nghia Mdc vdi thiic te cu the cua nUdc ta tdc Trung Qudc, di con dUdng rieng cua minh, xdy diing CNXH cd dgc sdc Trung Qud'c." Day la lan dau tien, trong van kien chinh thflc cua Dang C
Trang 1CHINH TRI - KINH TE - XA HOI
m* A
CHU HGHIAXA HOI DAC SAC TRUNG tUOJ
Tom tdt noi dung: Bai viet trinh bay va phan tich qua trinh nhan thflc ciia cac the he lanh
dao khac nhau eua Trung Qud'c ve CNXH, nhflng noi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c, sau dd neu len mot so' nhan x6t
TUkhoa: Trung Qud'c, CNXH, XNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c
PGS TS D 6 TI^'N SAM
Vien Nghien ctiu Trung Qudc
C hu nghia xa hpi dac s i c Trung
Quo'c dupc hinh thdnh trong
qua trinh cai each vd md cfla,
la san ph^m cua sfl ke't hdp gifla nhflng
nguyen Iy cd ban cua Chu nghia Mic vdi
thflc te cu the cua Trung Quo'c Theo cic
nha khoa hpc Trung Quo'c, day Id "thanh
qua ly luan va thflc t i i n to Idn, quan
trpng dupc hinh t h a n h trong q u i trinh
tim tdi lau dai con dUdng phat trien
CNXH cua nhflng ngfldi cong san Trung
Qudc tfl the he nay tdi the he khac"."'
I QUA TRINH NHi^N THtTC CUA
CAC THfe H £ LANH DAO KHAC NHAU
6 TRUNG Q U d c \ t CNXH
Do h o i n canh Ijch sfl cu thg k h i c
nhau ndn cac th§' h$ lanh dao khac nhau
cl Trung Quoc da c6 nhflng ly giai khac
nhau ve CNXH, d i n den nhflng ke't qua khac nhau
1 The he lanh dao do Mao Trach Dong Um dai bi^u
The he lanh dao thfl nhd't do Mao Trach Dong Idm dai bieu, tfl ndra 1935 sau khi gianh dUdc quyen lanh dao, do ke't hdp ddng d i n , nen da t h i n h cong trong viec lanh dao nhan dan cic dan tpc Trung Qudc dflng Ien d i n h dd 3 qua nui Idn (chu nghia de quo'c, chu nghia phong kie'n, chu nghia tU ban quan lieu) thanh lap nen nUdc CHND Trung Hoa vao ngiy 1/10/1949 Ve sau, sau khi tien hanh
t h i n g ldi cong cupc khoi phuc va cai tao kinh t6', bat tay vao thflc hiSn ke hoach 5 nam l i n thfl nha't, vdi tinh t h i n "thflc sfl
c i u thj", Dai hpi VIII Dang Cong san
NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUOC stf 12(100) • 2000
Trang 20 6 T|£'N SAM
Trung Quo'c (nam 1956) da n§u len
nhflng suy nghi ve quy luat xay dflng
CNXH, bade ddu dgt nen mdng cho con
dudng XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qudc
Tuy nhien, ngay sau dd, do Iy giai mpt
cich may mdc, giao dieu ve Chu nghia
Mic, nha'n manh va tuyet do'i hda ly
luan ve da'u t r a n h giai cd'p cua Chu
nghia Mac, tfl do neu len cac chu trUdng
dudng ldi sai lam nhU "Id'y da'u t r a n h
giai ca'p lam cUdng linh", "tie'p tuc cich
mang khong ngflng dUdi nen chuyen
chinh vo sin", "dd'u t r a n h cho'ng p h i i
dUdng quyen di theo con dUdng
TBCN".v.v Ddng thdi, do n h a n thflc va
d i n h gii sai lam ve thflc te dd't nfldc,
d i n den nhflng quan diem non nong,
duy y chi, ba't cha'p quy luat khach quan
khi djnh ra cic chu trUdng chinh sach
nhfl: "Dai nhay vpt", "Cdng xa n h a n dan",
"Cach mang vdn hoa".v.v
Viec ly giai giao dieu do'i vdi Chu
nghia Mac cung vdi nhflng danh gia sai
l i m v l thflc te da't nfldc da d i n d i n k i t
qua la: kinh t l khong phat trien - tham
chi dflng ben bd vflc sup dd, chinh
trj-xa hpi hon loan, khong dn djnh
Sau khi ddp tan "be lu 4 ten", mac du
cd cong trong sfl ki§n tren, nhUng Hoa
Qudc Phong - nha lanh dao cao nha't cua
Dang v i Nha nUdc Trung Quo'c luc bd'y
gid- lai neu len quan diem "Hai pham la"
(pham la nhflng quyet sach cua Mao Chu
tjch, chdng ta phai kien quyet ung hp,
pham la nhflng chi thj cua Mao Chu tjch,
chdng ta phai tuyet do'i tuan theo) Thflc
cha't cua quan diem nay la mudri tilp tuc
thuc hien Chu nghia Mao khong cd Mao
Viec neu len quan diem nay cung la do
khong d a n h gia dung dan thflc te Trung Qudc sau Cach mang v i n hda K i t qua cudi cung l i : quan di^m trSn hi phe phan tai Hpi nghi Trung fldng 3 khoa XI Dang Cong san Trung Qudc (12/1978), cdn ban
t h a n Hoa Qudc Phong phai thoi gifl chflc Chu tjch Dang, uy vien Bp Chinh trj va Thu tudng Qudc vu vien
2 Nh^n thurc cua the he lanh dao thur hai do Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu
Sau khi gianh t h i n g Idi tai Hpi nghj Trung Udng 3 khda XI, tap the t h i he lanh dao thfl hai do Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu, tren cd sd r u t bai hpc kinh nghiem xay dflng CNXH d Trung Qudc trUdc day va cua t h i gidi, da nhan thflc
v i suy nghi sau sac hdn ve chu de " t h i
n i o la chu nghia xa hpi va xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi n h u t h i nao" Tfl suy nghi
do, khi p h a t bieu khai mac Dai hpi XII Dang Cong san Trung Quoc (nam 1982),
Dang Tieu Binh da n§u len "ket hdp
ehdn ly phd bien cda chu nghia Mdc vdi thiic te cu the cua nUdc ta (tdc Trung Qudc), di con dUdng rieng cua minh, xdy diing CNXH cd dgc sdc Trung Qud'c."
Day la lan dau tien, trong van kien chinh thflc cua Dang Cong san Trung Qudc de cap d i n khai niem "CNXH co dac s i c Trung Qudc." Tfl day ve sau, vdi tinh t h a n "giai phdng tU tudng, thflc sfl cau thj," Dang Tieu Binh v i tap the lanh dao da d i n dan neu len quan diem nhdm giai d i p cic vd'n de nhU: con dUdng phat trien, giai doan p h i t trien, nhiem vu cdn ban, quy luat p h a t trien, bao dam chinh trj, budc di chien lUdc, Iflc Ifldng lanh
dao va Iflc Ifldng la cho dUa v.v , tfl d6
Trang 3Chu nghTa xa hdi ddc sac Trung Qudc
hinh thanh nen he tho'ng Iy luan mang
ten ong - ly luan Dang Tieu Binh Cdn
ve mat thflc tiln, ong la ngUdi neu len
chu trUdng "la'y xay dflng kinh t l lam
trung tam", "bon nguyen tac cd ban", "cai
each md cfla" md ra con dUdng XHCN
dac sic Trung Quo'c
3 Nhan thurc cua the he lanh dao thur
ba do Giang Trach Dan lam dai bieu
Tren cd sd k l thfla tinh than "giai
phdng tu tudng, thflc sfl cau thj" va bd
sung them tU tudng "tiln cdng thdi dai",
tap the t h i he lanh dao thd ba do Giang
Trach Dan lam dai bieu da tilp tuc lam
ro hdn nfla nhflng vd'n de Iy luan va thflc
tien cua CNXH d Trung Qudc nhU: Quan
diem mdi ve sd hdu, theo do vai tro chu
dao cua kinh t l cong hdu khong phai d
ty trpng cao hay tha'p ma la sdc khong
c b l va sflc anh hudng cua no (Dai hpi
XV); bd tfl "c6" trong cum tfl "CNXH co
dac sic Trung Qudc" viet thanh "CNXH
dac sic Trung Quoc" (Dai hpi XVI) Dac
biet, n h i m tra ldi cau hdi "the nao la
dang cam quyen va xay dflng d i n g c i m
quyen nhU t h i nao", Giang Trach Dan
da neu len ly t h u y i t ve "ba dai dien",
theo do l i n d i u tien dat van de Dang
Cong s i n Trung Quo'c "dai dien cho yeu
ciu p h i t trien cua Iflc lUdng s i n xuat
tien tiln" thay cho quan diem dai dien
cho "quan he s i n xud't tien tien" trUdc
day Tfl do, Dang Cong s i n Trung Qud'c
chu trUdng md rpng cd sd xa hpi cua
Dang b i n g each k i t nap nhdng p h i n td
tien tien trong cic "giai t i n g xa hpi mdi",
trong do cp t i n g ldp chu doanh nghiep tU
nhan vao Dang Bdi le, n l u nhU trUdc
day t i n g ldp ndy bj quy la "ke bdc lot"
nay "than phan" hp dUdc ddi thanh
"ngUdi xay dflng" sfl nghiep XHCN dac sac Trung Quo'c
Nhu vay, vdi viec bd tfl "co" trong cum tfl "CNXH cd dac s i c Trung Qudc" ma Dang Tieu Binh neu len trUdc day (Dai hpi XII) va neu len tu tUdng "ba dai dien" (Dai hpi XVI), nhan thdc ve CNXH cua tap the t h i he lanh dao thd ba do Giang Trach Dan la dai bieu da ro rang hdn, sau s i c hdn Tfl day, ly luan CNXH
d Trung Quo'c hoan toan raang "tinh dac thd" Trung Qudc
4 Nhan thirc cua the he lanh dao hien
nay a Trung Qudc do Ho Cam Dao lam
Tdng Bl thu Vdi tinh than "ddng chu'nghia Mic phat trien de chi dao thflc tien mdi", tap the the he lanh dao hien nay d Trung Quo'c do Hd Cam Dao la Tdng BI thu
da tilp tuc bd sung, neu len cac quan diem mdi nhU "lay con ngUdi lam goc" thay cho "lay dan lam goc" trUdc day,
"phit trien khoa hpc" thay cho "phit trien la dao ly chung" trUdc day va ly luan ve xa hpi hai boa xa hpi chu nghia Dac biet, trong bao cao chinh trj dpc tai dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (15-10-2007), Tdng Bi thU DCS Trung Qudc Hd Cam Dao khi phan tich nguyen nhan can ban cua mpi thanh tflu va tiln bp dat dUdc trong thdi ky cai cich md cfla d Trung Quo'c da nha'n manh, suy cho cdng chinh la: "Md ra con dUdng XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc, hinh thanh nen he tho'ng ly lUan' XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc"
vi con dudng XHCN ddc sdc Trung Qud'c, b i o cio chi ro: Con dUdng XHCN
NGHliN CllU TRUNG QUOC sA 12(100) - 2009
Trang 4Dd TI£N SAM
dac s i c Trung Quoc, chinh l i dfldi sfl
lanh dao cua DCS Trung Quo'c, n i m
vflng tinh hinh cd ban cua di't nfldc, li'y
xay dflng kinh te lam t r u n g tam, kien tri
nguyen t i c cd ban, kien tri cai each md
cfla, giai phdng va p h a t t r i l n sflc san
xua't, cung co' va hoan thien c b l dp
XHCN, xay dflng kinh t l thj trUdng
XHCN, chinh trj dan chu XHCN, vdn
boa tien t i l n XHCN, xa hpi hai hoa
XHCN, xay dUng qudc gia hien dai h o i
XHCN giau manh, dan chu, van rainh,
h i i hoa Bao cao khang djnh: Con dUdng
XHCN dac sac Trung Quo'c sd di hoan
toan dung d i n , sd di co the d i n d i t
Trung Qudc phat trien tien bp, md'u cho't
la d cho vda phdi kien tri nhOng nguyen
tac cd bdn cua CNXH khoa hgc, lgi vda
phdi cdn cd vdo thiic te ddt nUdc, dgc
triing thdi dgi vd dgc sdc Trung Quo'c ro
ret Cud'i cung, bao cao nha'n manh: d
Trung Qudc hien nay, kien tri con dUdng
XHCN dac s i c Trung Quo'c, chinh la
chan chinh kien tri chu nghia xa hpi
vi ly luan XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qud'c,
b i o cao chi ro: He tho'ng Iy luan XHCN
dac s i c Trung Qudc bao gdm ly luan
Dang Tieu Binh, t u tudng quan trpng
"ba dai dien" va quan diem p h i t trien
khoa hpc He tho'ng ly luan nay, kien tri
va p h i t trien chu nghia M i c - Lenin, tU
tudng Mao Trach Dong , la t h a n h qua
mdi nha't cua viec Trung Quo'c hoa chu
nghia Mac, la tai san chinh trj va tinh
than quy h i u nha't cua Dang, la nen
tang tu tudng chung cua nhan dan cic
dan tpc toan qudc doan k i t pha'n di'u
Tuy nhien, b i o cao khdng djnh: He
thdng ly l u i n XHCN dac s i c Trung Qudc
la hi thdng ly ludn md khdng ngiitng
phat tri§n Bao cao da r u t r a n h a n x6t khai quat cho rang: Chu nghia Mac cKi c6 k i t hdp vdi tinh hinh da't nfldc, t i l n bp cung vdi sU p h a t trien cua thdi dai, cung chung vdn m e n h vdi q u i n chung n h i n dan, thi mdi cd sflc song, sflc sang tao, sflc cam c h i l u to Idn Cud'i cung bao cao
k h a n g djnh: d Trung Quo'c hien nay, kien tri he tho'ng Iy luan XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc, chinh la chan chinh kien tri chu nghia Mac
Nhu vay, d i n Dai hpi XVII (2007) CNXH dac sdc Trung Quo'c da djnh hinh vdi "rapt ngpn cd" (CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c la ngpn cd pha'n da'u doan k i t nhan dan cac dan tpc trong ca nfldc), "mpt ly luan" (tflc he thong ly luan CNXH dac sac Trung Quoc) va "mpt con dUdng" (tflc con dudng XHCN dac sac Trung Qudc) Day cung chinh la k i t qua cua mpt qua trinh 60 ndm, trong dd 30 ndte t i l n hanh cai each md cfla nhdm tim toi giai
q u y l t vd'n de p h a t trien cua Trung Quo'c Dieu nay mpt Ian nfla dUdc Tong BI thU, Chu tjch nUdc Hd Cam Dao trong b i i dien van Ky niem 60 n a m Quo'c khanh Trung Qudc k h a n g djnh: Chi c6 CNXH mdi CO the cflu Trung Quo'c, chi cd cai cich md cfla mdi co the p h i t trien Trung Quo'c, p h i t trien CNXH, p h a t trien chu nghia M i c
n M O T sd NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA L^ LUAN V^ CNXH D A C SAC TRUNG QUOC
Nhu da neu d tren, CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c la mpt he thd'ng Iy luan dUdc nha lanh dao Dang Tieu Binh neu Ien,
Trang 5Chii nghTa xa hoi ddc sdc Trung Quoc
sau dd t i l p tuc bd sung va hoan thien
trong qua trinh cai each md cfla Cho
den nay, he tho'ng ly luan do da budc d i u
dUdc djnh hinh vdi bon tru cot chinh la
kinh t l , chinh tri, van hda va xa hpi Dai
hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc dat va'n de :
N h i m thich flng vdi nhflng b i l n ddi mdi
cua tinh hinh trong nfldc va quo'c t l , dap
flng ky vpng mdi cd dUdc cupc song tot
dep hdn cua n h a n dan cac dan tpc, DCS
Trung Quo'c phai n i m vflng xu t h i va
quy luat phat triSn kinh t l xa hpi, kien
tri rauc tieu cd ban xay dflng kinh t l ,
chinh trj, van boa, xa hpi XHCN dac s i c
Trung Quo'c
1 Ve mat kinh te
Co thd ndi, cai cich md cfla d Trung
Qudc tfl khi b i t d i u da di theo hudng
kinh t l thj trUdng Tuy nhien, raai d i n
Dai hpi XIV (1992) Dang Cong s i n Trung
Qudc mdi chinh thflc neu Ien muc tieu
xay dung the c b l kinh t l thj trUdng
XHCN; sau do, Iy ludn ve kinh t l thj
trUdng dupc hodn thien qua cic quylt
djnh cua Hpi nghj Trung Udng 3 khda
XIV (11/1993) va Hpi nghj Trung Udng 3
khda XVI (10/2003) cua Dang Cong san
Trung Quo'c; theo dd, npi dung chu ylu
bao gdm: Phat huy vai tro mang tinh cd
sd cua thi trUdng trong viec s i p xip cac
ngudn Iflc, tang cUdng sflc song va sflc
canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, kien tri the
c b l dieu tilt vi mo, hodn thi§n chflc nang
quan ly va djch vu cong cua chinh phu, tao
ra sfl bao dam ve mat the c b l cho viec xay
dflng toan dien xa hpi kha gia v.v
Dai hoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007)
dat va'n de: Phai n h a n thflc sau s i c hdn
quy luat kinh t l thj trUdng XHCN, tfl mat c h i dp phat huy tot hdn vai trd raang tinh cd sd cua thj trUdng trong viec s i p xIp cic ngudn Iflc, tfl dd binh
t h a n h nen he tho'ng dieu t i l t vi rao cd ldi cho phat trien mpt each khoa bpc, nhira thflc hien muc tieu thuc day nen kinh t l qudc dan p h i t trien "vfla tdt, vfla nhanh" Dai hpi da de ra 8 giai p h i p , bao gdm:
Mgt Id, nang cao ndng Iflc ddi mdi s i n g
tao, xay dflng nha nUdc kieu radi Day dupc xem la hat nhan cua chiln lUdc
p h i t trien qud'c gia, la rad'u chd't cua viec
nang cao sflc manh tdng hdp Hai la,
nhanh chdng chuyen ddi phUdng thdc phat trien kinh t l , thdc day Uu hda vd nang c i p k i t ca'u nganh nghe Day dUdc xem la nhiem vu quan trpng va cap bich
cd quan he d i n toan cue cua nen kinh t l
quo'c dan Ba Id, quy hoach tho'ng nhat
phat trien thanh thj va nong thon, thdc
day xay dflng nong thon mdi XHCN Bdn
la, tdng cfldng t i l t kiera nang lUdng va
tai nguyen, bao ve raoi trUdng sinh t h i i , tang cUdng nang Iflc p h i t trien ben vflng
Ndm la, thuc day p h i t trien bdi boa cic
vung raien, Uu h o i bo' cue khai p h i t dat
dai Sdu Id, hodn thien c b l dp kinh t l cd
ban, kien toan he tho'ng thj trUdng hien
dai Bdy la, di sau cai cich the c b l tdi
cbinh, t h u l , tien te, hoan thien he tho'ng
dieu t i l t vi rao Tdm la, md rpng dp rpng
va dp sau cua md do'i ngoai, nang cao trinh dp kinh t l md
Nhflng giai p h i p tren se tang cUdng thflc Iflc kinh t l , tao dpng Iflc de hoan thien the c b l kinh t l thj trUdng, qua do gdp phan thflc hien muc tieu p h i t trien kinh t l v f l a tot vfla nhanh
NGHliN CliU TRUNG QUOC s<f 12(100) • 2009
Trang 60 6 TI^'N SAM
Nhfl vdy ve mat kinh t l , d i n Dai hpi
XVII (2007), Trung Quo'c da nhdn mgnh
vd coi trgng vai tro cua thi trUdng trong
viec phan bd cac ngudn lUc; chinh thflc
bd menh de "phat huy vai trd chu dao
cua kinh t l n h a nfldc" thay b i n g "tdng
cfldng sflc so'ng, sflc khong chi, sflc anh
hfldng cua kinh t l nha nUdc" (kinh t l
qudc hflu); ddng thdi t i l p tuc nha'n manh
"khuyin khich, hd trd, hudng d i n kinh
t l phi cong hflu phat trien lanh manh",
tao moi trUdng canh t r a n h binh dang
cho cic t h a n h phan kinh t l thupc cic
loai hinh sd hflu k h i c nhau
2 Ve mat chinh trj
Ngay tfl khi b i t d i u t i l n hdnh cai
cich md cfla, vao nam 1979 Dang Tieu
Binh da neu len luan diem quan trpng:
Khong CO dan chu thi se khong cd CNXH,
khong cd hien dai h o i XHCN Dai hpi
XIII DC^ Trung Qudc (1987) chinh thdc
neu len phUdng hUdng cai cich the c b l
chinh trj d Trung Quo'c la "xay dflng nen
chinh trj dan chu XHCN co dac s i c
Trung Quo'c" Sau sU kien Thien An Mon
mfla he nam 1989, Dai hpi XIV DCS
Trung Qudc (1992) nha'n manh : "Cai
cich the c b l chinh trj, muc tieu l i x i y
dflng nen dan chu XHCN co dac s i c
Trung Qudc, quylt khong phai la thflc
hien c b l dp da dang va c b l dp nghj vien
cua phUdng Tay" Dai hpi XV DCS Trung
Qudc (1997) neu len : "Tilp tuc thdc day
cai cich the c h i chinh trj, md rpng hdn
nfla dan chu XHCN, kien toan p h i p c b l
XHCN, dfla v i o luat ma trj nUdc, xay
dflng n h i nUdc phap trj XHCN" Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2002) da dat van
de t i c h rdi, phan biet "xay dUng chinh
tri" vdi "cai each the c b l chinh tri", theo
dd pham vi cua xay dflng chinh trj rpng hdn, bao quat hdn Dai hpi nha'n manh
sU thdng nhdt hHu cd cua mdi quan he
gifla Dang, Nha nUdc va n h a n dan trong xay dflng nen chinh trj dan chu, theo do:
Su lanh dao cua Dang la bdo ddm cdn
bdn cho viec lam chu cua n h a n dan va
quan ly dd't nfldc bang phap luat; nhan dan lam chu la yeu c i u cd ban nha't cua
n i n chinh trj dan chu XHCN; cdn quan
ly da't nUdc bang phap luat la "phUdng
lUdc cd bdn" Dang lanh dao nhan dan
giai q u y l t cac cong viec cua da't nfldc Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007), trUdc nhflng b i l n ddi mdi cua tinh hinh quo'c t l , Trung Quo'c va ban than DCS Trung Qudc, bao cao chinh trj dai hpi khang djnh se kien djnh khong thay ddi
p h i t trien nen chinh trj dan chu XHCN,
trong do nha'n m a n h hai muc tieu: Mgt
la, cai each the c h i chinh trj phai khong
ngflng nang cao de thich flng vdi sU p h i t trien kinh t l xa hpi va tinh tich cUc
tham gia chinh trj cua n h a n dan Hai Id,
kien tri sfl tho'ng nhd't hflu cd gifla sfl lanh dao cua Dang, n h a n dan lam chu
va quan ly da't nfldc theo phap luat, kien tri va hoan thien c h i dp Dai hpi dai bieu nhan dan, c h i dp hiep thfldng chinh tri
va hdp t i c nhieu dang dUdi sfl lanh dao cua DCS Trung Quo'c, c b l dp tU trj d khu vflc dan tpc va che dp tu quan cua quan chdng d cd sd, tfl dd khong ngflng thdc day viec tfl hoan thien, tfl p h a t trien cua
c b l dp chinh trj XHCN
Tfl hai muc tieu tren, bao cao neu len
6 giai phap, bao gdm: Mgt Id, md rpng
dan chu nhan dan, bao dam quyen lam
Trang 7Chu nghTa xa hgi ddc sdc Trung Qudc
chu cua nhan dan; hai Id, phat trien dan
chu d cd sd, bao dam cho nhan dan dfldc
hudng quyen dan chu cao hdn, t h i l t thflc
hdn; ba Id, thflc hien toan dien phfldng
cham chiln lUdc quan ly dd't nUdc theo
phap luat, n h a n h chdng xay dUng nhd
nUdc phap trj XHCN; bdn Id, lam Idn
manh mat t r a n tho'ng nha't yeu nUdc,
doan k i t ta't ca mpi Iflc lUdng cd the dodn
kit; ndm la, d i y n h a n h cai each the c b l
quan ly hdnh chinh, xay dUng chinh phu
phuc vu; sdu la, hodn thien cd c b l rang
bupc va giim s i t quyln Iflc, bao dam
quyln Iflc rad nhan dan trao cho dUdc sfl
dung de raUu c i u ldi ich cua nhan dan
Cudi cflng, b i o cio chinh trj rut ra
nhdn xet cho r i n g : CNXH cang phat
trien; dan chu cung se cdng p h i t trien;
DCS va nhan dan Trung Quo'c nha't djnh
se p h i t trien n i n chinh trj dan chu
XHCN CO sflc song manh me
Nhu vdy, trong linh vflc cbinh trj, cic
nha lanh dao Trung Qudc tfl Dang Tieu
Binh trUdc day d i n Hd C i m Dao hien
nay deu tho'ng nhd't vdi nhau ve muc
tieu la xdy diing, phdt trien nin chinh tri
ddn chu, XHCN Tuy nhien, v l mat npi
dung va giai p h i p , tuy tinh hinh cu the
-moi nha lanh dao cd nhflng cich dat van
de khic nhau, nhUng xu hudng chung Id
md rgng ddn chu vd tdng cUdng y thdc
phdp tri
3 Ve mdt vdn hoa
Xay dflng vdn boa la rapt npi dung
cua Iy luan ve xay dflng vdn minh tinh
t h i n XHCN Ly luan nay dUdc Dang
Tieu Binh neu Ien, sau dd dUdc khdng
dinh t^i Dai hpi XII DCS Trung Qudc
NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUtfC sif 12(100) - 2000
(1982) va dupc d i n h gii Id "mpt dac trUng cd ban cua CNXH, la rapt dot p h i
ve nhdn thflc ddi vdi CNXH"
Do tam quan trpng cua nd, nen DCS Trung Quo'c da cd hai nghj quylt Trung Udng (Hpi nghj Trung Udng 6 khoa XII
va Hpi nghj Trung Udng 6 k h o i XIV) ban
ve vd'n d l xay dflng vdn minh tinh than XHCN Nghj quylt Hpi nghj Trung Udng
6 k h o i XrV (1996) neu ro : Tang cUdng xay dflng dao dflc tU tfldng, p h i t trien
giio due khoa hpc van hoi, dung ly luan
khoa hgc de vu trang cho con ngUdi, diing da luan dung ddn de hUdng ddn con ngUdi, lay tinh thdn cao thUdng de xdy diing con ngUdi, diing nhOng tdc phdm Uu tu de cd vu con ngUdi, bdi
dudng cong dan XHCN cd ly tudng, cd
dgo ddc, cd vdn hod, cd ky lugt
V l mat van hoi, vao t h i n g 7-1991, Giang Trach Dan trong mpt bai p h i t bieu da neu len phfldng hUdng cho ring:
P h i t huy v i p h i t trien van h o i XHCN,
k l thfla phat huy van h o i truyen thd'ng cua dan tpc, ddng thdi the hien tinh than thdi dai cua CNXH, tilp thu day du thanh qua Uu td cua vdn h e i nhan loai Dai hpi XV DCS Trung Qudc (1997) nha'n raanh: Coi viec bdi dudng cong dan
cd ly tudng, cd vdn h o i , co dao ddc, cd ky
luat la muc tieu; phdt trien ngudn liic
vdn hod XHCN dan tpc - khoa hpc - dai
chdng hudng tdi hien dai hoi, hUdng ra
t h i gidi va hudng tdi tUdng lai Dai hpi XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2002) da neu len phUdng hudng xay dflng n i n van h o i tien t i l n bao gdm: P h i t huy va bdi dudng tinh than dan tpc, tdng cUdng xay dflng dao dflc tU tudng, p h i t trien giio due v i khoa hpc, p h i t trien van h o i va
9
Trang 8D 6 TI^'N SAM
san p h i m van hoa, di sau cai each the
che vdn hoa Tren cd sd do, vfla qua,
Chinh phu Trung Qudc da xay dUng ban
Quy hoach quoc gia ve phat trien vdn
hoa thdi ky d i n nam 2010, trong dd
nha'n manh mpt so' quan diem cho r i n g :
vdn h o i vfla tao ra dgng lUc tinh thdn to
Idn cho sfl phat trien toan dien, hai hoa
kinh t l xa hpi; ddng thdi cung la ndi
dung quan trgng cua sU p h a t trien kinh
t l xa hpi
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Quoc (10
-2007) da neu len mpt nhdn djnh quan
trpng khi cho r i n g : "Trong thdi dai ngay
nay, van h o i n g i y cang trd t h a n h ngudn
goc quan trpng cua sflc sang tao v i sflc
ngflng tu dan tpc, ngay cang trd thdnh
nhan td^ quan trpng cua canh t r a n h qudc
Iflc tdng hpp" Dac biet, lan dau tien
menh de "nang cao sflc manh mIm van
h o i quo'c gia" dUdc dUa vao mpt van kien
chinh thflc cua Dang
Dudi tieu de "Thdc d i y van hoa
XHCN dai phat trien, dai phdn vinh",
bao cio chinh trj neu len 4 giai phap, cu
the nhu sau: Mgt Id, xay dflng he thdang
gii trj hat n h a n XHCN, tang cUdng sflc
hap dan va sdc ngUng tu cua y thdc he
XHCN Hai Id, xay dflng van h o i hai
boa, coi day la cho dfla tinh than quan
trpng cua doan k i t va t i l n bp cua toan
the nhan dan; bdi dUdng bau khong khi
van minh Ba Id, de cao van h o i Trung
Hoa, xay dflng cong vien tinh than cua
dan tpc Trung Hoa Bdn la, thdc day
s i n g tao van hoa, tang cUdng sdc song
cho sU phat trien cua van h o i
Nhflng giai p h i p neu tren se p h i t
huy vai tro chu the cua n h a n dan trong
xay dung van hoa, p h a t huy tinh tich cflc
cua nhflng ngUdi lam cong tac van hoa, tfl do thuc dily mpt each tfl giac, chu dpng lam cho van hoa p h a t t r i l n va phdn vinh, thflc hien sang tao van hoa trong thflc t i i n CNXH dac sdc Trung Qudc Nhfl vay, ve m a t van hoa - du dat trong pham t r u xay dflng van minh tinh
t h i n hay tach rieng ra, cac n h a lanh dao Trung Qudc qua cac thdi ky khac nhau
d i u nha'n m a n h vi tri, vai trd va t i m quan trpng cua nd trong p h a t trien kinh
t l xa hpi va xay dflng con ngfldi mdi Ban Quy hoach qudc gia ve phat trien van hoa cua Chinh phu Trung Quo'c dUdc
neu len g i n day con nhd'n manh: Trong
moi trUdng qud'c te'phdc tgp hien nay, mgt qud'c gia mud'n gidnh phdn thdng trong cugc cgnh tranh qud'c te, khdng chi ddi hoi thiic liic kinh te, thiic liic KHKT vd thiic liic qud'c phdng hiing mgnh, md eon doi hdi phdi cd thiic liic vdn hod to Idn
4 Ve mdt xa hoi
Nhan thflc co tinh bflde ngoat ve mat
xa hpi cua cac n h a lanh dao Trung Qudc
la chuyen tfl mpt xa hpi "li'y da'u tranh giai cap la chinh" sang xay dUng "xa hpi hai boa XHCN" Hpi nghj Trung Udng 4
k h o i XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2006) da ra nghj q u y l t chuyen de ve xay dUng xa hpi hai hoa XHCN, trong do nha'n manh:
"Xa hpi hai hoa la thupc tinh ban chi't cua CNXH dac s i c Trung Quo'c, la bao dam quan trpng cua quo'c gia giau manh, dan tpc cha'n hUng, n h a n dan 'hanh phuc" Xa hpi hai hoa XHCN ma Triing Qudc xay dflng bao gdm 4 thupc tinh v^
6 dac trUng; 4 thupc tinh la: Cong bang trong thu nhdp cac ngudn lUc, hdp Iy trong k i t ca'u xa hpi, quy pham trong
Trang 9Chii nghTa xa h^i ddc sdc Trung Qudc
hanh vi xa hoi, hi§u qua trong h i i hoa
cac Ipi fch; con 6 dfic trUng la: Dan chu
phap tri, cong b i n g chinh nghia, hflu ai
thanh tin, t r a n d i y sflc so'ng, dn djnh co
trat tfl, hai boa gifla con ngfldi vdi tfl
nhien
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc t i l p
tuc khang djnh va neu len muc tieu: Tren
cd sd phat trien kinh t l , c i n chu trpng hdn
xay dflng xa hpi, tap trung cho bao dam va
cai thien dan sinh, thdc day cai cich the
c b l xa hpi, rad rpng djch vu cong, hoin
thien quan ly xa hpi, thuc d i y xa hpi cong
bing chinh nghia; pha'n da'u lara cho toan
the nhan dan di hpc co trUdng ldp, lao
dpng cd ndi lam viec, o'm dau cd ndi chfla
trj, gia CO ndi dfldng lao, cd cho d, thuc
diy xay dflng xa hpi hai hod
N h i m thflc hien rauc tieu neu tren,
dai hpi neu len 6 giai phap, bao gdm:
Mgt la, Uu ti§n phat t r i l n giio due, xay
dung cUdng quo'c ngudn nhan lUc; hai Id,
thflc thi rpng rai chiln lUdc p h i t trien
vi§c lam, thdc d i y la'y san nghiep loi k6o
viec lam; ba la, di sau cai each the che
phan phoi, tang thu nhap cho nhan ddn
thanh thj va nong thon; bdn Id, nhanh
chdng xay dflng he thong an sinh xa hpi
phu k h i p cU dan thdnh thj va nong thon,
dam bao ddi sdng cd ban cua nhan dan;
ndm la, xay dflng c h i dp y t l chfla benh
mpt cdch cd ban, nang cao trinh dp sdc
khoe cua nhan dan; sdu la, hoan thien
t h i c b l quan ly xa hpi, duy tri xa hpi dn
djnh doan k i t
Rieng trong linh vflc phan phdi, Bp
Chinh trj DCS Trung Qudc da cd phien
hpp chuyen ban ve cai each c b l dp phan
phdi, theo dd phfldng cham chinh dupc
neu len la: Ndng cao mdc thu nhap thdp,
md rgng dien thu nhap trung binh, diiu tiet thu nhap qud cao
Nhu vay, vdi viec neu Ien npi dung xay dflng xa hpi hdi hoa XHCN, he tho'ng Iy luan ve CNXH dac sic Trung Qudc da h o i n thien hdn, bao gdm 4 bp phan ca'u t h a n h chu ylu la kinh t l , chinh trj, van h o i va xa hpi Theo ong Ngo Bang Quo'c, hien la Chu tjch Quo'c hpi Trung Quo'c: viec neu len xay dflng
xa hpi hai boa XHCN "dinh dau nhan thdc cua DCS Trung Qud'c ve ban chat cua CNXH da sau s i c hdn"®
i n N H A N X E T VA KfiT LUAN Qua tim hieu qua trinh hinh thanh va
p h i t trien cua ly luan v l CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c, chung toi sd bp rut ra rapt so' nhan x6t nhU sau:
1 Chu nghTa xa hoi dac s^c Trung Quoc la san phSm ciia sir ket hop giiJa nhijmg nguyen ly co ban cua chii nghia Mac vdi thuc te cu the Trung Qudc
O day cd 3 vd'n d l : mdt la, chu nghia Mac; hai la, thflc t l Trung Qud'c va ba la,
sfl k i t hdp Thee chdng toi, sfl thanh cong hay thd't bai cua DCS Trung Qudc trong 3 thdi ky Idn: lanh dao gidnh chinh quyen, xay dflng CNXH theo mo hinh kinh t l k l hoach truyin tho'ng v i cai each md cfla; tham chi ca nhflng cupc da'u tranh quylt liet trong npi bp Dang
d i u cd nguyen nhan tfl viec nhan thflc
va xfl ly 3 van d l neu tren
N l u nhan thflc va xfl ly dung thi thdnh cdng; ngUdc lai, n l u nhan thdc vd xfl ly sai thi tha't bai, thara chi hi tra gia
NGHliN CllU TRUNG QUOC sif 12(100) - 2009 =11
Trang 10D 6 TI^'N SAM
d i t Dieu nay cho thi'y, sfl " k i t hdp" gifla
chu nghia Mac vdi thflc t l cu the cua
mpt da't nfldc la khong d l dang, tham chi
la ra't kho No doi hdi mpt Dang va lanh
tu tdi cao cua Dang vfla phai cd ban linh
chinh trj vflng vang vfla phai ra't gidi ve
"kit hdp" Bdi vi, thflc tien cupc sdng
luon thay ddi Bao cao Chinh trj Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Quo'c (2002) da neu Ien
mpt quan diem r a t d i n g chu y khi dUa
ra"ba dilu giai phdng" cho r i n g : "Tfl giac
dem tfl tfldng gidi phdng khdi nhflng troi
bupc cua nhflng quan niem, each lam va
the c b l khong con thich hdp, gidi phdng
khdi nhflng ly giai sai l i m va giao d i l u
do'i vdi chu nghia Mac, gidi phdng khdi
nhflng xiing xich cua chu nghia chu
quan va sieu hinh"*^' Theo toi, day Id
mpt sfl ddc k i t kinh nghiem Ijch sfl md'y
chuc nam lanh dao gianh chinh quyln
va cam quyln cua DCS Trung Quo'c;
ddng thdi cung Id bai hpc dUdc r u t ra tfl
viec nghien cflu sfl tha't bai trong cam
quyln cua mpt so' Dang Cong san tren
t h i gidi
2 Chu nghia xa hpi dac s^c Trung
Quo'c la mot mo hinh CNXH hien thuc,
tuy mang tinh dac thu, nhung cung c6
nhCmg gia tri phd bien nha't djnh
Co the noi r i n g , CNXH dac sac Trung
Quo'c v i n dang trong q u i trinh hinh
thdnh v i p h i t trien Ban t h a n Tdng Bi
thu Hd Cam Dao cung cho r i n g can phai
"tilp tuc di sau tim hieu va nghien cflu"
Toi cho r i n g , d i n thdi diem hien nay,
CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c tuy cd mpt so'
quan die m mang tinh dac thu nhU ly
luan v l "mpt quoc gia hai c b l dp"
nhflng v i n cd nhflng diem mang tinh pho' biln, nha't la doi vdi cac DCS d m quyen d cac nUdc dang trong qua trinh chuyen ddi Nhflng gia tri phd b i l n dd la:
Ve kinh te, p h a t trien kinh t l thi trUdng
va hpi n h i p kinh t l qudc t l ; vi chinh tri,
thflc h a n h dan chii va phap tri (phap
quyln); vi vdn hod, xay dflng van boa
tien t i l n , theo dd vfla chu y bao tdn phat huy nhflng gia trj van hoa truyen tho'ng, vfla coi trpng t i l p t h u tinh hoa van hoa
n h a n loai; vi xd hgi, xay dflng xa hpi hai
hoa, trong do giai quyet vd'n de cong bang xa hpi la h a t n h a n
3 Viet Nam la nudc lang gieng co nhieu diem tuong dong, co the tham khao nhilmg kinh nghiem pho bien tir su phat trien CNXH ddc s^c Trung Qud'c
vi nhdn thdc, tfl viec t h a m khao xay
dung CNXH dac s i c Trung Quo'c, chung
ta cd the neu len menh d l "xay dflng CNXH mang ban s i c Viet Na m" Day chinh la sfl k i t hdp mpt each sang tao nhflng nguyen Iy cd ban cua chu nghia Mac vdi thflc t i l n va d i l u kien Ijch sfl cu the cua Viet Nam
Ve mat gidi phdp, tfl viec tham khao 4
npi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c, chung ta cd the xay dflng
mo hinh CNXH cua Viet Nam, bao gdm: kinh t l thj trUdng, nhd nUdc p h i p quyln, van hoa tien t i l n Rieng ve mat xa hpi,
chung ta cd t h i dat vd'n de xay dflng
xa hpi dan chu, doan k i t , ddng thuan, hai boa
Tdm lgi, CNXH dac s i c Trung Qudc
la k i t qua cua viec n h a n thflc l^i chu nghia Mac va sfl van dung nguyen ly cd