[...]... (independent) and body composition component (dependent) variables (as error increases the precision and accuracy decrease), the strength of the biological and statistical relations between the independent and 8 Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition TABLE 1.1 Classification of adiposity status in adults according to BMI and waist circumference Classification BMI (kg/m2)... field of nutrition and musculoskeletal health is establishing the body composition characteristics of humans This chapter provides an overview of concepts and methodology related to quantifying human body composition, particularly as they pertain to measuring the quantity and distribution 3 4 Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition of fat, fat-free mass (FFM), and the... significant muscle loss Although there is no universal agreement on what cut-points should 12 Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition FIGURE 1.3 Odds ratio for physical disability according to skeletal muscle mass (normal, moderate sarcopenia, or severe sarcopenia) in older American men and women (Adapted from Janssen, I., Baumgartner, R.N., Ross, R., Rosenberg, I.R., and. .. specific to healthy young and middle-aged Caucasian populations Body circumference measurements have also been used to measure body fat and its distribution In addition to total fat mass, the distribution of fat within 10 Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition TABLE 1.2 Classification of adiposity status in adults according to BMI, sum of five skinfolds, and percent body fat... 491 Craig Nadelson and Kevin Gebke Section VII: Physical Stress Chapter 28 Preparing for Orthopedic Surgery 507 Vilma A Joseph and Ingrid Kohlstadt Chapter 29 Xenobiotics: Managing Toxic Metals, Biocides, Hormone Mimics, Solvents, and Chemical Disruptors 521 Russell Jaffe Chapter 30 Ergogenics: Maintaining Performance During Physical Stress 545 Luke R... years, and then rising again continuously into adulthood For this reason, overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is determined using age-specific BMI cut-points Numerous countries have produced BMI -for- age growth curves, which allows an individual’s BMI to be expressed as an age- and sex-specific percentile Historically, the 85th and 95th percentiles have been used to determine overweight and. .. extracellular fluids, and extracellular solids The extracellular solids consist primarily of bone minerals and collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers The extracellular fluid includes water and dissolved electrolytes and proteins The cell mass is of a greater nutritional interest, and includes organelles, mitochondria, and triglycerides Because cells are the basic functioning biological units, evaluating... procedures are non-invasive and minimal training is required This makes anthropometry practical for application in the clinical setting and in large epidemiological studies In its simplest form, anthropometry includes direct measures of height and body mass The body mass index (BMI), a simple index of weight -for- height (kg/m2), is commonly employed in both research and clinical settings as a measure... Alway, Ph.D Professor and Chair Division of Exercise Physiology West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, West Virginia Richard A Anderson, Ph.D Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville, Maryland David J Baer, Ph.D Diet and Human Performance Laboratory Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville, Maryland John D Bagnulo,... years.4 More recently, multicompartment models have been developed that are based on fractioning the body into more than two components at the molecular level.5 These 6 Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition multicompartment models are useful in situations where the composition of FFM is altered (e.g., sarcopenia or osteoporosis) In these situations, one of the fundamental . Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Scientif ic Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition Edited by Ingrid. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scientific evidence for musculoskeletal, bariatric, and sports nutrition / edited by Ingrid Kohlstadt. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical