Văn phạm tiếng Anh: Phần 1

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A compendium of English Grammar

&

Correct Writing

V A N P H A M T IE N G A N H

1

P H A M D IN H L O C

VAN PHAM TIENG ANH

A compendium of English Gramm ar

&

Correct Writing

NHA XUAT BAN HdNG Ol>C

C u n g ta c g ia

A Glimpse o f Vietnamese Oral Literature

ISBN 1-4010-4038-1 Library of Congress Number 2001119757

in USA

I C F M C Vietnam

ISBN 1-4134-1852-X

J li) i tao (fid

Toi viet sach nay vai kinh nghiem sau nhung nam day tieng Anh a Sai Gon truac day va a My Hoc sinh thixcmg bi roi

■ tri vi phai doc qua nhieu danh tCr kho hieu, khong can thiet ma cac tac gia da viet trong phan dan giai, nen hoc sinh cam thay kho hieu va cham thu nhan d uoc cac y chinh can tim hieu qui iuat van pham tieng Anh Roi tri hon nua neu hoc sinh doc nhung sach giao khoa van pham tieng Anh d My, vi danh tu van pham a nhung sach nay khong dong nhat.

Do do, trong sach nay toi viet thu gon a viec dan giai, toi dung thi du de chi dan nguai hoc nhan xet, tim ra nhung quy luat can ban cua van pham Toi khong dich sang tieng Viet nhung danh tir van pham tieng Anh, toi chi chon nhung tu thong dung de n g u a i hoc de thu nhan, va can thiet cho nguai hoc sau nay tham khao them sach van pham tieng Anh.

Thong thuong, n g u a i hoc ngoai ngu bat dau hoc tu vung (vocabulary), hoc dan dan n gu phap (grammar), roi doc nhieu

de nhan xet loi viet theo cac qui luat van pham Ngoai ra, ngon ngu viet doi khi khac vai ngon n gu noi, vi nhieu khi van pham

d uoc hieu ngam khi noi, va moi dja p h u a n g th u a n g co mot so tho ng u (dialects) N g u a i hoc se gap nhiing tru a n g hop nay khi doc sach, va se tim hieu bang cach tra ciru a tir dien.

Pham Din It L oc

Washington, D.C

I Parts o f S p eec h 11

II Verbals 63

III Tenses 71

IV Parts o f a Sentence 78

V Clauses 88

VI Correct W riting 98

VII Stylistics 132

VIII Speakers o f ESL (English as a second language) 153 IX The history’ and development o f E nglish 174

7

V a n p h a m la link hon cua ngon ngu N gu ai noi va nguai nghe, nguai viet va nguai doc tim thay"giao cam" vai nhau qua tieng noi hay cau van Am thanh tao thanh tieng noi mang nhung y tuang, y nghi cua nguai noi sang nguai nghe de hieu nhau Cau van (nhieu loi viet khac nhau) chica dung y tuang, y nghi, cam xuc cua nguai viet

de nguai doc san se tam tu, hay thu nhan kien thuc.

Tieng noi hay cau van hop thanh bai mot so tir, duoc dat theo th u tu truac sau, thi du: Thieu nu chai toe truac gucmg.

M oi tu mang mot y nghia (meaning), tir no dat truac tic kia (word order), moi tic co rieng chicc nang (function), khi noi khi viet thi theo qui luat; Neu khong dung tu theo chicc nang, khong viet theo qui luat thi tieng noi, cau van khong co nghia gi ca Cau van, tieng noi co duac giao cam la nha qui luat van pham Do do, van pham la yeu to thiet yeu cua ngon ngu.

8

Danh tir thirtrng dung

Nhung danh tir dirai day thirang thay a cac sach van pham tieng Anh, va phucrng phap dan giai a cuon sach nay giir nguyen danh tir tieng Anh.

Auxiliary verb Tro dong tir

Direct object Tan ngu true tiep

Fundamental Can ban, thiet yeu

Indirect object Tan ngir gian tiep

Infinitive verb Dong tir nguyen dang

Irregular verb Dong tir bat qui tac

9

Parts o f speech Loai tir ngu

Passive voice Bi dong cach

Past participle Qua khu phan tir

Present tense Thi hien tai

I PARTS OF SPEECH

PARTS OF SPEECH

Phan nay dem den vai nguai hoc s u hieu biet long quat ve cac loai ngu, cac chuc nang (function) cua timg loai, va cach dung (usage) cua tim g loai; tat ca nhuvgySu

to can thiet de co mot can ban can va du ve qui luat van pham, truac khi sang cac phan ke tiep cu the han ve cach viet va noi theo "Standard E nglish."

Speech la so lugng tir hop thanh ngon ngu viet (written language) hay ngon ngu noi (spoken language), dien ta cac y tuang (thoughts), cam nhan (feelings), hay

mo ta mot viec lam (act) Khi viet hay noi thi ghep nhieu

tu thanh mot cau (sentence), neu nguai doc hay nguai nghe hieu duac ro y cau do la nha da theo qui luat van pham (the rules o f grammar) Moi cau gom nhieu tu (words) vai chuc nang van pham khac nhau (grammatical elements) Tieng Anh co khoang mot trieu tu, hai phan ba

so tu nay la danh tu thuoc cac nganh khoa hoc ky thuat nhu dien tir, vat ly, y khoa, tarn than hoc va bo mon triet hoc Trong mon hoc van pham, ngon ngu thong dung duoc xep thanh 8 loai tir ngu chinh:

1 NOUNS

Noun (danh tir) la mot tir noi ve nguai (person), vi tri (place), vat (thing) hay y tuang (idea) Loai ngu nay phan biet theo cac dac tinh duai day:

a) Proper noun noi ve mot ten rieng, hay dac biet,

cSn v ilt hoa a dau chu (capital), gom nhung loai duai day:Person : Conficius, Tran Hung Dao

Place : Viet Nam, France, England

Animal : Phoenix, Kangaro

Object : Viet Nam Airlines

Group : the Red Cross

Time : Friday, November

Event : World War II, the Vietnam War

Idea : Judaism, Buddhism, Confucianism

b) Common noun noi ve tat ca ten chung:

girl, boy, teacher, student, mother, father, house, car, bird, chicken, property, honesty, idea, table, chair, school, market, store, shop, country, world, etc

c) Collective noun noi ve ten mot nhom nguai, vat,

vj tri, vai chuc nang la mot dan vj:

Flock, team, the public, committee, club, the poor, the rich, the army, etc

d) Concrete noun noi ve nhung gi biet duoc bang 5

giac quan (senses):

(sight [see], touch [feel], smell, hearing [hear], and taste)

door, tree, dress, snow, city, museum, sorrow, joy, odor, sound, salt, etc

e) Abstract noun noi ve quality (pham chat),

condition (tinh trang / hoan canh), idea (y tuang):

beauty, fear, truth, hatred, kindness, honesty, courtesy, love, loneliness, dismissal, etc

Nominative & Objective: Can biet nhung dac tinh

duai day de phan tich van pham khi viet mot cau Tinh

chat cua mot noun tuy thuoc cho dung a dau trong cau.

La nominative neu noun la su b je c t:

I live

The train stopped

The car runs

Subject la mot noun, hay personal pronoun, hay mot noun phrase (nhom tu), hay mot noun equivalent/ substitute (tuang duang / thay the) ma se dugc mo ta

(describe) hay noi den (tell more about) bai nhung loai ngu' theo sau de biet (subject) la gi, la ai, lam gi

(I live: I la subject, live la verb)

La objective neu noun la o b je c t:

I saw the train

He saw the parade

He is a teacher

Object la mot noun or any word or group o f words (mot tir hay nhom tir) co chuc nang nhu mot noun de noi

subject la gi, hay verb lam gi (teacher la object)

Possessive & Com pound: Se thuong gap nhung loi viet duai day khi doc sach, quan sat de biet loi viet possessive noun khi muon noi ve ownership, possession (scr hiru), hay sir lien quan (relationship) giua 2 noun Loi

viet nay se ngan hon vi bo di dugc chu of, hay to, hay that

trong mot nhom tir, tranh dugc cau van ruom ra

Examples:

The beauty o f the flower > the flow er’s beauty

A house that belongs to Mr Smith > Mr Smith's house The job that my sister has > my sister’s job

Nhung noun khong tan ciing bang s

thi se them apostrophe ( ’ ) va s.

Examples: The dog’s tail (tail o f the dog)

H elen’s hat (the hat o f Helen)

(mu cua Helen)

Nhirng noun co mot syllable tan ciing bang s, se th e m ’s

Exam ples: The kiss’s affection

Scott’s shirt

N ote: Khi noi tir (word) nay co 4 dm tiet (syllables), nghia la khi doc se ngat (tach xa) tir nay thanh 4 phan vai

dm (sound) nang nhe khac nhau, nhu tir edM.ca.tion

Nhirng noun nhieu hem mot am tiet (syllable) tan ciing

bang s, chi them apostrophe ( ’ ):

the w itness’ story

the hardiness’ condition

Nhung noun so nhieu khong tan ciing bang s,

th e m ’s :

the w om en’s group the children’s toys Nhung noun so nhieu tan ciing bang s, chi them

( ’ ) apostrophe:

the girls’ garments the zebras’ stripes

Compound nouns - Nhung noun hop thanh bcri hai hay nhieu noun, co khi tach biet nhu high school, co khi ghep chung nhu hairdresser, co khi noi lien bang hyphen (-) nhu sister-in-law

girl / girls, month / months, house / houses

car / cars , boy / boys, year / years, friend / friends

D uai day la nhung tnrcmg hop dac biet:

a) Noun tan ciing bang s, x, z, sh, ch, se them es:

bus / buses, box / boxes, waltz / waltzes, wish /

w i s h e s , lunch / lunches, brush / brushes, bush / bushesb) Noun tan ciing bang y, truac la mot phu am

(consonant), thi thay y bang i roi them es:

colony / colonies, country / countries

b a b y / b a b ie s , penny / pennies

c) Noun tan cung bang y, truac la mot nguyen am

( v o w e l) , thi th e m s:

monkey / monkeys, boy / boys

d) Noun tan cung bang f hay fe, thi them s:

roof / roofs, safe / safes

Mot so trirong hop thay f hay fe bang v, roi them es:

leaf / leaves, life / lives

e) Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot phu am

(consonant), thi them es:

tomato / tomatoes, veto / vetoes

0 Noun tan ciing bang o, truac la mot nguyen am (vowel), thi chi them s:

radio / radios

g) Nhung truong hap bat qui tac:

child / children, tooth / teeth, woman / w om en

h) Common noun co hyphen (-), hay viet tach biet, thi them s vao nhirng tir chinh:

mother-in-law / mothers-in-law, ice-cream / ice­creams

college student / college students, girl school / girlschools

2 PRONOUNS

Pronoun la mot tir dung thay cho mot noun de noi ve nguai hay vat (person or thing), chuc nang giong nhu common noun hay proper noun trong mot cau Tieng Anh

co han 70 pronouns, chia thanh 5 nhom:

a) Personal pronouns (+ possessive form va reflexive form)

b) Demonstrative pronouns

c) Interrogative pronouns

d) Relative pronouns

e) Indefinite pronouns

a) Personal pronouns (dai tir nhan xirng)

Personal pronoun la dai tir nhan xirng chi ro rang nguai hay vat (specific persons and things); I, we la ngucri noi, noi v ai nguai true tiep doi thoai la you; nguai hay vat dugc noi toi la he, she, it va they Chuc nang cua cac pronouns nay trong mot cau co the la chii ngu (subject), co the la bo ngu (object), va khi viet hay noi thi can hap vai nhau theo nhung dac tinh duai day:

Gender: {masculine or fem inine (giong due hay giong

cai)

neuter (giong trung)

singular or plural (so it hay so nhieu)

fir s t person : chinh minh (nguai noi)

second person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai (doi dien

khi noi)

third person : mot nguai hay nhieu nguai, vat hay

nhieu vat (dugc noi toi)

Nominative case Nominative case

Objective case Objective case

Quan sat cac thi du (example) duai day de phan biet:

"nominative case", personal pronoun la subject trong mot cau; "objective case", personal pronoun la object cua mot dong tir (verb) hay cua mot g iai tu (preposition) trong mot cau.

Examples:

- Nominative case (subjective case)

She sang the song

He played the guitar

She played the piano

- Objective case

The audience applauded her

The audience sang with them

The audience crowded around her

Va duai day la truang hap co 2 chu ngu hay 2 bo ngu trong mot cau:

Lucy and she sang a duet

(Lucy la noun, she la pronoun : a compound subject) The music thrilled Robert and me

(Robert la noun, me la pronoun : a compound object)

Note: sau verb "to be" nen dung subjective form :

Nguai ta thuang quen noi It is me Nhung khi viet thi nen It is I.

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Antecedent (tien ngu) la mot noun ma pronoun thay the; nghia la noun do da dugc noi truac trong ciing cau, hay cau truac nua Dung pronoun thay cho antecedent

phai tuang duang, nghia la cung so it (singular) hay so nhieu (plural), giong due (masculine) hay giong cai (feminine).

Examples:

Each o f the boys must buy his own uniform.

Each o f the girls must buy her own uniform.

All o f the band members must buy their own

uniforms

Possessive Forms (dang sa htru)

Used as determiners (tinh tir sa huu)

third person his, her, its

Example:

It is my hat

(Do la mu cua toi)

This is our house

It is her car

Used alone (dai tir scr huu / dung mot minh)

third person his, hers, its theirs

Pluralouryourtheir

Reflexive Forms (dang phan than)

Singular Plural

herselfitself

Reflexive pronouns (dai tir phan than) co tinh chat "nhan manh" (emphasis) mot viec lam do chinh cac pronouns:

Examples:

The prime minister him self drove (his car) to work

We ourselves built the house

She made herself a sandwich

(She made a sandwich by herself)

b) Demonstrative Pronouns (dai tir chi dinh)

This va that dung truac danh tu so it (single noun) These va those dung truac danh tir so nhieu (plural noun) This va these chi nhung thu a gan, that va those o \a Before a noun:

This picture is beautiful

These pictures are beautiful

Do you remember that man?

Used alone

This is my cousin

Those are the beautiful lights from the sun

That is the full moon

c) Interrogative Pronouns (dai tir nghi van)

People only nonpeople People & nonpeople

whom?

whose?

Compounds: whoever, whomever, whatever

Interrogative pronouns khong phan biet so U (singular) va so nhieu ( plural).

W ho, what, which dung lam cau hoi khi la subject Whom lam cau hoi khi la object

W hose lam cau hoi khi noi ve possession

Examples:

Who is the tallest in the class?

What is her name?

Which car did you buy?

Whom do you trust?

Whose ideas are these?

d) Relative Pronouns (dai tir quan he)

People only nonpeople nonpeople in formal usage:

people in informal

who which that

whom

which

whose

NOTE: who dung a truang hap khi subject la ngucri

(person) de noi lien menh de phu (subordinate clause) vai

menh de chinh (main clause) (dan giai a duai); whom

dung a truang hap neu la object cua mot verb hay cua mot

preposition; which va tha t chi dung vai do vat, vat

(things) Co truang hap dung "that" vai chuc nang nhu

"who", nhung tot nhat nen dung who de giu qui luat van pham

Examples:

The artist who painted this painting won a first-place award

(who in place o f artist / thay cho subject artist)

The woman whom you saw is the principal

(whom is the object o f the verb saw / la object cua verb saw)

The wom an with whom you spoke is the principal

(whom is the object o f the preposition with / la object cua preposition with)

My car, which I bought last month, is very small.The car that I liked has been sold, (emphasis)

N otes: (1) Dung that de nhan manh (emphasize) sir

quan trong cua subordinate clause, dung which de noi them chi tiet a subordinate clause

(2) Trong nhieu truang hap khong dung tir whom khi viet hay noi, vi "am thanh nang", tuy nhien de giir qui luat van pham thi luon luon dung tir whom neu la object cua mot verb hay cita mot preposition

Examples:

Whom did you invite?

With whom do you go to concerts?

e) Indefinite Pronouns (dai tir bat dinh)

Verbs dung vai nhirng pronouns duai day luon luon a

singular form (so it), nghTa la thuang them - s if cuoi verb,

nhu vai thi hien tai a ngoi thu 3 (third-person present tense)

everything something anything nothing

Examples

Everything that you say is true

Somebody js calling you

Anything you want to eat is fine with me

Anyone in the office is invited.

Nobody knows her address

He has nowhere to go after dinner

Verbs dung voi nhirng pronouns duoi day se luon luon

o plural form (so nhieu):

both, few many, several

Examples:

Few o f our friends have cars

Several o f the houses are empty

Verbs dung voi nhung pronouns duai day se co the la singular hay plural:

enough more, most such

a round table, a small road, a big building

a yellow flower, a smooth blanket, a flat rice-field

a fast train, a hot tea, a cold drink, cold foods

a romantic story, a serious mistake, a precious metal

* Adjective co khi d im s truac noun, co khi dim s sau noun.

Examples:

The beautiful house is built o f stones.

That house is beautiful.

She thought the house beautiful.

The car, nice and expensive, ran fast.

COM PARISION

Nhung qui tac so sanh hon hay kem:

Co ba bac so sanh: Equal (ngang bang), Comparative (hon, kem), Superlative (cao nhat)

Neu adjective ngan, mot am tiet (one syllable)

Examples:

Bob is as tall as John, (equal)

Bob is taller than John, (comparative)

Bob is the tallest student in the class, (superlative)

Neu adjective dai, 2 am tiet (2 syllables)

Examples:

Helen is as pretty as her sister

Helen is prettier than her sister.

Helen is the prettiest in the family.

Neu adjective dai, 3 am tiet (3 syllables) hay nhieu hon, dung more, most,

less, least, the least.

Examples:

Laura is more beautiful than Lucy (Comparative) Mary is the most beautiful (Superlative)

She is less pretty than Mary is (Comparative)

This car is the least expensive (Superlative)

Algebra is my least favorite subject (Superlative) Neoai l e : Comparative Superlative

Oui tac doi chu cuoi cua ad jective khi so sanh: Adjective chu cuoi la Doi y thanh i, roi them

y, triro'c do la consonant -er hay -est

Ajective chu cuoi la silent e Bo silent e , them

(e cam, khong phat am) -er hay -est

Adjective 1 am tiet vai chu cuoi Them consonant +

la vowel + consonant - e r hay -est

Adjective vai 1 am tiet

Adjective vai 2 am tiet

com m onest the m ost common Adjective vai 2 am tiet + tien to (prefix)

unhappiest the m ost unhappy Adjective vai nhieu hon 2 am tiet

excellent m ore excellent the m ost excellent

dangerous m ore dangerous the m ost dangerous

N o te: Doi khi demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative pronouns dugc dung nhu adjective de mo ta tinh chat cua noun, nhu this house, any person, some book, which car.

The (definite article / quan tir xac djnh), a va an (indefinite article / quan tir khong xac dinh) dirge viet

truac mot noun de mo ta tinh chat, hinh dung noun do

The mo ta ro rang, xac djnh, hoac mot tu vira mai noi a

tren ve person, location, thing, idea, thi du "the red car"

khac voi "a red car" A va an dugc dung khi mot noun

chua noi toi trudc, hoac khi noi chung chung, thi du: the red car da dugc noi toi truac va lai dugc nhac tcri, a red car

la bat cu xe o to nao mau do, hoac chua bao gicr noi toi (xe

o to do)

Viet a truac tat ca cac tir bat dau bang mot consonant,

nhu a banana, a tree, a picture, a hand, a happy child;

viet an truac tat ca cac tu bat dau bang vowel, nhu an

uncle, an occasion, an hour, an honorable man.

Dac biet nhung tu bat dau vai chu h thi co the hoac la

consonant sound hoac la vowel sound, nhu hand, happy (consonant sound), hour, honorable (vowel sound).

Ngoai le: Tuy nhien nguai ta viet a European, a union,

a once-in-a-lifetime, va an honor, an apple (se gap them nhi£u truang hgp tuang tu a qui luat nay khi dgc sach)

W ords with silent consonant:

“Silent” nghTa la khong phat am (unpronounced)

silent b bomb, comb, debt, doubt, dumb, thumb

silent g gnat, gnaw, campaign, reign

silent gh daughter, light, might, though, thought

silent h christen, ghost, rhetoric, rhythm, silhouette,

vehicle

sielent k knack, kneel, knight, knob, knot, knowledge silent n autumn, column, condemn, hymn, solemn silent p pneumonia, psalm, psychology, raspberry silent t bustle, Christmas, glisten, hustle, often, soften,

co verb(s) thi khong co nghia gi ca Noi mot cach cu the la mot cau can co verb(s) de dien ta (express) nguai viet hay nguai noi lam gi hay noi gi, va nguai doc hay nguai nghe hieu dugc (understand)

Chuc nang cua verb trong mot cau la dien ta action (hanh dong: speak, touch, feel, discuss, walk, etc.), state

o f being (sir kien, du kien that), occurrence (chuyen xay

ra), condition (tinh trang: is, seem, exist, love, appear, etc.) Tu action a dinh nghia nay dung a ca hai truang hop:

(1) viec lam thuoc ca nang (physical)

(2) bieu lo tinh than (mental)

Verbs dugc chia thanh 2 nhom (group): (1) action verbs, va (2) linking verbs.

O bsenation:

Action verbs: They played soccer

All the players play well

Fish sw im Birds f]y

Linking verbs:

Helen is my sister

She seems happy

Dorothy looks beautiful

- Teachers teach students mathematics in school.

- Many people enjoy the sun at the beach

* Intransitive Verbs

Mot intransitive verb khong co direct object (tan ngu true tiep) hoac dung mot minh hoac theo sau voi mot sir viec xay ra a dau (where), hay luc nao, the nao (when, how)

Examples:

It rains (action verb dung mot m inh)

Lightning strikes suddenly (action verb + word that tells how)

- Rabbits run as fast as possible

Note: Nhieu verbs vua la transitive verb vua la intransitive verb, tim nhung dac tinh nay a tu dien khi khong ro mot verb thuoc loai nao.

b) Linking Verbs

Theo sau mot linking verb la nhirng tir mo ta (describe) tinh chat mot nguai hay mot vat la gi (what) hay la ai (who) hay a dau, the nao (where, how) Chuc

nang cua linking verb la noi lien subject trong mot cau vai

noun, hay pronoun, hay adjective mang tinh chat gi hoac

noi them gi ve subject

Examples:

Mr Smith is a teacher

Mr Smith is her father

Dorothy looks sad

Linking verb thong thirong nhat la to be; tuy nhien,

bat cur verb nao dien ta state o f being (sir kien) va theo sau

la mot noun, hay adjective de mo ta (describe / identify) subject trong cau thi duoc coi la linking verb Nhung

verbs duoi day thuoc loai nay, goi la "other linking verbs” :

appear, become, feel, grow, sound

look, remain, seem, smell, taste

Examples:

Costs o f living grow higher every year

People feel nervous about fuel prices

They seem happy

Note: Nhung linking verbs tren day trir to be va seem

van con dugc dung la action verbs, nhu nhung thi du duoi

day:

The flowers look pretty, (linking verb)

Scientists look for new energy sources, (action verb) People grow angry about new taxes, (linking verb) Farmers grow soybean plants, (action verb)

ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice la khi subject chu dong (doer) trong mot viec lam hay khi dien ta mot bieu lo tinh than (physical or

mental action) mot cach true tiep (direct), ro rang (affirmative) Passive voice la khi subject bi dong

(receiver) nhan mot hanh dong hay mot bieu lo tinh than (act); nghia la dao ngugc vi tri tat ca cac chuc nang van pham cua active voice

Examples:

The cat killed the rat (active voice)

The rat was killed by the cat (passive voice)

*Passive voice it duoc dung, chi dung khi nao khong

ro vai chu dong, hoac de nhan manh subject trong cau

O bservation:

The firefighter saved the terrified child, (active voice) The terrified child was saved by the firefighter, (passive voice)

(nhan manh the terrified child, y muon dien ta the child dugc cuu thoat dang chu y hon firefighter)

I put the book on the table, (active voice)

The book is put on the table, (passive voice)

(khong ro ai de cuon sach do tren ban)

Trong cau tren subject I chu dong dat cuon sach len tren ban voi dong tir put Cau duoi: subject book bi dong

(dugc toi hoac ai do dat tren ban), co tren ban vai is put (to

be + past participle cua dong tir put)

Note: Passive voice hap thanh bang to be + past participle cua mot dong tic chinh trong cau.

The potato was baked by my mother.

Soup was eaten by Andy for lunch today.

N ote: Moi cau tren deu thay co tir by theo sau verb de chi ai lam Tuy nhien, nhieu truang hgp se khong co tir by,

va se hieu la khong ro ai lam (khong noi dich danh subject)

The bank was robbed, (ngan hang da bi cuap)

The ship was wrecked

Senetor X was re-elected

Active voice dugc dung nhieu hon la passive voice Tuy nhien, dung passive voice khi khong can noi dich danh subject (who)

He was seen last night

(nguai ta da nhin thay anh ay dem qua)

All the cake has been eaten

(tat ca cai banh da dugc an het)

Principal parts of verbs

Tat ca cac verbs deu co 4 hinh thirc (form), nhu nhung thi du duai day

Infinitive Present Past Past

Regular verbs & Irregular verbs

Regular verbs.

Phan Ion la regular verbs trong tieng Anh a past tense

va past participle se them - d hay -e d vao chu cuoi cua

infinitive verb (dong tir nguyen dang)

Example:

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

Irregular verbs.

Goi la irregular verbs vi hinh thuc past tense va past participle khong theo mot qui tac nao nhat dinh Tieng Anh

co khoang hai tram irregular verbs, khi nghi nga chinh ta

(spelling) cua mot verb thi tra ciru tu dien, se thay du forms

cua moi verb Duai day la nhirng verbs thong dung:

Infinitive Verbs Past Tense Past Participle

fly flew flown

hang (execute) hanged hanged