Dizengremel et al., 2008)

References:

D’Haese, D., Vandermeiren, K., Asard, H., Horemans, N., 2005 Other factors than apoplastic

ascorbate contribute to the differential ozone tolerance of two clones of Trifolium repens L

Plant, Cell and Environment 28, 623-632

Dizengremel, P., Le Thiec, D., Bagard, M., Jolivet, Y., 2008 Ozone risk assessment for plants:central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power Environmental Pollution, in press

Musselman, R.C., Lefohn, A.S., Massman, W.J., Heath, R.L., 2006 A critical review and

analysis of the use of exposure- and flux-based ozone indices for predicting vegetation effects.Atmospheric Environment 40, 1869-1888

Paoletti, E., Manning, W.J., 2007 Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone that will also protect plants Environmental Pollution 150, 85-95

Wieser, G., Matyssek, R., 2007 Linking ozone uptake and defense towards a mechanistic risk assessment for forest trees New Phytologist 174, 7-9

(1) University Henri Poincaré Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre, France

(2) INRA Nancy, Champenoux, France

Reducing power dependent on metabolic changes as an indicator of effective ozone phytotoxicity

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Pierre Dizengremel (pierre.dizengremel@scbiol.uhp-nancy.fr)

Matthias Dobbertin, Britta Eilmann, Peter Bleuler, Arnaud Giuggiola, Elisabeth Graf Pannatier, Werner Landolt, Andreas Rigling

Climate change scenarios predict increasing temperature and reduced precipitation during

summer in central and southern Europe In the Rhone valley of Switzerland Scots pine (Pinus

sylvestris) forests are already declining with high mortality rates following dry and hot

summers Mean annual precipitation for pine forests ranges from 500 to 900 mm, in drought years as low as 300 mm

An irrigation experiment was set up in 2003 in a 90 year old Scots pine forest, located at 600

m altitude with annual precipitation of 600 mm The four irrigated and four control plots were randomly assigned They are 0.1 ha in size with 75 trees on average The irrigation, which is carried out at night during the monthsof April to October, roughly doubled the mean annual precipitation Various tree crown parameters were annually assessed on all trees, including relative foliage amount in 5%-steps and mortality In 2004, 13 dominant trees were selected,

7 from the irrigated and 6 from the control plots covering the whole range of foliage classes Their inter-annual growth was assessed weekly using the pinning method These trees were harvested in April 2006 and analyzed for tree ring width, stable carbon isotope ratios, shoot and needle length, fresh and dry weight and projected needle area

Irrigation had a significant effect on all of the parameters But tree foliage class also correlatedsignificantly with most parameters showing the influence of the sample tree selection Mean needle length, fresh and dry needle weight, shoot length and ring width all correlated positivelywith estimated foliage amount Specific leaf area and dry/fresh needle weight were negativelycorrelated Water use efficiency, as estimated from stable carbon isotope ratios, correlated highly with a calculated drought index and was higher for trees with lower foliage amount Trees with more foliage began stem growth earlier and ended later than trees with low foliage.Irrigation increased foliage amount between 2003 and 2007 by roughly 6%, while trees in control plots showed a loss of 10% foliage, probably due to the dry years 2003-2005 Mortalitywas 6.1% on the control plots as compared to 2.5% on the irrigated plots Irrigation increasedneedle length by up to 70%, shoot length up to 100%, ring width up to 150% of the control trees Ring width and water use efficiency reacted already in the first year of irrigation, shoot and needle length with a one-year delay Irrigated trees showed longer stem growth and a delayed earlywood/latewood transition than control trees Their water-use efficiency decreasedsignificantly, even for trees for lower foliage amount

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Response of mature Scots pines to drought stress: comparing various foliar and stem wood indicators

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Matthias Dobbertin (dobbertin@wsl.ch)

Raphael Mainiero (1), Marian Kazda (2)

Rising ozone (O3) levels were shown to reduce carbon-investments into the fine root system of

Fagus sylvatica Studies dealing with the influence of O3 on fine roots, however, did not

consider the pronounced temporal dynamics found in this species (Mainiero and Kazda, 2006).The present study thus focuses on the influence of elevated O3 concentrations on (i) the

temporal patterns of fine root growth and mortality in relation to seasonal changes of soil

temperature and water content and (ii) fine root longevity Using minirhizotrons, stands of

mature F sylvatica were studied in Southern Germany during 2004 Stands under ambient O3

levels (1xO3) were compared to fumigated trees being exposed to doubled O3 concentrations (2xO3, maximum of 150 ppb)

Under the 1xO3 regime, fine root growth and mortality were correlated (p<0.01) Fine root growth scaled positively to soil temperature (p<0.001) Fine root mortality increased with bothsoil temperature and water content (p<0.01) Thus, fine root turnover accelerated during

favorable soil conditions and shed fine roots were replaced immediately by new ones In

contrast, under elevated ozone concentrations, fine root growth and mortality were not

correlated Fine root mortality showed a significant relationship to soil temperature and water content (p<0.001) but fine root growth was not significantly related to soil conditions

Final survival for non-mycorrhizal roots did not differ significantly between the plots (1xO3: 41%, 2xO3: 33%, study period: 190 d) Differences, however, appeared for median fine root longevity (1xO3: 112 d, 2xO3: 170 d) and hazard functions, i.e the age specific failure rate, indicating a retardation in non-mycorrhizal fine root shedding as a compensatory response to altered turnover patterns No differences were found for mycorrhizal fine roots (1xO3: 15%, 2xO3: 19%)

The data suggest rising O3 levels to alter temporal patterns of fine root dynamics in F

sylvatica rather than its magnitude Interacting with seasonally changing soil conditions, these

altered patterns might lower the root system efficiency

References:

Mainiero, R., Kazda, M., 2006 Depth-related fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica during

exceptional drought Forest Ecology and Management 237, 135-142

(1) Institute For Applied Plant Biology IAP, Schönenbuch, Switzerland

(2) Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

Fine root dynamics of Fagus sylvatica and the influence of elevated ozone

concentrations

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Raphael Mainiero (raphael.mainiero@iap.ch)

Rocío Alonso, Susana Elvira, Victoria Bermejo, Ignacio González-Fernández, Benjamín S

Gimeno

The high levels of ozone frequently recorded in the Mediterranean region have promoted in thelast years the research into ozone sensitivity of species characteristic of the forests of this area A new approach based on stomatal ozone flux uptake has been adopted in Europe underthe Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE-CLRTAP) framework for establishing ozone critical levels for the protection of vegetation Considering stomatal ozone uptake instead of atmospheric exposure allows incorporating some modifying factors of plant ozone sensitivity such as species type, phenology and the influence of environmental

conditions

Previously reported experiments performed in open-top chambers (OTC) have described that

ozone affected the metabolism of Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera

seedlings, causing reductions of biomass and/or gas exchange rates, and disturbing plants ability to withstand other environmental stresses These ozone-induced alterations have been revised to study the relationships between the observed effects and stomatal pollutant uptake.Ozone fluxes to the different species throughout the experiments were calculated using the EMEP ozone deposition model (DO3SE, Deposition of Ozone and Stomatal Exchange) Specificparameterizations for each species recently published were used for the stomatal conductancemodel The suitability of using accumulated ozone flux uptake to predict effects on

Mediterranean evergreen vegetation will be discussed

Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT (Ed 70), Madrid, Spain

Relating ozone effects on Mediterranean evegreen forests species with ozone uptake fluxes: a review of experiments in Spain

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Rocío Alonso (rocio.alonso@ciemat.es)

Carlos Calderón Guerrero (1,2), Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg (1), Pierre Vollenweider (1)

Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a widespread and typical evergreen tree species of the

Mediterranean sclerophyll vegetation with as yet undescribed ozone symptoms Air pollution inthe city of Madrid, Spain is mainly caused by a dense road traffic as seen within large

conurbations (about 5.4 millions inhabitants) Considering Madrid's climate, the detrimental effect of ozone on plants is likely to affect trees in urban parks which provide valuable servicesfor public recreation and air filtration

Within the framework of a PhD thesis about the impact of air pollution on urban trees of

Madrid, abiotic ozone-like symptoms were detected in Q ilex In the present study, material

was sampled in June and October 2007 from three mature Holm oaks planted on a sunny and irrigated lawn strip near the Atocha train station in Madrid (650 m a.s.l.) to diagnose the cause

of visible symptoms Injury was documented at the site Branch samples, with up to four leaf generations and sometimes two leaf flushes per year, were collected and stored in a

herbarium Structural changes in fixed leaf discs were investigated using hand- and semi-thin cuttings AOT40 indices were calculated on the basis of hourly means of ozone concentration provided by a municipality air monitoring station in the vicinity

The climate in Madrid is mediterranean and continental but summer drought at the sampling site was alleviated by automatic irrigation In 2007, AOT40 (April to September) amounted to 7.55 ppm·h vs 13.45, 9.0, 11.26 and 14.55 ppm·h in 2006 back to 2003, respectively (TotalAOT40 2003–2007 = 55.80 ppm·h) Ozone concentrations were thus rather low in Madrid Themain visible injury appeared macroscopically as a bronze shading of the upper leaf surface increasing with leaf age and light exposure and appearing in C+1 and older foliage Under a magnifying glass, the change in color was caused by dense brownish stipples separated by strands of still greenish tissues thinning out with increasing leaf age; the lower leaf side alwaysremained asymptomatic Stipples were underlaid by discrete groups of necrotic cells showing typical markers of oxidative stress and hypersensitive responses The other factors of stress which were detected (dust deposition, insects and fungi) did not cause injuries in the

mesophyll Despite sclerophilly, ozone symptoms in foliage could be confirmed (which site irrigation probably strengthened) Moreover, similar visible injury was found at 14 other sites throughout the Madrid area Hence holm oak appeared to be sensitive to even moderate level

of ozone exposure

(1) Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

(2) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Visible and microscopic ozone symptoms in Quercus ilex

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Carlos Calderón Guerrero (pierre.vollenweider@wsl.ch)

Izabella Franiel (1), Anna Błocka (2)

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a non-specific stress indicator which describes developmental instability in the bilateral structure of plant organs The FA factor is mostly used to characterizethe level of ecological stress in plants Moreover, it is widely assumed that the high value of leaf FA in trees is a result of a high level of environmental pollution

In this work we analyzed the FA response to abiotic stress in Betula pendula Roth leaves on two contrasting sites (air polluted vs air unpolluted site) We also investigated for which other

leaf feature, beside width and surface, the FA factor can be determined as an environmental stress indicator Having done the discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and mixed-model ANOVA procedure, we selected one feature, which was an apical angle There was a significantdecrease in apical angle FA in birch leaves from the unpolluted site as compared to the pollutedone These results suggest that plants living in stressful conditions are usually more

symmetrical than plants from undisturbed habitats Furthermore, the leaf FA of plant species

with wide ecological distribution such as B pendula can be used to indicate the quality of

environment

References:

Allenbach, D.M., Sullivan, K.B., Lydy, M.J., 1999 Higher fluctuating asymmetry as a measure

of susceptibility to pesticides in fishes Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 899-905.Dimitriou, I., Aronsson, P., Weih, M., 2006 Stress tolerance of five willow clones after

irrigation with different amounts of landfill leachate Bioresource Technology 97, 150-157

(1) University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

(2) Central Mining Institute, Katowice, Poland

Leaf fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth as an indicator of

environment quality

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Izabella Franiel (izabella.franiel@us.edu.pl)

Irina Neta Gostin

The emissions of air pollutants from the various industrial and social activities have a large impact on the vegetal organisms growing in these areas In this paper, the structural changes

from leaves and young stems of Abies alba specimens collected from polluted sites (from the

adjacent area of the Ceahlau National Park in Romania) and from the park area were

investigated The simultaneous effects of heavy metals, dust and nitric oxides (the main

pollutants from these area) were studied

The structure of conducting and mechanic tissues, the leaf shapes and dimensions, the

variation in mesophyll thickness, the distribution and the frequency of the stomata were

examined The cuticle morphology which is a very important structure as it is the first barrier for the pollutant agents which enter in the leaf (Bermadinger–Stabentheier, 1995), was

investigated by SEM technology The specimens collected from the polluted environments showed a low frequency of stomata and changes in the epicuticular wax structure Plants can synthesize and accumulate a comprehensive spectrum of phenolics in response to physiologicalstimuli and stress (Dixon and Paiva, 1995) Both, in the stem and in the leaf dark phenolic deposits could be observed Considerable reduction in leaf area was also observed Tracheid modifications (tangential diameter, tangential lumen diameter, wall thickness) were also

investigated

The results for specimens collected from a less polluted area were quite the opposite

Subsidiary cell complexes remained the same for all the populations, while the range in the size of the stomata showed little variation For the factors in the stem, at the polluted sites, thesclerenchyma presented some modifications such as incomplete development of the fibers or fibers with thin or waved walls Structural and micromorphological changes could serve as pollution markers and to evaluate the impact of the anthropogenic activity on the forest

ecosystems

References:

Dixon, R.A., Paiva, N.L., 1995 Stress-induced phenylopropanoid metabolism The Plant Cell 7,1085–1097

Bermadinger–Stabentheier, E., 1995 Physical injury, re-crystallization of wax tubes and

artefacts: identifying some causes of structural alteration to spruce needle wax New

Phytologist 130(1), 67–74

University Al I Cuza Iasi, Romania

Histological, morphological and micromorphological changes in Abies alba leaves and young stems under the influence of air pollutants

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Irina Neta Gostin (irinagostin@yahoo.com)

Jožica Gričar (1), Primož Oven (2), Tom Levanič (1)

We investigated the wood formation dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies) from two

different sites in Slovenia: Pokljuka, an Alpine site (1250 m a.s.l.) and Sorsko polje, a lowlandplantation (350 m a.s.l) The study was carried out over three years (2002–2004) and

examined the formation of xylem growth-ring pattern in Norway spruce at both sites during theabnormally dry and hot summer of 2003 in comparison to the relatively normal growing

seasons of 2002 and 2004

Microscopical examination of cross-sections revealed that the onset of cell division in the

cambium differed with regard to the site and year Radial growth-ring patterns in Norway spruce grown at both sites, totally differed in 2003 which was abnormally dry and warm, from the relatively normal years 2002 and 2004 Xylem growth rings at the Alpine site (Pokljuka) were wider in 2003, whereas trees in the lowland plantation (Sorsko polje) experienced

premature cessation of cambial activity due to the lack of precipitation, resulting in narrower xylem growth rings Final widths of the xylem growth ring varied among years more at Sorskopolje, suggesting that they are greatly influenced by climatic factors The most intense cell production of Norway spruce which occurred around the summer solstice (21 June), was

shifted towards the beginning of the growing season at Sorsko polje in 2003 Curves of the Gompertz function describing wood formation dynamics were in all cases steeper at Pokljuka, indicating a higher rate of cell production at this site Comparisons of earlywood portions and final width of the xylem growth rings revealed that the narrower xylem rings of Norway spruce

at Pokljuka contained more latewood than the wider rings at Sorsko polje On the other hand, the period of earlywood formation in narrower xylem rings in 2003 at Sorsko polje was longer than in 2002 and 2004, which could be explained by premature cessation of cambial activity.Our research confirms previous observations on the effect of climate change on tree growth (e

g Jolly et al., 2005) The limiting effect of precipitation on Norway spruce growth generally decreases and the importance of air temperature increases with increasing latitude and

altitude Namely, trees above a certain altitude will temporarily benefit from higher

temperatures, whereas the radial growth of trees from lower areas will decrease

References:

Jolly, W.M., Dobbertin, M., Zimmermann, N.E., Reichstein, M., 2005 Divergent vegetation growth responses to the 2003 heat wave in the Swiss Alps Geophysical Research Letters 32, L18409, doi:10.1029/2005GL02352

(1) Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

(2) University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Effect of the warm and dry 2003 growing season on wood formation dynamics in Norway spruce at two elevations in Slovenia

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Jožica Gričar (jozica.gricar@gozdis.si)

Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg (1), Rainer Steinbrecher (2), Matthias Dobbertin (1), Pierre Vollenweider (1), Nicla Contran (1,2,3), Sandra Hermle (1,4), Elena Paoletti (5)

Climate change scenarios (http://www.occc.ch/index_e.html) predict an increase in mean annual temperature rainging from 1.6 to 5.4 °C in Switzerland by the year 2070 and reduced precipitation in summer Based on these scenarios, tree population models suggest a large increase in the distribution of oak in the future, yet little information on climate sensitivity exists for the different species and provenances In the experiment 'Querco' at WSL, reactions

of three oak species Quercus robur, Q petraea and Q pubescens with four provenances each

from all parts of Switzerland are experimentally tested under ± drought, ± air warming on acidand calcareous forest soil

Nine current and 14 future interdisciplinary projects will be working together in a participative structure to broaden the knowledge on the reaction of trees and soils to the different

treatments The overall objectives are to determine the stability of reforestations with oak, to develop diagnostic tools for drought and heat, to analyze specific growth, morphological, physiological and biochemical defense and acclimation strategies, furthermore, carbon and water flux (depending on biomass production) and changes in nutrient availability and uptake.Additional projects investigate the role of associated fungi and pathogens

The 16 open-top model ecosystem chambers (3 m diameter, 2 m height, 1.5 m depth) with roofs closing during rainfall are arranged in a Latin square with 4 treatments and 4 repetitionseach: a control with watering similar to the ambient amount of the site (CO); air temperaturewarming by reduced chamber wall opening (AW); drought (reducing the ambient precipitation

in 2007 in half) (D); combination of both (AWD) Each chamber is split into 2 soil-lysimeter compartments containing similar forest soils, either acid loamy sand (pH 4.2) or calcareous sandy loam (pH 7.3) During the second dry period (out of three in 2007), from July 18 to August 14, the mean hourly air temperature (daytime 6-18 h) was: CO 23.4, AW 24.8, D 23.6,AWD 25.1°C; the mean water potential values on the initial and final date at a depth of 12 vs

88 cm were in mbar: CO 78/18 and 39/17, AW 82/ 25 and 44/17, D 100/83 and 576/540, AWD 149/90 and 640/733 mbar

The results reported, include the isoprenoid emission (oak belong to the most prominent

emitters in Europe), leaf gas exchange and temperature, number and length of flushes, leaf color, morphology and symptoms

(1) Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

(2) Reseach Centre of Karlsruhe (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

(3) Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

(4) Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Energy Research, Bern, Switzerland

(5) Institute of Plant Protection – National Council of Research, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

Querco: Oak model ecosystems under climate change

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Madeleine S Günthardt-Goerg (madeleine.goerg@wsl.ch)

Elina Häikiö (1), Vera Freiwald (1), Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto (2), Egbert Beuker (3), Toini

Holopainen (1), Elina Oksanen (2)

An open-field experiment with moderately elevated ozone (1.5x ambient) and two soil nitrogenlevels (60/140 kg N ha-1 yr-1) was conducted on eight potted hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x

P tremuloides) clones to find out leaf characteristics that could explain the ozone sensitivity or

tolerance of the clones Four of the clones were previously determined ozone sensitive based

on impaired growth under elevated ozone (Häikiö et al., 2007)

Foliar phenolic concentration and parameters associated with autumn senescence were studiedduring the second growing season Leaf-level net photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescencewere measured, and samples were taken for chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrate analysis three times during the growing season and for analysis of phenolic compounds at the end of the growing season

Nitrogen amendment counteracted the ozone-induced accelerated senescence, but had no impact on ozone sensitivity of the clones Sensitive clones had more effective photosynthesis and more Rubisco and phenolics, but the effects of ozone on these parameters were similar in the sensitive and tolerant groups Nitrogen addition had no effect on phenolics, but elevated ozone increased the amounts of chlorogenic acid and (+)catechin The sensitive group was rich

in phenolic glycosides (salicylates), whereas the tolerant group contained high concentrations

of condensed tannins and (+)catechin The concentration of flavonol glycosides was similar in both groups This suggests that condensed tannins and catechin, but not salicylates or flavonolglycosides, might play a role in ozone tolerance of hybrid aspen

References:

Häikiö, E., Freiwald, V., Silfver, T., Beuker, E., Holopainen, T., Oksanen, E., 2007 Impacts of

elevated ozone and nitrogen on growth and photosynthesis of European aspen (Populus

tremula) and hybrid aspen (P tremula x Populus tremuloides) clones Canadian Journal of

Forest Reserach 37, 2326-2336

(1) Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland

(2) Faculty of Biosciences, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland

(3) Finnish Forest Research Institute Punkaharju Research Unit, Punkaharju, Finland

Differences in autumn senescence and foliar phenolics in ozone sensitive and tolerant hybrid aspen clones

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Elina Häikiö (elina.haikio@uku.fi)

Kaisa Hartikainen (1), Anne-Marja Nerg (1), Minna Kivimäenpää (1), Elina Oksanen (2), Toini Holopainen (1)

Northern forest trees are undergoing significant changes in their environment due to global warming and increasing tropospheric O3 concentration During the last 100 years the global temperature has risen 0.74°C and the increase at the northern latitudes is even greater

Tropospheric O3 is well documented to be the most damaging air pollutant to plants and its concentration is continuously rising Elevated temperature and O3 have been reported to affectemission of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and cause structural changes

To study the impact of elevated temperature and increased tropospheric O3, pot-grown

saplings of two European aspen (Populus tremula) genotypes were exposed to elevated

temperature (ambient+0.8°C) and elevated ozone (1.5x ambient) for one growing season in open-field at the University of Kuopio, Finland Four elevated-ozone plots and four ambient-ozone plots were divided in infrared-heated and ambient-temperature sub-plots Leaf structurewas analysed by light microscopy and VOCs were collected from foliage and analyzed by GC-MS

The impact of O3 on measured variables was not significant, but elevated temperature

decreased thickness of leaves due to thinner palisade and spongy layers, size of palisade cellsand thickness of abaxial epidermis In general, genotype 1 emitted more VOCs, especially isoprene, than genotype 2 Isoprene was the major VOC emitted by both genotypes, but

monoterpenes and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) were also emitted Elevated temperature

increased particularly emissions of green leaf volatiles Especially isoprene-emitting species have been earlier detected to be better protected against heat and ozone (Lerdau, 2007) and structural changes, e.g thinning of spongy layer and decreased proportion of intercellular space, have indicated activated defence (Oksanen et al., 2001) On the basis of our results, wesuggest that leaf structural characteristics and plant-emitted VOCs can affect the aspen

defense, especially against increased temperature The impact of elevated O3 might appear after longer exposure period

References:

Lerdau, M., 2007 A Positive Feedback with Negative Consequences Science 316, 212-213.Oksanen, E., Sober, J., Karnosky, D.F., 2001 Impacts of elevated CO2 and/or O3 on leaf

ultrastructure of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and birch (Betula papyrifera) in the Aspen FACE

experiment Environmental Pollution 115, 437-446

(1) Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland

(2) Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland

Leaf structural characteristics and plant VOCs affecting defence

responses against elevated temperature and ozone on European aspen

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Kaisa Hartikainen (kaisa.hartikainen@uku.fi)

Sun Mi Je, Su Young Woo (2), Soo Zin Rayng (2), Joo Han Sung (1)

In urban environments, trees play an important role in improving air quality by taking up gasesand particles (Beckett et al., 2000) These street trees intercept a greater percentage of

aerosols than the shorter vegetation does, resulting in a higher deposition rate of gaseous

pollutants and particulates However, their uptake rates depend upon many factors such as leaf-surface conditions, depth of the boundary layer, and stomatal opening Abiotic stresses such as air pollution can limit plant productivity and survival (Meloni et al., 2003) Over the past few decades, this pollution has become a serious problem in Seoul, Korea

Platanus occidentalis is a fast-growing species that can survive in harsh environments We

investigated the photosynthetic properties (quantum yield, light saturation point and dark

respiration) and stomatal conductance in P occidentalis trees growing on two separate streets

in Seoul, and representing different degrees of air pollution Increasing concentrations of SO2,NO2 and PM10 correlated with a decreasing photosynthetic rate Stomatal conductance showedpositive relation with photosynthetic rate under the slight concentration of air pollution In

contrast, trees growing under the high concentration of air pollutants showed insensible

stomatal response These data suggest that stomatal response play an important role in

regulation to external stresses in P occidentalis.

Environmental and Experimental Botany 49, 69-76

(1) Korea Forest Research Institute KFRI, Seoul, Korea

(2) University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

Photosynthetic properties and stomatal conductance traits of Platanus occidentalis growing under two levels of air pollution along the streets of

Seoul

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Sun Mi Je (iyiiy@hanmail.net)

Hojka Kraigher (1), Franc Batič (2), Primož Simončič (1)

Forest soils are the major stocks of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems Among different

components of highly heterogeneous forest soils, mycorrhizal fungi represent the main

element, linking different sinks and sources of carbon, influencing transfer of carbon

belowground, soil respiration, and translocation to or out of the above ground biomass

Mycelial networks and root-soil interactions, which determine carbon source-sink relationships

in forest ecosystems, depend on the functional compatibility of the symbionts (species and strain of fungi and population of plants) and stress tolerance of ectomycorrhizal roots

Therefore the information on the ectomycorrhizal community structure and indices of growth offine roots, used as bioindicators, can add to the understanding of processes in forest

ecosystems The reaction of organisms to disturbance, which incorporates the information on ecosystem functioning, can also be applied in modeling of carbon dynamics in forest soils The impacts of several anthropogenic pressures on forest trees and forest ecosystems and their reflection in fine root turnover and mycorrhizal community structure, including the proposal of

a combination of bioindicating methods for assaying the impacts of climate change, deposits, ozone and drought on the functioning of below-ground processses in forest ecosystems will bepresented

References:

Kraigher, H., Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, S., Grebenc, T., Simončič, P., 2007 Types of

ectomycorrhiza as pollution stress indicators: Case studies in Slovenia Environmental

Monitoring and Assessment 128(1), 31-45

Cudlin, P., Kieliszewska-Rokicka, B., Rudawska, M., Grebenc, T., Alberton, O., Lehto, T.,

Bakker, M.R., Børja, I., Konôpka, B., Leski, T., Kraigher, H., Kuyper, T.W., 2007 Fine roots and ectomycorrhizas as indicators of environmental change Plant Biosystems 141, 406-425

(1) Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

(2) Biotechnical Faculty, Unviersity of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Bioindication of disturbances as reflected in belowground processes in forest ecosystems

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Hojka Kraigher (hojka.kraigher@gozdis.si)

Ebe Merilo (1), Ingmar Tulva (1), Eve Eensalu (1), Olaf Räim (1), Carlo Calfapietra (2), Olevi Kull (1)

Photosynthetic capacity (maximum carboxylation rate - vcmax and maximum rate of electron transport - Jmax ), nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were measured in upper and lower

canopy leaves of Populus alba, P nigra and P x euramericana in September 2003 and 2004, i.

e during the fifth and sixth year of CO2 fumigation at the POP-EuroFACE site These leaf characteristics were also measured in May and September 2005, i.e after fumigation was stopped Nitrogen partitioning between different photosynthetic functions (carboxylation - PR,bioenergetics associated with electron transport - PB and light harvesting - PL) was calculatedaccording to the model presented by Niinemets and Tenhunen (1997) The partitioning into non-photosynthetic nitrogen (Pnon) was estimated as Pnon=1-PR-PB-PL The non-

photosynthetic nitrogen content (Nnon) was found as area-based leaf nitrogen content

multiplied by Pnon

In P nigra, the combined data of two years (2003 and 2004) revealed a significant FACE

stimulation on Pnon (13%, P=0.027) and Nnon (23%, P=0.021) In May and September 2005,

however, no carryover effects of elevated CO2 on Pnon and Nnon were detected in P nigra In

P alba and P x euramericana, the effect of CO2 enrichment on Pnon and Nnon was weaker: in

2003, no significant FACE effect was detected in either species In 2004, Pnon of P x

euramericana tended to be higher due to CO2 enrichment (P=0.082) Also, a significant

interaction between CO2 concentration and canopy level was detected for Pnon (P=0.011) and

Nnon (P=0.066) of P alba in 2004 In all three species, Nnon was always significantly

influenced by canopy level, being higher in sun leaves compared to corresponding shade

leaves

It is concluded that re-allocation of leaf nitrogen from photosynthetic to non-photosynthetic

pool was evident in P nigra under elevated CO2 concentration In case Pnon increases under

elevated CO2, photosynthesis may be biochemically down-regulated even with no reduction intotal leaf nitrogen

References:

Niinemets, Ü., Tenhunen, J.D., 1997 A model separating leaf structural and physiological

effects on carbon gain along light gradients for the shade-intolerant species Acer saccharum

Plant, Cell and Environment 20, 845-866

(1) Institute of Ecology and Life Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia

(2) Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, National Research Council (CNR), Italy

The effect of elevated CO2 on leaf nitrogen partitioning between

photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic functions in poplar (EuroFACE) during and after CO2 fumigation

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Ebe Merilo (ebe.merilo@ut.ee)

Suvi Nikula (1), Pertti Pulkkinen (2), Sirkku Manninen (1)

Excess nitrogen (N), as well as drought during the growing season, can decrease the frost hardiness of trees (Thomas and Ahlers, 1999) Screening trees for their responses to varying environmental conditions yields information on the possible impacts of climate change on forest biodiversity and for selecting the most suitable genotypes for tree plantations

We conducted a greenhouse experiment with European aspen (Populus tremula) (7 families) and hybrid aspen (P tremula x P tremuloides) (7 families) in November 2006–May 2007 The

pot-grown seedlings were arranged in nine blocks (full factorial experiment) that received a

“precipitation” of 160 (-50%, i.e., drought; W1), 320 (average rainfall per growing season in SFinland; W2) or 480 mm (+50%; W3) The N "loads" applied during a seven week period were

20 (ca twice the N deposition in S Finland; N1), 125 (normal nursery fertilization; N2) or 225

kg ha-1 (N3) After six weeks, the seedlings were measured for height, and the growing

conditions were changed to simulate a frost hardening period During this period, the seedlingswere divided into eight sets, which were frozen (24 h at -10°C) separately, one set in a week.Freezing injury and budbreak were assessed after a dehardening period

The seedlings grew most in height in the N3W2 treatment and least when supplied with N1 in combination with W1 or W3 Freezing injury was the lowest at the N1 supply The negative effects of N2 and N3 on the development of frost hardiness were evident during the first five tosix freezing treatments With regard to the water levels, drought did not seem to induce moresevere freezing injury than normal or high irrigation N3 promoted budbreak, whereas the effects of water on the onset of budbreak were minor European aspen grew more in height, but was also more susceptible to freezing injury than hybrid aspen Both species exhibited intraspecific variation in these attributes To conclude, both N and water supply modified the growth of aspen, whereas frost hardiness mainly depended on N only The observed

intraspecific variation in frost hardiness suggests that the two aspen species have adaptive potential, and e.g forest industry might use freezing tests as one tool in selecting families suitable for certain environmental conditions

References:

Thomas, F.M., Ahlers, U., 1999 Effects of excess nitrogen on frost hardiness and freezing

injury of above-ground tissue in young oaks (Quercus petraea and Q robur) New Phytologist

144, 73–83

(1) Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland

(2) Finnish Forest Research Institute, Läyliäinen, Finland

Growth and frost hardiness of European and hybrid aspen as influenced

by water and nitrogen

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Suvi Nikula (suvi.nikula@helsinki.fi)

Elena Paoletti (1), Angela J Nunn (2), Nancy E Grulke (3), Ursula Metzger (2), Rainer

Matyssek (2)

Ground-level ozone (O3) is the air pollutant of most concern for forests Current ambient O3 levels may exacerbate the negative effects of drought and affect the forest's ability to buffer extreme hydrological events We measured whole-tree transpiration and leaf-level fleck light gas exchange at Kranzberg forest, where ambient and twice-ambient O3 regimes (1xO3 and

2xO3, respectively) were applied to adult trees of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies.

Sap-flow measurements show that daily transpiration increased with increasing O3

concentrations, in both species The effect may be due to environmental factors affecting bothO3 concentrations and tree transpiration As environmental parameters were similar at

ambient and twice-ambient O3, the higher percentage of variance explained by O3 at 2xO3 compared to 1xO3 in beech suggests that O3 exposure amplified transpiration and thus water loss from mature beech trees This result confirms those obtained by McLaughlin et al (2007)

by applying advanced multivariate statistical analysis to ambient data of adult trees To

investigate the mechanism of this O3 action, we postulated that O3-induced sluggish stomatalresponses to fluctuating environmental parameters, e.g fleck light, increases water loss from the leaves When stomatal conductance (gs) achieved equilibrium at saturating light, the light intensity was sharply decreased until equilibrium The treatment was repeated two times, under constant VPD

At both ozone regimes, stomata were slower in closing than in opening 2xO3 stomata were slower in opening and – in particular - in closing than 1xO3 stomata, so that stomatal ozone uptake was potentially even higher in 2xO3 leaves Water loss before stomata reached

equilibrium was higher in 2xO3 sun leaves than that at ambient O3 Shade leaves were less responsive These results suggest that the increase of water loss in 2xO3 leaves is due to sluggish dynamic responses of stomata However, total transpiration was similar at ambient and twice-ambient O3 This apparent discrepancy with the above correlations was due to lowertranspiration in 2xO3 trees than in 1xO3 under same O3 concentrations This response is in agreement with leaf-level steady-state measurements showing lower gs at 2xO3

In conclusion, ozone amplified short-term water loss from mature trees by slowing stomatal dynamics, while decreased long-term water loss because of lower steady-state stomatal

conductance As climate change is increasing the risk of floodings, the hydrological

consequences of these contrasting O3 responses should be evaluated at the landscape level

(1) IPP-CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

(2) Ecophysiology of Plants, WZW, Technical Universuity of Munich, Freising, Germany

(3) USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA, USA

Ozone amplifies short-term water loss from mature trees by slowing down stomatal dynamics

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Elena Paoletti (e.paoletti@ipp.cnr.it)

Martina Pollastrini (1), Rosanna Desotgiu (1), Chiara Cascio (1), Filippo Bussotti (1), Giacomo

A Gerosa (2), Riccardo Marzuoli (2), Marcus Schaub (3), Kris Novak (4), Reto J Strasser (5)

Populus maximowiczii Henry x P x berolinensis Dippel (short name: Oxford clone) has been

widely used in open-top chamber experiments in Southern Switzerland (Lattecaldo) and Curno(Northern Italy) This clone is also used as a biomonitoring tree species within the UNECE/ICPForests monitoring network Results from the OTC experiments have been published in severalpapers revealing the characteristics of a fast growing and highly ozone sensitive poplar clone (Bussotti et al., 2007; Novak et al., 2005, 2007) The performed studies aimed to determine (i) the levels and doses of tropospheric ozone that cause the onset of foliar symptoms, (ii) to gain a better understanding of dynamics of symptom development within the crown with emphasis on possible compensation mechanisms of photosynthesis across the different parts ofthe crown., (iii) to detect signals of pre-visual damage applying morphological and

physiological methods, (iv) to detect possible changes in the carbon isotopic composition of thewood biomass, and (v) to assess the reduction of growth in relation to the above described physiological and morphological effects occurring under natural field conditions and ambient ozone concentrations

The present paper compares the results of the different studies in order to gain a

comprehensive understanding of the behavior of the respective poplar clone Most recent findings suggest that this poplar clone may have very suitable characteristics for a broad leafmodel tree for ozone risk assessment

Economic or environmental aspects should also be considered in particular in respect to the extended poplar plantations managed in the Po Valley (Northern Italy) as well as in respect to the important role poplar may play in the production of fuel biomass Unlike the findings fromnatural adult woodland studies (where the ozone effect on growth has been found to be minor

or absent), poplar cultivations seem to be at high ozone risk

Bussotti, F., Strasser, R.J., Schaub, M., 2007 Photosynthetic behavior of woody species underhigh ozone exposure probed with the JIP-test: A review Environmental Pollution 174, 430-437.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.036

Novak, K., Cherubini, P., Saurer, M., Fuhrer, J., Skelly, J.M., Kräuchi, N., Schaub, M., 2007 The effect of ozone air pollution on tree-ring growth, delta13C, visible foliar injury, and leaf gasexchange in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species Tree Physiology 27, 941-949

Novak, K., Schaub, M., Fuhrer, J., Skelly, J.M., Hug, C., Landolt, W., Bleuler, P., Kräuchi, N.,

2005 Seasonal trends in reduced leaf gas exchange and ozone-induced foliar injury in three

(1) University of Florence, Dept of Plant Biology, Firenze, Italy

(2) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy

(3) Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland

(4) Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

(5) University of Geneva, Bioenergetics Laboratory, Jussy-Geneva, Switzerland

Populus maximowiczii Henry x P x berolinensis Dippel: a model tree to

study ozone stress

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Martina Pollastrini (filippo.bussotti@unifi.it)

Soo-zin Ryang (1), Su Young Woo (1), Sun Mi Je (2), Seong-han Lee (1), Hyo-cheng Cheng (1), Kyeong-nam Kim (1), Saeng Geul Baek (1), Eu-ddeum Lee (1), Myeong-ja Gwak (1), Rae- kyoung Han (1)

Abiotic stresses such as air pollution can limit plant productivity and survival Over the past fewdecades, this pollution has become a serious problem in Seoul, Korea In particular, ozone concentrations continue to rise as a direct consequence of human activity For example, the Ministry of Environment in Korea has reported that 126 ozone warnings were issued nationwideduring 2005, compared with only 48 in 2003 and 52 in 2000

The objective of this study was to identify how trees, especially stomata showed their own

defensive mechanism under ozone stress Two-year old Liriodendron tulipifera, Cornus

officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata, and Acer palmatum were selected for ozone

fumigation in the gas exposure chamber with natural light (26±1.0°C/day, 22±1.0°C/night, 70

±10.0%RH) under gradually increasing ozone concentration from 50 to 110 ppb We measuredphotosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance and investigated stomatal responses with

anatomical and morphological analyses under ozone treatment by scanning electron

exposure except for C officinalis Meanwhile, A palmatum did not show any visible symptoms

in this study and also total chl content didn’t have any significant changes However, we foundout that this species was under stress by observing decreased chl a/b and increased chl

b/total Plants showed reduction of their growth under elevated ozone; at least one of five growth parameters of the treatment had lower values compared to those of the control

Stomatal features including shapes, density and length were various among species and they

were changed differently under elevated ozone Distinctive changes were shown in L tulipifera having swollen abaxial surface and C officinalis losing the vitality of stomatal ridge, while Z

serrata and A palmatum showed only minor changes on their leaf surfaces Also, stomata

density and length were changed except G biloba, which had no changes in stomatal shapes,

density and length

References:

Woo, S.Y., Je, S.M., 2006 Photosynthetic rates and antioxidant enzyme activity of Platanus

occidentalis growing under two levels of air pollution along the streets of Seoul Journal of Plant

Biology -Seoul- 49(4), 315-319

Chung, A.Y., 2005 Korea Times Ozone concentration in Seoul http://times.hankooki.com/

(1) University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

(2) Korea Forest Research Institute, Korea

Ozone effects on physiological, anatomical and morphological changes of several urban tree species in Seoul

Session 1: Mechanisms of action and indicator development

Corresponding author: Soo-zin Ryang (wsy@uos.ac.kr)