(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) a comparative study of the solid waste management practices of households from urban and rural communities surrounding laguna lake, philippines

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LEA BARTOLOME BUENAFRANCISCA A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES SURROUNDIN

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

LEA BARTOLOME BUENAFRANCISCA

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF HOUSEHOLDS FROM URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING LAGUNA LAKE, PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time

Thai Nguyen, 2019

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Buenafrancisca, Lea B

Student ID DTN1454290091

Thesis Title

A comparative study of the solid waste management practices of households from urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, Philippines

Supervisor(s) Prof Dr Damasa Macandog (Philippines);

Ms Ly Thi Thuy Duong (MA, Vietnam)

as oceans, rivers and lakes are commonly affected by solid wastes The ecological status of Laguna Lake, the biggest lake in the Philippines, is becoming worse since it is surrounded by households from urban and rural communities that dump their solid wastes into the lake This study aims to compare the solid waste management practices and the level of awareness on SWM of urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake, to describe the types of waste they generate, to identify the impacts of their solid wastes to the ecological status of Laguna Lake and to recommend measures on proper solid waste management A face to face survey was conducted with local communities residing in four urban cities and four rural municipalities In each municipality, six (6) communities from upstream, midstream and downstream were randomly selected with five (5) households each with a total of 30 respondents per municipality/city Analysis of the surveyed respondents showed that there is a slight difference on the SWM practices of the urban and rural

communities The results indicate that urban communities are more aware of the term SWM but are not practicing proper SWM while rural communities practice more the proper SWM It is recommended to disseminate more information on proper SWM by conducting more seminars, training and projects in urban communities Further research is needed to identify the other negative impacts

of solid wastes that affect the ecological status of Laguna Lake

Keywords Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management, Urban, Rural Numbers of pages 60 pages

Date of submission September 25, 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisors, Prof Dr Damasa Macandog, Professor, Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) in the Philippines for her help, guidance, suggestions and review of my thesis manuscript for this study Her patience and the encouragement she gave me throughout my research study are also deeply appreciated I am also deeply grateful to my second thesis supervisor, Ms Ly Thi Thuy Duong, Faculty, Advance Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF) in Vietnam for her valuable recommendations and great support on my research study Their guidance and persistent help are the reason why this thesis is made possible.I would also like

to thank Ms Rose Ann Lozano for the advices she gave me for this study

I am sincerely thankful to my mother Pearly Buenafrancisca, for staying beside me and encouraging me from conducting the survey to the sleepless nights

of writing this research study To my father Ely Buenafrancisca and my sister Angel Buenafrancisca, I appreciate your help, prayers, uplifting and wisdom words you have given me to complete this study

I would also like to thank my best friend, Mary Celine Janella Mercado for the help and motivation since the very beginning of my study My friends, Charina Mikaela Galang, Heidilyn Patricia Sarapat, Elaiza Charm Tizon and Luis Albert Ruelo for the assistance, support and motivation throughout my study I am also thankful to Mary Joy Ongkiatco for the help she gave me in creating my maps

And also, I owe my deep gratitude to my friend, John Maverick De Leon for the encouragement and for helping me until the last days of my research study

Above it all, I would like to thank God Almighty for the strength, knowledge and ability to complete this study Without his grace and blessing, this study would not have been possible

Lea Bartolome Buenafrancisca

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV TABLE OF CONTENT VI LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

1.2.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3

1.3.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 4

1.3.1 General objective 4

1.3.2 Specific objectives 4

1.4RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 4

1.4.1 Research questions 4

1.4.2 Hypothesis 4

1.5.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 5

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1.DEFINING SOLID WASTE:ISSUES AND CONCERN 6

2.1.1 Municipal solid waste 6

2.1.1.1 Household waste 7

a Rubbish 8

b Food waste 9

c Hazardous waste 9

2.1.1.2 Commercial waste 10

2.1.2 A GRICULTURAL WASTE 10

2.2.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 10

2.2.1 Contemporary solid waste management methods 12

2.2.1.1 Sanitary landfill 12

2.2.1.2 Composting 12

2.2.1.3 Incineration 13

2.2.1.4 Recycling 13

2.2.2 Solid waste management in Philippines 13

2.2.3 R ELATED STUDIES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 17

2.2.3.1 Foreign studies 17

2.2.3.2 Local studies 17

PART III METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS 19

3.1.MATERIALS AND INSTRUMENTS 19

3.1.1 Survey questionnaires 19

3.1.2 GPS reader 20

3.1.3 ArcGIS software 20

3.2.TIME AND LOCALE OF THE STUDY 20

3.3.RESEARCH DESIGN 22

3.4.SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 22

3.5.DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 23

3.5.1 Household survey 24

3.5.2 Key informant survey 24

3.6.ANALYSIS OF DATA 24

3.7.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY 25

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

4.1.PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS 27

4.1.1 Age and gender 27

4.1.2 Household size 28

4.1.3 Level of education 29

4.1.4 Ownership of Business Establishments 30

4.2.AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 31

4.2.1 Knowledge on ordinances regarding SWM 32

4.3.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 33

4.3.1 Quantity of waste generated by the surveyed households 34

4.3.1.1 Types of waste generated 35

4.3.1.2 Waste generated by business establishments 36

4.4.2 Solid waste receptacle 38

4.4.3 Disposal system of uncollected garbage 39

4.4.3.1 Frequency of uncollected garbage 40

4.4.4 Evaluation of the garbage collection system 41

4.5.EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE IN THE ENVIRONMENT 41

4.5.1 Observed dumped waste in street side 42

4.5.2 Dumped waste quantity in Laguna Lake 43

4.6.IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE TO HUMAN HEALTH 44

4.7.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF FARM AND LIVESTOCK OWNERS FROM RURAL COMMUNITIES 45

4.7.1 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed farm owners 46

4.7.1 Solid waste management of surveyed farm owners 47

4.7.2 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed livestock owners 48

4.7.2.1 Solid waste management of the surveyed livestock owners 50

PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 52

5.1.CONCLUSION 52

5.2.RECOMMENDATION 54

REFERENCES 56

APPENDICES 61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Sources of Municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013

(Manzanera, 2011) 7

Figure 2 Surveyed households in urban areas 21

Figure 3 Surveyed households in rural areas 21

Figure 4 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study 25

Figure 5 Age of surveyed households 27

Figure 7 Educational attainment of surveyed respondents 29

Figure 8a Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents…30 Figure 8b Types of business establishments owned by surveyed respondents 30

Figure 9a Awareness of the surveyed respondents on SWM……… ……31

Figure 9b Awareness of the surveyed respondents on ESWM 31

Figure 10 Respondents’ awareness on ordinances 32

Figure 11 SWM practices of surveyed households 33

Figure 12 Quantity of waste generated by surveyed households 34

Figure 13 Types of waste generated by surveyed households 35

Figure 14 Waste generated by business establishments 36

Figure 15 Actual garbage collection done in public market 37

Figure 16 Solid waste receptacle used by surveyed households 38

Figure 17a Disposal system of uncollected garbage by surveyed households 39

Figure 17b Actual uncollected garbage dumped in street side……… 40

Figure 18 Observed negative effects of solid waste in their surroundings 42

Figure 19 Observed dumped waste on street side 43

Figure 20 Observed dumped waste on Laguna Lake 43

Figure 21 Impacts of Solid Waste to Human Health 44

Figure 22 Surveyed farm and livestock owners from rural areas 45

Figure 23 Kind of livestock surveyed 46

Figure 24 Waste quantity generated during planting and harvesting of farms 46

Figure 25 SWM of surveyed farms 47

Figure 26 Waste quantity generated by the surveyed livestock 48

Figure 27 SWM of surveyed livestock 50

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Estimated household waste composition by Parfitt, 2002 … 8

Table 2 Summary of Policies and Regulations Related to SWM … 14

Table 3 Schedule of the garbage collection in surveyed communities … 37

Table 4 Surveyed respondents’ evaluation of the garbage collection

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

3R’s Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

ArcGIS Architecture Geographic Information System

BENRO Barangay Environmental and Natural Resources

Office CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon Province CENRO City Environmental and Natural Resources Office

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GPS Global Positioning System

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

MENRO Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources

Office MRF Materials Recovery Facility

MWSS Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage

System RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

SWMB/C Solid Waste Management Board/Committee

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Age

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

One of the worst problems encountered all around the world is environmental degradation and water contamination, which is worsened by the increasing accretion of solid wastes that have been dumped and thrown just everywhere The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 2017) defines solid waste as “any garbage or refuse, sludge from wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant and other discarded material resulting from industrial, commercial, agriculture operations and from community activities Solid wastes can be solid or semi-solid material which can be either hazardous or non-hazardous” Households’ solid waste may be the most common problem of most municipalities/cities Frequently, improper handling of solid waste is the cause of environmental phenomena like flooding or flash floods from even a small amount

of rain (Prasad & Narayanan, 2016) Solid wastes clogging drainage systems is one of the major causes of severe problem of flooding in the Philippines, especially

in urban areas Even rural areas near the lakes and rivers are experiencing flooding due to improper waste disposal Accumulation and poor management of solid waste from households increases the rate of pollution thereby degrading the environment and even causes human diseases Improper waste disposal from communities that are surrounding a water body tend to have the most impacts on the environment that leads to higher risks Proper solid waste management can be

a solution to this problem

Proper management of solid waste reduces the unfavorable impacts on the environment and enhances the quality of life However, the management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge throughout the world particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the developing countries (Foo, 1997) Various processes can be effective in managing waste for a municipality, such as collection

of garbage, monitoring and recycling The most common methods of good solid waste management are the 3R’s, or the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle approach It is advisable that these methods should be adopted as part of community’s solid waste management

Laguna Lake is the biggest freshwater lake in the Philippines It is one of the primary sources of freshwater fish in the Philippines and the most important inland body of water in the Philippines The water of the lake is drained to Manila Bay via Pasig River As reported by the Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), only 15% of the residents in the area have an effective waste disposal system Moreover, of the families that live along the shoreline of Laguna lake, 85% do not have their own toilets and/or septic tanks Based on an article, “The declining fishery productivity of Laguna Lake is the most glaring

evidence of its stressed ecological state” (Tamayo-Zafaralla et al., 2002) Many

communities from urban and rural areas are surrounding Laguna Lake and urban solid waste is considered as one of the most immediate and serious environmental problems According to an article “As far as domestic wastes are concerned, around 10% of the 4,100 metric tons of waste generated by residents of Metro Manila is dumped into the lake” (Batu, 1996) However, rural solid wastes can also be a

and insecticides, it can be one of the factors affecting the increasing stressed ecological state of Laguna Lake

The severely degraded ecological status of Laguna Lake is attributed mostly

to the wastes that are just dumped and thrown everywhere from the surrounding communities Some of the municipalities’ facilities and resources for their solid waste management are not enough to collect all waste from the source and transfer them to the right disposal site The tendency is residents from these communities merely throw, dump and scatter their wastes in the surrounding environment

1.2 Significance of the Study

The results of the study will help the communities in increasing their awareness and improvement of solid waste management within the barangays from the selected urban and rural areas surrounding Laguna Lake

Specifically, results of the study are deemed useful to the following:

Students The results of study will serve as a ready reference for further

research and study

Municipal Government The findings of the study will serve as a guide in

the formulation of work plans and implementing ordinances for promoting services

or ecological sanitation in barangays

Environmentalists The information to be generated from this study can

be used as a benchmark data for conducting symposia on sustainable ecological sanitation

1.3 Objective of the study

3 To determine the effects of solid wastes on the Laguna Lake

4 To recommend measures on proper waste management practices of urban and rural barangay surrounding Laguna Lake

1.4 Research questions and hypotheses

1.4.1 Research questions

The research study will have five (4) questions to answer, these are:

1 How different is the level of awareness of residents from urban and rural communities on proper solid waste management and collection practices?

2 What is the most abundant type of waste produced by both communities?

3 What are the environmental impacts of solid wastes on the Laguna Lake?

4 What are some measures in proper waste disposal and collection practices that can be recommended to apply for the two urban and rural barangays surrounding Laguna Lake?

1.4.2 Hypothesis

 There is no significant difference in terms of their solid waste management and practices between urban and rural communities surrounding Laguna Lake

 The selected households’ wastes have no effect on the ecological status of Laguna Lake

1.5 Scope and limitations

The study was conducted in the selected municipalities and cities in Laguna that surround Laguna Lake from March to June 2018 The study focused on the solid waste management practices of the households from the selected urban and rural areas surrounding Laguna Lake by conducting both interviews of households and key informant interview of officers from municipal, city and barangay levels However, barangay level interviews are limited owing to the lack of present official on the day of the interview and barangays stated that they don’t have the committee in relation to the researcher’s topic

1.6 Definition of terms

Definition of terms can be found in Appendix D

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Defining solid waste: Issues and concern

Solid waste are any garbage, refuse or discarded materials that can be generated mainly from households, industrial, commercials and agricultural operations Solid waste can be organic and inorganic that are considered dumped and thrown (RCRA, 2017) All around the world, solid waste is a problem especially on wastes that has chemical compounds that gives negative impact on human health and the environment (Whitworth, 2005)

The classification of solid waste according to their sources are the following: (1) municipal or household waste, (2) commercial or industrial waste produced by restaurants, markets and factories, (3) agricultural waste from livelihood business such as poultry, piggery, other animal manure and as well as farms, (4) institutional wastes from hospitals, schools, churches and, (5) other waste from constructions and demolitions projects of governments and other

companies (Firth, et al., 1995)

However, with the application of proper solid waste management methods solid waste can be valuable rather than just an obsolete and local problem (IBRD/WB, 1999 as cited from Atienza, 2008) Thrown waste will not vanish and can be used in some other form, and the value will still remain as a resource

(Guzman et al., 2010)

2.1.1 Municipal solid waste

The everyday waste produced by residential, commercial and institutions

unused appliances are considered as solid waste from municipal However, waste from sludge from municipal wastewater treatment and construction and demolition debris are excluded Figure 1 shows the sources of MSW in the Philippines Municipal solid waste must be collected and managed properly 3R’s (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle), composting, incineration and disposal of these waste in sanitary landfills are the most common ways of managing these wastes

There are two procedures in characterizing municipal waste The first one

is by sampling which can be expensive and the second procedure is by material flows wherein it includes large samples and most likely to have accurate results

Figure 1 Sources of Municipal solid waste in the Philippines, 2008-2013

Residential 56.70%

Commercial 27.10%

Industrial 4.10%

Institutional 12.10%

Percentage (%) of Contribution of the various sources of

MSW

Other commerci al

Market18.3%

(56.70%) in municipal wastes Hazardous waste can also be generated by household that contains chemicals like batteries, paints and bottles (Otten, 2001) Most houses have their own garbage bin where they first dispose their solid waste and later thrown or collected by a collecting garbage collecting firm or person usually from municipality or city

According to a household waste composition study conducted in England

by Parfitt, 2002, the garden waste has the most share (20% in total) and the least waste composition generated by household are disposable nappies (2%)

Table 1 Estimated household waste composition by Parfitt, 2002

a Rubbish

“Flammable and nonflammable solid wastes are called rubbish” An example of combustible wastes are papers, tissues, kitchen scraps, garden trimmers and nappies On the other hand, glasses, small household appliances, unused light

bulbs and lighters are nonflammable Food waste and putrescible or decaying waste are excluded These kinds of wastes are usually produced by households and

commercial activities (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993)

b Food waste

Food loss is defined as ‘the decrease in quantity or quality of food” Food waste is a part of food loss as these are uneaten portion of a particular meal generally from households, restaurants and cafeterias Food wastes are decomposable and can be managed by composting (FAO, 2014) Thus, disposed foods are harmless for humans

Based on the findings of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2013,

an estimated one-third of all food or over 1.3 billion of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted worldwide In the Philippines, based on The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) report, the postharvest rice losses can reach 15% In this process, other agriculture inputs are also wasted like water, labor, seeds and fuels Each Filipino generates waste at an average of 3.29kg/year (IRRI, 2015)

c Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste is simply defined as “waste with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful effect on human health or the environment” (US EPA, 2017) This waste contains chemicals and contaminants such as heavy metals Unlike other wastes, this type of waste is dangerous and toxic to humans, animals and other living matter Hazardous waste can possibly be generated from households such as old batteries, containers of pesticides and other

chemical-based products that are highly corrosive The management of hazardous waste needs an urgent attention for it is harmful for living matter (Gupta, 2006)

2.1.1.2 Commercial waste

Waste from businesses usually includes the normal maintenance of the business premises like garden clippings Rubbish generated by costumers is also considered as commercial waste For instance, if it is a restaurant business wastes that are produced by the costumers such as containers, food wrappers and food waste are considered commercial waste (Toowoomba Region, 2011)

2.1.2 Agricultural waste

Wastes from different agricultural or farming activities like livestock breeding, horticulture and dairy and poultry farming are called agricultural waste This includes spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials from farming activities Agricultural wastes can be both organic and inorganic

In the Philippines, about 47% of the 30 million hectares land area is agricultural Generally, these agricultural areas are used to grow food grains and food crops such as rice, coconut and sugarcane Consequently, husk, straws from coconut and rice are the most common agricultural waste in the Philippines (Zafar, 2018) Agricultural waste can be an advantage but also a disadvantage when discharged to the surrounding open areas Especially in rural areas, where communities are having the most agricultural lands and the discharging of waste

is not limited to a specific location (Ashworth & Azevedo, 2009)

2.2 Solid waste management

Solid waste management is a process where waste from various sources are

collection, transportation to recycling facilities and disposal (Kreith, 2008) A good management of solid waste should have a stable and legal disposal site which can be a benefit and good for the communities’ health, the country’s economy, financially and should be environmental-friendly (Othman, 2002)

Solid waste management is a worldwide problem It’s a huge challenge for communities everywhere (Chandra and Devi, 2009) Solid waste management tends to have different and connecting parts and methods which provokes the increasing threat in the environment and as well as humans civilization all around the world (Kirunda, 2009) Improper solid waste management is the major cause

of the increasing problems in health and the environment (Chouhan and Reddy 1996) The general public and authorities will never take the issue of solid waste seriously not until wastes are already causing bad impacts to our health, environment and well-being (Mazumdar 1994) The problem with managing and disposing solid wastes is actually a problem to both urban and rural areas because every human being is both potential generator of waste and can also be a contributor to the increasing problem of solid waste Thus, solid waste problem occur because of the type of waste generated and on how the waste was disposed and managed (Shimada, 2014)

These problems are experienced by most of the residents of the Philippines The poor sanitation of the residents could be from their improper solid waste management and practices Most of the solid wastes thrown and dumped improperly are from municipal waste in the majority of residential or household waste as shown in Figure 1 According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), in Metro Manila, only 85% of the garbage is collected

from the 7000 metric tons of solid waste daily, with a daily waste generation of 0.66kg per capita per day These uncollected wastes are usually thrown and dumped everywhere that cause health problems, negative impacts on the environment and the worsening problem of pollution For example, the serious problem of flooding in Metro Manila is due to clogged drains and blocked waterways because of uncollected garbage piling up on the streets that is seen everywhere For over two decades ago, the practice of good solid waste management and collection to lessen the waste problem was introduced in Metro Manila These practices have been slowly adopted with limitations because of the lack of the political will and support in many communities (Bernardo, 2008)

2.2.1 Contemporary solid waste management methods

2.2.1.1 Sanitary landfill

Sanitary landfill (SLF) is the most popular and the standard method of disposing solid waste Basically, the wastes are scattered out in thin layers compressed and covered with a layer of soil The bottom of the modern landfills is covered with impervious liner made of several layers of plastics and sand to prevent groundwater contamination because of leaching (Cunningham and Saigo, 2001)

2.2.1.2 Composting

Biodegradable waste is used in composting and these wastes can be used as fertilizers or soil conditioners Good quality and environment friendly manure can

be used as compost for agricultural purposes like vegetable farms, flower farms,

trees and shrubs (Guzman et al., 2010)

2.2.1.3 Incineration

Burning of solid waste at high temperature until wastes are turned into ashes

is called incineration This method could possibly be used to generate electricity and reduce the volume of waste However, incineration can also be a disadvantage because this method produces foul odors and gritty smoke that causes bad effects

on human health (Cunningham and Saigo, 2003) and contributes emission to the

atmosphere that results to the increasing problem of global warming (Guzman et

al., 2010)

2.2.1.4 Recycling

Solid waste can also be defined as something valuable rather than just an obsolete and local problem (Birute, 2012) Recycling of waste is the process of converting a used and thrown waste into something valuable in another form Several municipalities implement ordinances where waste should be separated at source and special truck schedules will regularly collect the garbage then transfer

to the recycling facilities Recycling of recovery of resources is the most convenient method in managing solid waste as it saves energy, produces less pollution, does not harm wildlife or the environment and helps human beings

(Guzman et al., 2010)

2.2.2 Solid waste management in Philippines

The rapid increase of population and urbanization of a country will result

to an increase in waste problems (Atienza, 2008) The environment of the Philippines, a developing country, has already fell into a critical state in relation to solid waste management which is in need of serious attention and immediate action from all sectors of the government A number of disasters related to solid waste in

the country have occurred For example, the largest landfill disposal site of Metro Manila, “Carmona landfill”, was closed and due to the insufficient capability of other disposal sites to dispose waste, wastes are usually thrown and piled in city streets, vacant lots, in waterways, drainage canal and eventually, around the city (Bernardo, 2008) Another incident happened in 2000, according to Navarro 2002/2003 (as cited from Atienza, 2008) the so called “Payatas Tragedy” where the landfill collapsed and killed 300 people that are mostly waste scavengers

Considering the solid waste problems that the Philippines is experiencing, the government implemented policies related to solid waste management in order to protect the environment and health of the citizens These laws should be followed and implemented by every LGU Table 2 shows the summary of the policies implemented in the Philippines Implementation of policies should start in every household and should be done by municipality/city and barangays However, even though these policies are implemented, the complications due to solid waste are still existing (Atienza, 2011)

Table 2 Summary of policies and regulations related to SWM

1938 Commonwealth Act No 383 - Anti-Dumping Law: Prohibits

dumping of refuse substances of any kind into rivers

1975

Presidential Decree No 825 - Garbage Disposal Law: Provides penalties for improper disposal of garbage and other forms of uncleanliness

1975

Presidential Decree No 856 - Code of Sanitation: Requires cities and municipalities to provide and efficient collection, transportation and proper disposal of refuse in food establishments, markets and abattoirs

1976

Presidential Decree No 600, as amended by PD 979 – Marine PollutionControl Law of 1976: Prevents and controls the pollution of the seas by prohibiting dumping of waste and other matter that creates hazards to human health or harms living resources and marine life

1976

Presidential Decree No 984 – Pollution Control Law: Provides guidelines and implementing rules and regulations for the prevention and control of pollution from solid, toxic, and hazardous Wastes

1978

Presidential Decree No 1151 – Philippine Environmental Policy: Recognizes the right of the people to a healthy environment, and the duty of everyone to contribute to the preservation and enhancement

of the environment Section 4 requires the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements for any project or undertaking that may significantly affect the environment

1978

Presidential Decree No 1152 – Philippine Environmental Code: Requires the preparation and implementation of waste management Programs by all provinces, cities and municipalities

1990

Executive Order No 432: Orders the strict implementation of PD

825 by all law enforcement agencies and officers Enjoins the Metro Manila Development Authority to do for Metro Manila

1990

Republic Act 6969- Toxic Substances and Hazardous and NuclearWaste Control Act of 1990: Regulates the importation, use, movement, treatment and disposal of toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear waste in the Philippines

1991

Republic Act 7160 – The Local Government Code: Mandates LGUs to exercise powers and discharge functions and Responsibilities as necessary or appropriate and incidental to the efficient and effective provision of services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation, beautification, and solid waste collection and disposal systems

1998 Department Administrative Order No 98-49: Provides technical

guidelines for proper disposal of municipal solid waste

1998

Department Administrative Order No 98-50Provides procedures in identifying sanitary landfill site and screening Criteria for municipal solid waste disposal facilities

1999

Republic Act 8749 – The Clean Air Act: Provides a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes Section 20 bans the use of incineration for burning municipal, bio-medical, and

(Sources: World Bank 2001 Philippines Environment Monitor 2001; NSWMC 2005a Technical Guidebook on Solid Waste Disposal Design and Operation; Lapid 2007 “National Reports: Philippines,” in Environment Management Centre, Mumbai, India,eds Solid Waste Management in Asia: Issues and

Challenges in Asia, as cited in Atienza, 2011)

2.2.2.1 The ecological solid waste management act of 2000

The recent law enacted in the Philippines, is the Republic Act No 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management act of 2000 (ESWM) This law was made in response to the increasing waste problems in the country It declares systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program through the adaptation of the best environmental practices It requires every LGUs to allocate funds for waste control, management, disposal and even building recycling facilities The law mandates the following: waste diversion should be done, construction of Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF), creation of a SWMB or SWMC and cut off illegal dumping site (Irene, 2000) The law intends to help the degrading environment by reducing the number of waste generated and to avert the diseases to humans because of unsanitary environment in consideration with humans and the environment (Mula, 2004) This will be a big help to the problem

in solid waste and its management, however, if citizens and political are not

hazardous waste but allows the traditional method of small-scale community burning

2001

Republic Act 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000: Declares the policy of the state to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program

cooperating and remain undisciplined with their solid waste management and

practices, this law will be ineffective ( Ancog, et al., 2012)

2.2.3 Related studies on solid waste management

authorities for a better management of waste in their community (Omambia, et al.,

2008)

Another study conducted abroad was regarding the municipal waste management in Mysore City in India The study was based on overall solid waste management, treatments and methods to determine the problems and prospects of MSW of Mysore city With the use of research instrument and actual field visits, the study showed that the present solid waste management system in Mysore city does not satisfy the area’s appropriate rules (Chandra, et al., 2009)

2.2.3.2 Local studies

A study by Bernardo (2008) assessed the solid waste management practices

of the households in Metro Manila The data was gathered through an interview of households and garbage collectors together with waste scavengers The result of

the study showed that daily solid waste generated by the household has an average

of 3.2 kg or 0.50 kg per capita per day Solid waste management practices like composting and burning of waste are not done by the residents Some residents dumped their wastes in places where garbage collection are not present Because

of this, the pile of garbage in these areas is the main cause of the common disease

in Metro Manila which is dengue The research study also showed that R.A 9003

or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 is not fully effective in the said area (Bernardo, 2008)

A recent study conducted by Geguinto (2017) analyzed the solid waste management of selected CALABARZON state universities (Batangas State University (BatState-U), Cavite State University (CavSU), Laguna State Polytechnic University (LSPU) and Southern Luzon State University (SLSU)) and assessed the level of implementation of SWM The author gathered data by conducting survey to university administrators, faculty members, non-faculty staffs and selected students from the said state universities and colleges (SUCs) The result of the study showed that each SUC is managing their waste at its great extent in accordance to R.A 9003 Waste collection particular on the encouragement of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) got the highest composite mean While waste treatment got the lowest composite mean which concludes that this method should get more attention and planning (Geguinto, 2017)

PART III METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

3.1 Materials and Instruments

The utilized materials and instrument for this research study was survey questionnaires, GPS reader application, ArcGIS software together with the shape

file of administrative boundaries of Laguna province in the Philippines

3.1.1 Survey questionnaires

The main instrument of the research study is the survey questionnaire that was prepared and distributed in the selected communities by the researcher The questionnaire was divided into five parts The first part contained the personal information and demographic profile of the respondents The questions that determined the awareness on solid waste management were the second part of the questionnaire The third part of the questionnaire is about the collection and disposal practices of the selected households For rural areas, additional questions were asked regarding their ownership of farms and livestock for livelihood The next part of the instrument is the environmental and health impacts of solid waste

in their community, and lastly, the fifth part are questions that are answered by the personal opinion of the household’s solid waste management and practices and also includes their personal recommendation to their community in promoting proper solid waste management

A key informant interview questionnaire was also prepared for both municipal and barangay official levels KII was done to obtain information about

the municipalities’/cities’ scheduled garbage collection, the amount of garbage collected at a time and the disposal sites of each municipalities

3.2 Time and locale of the study

The survey of the study was conducted at four (4) rural areas namely, Victoria, Pila, Sta Cruz and Pagsanjan and four (4) urban areas namely, Cabuyao, Sta, Rosa, Bi ñan and San Pedro wherein these areas are surrounded by Laguna Lake In each municipality/city, six (6) communities from upstream, downstream and midstream areas were selected to conduct the said survey

The key informant survey was conducted in every city hall, municipal hall and barangay hall of the study areas The study was done within four months from March to June 2018

Figure 2 Surveyed households in urban areas

Figure 3 Surveyed households in rural areas

3.3 Research design

Descriptive research design was utilized in this study The primary data needed by this study were gathered by conducting a survey with the use of the prepared questionnaire to 30 households per city/municipality to determine their solid waste management and practices from urban and rural communities The gathered data were manually encoded and analyzed with the descriptive statistical tools and presented in spatial, graphical and tabulated forms

Additional data were gathered by conducting key informant interview with barangay officials and municipal/city The data gathered from the key informant interviews were tabulated and discussed narratively Secondary data were also gathered from municipal and city offices Secondary data include data and records

of the ordinances and waste generation of households of each area Photo documentation of the surveyed household and key informant interviews was also done

Within each of these selected municipalities/cities, six (6) barangays were chosen which were clustered into three categories: (1) downstream, where communities are close to Laguna Lake, (2) midstream, wherein communities are

are located in upland areas far from the Laguna Lake From each barangay, five (5) randomly selected households were surveyed face to face with a total of thirty (30) respondents per municipality/city

The respondents for the Key informant Interview were purposively selected The surveyed officials should have sufficient knowledge and awareness

on their municipality/city and barangay’s solid waste management system At the municipality and city level, one (1) official was surveyed specifically from the MENRO/CENRO At the barangay level, one (1) official was surveyed The respondents from the barangay level are mostly from the BENRO or a designate committee of environment and cleanliness

A total of 240 respondents were surveyed for this research study in which

120 were from urban areas and 120 were from rural areas The number of respondents for urban and rural areas was divided equally to avoid biases and to obtain accurate results

3.5 Data gathering procedure

Primary data of the solid waste management practices were obtained through conducting a survey interview with the use of the prepared questionnaire

to randomly selected 30 household barangay per municipality/city The researcher also conducted a key informant interview at both municipal or city and barangay level which involves CENRO-MENRO-BENRO designates, committee on environment and certain barangay officials to obtain further information on the solid waste management system of their municipality-city The survey was conducted for two (2) months from May-June 2018

3.5.1 Household survey

Distribution of letters and brief explanation of the study for each municipality and city were first done by the researcher to ask for permission and approval of conducting the survey on the selected barangays After obtaining permission, the survey for each barangay was then scheduled and done The researcher was accompanied by barangay officials of some community members and selected the surveyed household randomly The purpose of the survey was first explained to both the accompanying official and the selected respondent/household During the survey the researcher obtained the GPS coordinates of each household for mapping

3.5.2 Key informant survey

At the municipal and city level, after obtaining the approval from the municipality and city’s administration, the researcher was endorsed to the municipality/city environment and natural resources office (MENRO/CENRO) to conduct the key informant survey and obtain the secondary data needed for this research study At the barangay level, the key informant survey was done to certain barangay official that has the knowledge to relevantly answer the questionnaire regarding solid waste management provided by the researcher

3.6 Analysis of data

The raw data gathered from household and respondents from key informant survey are all answered in words, thus, the researcher first assigned each of the answers with numerical value and encoded manually in Microsoft Excel 2013 With the use of the said software, tables, graphs and charts are created to show the

result of the study The use of Descriptive Statistics such as frequency and counts was implemented in this study to interpret the gathered data

3.7 Conceptual framework of the study

The conceptual paradigm of the research study is shown on Figure 4 As presented, the inputs of the study are the awareness on Solid Waste Management, the household’s waste management and practices, the municipality/city’s ordinances and waste generation and lastly, the environmental impacts of the respondent’s solid waste in their community

In order to compare these inputs, the processes are the survey of thirty (30) households per municipalities/cities, key informant interview with officials from both municipal/city and barangay level and on-site visual observation on the surveyed communities

Figure 4 Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

The output of the research as shown in Figure 4, will be the comparison of the level of awareness on Solid Waste Management, the differences of the Solid Waste Management and practices of households, the total quantity of the generated

waste of the selected municipality/city and the effects of solid waste in the environment Recommendation of measures on better waste management practices

is also considered in the output

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows and discusses the data analysis and findings from 240 questionnaires completed by randomly selected respondents from urban and rural areas in Laguna and the key informant interview on eight (8) municipalities/cities (4 urban and 4 rural) with six (6) barangays each The main purpose of this study

is to compare the solid waste management practices of urban and rural communities

4.1 Profile of the respondents

The respondents’ profile is presented by age, gender, household size, educational attainment, major occupation, ownership of business establishments

4.1.1 Age and gender

Figure 5 Age of surveyed households

As presented in Fig.5, most of the surveyed respondents from both urban and rural areas were in the age group of 41 and above in favor of rural communities Followed by the age ranging from 31-40 in favor of urban communities There were also a few respondents within the age group of 18-25 and lastly, age ranging from 26-30 got the least number of respondents from both urban and rural communities

0 20 40 60 80

Great majority of respondents from both areas surveyed were female There were 96 out of 120 of respondents from rural and 93 females out of 120 respondents from urban areas

4.1.2 Household size

Household size can be the reason of the large amount of waste generated by each household From the data presented Fig.6, it shows that the household size from 2-6 family members got the highest percentage from both urban and rural areas, followed by 7-14 family members .However, there were no surveyed households from both areas that consists of fifteen (15) and above members It is also evident that there were no big differences in the household size of surveyed

respondents from the rural and urban areas

Figure 6 Household size of surveyed respondents

0 20 40 60 80 100 120