Văn phạm tiếng Anh: Phần 2

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VI CORRECT WRITING

N guai hoc da di qua tat ca cac phan can ban cua qui luat van pham, phan ke tiep se gom nhung dieu so dang (fundamentals) de tach biet cac grammatical elements trong mot cau va tranh cac loi thong thuang

Punctuation Diction

Cho tai day nguai hoc da thu nhan dupe nhung qui luat van pham tuang doi du de viet mot cau van, tiep theo den phan q u a n tr o n g vai vai trd cua Punctuation Dat dung vi tri cho cac d a u se chung to nguai viet da hieu ro qui luat cau true cac chicc nang van pham Qui luat dung cac dau trong mot cau se dupe coi la c a n va d u ; nghia la, neu dat dau khong dung cho thi tat ca cau van viet ra khong co nghia hay khong ro nghia, hay nguai doc khong hieu nguai viet muon noi gi.

End Marks

The Period

Dung period (dau cham ) sau mot cau xac dinh (declarative statement) hay mot cau de nghi / ra lenh (request / command), hay noi mot cach tong quat la khi cham het mot cau

The study hall is too noisy Please stop your whispering,

Dung period vai nhung tu da quen nhu Mr Mrs., Ms.,

Dr truac mot proper noun (Mr Smith, Dr Smith) Jr., Sr., Ph.D sau names Chu y: khong dung period voi tu Miss

(vi£t tit la Ms.), va nen v ilt chu Ms chu khong viet Miss hay M rs khi chua biet ro tinh trang hon nhan cua mot nguai (marital status), co gia dinh hay chua

The Question Mark

Dung ? sau cac cau hoi true tiep (direct question),

thuang bat dau vai cac tu nhu who, when, what, etc.

N ote: Subject va verb dao ngugc

When did you study chemistry?

Do you ever wonder what your future will be?

You want to make a good impression, d o n ’t you?

Dung ? sau nien hieu khong biet chac:

King X was bom in 1661 (?) and died in 1701

The Exclamation Point

Dung ! sau nhung cau chua dung cam xuc manh (strong feeling)

What a horrible accident!

Fire! Help!

It was exciting, w asn’t it? Oh, I had a pleasant time

Ngucri viet van ngay nay (modem writing) it dung dau

! (cam than), nhung tu oh, goodness, well, yes, no, thuang

dugc theo sau bang dau phay (comma) chu khong dung dau cam than

The Comma

Khi dung mot trong nhung coordinating conjunctions sau day de noi lien (connect) cac main clauses ( and, but,

or, nor, for, so, va y e t ) thi luon luon co comma dung

truac Dau comma hien ra de cho biet mot independent clause cham dut va bao hieu la clause ke tiep sap den

The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave

the park

I placed the typed sheet on his desk, and he picked it

up and read it slowly His face turned red, but he did not say a word I knew he was angry, for he rose and stamped

out o f the room

Uyen chuyen: Khi nao mot hay ca hai main clauses dupe noi lien bang mot conjunction neu clause dai hay co nhiiu ddu thi co the thay c o m m a bang s e m ic o lo n :

The M ounties, dressed in red tunics and riding well- trained horses, were a familar sign on the Canadian

frontier; but few people in the United States saw M ounties

except in the movies

(Mountie or M ounty : [colloq.] a member o f the Royal Canadian M ounted Police [canh sat cuai ngua])

Dung comma de tach nhung doan ngan hay menh de:

I washed the dishes, I dried them, and I put them away

He walked into my office, took off his hat, and sat down The old house was empty, cold, dark, and uninviting She rushed into the house, up the stairs, and into her room.

Dung comma vai nhieu adjective cung mo ta tinh chat

England in 1660

Dung comma sau Introductory verbal phrases:

To succeed as a long-distance runner, a person must

have strong legs

Exhausted by her effort, the swimmer fell back into

the pool

Dung comma giua hai tu de tranh doc li|n nhau(pause):

While we were eating, the table collapsed

After we had washed, mother prepared breakfast Shortly after ten, thirty new recruits appeared

W hatever is, is right.

Dung comma de tach appositives (words that

immediately follow a noun or pronoun and stand for the same thing):

Mr Galloway, our science teacher, told me about it The teacher, a friend o f many years, advised me to stay The new boy, the one with red hair, sings beautifully.

Dung comma trong mot direct address (goi ten nhau): Can you show me, Kathy, how to punctuate this sentence?

Will you speak a little louder, George?

Quan sat nhirng truang hap duai day de thay rang da dung thira comma va sai (incorrect):

I had studied hard, b u t failed the test

(incorrect, vi studied va failed la hai joining verb, cung mot subject)

The man at the far end o f the head table, is my uncle.(incorrect, vi khong the ngan cach giua subject va verb)

T h e Sem icolon

Dung semicolon de tach cac independent clause khi khong noi lien bang mot coordinating conjunction, va khi

clause theo sau co conjunctive adverb (however, therefore,

moreover, consequently, etc.)

There are only a few o f the urgent problems concerning our ecology; many more exist, (no connective)

You must fill out the application form; later you will

be interviewed, (adverb with second clause)

“He is sick,” she said; "therefore, he will not come."

Dung semicolon de tach cac independent clauses khi noi lien bang mot coordinating conjunction ma trong cau

The Colon

Dung colon de bao hieu se co giai thich (explain), lam sang to (clarify), dan chung (illustrate), them chi tiet (specify detail)

Charm, in the abstract, has something o f the quality of music: radiance, balance, and harmony

The poets I likes best are these: Housman, Yeast, and Eliot

One characteristic accounted for his success: complete honesty

The recommended treatment for a cold is as follows: plenty o f fluids, bed rest, and aspirin for fever.

Dung colon sau nhung tir nhu he said truac khi co mot trich dan :

The speaker rose to his feet and said: "Students and teachers, I wish to call your attention "

Dung colon de tach nhieu items (dieu noi tai) trong mot cau:

For the most part we are an intemperate people: we eat too much when we can, drink too much, indulge our senses to much

C o m p o u n d n u m b e r s :

sixty-four sixty-fourth

eighty-seven eighty-seventh thirty-five thirty-fifth

Units o f time

twenty minutes’ drive (a twenty-minute drive)

one dollar's worth (one-dollar worth)

ten days’ wait (a ten-day wait)

Contraction

I'm (I am)

Y ou're (You are)There’s (There is)

W ho’s (who is)

Y ou’ ve (you have)

D on't (do not)

Viet chu nghieng tat ca ten cac tac pham nghe thuat va

nhat bao, tuan bao, va tap chi (khi muon trich dan)

A M idsummer N ight's Dream

The Song o f Hiawatha

Christina's World

the Washington Post

the Chicago Tribune

The Economist

Paris Match

ViSt chu nghieng cac ten airplane, ship, train

the Spirit o f St Luouis (airplane)

U.S.S Constitution (ship)

the Sunset Lim ited (train)

Abbreviations

Vi£t chu hoa (capital letter or upper case letter) chu

<Mu tien khi b it d4u mot cau (First word of every sentence):

We laughed when he answered

Why did he say that?

She asked him why he said that

The building needs repair How much will it cost?

Proper nouns & related adjectives.

Kate Webb, woman - Robert Baker, man - France, country - Tuesday, day - October, month - Christmas Eve, holiday - Frederick High School - Hood College - Mauretania, ship - Fifth Avenue, boulevard - White House, residence

Religions

Bible - Old Testament - Jewish, Catholic

Sermon on the Mount, Koran

We visited the late President X ’s house in Hanoi.Tonight the President will appear on national television.(vi co tir the dung truac)

Fam ily relationship

At the moment M other, Father, and Aunt Lucy entered the room

My mother, father, and aunt are

(khong viet hoa vi co possessive My dung truac)

(Vi£t hoa ten mon hoc thuoc Cuon Danh Muc cac mon hoc cua truang [catalogue listings] nhu a cau tren, khong vi£t hoa khi noi cac mon hoc nhu a cau duai; viet hoa khi noi ten ngon ngir [language])

Title of books

V ilt hoa chu dau va tat ca cac chu tiep theo, khong viet

hoa nhung a, an, the va cac prepositions / conjunctions.

“Stopping by W oods on a Snowy Evening”

“A Portrait o f the Artist as a Young M an”

Titles before proper nouns

Chi viet tat title cua mot nguai khi nao viet ca ten hp (surname)

Dr Amy Jones Prof James BostonChi viet tat nhung chu

Hon (Honorable)Rev (Reverend)Prof (Professor)Sen (Senator) khi co surname (family name) va given name (first name)

Examples:

The Hon W.C Jones (but not Hon Jones) Nghi thuc hon (more formal) thi vilt h it title va co tu the:

The Reverend W.C Jones

Titles after proper names

Examples:

Amy Jones, MD Nguyen D Pham, Ph.D

D IC TIO N

N g u a ri h o c vua di qua nhung phan ghi nhan dugc nhirng qui luat c a n va d u (essentials / fundam entals) de viet va noi dung theo van pham Trong nhirng phan tiep theo, nguai hoc se gap cac cach viet cua mot so cau tuomg trung do sinh vien dai hoc (a nude My) viet va giao s u sua kem theo lai khuyen nen chon dung tir (choice o f words) khi viet, nen dien y trong moi cau nhu the nao de nguai doc de hieu; nghia la, tranh loi viet ruam ra (wordiness);

xa hem nita la dim g de nguai doc cam thay cau van te nhat (triteness), khong bi roi vao tinh trang noi m a ho (vagueness) hay vay m uon nhung tir dung di dung lai nhieu roi ([sao ngu] euphemism, idiom).

Han nua, neu English la ESL doi vai nhirng ai dang tim hieu cach dung ngon ngu nay thi lai la mot dieu k h o

k h a n horn; do do, s u kien nhan trong viec tu hoc la dieu cdn t h i i t : chiu kho doc nhieu va nhan xet cac cach viet.

W ordiness

D uai day la nhung cau dien hinh cua cac sinh vien vi£t, va nhung huong dan cua giao su Chu y quan sat, va

vai vdn lieng van pham da co thi nguai hoc se tim thay

sinh vien da dung nhieu tir khong can thiet; nghia la thira,

khi dien ta y muon noi, va vi ruam ra nen cau van thieu ro rang

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There is a man in our neighborhood, and he has written three novels

better

A man in our neighborhod has written three novels

A neighbor o f ours has written three novels

Thu gon nhu 2 cau tren da bat ruam ra, nhung cung con co the lam cau van nhe han a cau duai day:

Our neighbor has written three novels

Cau van ruam ra, va y muon noi khong ro rang vi

nguai viet dung nhieu tir but hay and nhu nhung cau duai

N ote: Can chu y khi dung coordinating conjunction

(and) n h u or truang harp tren thi nhirng tu truac va sau

phdi cung mot fo rm (parallel): enjoys working and (enjoys) going

vi vi<§t birth, death D uai day la cac truang hap tuang tu: Our horse X has gone to the big round-up in the sky

Nen v i e t : Our horse X has died

Due to the fact that he was enamored o f Angela, Thomas comported himself in such a way as to appear ridiculous

Nen viet: Because he was in love with Angela,

Thomas behaved foolishly

I regret extremely the necessity o f your departure

Nen v i e t : I am sorry you must go

Vi coi thuang (carelessness) hay khong biet (ignorance)

nghia cua tu, nguai viet da mac vao loi diep ngir (noi nhieu

lan [unnecessary repitition])

Day cung la loai wordiness nua thuang xay ra, goi la

redundancy a nhung cau dien hinh duai day:

Repeat that again, please

(why again?)

Vi tir repeat da co nghia la "lap lai"

His solution was equally as good as hers

(why equally?)

Vi cum tir as good as da co nghia la "bang n h W The consensus o f opinion o f the group was that Mrs Jacobs will make a good mayor

Chi can dung: consensus o f the group hoac la the

opinion o f the group (Vi tir consensus va tir opinion a cau

nay co nghia giong nhau, hai tir of lien nhau da lam cho

cau van ruam ra)

wordy

This location is more preferable than that one

(preferable co nghia la "more desirable"; do do more

a day thira.)

This location is preferable to that one

(verb prefer luon luon co preposition to di theo)

Khong nen dung tu nao neu chua hieu ro nghia hoac

chua auen cach dung; neu khong thi se roi vao tinh trang y

m a ho Trong Anh ngu co nhieu tir rat triu tuang thuang thSy nhu asset, factor, phase, case, nature, character, line, field CSn than khi dung nhung tir nay cho dung cho, hay

t6t hem het la khong dung de cau van dugc nhe nhang, de hilu Nhung cau duai day cho thi du nen tranh:

In cases where a person receives a ticket for speeding,

he must pay a fine o f fifty dollars

(a ticket for speeding la giay phat vi lai xe qua toe <1q

luat djnh)

In cases where co the thay bang tir i f

Industry and intelligence are important assets in business success

Bo di tir a s s e ts thi cau nay van khong thay doi nghia The course is o f a very difficult nature

Nen viet: The course is very difficult

Jerry was aware o f the fact that he was risking his savings

Nen viet: Jerry was aware that he was risking hissavings

T riteness

Trong nhieu sach van pham, giao su or My khuyen sinh vien tranh dung nhung thanh ngu (expression / idiom)

da nghe qua nhieu tir lau N hung tir do se lam cho cau van

te nhat (trite), kho khan (dull), hay dap khuon, (cliche’)

Va cac cach viet a may the ky tru ac khong con dugc ua thich, nhu thai cua giai Victoria (cuoi the ky 19 d nuoc Anh) dat ra nhung tir ong a, nghe em tai (euphemism) nhu

"limbs" thay cho tir legs Cach viet khac ntra cung khong con dugc ua thich la trich dan cac cau ngan ngu (proverbs), cac cau van hay ldi dep a cac sach van chucmg thdi xua (literature)

D u ai day la mot so tir sinh vien thuang hieu Ian Ion nghia hoac dung khong dung cho (faulty):

Above, nghia la higher place, overhead, up -

khong viet: the above reference, the above names

Accept, Except, am thanh gan giong nhau -

to accept is to receive; to except is to make an

exception of, to omit Except (as a preposition) means

with the exception o f

A.D chu viet tat cua Anno Domini (in the year o f our

Lord), chi dung khi co nien hieu : A.D 1400

AH ready, Already Tir truac nghia la all are ready

(da san sang) {The players were all ready); tir sau nghia la before now (She has already gone) (da di roi).

All together, Altogether Tir truac nghia la cong tat

ca (all o f a number) (She invited them all together); tir sau nghia la entirely, completely (He was altogether wrong) Alright, sai spelling, dung: all right

Anyone, Any one Tir truac la indefinite pronoun, mot tir viet lien; tir sau nghia la bat cu mot nguai nao, mot

vat g i luon luon hai tir (Any one o f your friends will be

her ability she is perfectly able to do the work Correct: As far as her ability is concerned, she is perfectly able to do

Beside, Besides Tir truoc la preposition : by the side

of (Along came a spider and sat down beside her.): tir sau neu la preposition thi nghia la except (He had nothing besides his good name), neu la adverb thi nghia la in addition, moreover (He received a medal and fifty dollars besides.)

Blam e O n verb nay luon luon di voi fo r (not on) (They blamed the driver fo r the accident but not They blamed the accident on the driver.)

Couple, luon luon theo sau voi o f co nghia nhu two hay a fe w (couple, khong chinh thuc)

Due to khong dung due to de thay cho because of nhu:

(Due to a lenghty illness, he left college); chi dung sau mot noun hay sau linking verb (His failure, due to laziness, was not surprising The accident was due to carelessness.)

Equally As khong dung hai tir di ciing nhau, hoac

equally hoac as, khong viet: Water is equally as necessary

as air Nen viet : Water is as necessary as air Hoac nen viet: Water and air are equally necessary.

Farther, Further Tir truoc co nghia a more distant

point, tir sau : a greater extent, in addition It is farther to

Minneapolis from Chicago than from here We will talk further about this tomorrow.

Few, Less Tir truoc noi ve mot so (a number), tir sau

noi ve so luong (amount) Where there are few er persons,

there is less noise.

Hardly, khong dimg voi negative Sai: I can 7 hardly

see it Dung: I can hardily see it.

If, W hether, phan biet nghTa timg tir: I f : Let me know

if you are coming, (chi cho biet neu se toi) W hether : Let

me know whether you are coming, (ngudi noi chd doi cau

tra ldi co den hay khong)

It’s me formal English (nghi thuc) : It is I (It is me :

informal English) Tuy nhien, cho phep dung trong khi noi nhung khong dung khi viet

Like, As preposition like can theo sau voi mot object

(He ran like a horse), conjunction as can theo sau voi mot clause (He did as he wished)

Quan sat: Many species o f oaks, as the red oak, the

white oak, the water oak, are found in the Southeast Phdi

dung like, khong dung as.

Nice, chi dung de noi mot cach chung chung, tong quat, khong ro rang Neu muon khen, ca tung ai/ cai gi thi nen tim nhirng adjective ro rang (specific).

Too co nghia in addition, excessively Se sai nghia neu djnh noi very, very much Too co nghia la qua nhieu.

W ait for, W ait on nghia tir truoc la to look forward to (chd doi): For two hours I have waited fo r you Tir sau co nghia to serve (tiep dai): The butler and two servers waited on the guests at dinner.

Spelling W ords

Vi sir cau true tir ngir cho nen de nhcr dugc tieng Anh thi nguai hoc gap kha nhieu kho khan va nhieu nguai thuang viet sai - thieu chu hoac khong dung th u tu truac sau, nhieu nguai doc dugc nhung khong biet viet the nao

Co nhieu cach de viet dung nhu chia van (syllable) cua tir theo loi p ha t dm (pronunciation); dung quy luat spelling rules; hay gian dan nhat la hoc "thuoc long" (memorize) hay tra ciru a tir dien D uai day la nhung tir thuang dung

ma ciing thuang viet sai (mispelled).

* Nen doc va viet nhieu lan de nho.

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achieve assassinate civilization

analysis build country

disappearance fatigue

icyignoranceimmediateimmenseimpossibleincidentallyinconsistentincredibleinevitableinnocentinquireinsistenceinstallinstallmentintellectualintelligentinterfereinterpretinterruptirresistiblepenicillinperceive

perform

picnickingpleasantpneumoniapollutionPortuguesepossessionpossiblepractice

o ’clockprecedeprecedentpreferencepreferredpressureprimitiveprivilegeproceedprocess

millionaire orchestra professor

prominent

quarter

recognize recommend reference

respectively respectfully

surprise

until

vegetablevaluableveteranvillage

weirdwhetherwriting

suresymmetrythoroughtomorrowtoughtransferred

trulytemperature

unnecessaryusingunusual

vengeancevariousvigilancevillain

wholewhosewritten

D uai day la mot so qu y lu a t (rules) dugc nhieu ngudi

ap dung, theo 16i diu true tu ngu, se giup ngudi viet them

tie tin cung vdi 16i hoc thuoc long mat chu:

a) F in a le

Bo (drop) chu e cuoi cung, khi suffix (tiep vT ngu) co chu dau la vowel (nguyen am), nhu -in g , -ous, etc.;

nhung giu (retain) chu e cuoi cung, khi suffix co chu dau

la consonant (phu am), nhu ment, -ly, e t c :

F in a l e dropped : come + ing : coming

fame + ous : famous love + able : lovable guide + ance : guidance awe + ful : awful due + ly : duly true + ly : truly

Nhung tir five, nine va twelve khi them th thi bo (drop) e

Fifth, ninth, twelfth

F in a l e retained move + m e n t: movement

fate + f il l : fateful sole + l y : solely sure + ly : surely entire + ly : entirely hate + ful : hateful

N g o a i Ie : Qui luat tren khong ap dung voi mot so tir duoi day:

Acknowledge, acknowledgment; abridge, abridgment Judge, judgm ent; dye, dyeing; singe, singeing

Hoe, hoeing; mile, mileage; due, duly; awe, awful

W hole, wholly

G iu (retain) chu e cuoi ciing khi dung sau chu c hay g,

n£u suffix co chu dau la a hay o : peace, peaceable; courage, courageous

- (2) truoc consonant cuoi cua tir do la vowel

W ord o f one syllable: stop + ed : stopped

W ord in which the accent falls on the last syllable: occur + ence : occurrence

W ord in which the accent does not fall on the last syllable:

differ + ence : difference

c) ei and ie

Khi ei va ie co am dai (long sound) doc nhu tir keep thi viet / truac e, trir trucmg hop hai chu nay dung sau chu c

Suffix bat dau vai chu khong phai la i :

fly +es : flies ally +es : allies easy +ly : easily mercy +ful : merciful study + ous : studious

Suffix bat dau vai / :

fly + ing : flying study + ing : studying

VII STYLISTICS

Phan nay se dem den cho ngudi hoc nhung cau da duoc sira lai de vua giu qui luat van pham vua lam cau van nhe nhang (van chai chuot)

N gudi hoc da thu nhan duoc mot so hudng dan chon tir (choice o f words), dien ta y r5 rang (expression of ideas) de ngudi doc hieu ngudi viet muon noi gi Tiep theo

d phan nay se dan ngudi hoc den phuong phap t u d a o

Caffeine is a stim ulant it gives some people the jitters.Revised

Caffeine is a stimulant, and it gives some people the

Many soft drinks have a high caffeine content as a result caffeine - free colas contain have ben developed to respond to consum ers’ concern.

Nhieu sinh vien thuong lung tung khong biet chon tir

nao de co sir phu hap (agreement) giua subject va verb,

nhu truang hap duai day:

The first two chapters o f the book were exciting.

( 0 cau nay, chapters la subject cua verb were, chu

khong phai book mac du dung gan verb)

Observation:

The size o f the bears startles the spectators.

Nen chu y khi subject la singular ma theo sau la cac tu

ngu, thanh ngu (expressions) with, together with, accompanied by, as well as thi verb se la singular:

The coach, as well as the players, were happy over the

victory

Sally, together with her friends, were here.

Thay ro la plural, nhung vi dung cac expressions nay nen subject chinh la singular, (nhan xet: moi expression deu nam giua hai dau phay).

Do vav cau viet lai cho dung (Revised) nhu sau:

The coach, as well as the players, was happy over the victory

Sally, together with her friends, was here

O bservation: phan biet 2 trudng hop duoi cung dung

tu and:

Nhieu subjects noi lien voi tu and:

The Ohio River and the Missouri River empty into the

Mississippi

Compound subject nhung la mot ngudi (one person /

subject):

My friend and benefactor was there to help me.

(ban toi va cung la an nhan cua toi)

Verb hop voi Subject gan:

Either you or he has to be here.

N either the dean nor his assistants are to handle this

matter

Cau tren: you and he noi lien voi tu or.

Cau dudi: dean - singular, assistants - plural, verb hop

vdi subject gan.

• Do do, neu mot cau co hai subjects: mot singular, mot plural thi nen dat plural subject sau singular subject

va gan verb de cho thuan.

Nhirng subjects chi sums of money, distance, measurement

se dung singular verb:

Three-quarters o f the money is already spent.

Forty years is_a long time to live in one town.

Four miles isj 00 much to jog

Ambiguous

Mot cau van duoc goi la sang sua, de hieu la khi ngudi doc khong cam thay kho khan de tim subject va verb hoac predicate theo sau Cac trudng hop duoi day thuoc loai khong ro subject:

Ambiguous

When Kathy visited her mother she had a cold

(Who had a cold, Kathy or her mother?)

Clear

When she visited her mother, Kathy had a cold

Kathy had a cold when she visited her mother

Her mother had a cold when Kathy visited her

Ambiguous

Arthur went with John to the airport, where he took a plane to Phoenix (Who took the plane, John or Arthur?)

Ngudi ta thudng dung this, that, which khi noi (in

conversation), nhung nen tranh dung nhung tu nay khi

viet, vi nhung tu nay de lam cho y trong cau van m a ho (vague), doi khi sai van pham nua.

Vague

Only twenty people attended the lecture, which was

due to poor publicity

Revised

Because o f poor publicity, only twenty people attended the lecture

Vague

The suspect was arrested after police spotted him

driving a van on the San Francisco peninsula that he had

purchased in Idaho

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