gerundiy grammatika angliyskogo yazyka guzeeva k a kostygina s i

Exercises the forms o f the gerundSmoking is a single gerund used in the function of the subject.. The use of the gerund in this function demonstrates its nominal feature as this funct

К А Гузеева

С И Костыгина

герундий

On every hand, in every land, It’s thoroughly agreed -

The English language to explain

Is very hard, indeed.

H arry H em sley

Learning is ever young, even

in old age.

A uthor Unidentified

ISBN 5-94033-170-Х

Учебное пособие прелназначено лля стулентов факультетов иностран­ ных языков и широкого круга изучающих английский язык Цель ланного посо­ бия состоит в том, чтобы лать максимально полное описание форм, значений

© Издательство «Союз», 2004

© Панкевич А

оформление обложки, 2004

а jw i& fu rfi

Неличные формы глагола вообше и герундий в частности, представляют большую трудность для изучающих английский язык Это происходит вследствие значительного расхождения меж­

ду глагольными системами русского и английского языков в це­ лом, а в случае с герундием - в результате отсутствия аналогич­ ной глагольной формы в русском языке.

Цель данного пособия состоит в том, чтобы дать максималь­

но полное описание форм, значений и функций герундия, показать

на многочисленных примерах особенности этой неличной формы глагола и сформировать автоматические навыки ее употребления.

Аля облегчения понимания материала большая часть при­ меров сопровождается их переводом на русский язык Иллюст­ ративный материал почерпнут, главным образом, из оригиналь­ ной литературы.

Упражнения во всех разделах располагаются в порядке по­ степенного нарастания трудностей - от узнавания и понимания грамматического явления до условно-речевой и речевой стадии

и перевода с русского языка на английский как конечного этапа

В речевых упражнениях делается попытка воссоздать коммуни­ кативные ситуации, характерные для употребления той или иной

модели По усмотрению преподавателя порядок следования уп­ ражнений может быть изменен.

Лексическое наполнение упражнений максимально упро­ шено для более четкого выявления и понимания изучаемого грам­ матического материала.

цы и поговорки) под обшей рубрикой P e o p le Say, при­ веденные в рамке Они содержат герундий в форме или функции, обсуждаемой в данном разделе.

шуточные и летские стихи) под обшей рубрикой K e e p

S m ilin g , приведенные в рамке Они, как правило, замы­ кают тот или иной раздел описания герундия и так же, как и тексты первого типа, демонстрируют употребление герундия в естественном контексте в речи.

В пособии имеется обобщающий раздел упражнений (Revision)

Он включает в себя как обобщающие упражнения на узнавание, определение и перевод грамматических трудностей, связанных

с употреблением герундия, так и дополнительные упражнения

по отдельным темам В обобщающих упражнениях использованы различные оригинальные тексты - высказывания, анекдоты, ко­ роткие рассказы, сказки, шуточные стихи, что позволяет студенту лучше усвоить употребление герундия в естественном контексте.

1 перечень наиболее употребительных в речи моделей, со­ держащих герундий (Everyday Gerund),

2 перевод приведенных в пособии пословиц и поговорок,

3 сводные таблицы, которые дают возможность обобщить

и систематизировать сложный грамматический материал по те­

ме "Синтаксические функции герунлия".

От авторов 5

IN T R O D U C T IO N V e rb a ls 9

The d o u b le nature o f v e rb a ls 10

The verbal characte ristics o f the n o n -fin ite ve rb fo r m s 10

The n o m in a l ch aracte ristics o f th e n o n -fin ite ve rb fo r m s ; 15

THE G E R U N D 17

I The d o u b le nature o f the g e r u n d 17

The syn ta ctica l features o f th e g e r u n d 20

The m o rp h o lo g ic a l categories o f the gerund (the form s o f the g e r u n d ) 20

Exercises 30

II The use o f the g e r u n d 46

The g e run d ia l c o n s tru c tio n 46

Exercises 53

III The syn ta ctica l fu n c tio n s o f th e g e r u n d 57

1 th e gerund as s u b je c t 58

Exercises 64

2 th e gerund as p r e d ic a tiv e 79

Exercises 81

3 th e gerund as p art o f a c o m p o u n d verbal p re d ic a te 84

Exercises 89

4 th e gerund as o b je c t 93

a) the d ire c t o b je c t 93

Exercises 105

b) the p re p o s itio n a l o b je c t 120

Exercises 132

5 th e gerund as a ttr ib u te 1 4 6 Exercises 154

6 th e gerund as a d v e rb ia l (a d verbial m o d ifie r ) 167

a) the a dve rb ia l m o d ifie r o f m a n n e r 167

Exercises 172

b) th e a d ve rb ia l m o d ifie r o f t im e 179

Exercises ! 183

c) th e a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r o f re a s o n 192

E x e rc is e s 195

d) th e a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r o f a tte n da n t c irc u m s ta n c e s 201

E x e rc is e s 205

e) th e a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r o f c o n c e s s io n 211

E x e rc is e s 212

f) th e a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r o f c o n d it io n 218

E x e rc is e s 220

g) th e a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r o f p u rp o s e 229

E x e rc is e s 231

h) th e same p re p o sitio n - d iffe re n t a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie rs 237

E x e rc is e s 239

IV W ith o u t + G e ru n d o r N o t + P a rticip le I ? 246

E x e rc is e s 248

V The gerund and th e ve rb al n o u n 252

E x e rc is e s 255

VI The w ays o f tra n sla tin g the gerund in to R u s s ia n 257

V II D iffe re n t syn ta ctica l fu n c tio n s o f the gerund E x e rc is e s 259

V III D iffe re n t syn ta ctica l fu n c tio n s o f the g e run d ia l c o n s tru c tio n E x e rc is e s 278

IX Revision E x e rc is e s 285

X A p p e n d ix 307

1 Everyday G e r u n d 307

2 The Q u o te d English Sayings and Proverbs and T h e ir Russian E q u iv a le n ts 318

3 Table I. The G e ru n d as A d v e rb ia l M o d ifie r w ith D iffe re n t P re p o s itio n s 320

Table II. The G e ru n d as A d v e rb ia l M o d ifie r o f D iffe re n t Types w ith the Same P re p o s itio n 322

Table III. D iffe re n t S yntactical Functions o f the G erun d Used w ith the Same P re p o s itio n 323

Table IV. The S ynta ctica l F unctions o f th e G e r u n d 326

VERBALS (NON-FINITE VERB FORMS)

The ve rb has fin ite and n o n -fin ite form s N o n -fin ite form s are also c a lle d verbals There are four verbals in English: the infinitive, the gerund, the participle (participle I and participle II) They d iffe r fro m fin ite form s in tha t the y la ck som e g ra m m a tica l categories that fin ite verbs have: the y have no cate g ory o f person, num ber, tense, and m o o d, thus they cannot be used a lo ne as the predicate o f the sen­

te n c e T h e y can be used o n ly as p a rt o f th e p re d ic a te - e ith e r as

part o f an a n a ly tic a l fo rm in a s im p le p re d ica te (is doing, has been

doing, is done), o r part o f a c o m p o u n d p re d ica te (has to do, can do,

stop doing, seems to do) But in each case it is the verbal tha t names

the a ction o r state expressed by the predicate, that is it form s the n o ­ tio n a l p art o f the predicate.

I c a n 't understand you.

understand is an in fin itiv e , it is p art o f a c o m p o u n d ve rb al m o ­ dal predicate.

H e seemed to see noth in g.

to see is an in fin itiv e , it is p art o f a c o m p o u n d verbal p re d ica te

o f d o u b le o rie n ta tio n

She began reading the letter.

reading is a gerund, it is part o f a co m p o u n d verbal phasal p re d i­ cate.

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

A re you w a itin g fo r someone?

w aiting is p a rtic ip le I, it is p art o f the present c o n tin u o u s fo rm and thus p art o f a s im p le ve rb al p redicate.

I'v e made a sh o p p in g list.

made is p a r tic ip le II, it is p a rt o f th e present p e rfe c t fo rm and

so p a rt o f a sim p le ve rb a l p re dicate

THE DOUBLE NATURE OF THE VERBALS

The verbals have m u ch in c o m m o n :

T h e y a ll c o m b in e th e c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e v e rb w ith th o s e

o f som e n o m in a l p a rt o f speech (e ith e r th e noun o r th e a d je c tiv e o r

th e adverb) T h a t's w h y g ra m m a ria n s u s u a lly speak o f th e ir d o u b le nature.

I S im ila r to th e v e rb th e verbals possess the morphological ca­ tegories o f voice (w ith tra n s itiv e verbs), perfect and aspect, thus

THE VERBAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE NON-FINITE VERB FORMS

(non-continuous) in fin itiv e ,

is an a ctive perfect c o n tin u o u s in ­ fin itiv e

is a passive p e rfe ct c o m m o n in ­ fin itiv e

is an a c tiv e n o n -p e rfe c t g e ru n d (or ~ p a rtic ip le I)

is a passive p erfe ct gerund (or ~ p a rtic ip le I).

10

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

II A ll th e verbals have the com binability of the verb, tha t is, the y m ay c o m b in e w ith nouns, p ro no u ns and adverbs in th e same

w a y as fin ite verbs:

I w a n t to see the n ew film tonight.

С егодня вечером я х о ч у посм отреть новы й фильм.

(the film is a noun used as a d ire c t o b je c t to th e in fin itiv e

"to see," tonight is an adverb used as an a d v e rb ia l m o d i­

fie r o f tim e to the in fin itiv e "to see")

I insist on m e e ting y o u r friend.

(him is a p ro n o u n used as an in d ire c t o b je c t to th e in fi­

n itiv e "to g iv e ," likew ise w elcom e is a nou n used as a d i­

rect o b je c t to th e same in fin itiv e )

The tou rists kept c o m p la in in g about p o o r service.

Туристы п о с то я н н о ж аловались на п лохое о б с л у ж и ­ вание.

(about service is a prepositional noun phrase used as a p re­

p o s itio n a l o b je c t to the gerund "c o m p la in in g ")

W h ile ta lk in g about the trip, w e discussed a ll the p ro b ­

lems.

Разговаривая о поездке, мы обсудили все проблемы.

(about the trip is a prepositional noun phrase used as a p re­

p o s itio n a l o b je c t to the p a rtic ip le "ta lk in g ")

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

As it is seen fro m th e above exam ples, a n o n -fin ite v e rb fo rm

m ay take d ire c t, in d ire c t o r p re p o s itio n a l o bjects o r be m o d ifie d by

an a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r in the same w a y as a fin ite verb.

ДОТ<£: -Verbals are seldom used alone, w ith o u t some a c c o m p a ­

n y in g w o rd s , such as nouns th a t fo rm d iffe re n t kinds o f o bjects

to the verbals, o r adverbs fo rm in g a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie rs to the m Together w ith these nouns, adverbs, p re po sitio n s and c o n ju n c ­

tio n s verbals m ake phrases In the English g ra m m a tica l tra d i­

tio n (u n lik e the Russian one) in th e syn ta ctica l analysis these phrases fo rm one in d iv is ib le w h o le and are to be treated as one

p a rt o f the sentence.

Som etim es the elem ents d ep e n d e n t on the n o n -fin ite ve rb

fo rm m a y be n um erous (they m ay even in c lu d e a clause), b ut

nevertheless they form one w hole w h ic h perform s one function

in the sentence.

E lizabeth was to o yo u n g to remember that scandal.

Елизавета была слишком молода, чтобы помнить об этом скандале.

to remember that scandal makes a w h o le w h ic h fu n c ­ tio n s as an a dve rb ia l m o d ifie r o f consequence.

To be treated nastily fo r no reason at all seemed strange

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

He d id n 't have the brains to see that it was not even in his own interest.

Ему не хватало ума понять, что это было даже не в его интересах.

to see that it was not even in his own interest is an in ­ fin itiv e phrase used as an a dve rb ia l m o d ifie r o f purpose.

Having promised Philip that he would be firm Tom c o u ld

n o t plead fo r mercy.

Так как Том обешал Ф и л и п п у быть сто йким , он не м о г

п росить о пошаде.

Having promised Philip that he would be firm is a p a rti­

c ip ia l phrase used as an a dve rb ia l m o d ifie r o r reason The idea o f going to him scared me.

I can see this n ew film to n ig h t.

see is an in fin itiv e used as part o f a c o m p o u n d ve rb al

m o d a l predicate, so the d ire c t o b je c t " film " and the a d ­

ve rb ia l m o d ifie r o f tim e "to n ig h t" m o d ify the w h o le p re d i­ cate and not o n ly the in fin itiv e part o f it.

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

III The non-perfect forms o f the verbals d enote a ction s s im u l­ taneous w ith o r p o s te rio r to those o f the fin ite ve rb form s (that is si­

m u lta ne o us w ith o r p o s te rio r to the present, past o r fu tu re actions)

w h ile the perfect form s o f the verbals d e n o te a c tio n s p rio r to those

o f the fin ite v e rb form s (that is p rio r to the present, past o r future a c­ tions).

I'm glad to see yo u = I see you and I'm glad.

I e xpe ct h im to come here = I e xpe ct th a t he w ill co m e here I'm glad to have seen the play = I saw (have seen) the p la y and

n o w I'm glad (I'm glad tha t I have seen th e play.)

She re p ro ach e d herself fo r having done it = She reproached herself th a t she had don e it.

Being a s tu d e n t o f th e U n iv e rs ity I a tte n d a lo t o f le ctu re s =

As I'm a stud e nt o f th e U n ive rsity, I attend a lo t o f lectures.

Having read th e b o o k m y frie n d advised me to read it = W h e n

m y frie n d had read the book, he advised m e to read it.

IV A ll verbals can fo rm predicative constructions, th a t is syn­

ta c tic a l units c o n sistin g o f a noun o r p ro n o u n and a n o n -fin ite verb

fo rm , w h e re the verbal element is in predicate relation to the nom i­ nal element, nam ely, in a re la tio n s im ila r to tha t betw e e n th e su bject and th e p re d ic a te o f th e sentence In co n s tru c tio n s the ve rb a l denotes

an a c tio n p e rfo rm e d b y o r to th e person o r n o n -p e rs o n expressed

b y the n o m in a l e le m e n t Such p re d ic a tiv e co n s tru c tio n s fo rm syntac­ tic a l units fu n c tio n in g as o ne part o f the sentence They u su a lly c o rre ­ spond to Russian su b o rd in a te clauses.

Can you hear someone playing the piano? - an o b je c tiv e p a rti­

c ip ia l c o n s tru c tio n used as a c o m p le x o b je c t.

m ent d e n o tin g the d o e r o f its a c tio n , b u t it denotes an a c tio n related

to the su bject o f the sentence o r some o th e r p a rt o f th e sentence.

a verb a l c o n s tru c tio n

The nom inal elem ent 4 ,

She c o u ld n 't bear him to cry.

О н а не могла вынести его слезы.

THE NOMINAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE NON-FINITE VERB FORMS

The non-verbal (nominal) character o f th e ve rb als reveals itself

in th e ir syn ta ctica l fun ctio n s:

The p a rtic ip le (b o th I and II) lik e an a d je c tiv e m a y be used as

an attribute - a sm iling g irl, a fly in g o b je c t, a ruined p ro je c t o r as

an adverbial like an adverb.

IN T R O D U C T IO N Verbals

I fe ll asleep listening to the radio.

Я заснул, слушая радио.

The in fin itiv e and the gerun d m ay be used in the same s y n ta c ti­

ca l fu n c tio n s as the n oun: as subject, predicative o r object.

Life is like riding a bicycle You

d on't fall off unless you plan

to stop pedalling.

Claude Pepper

Act so that every one of your

actions is capable of being

made into a universal truth.

The gerund is a n o n -fin ite v e rb fo rm w h ic h names a process o r

an a c tio n It is form e d by a d d in g th e s u ffix -ing to the stem o f th e ve rb and thus c o in c id e s in fo rm w ith p a rtic ip le I.

*See the Russian equivalents of English sayings in Appendix, p 318

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund

Like o th e r n o n -fin ite v e rb -fo rm s the gerund has a d o u b le na­

ture, tha t is, it has verbal and nom inal pro pe rtie s, it co m b in e s the fea­

tures o f th e ve rb w ith those o f the noun.

The nominal character o f the gerund m anifests its e lf in 1) its

s y n ta ctica l fu n c tio n s and 2) p a rtly in its c o m b in a b ility

I In th e sentence the gerund can fu n c tio n in the same w a y as

II a) Like a nou n th e gerund m ay c o m b in e w ith a p re p o sitio n

w h e n used in the fu n c tio n o f 1) an a ttrib u te o r 2) an a d v e rb ia l m o d i­

18

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund

A nd you w e n t o u t w ithout telling m e anything, (adverbial

m o d ifie r)

И ты вышел, ничего мне не сказав (и ничего мне не сказал).

Не turne d a page in his a lb u m and stared fo r several seconds

in d is b e lie f b e fo re speaking to Tom (a d verbial m o d ifie r)

О н перевернул стр а н и ц у в альбоме и несколько секунд неп о дви ж н о см отрел недоумевая, преж де чем заговорил

o f the a ctio n expressed by the gerund.

1 John's seeing him like that was e nough revenge fo r him

To, что Д ж он увидел его в та ком виде, было для него до­ статочны м отмщ ением.

2 Не had a sudden v isio n o f h er standing in the kitchen.

О н внезапно представил себе, что она сто и т в кухне.

II с) Like a nou n it m ay c o m b in e w ith the negative p ro n o u n no.

There is n o talking G eorge into anything n ew , he is so c o n ­

servative.

Д ж орджа не уговориш ь на что-нибудь новенькое, он такой консерватор.

The verbal character of the gerund m anifests itse lf in 1) its syn­

ta ctica l and 2) its m o rp h o lo g ic a l features.

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund I

THE SYNTACTICAL FEATURES OF THE GERUND

a) lik e a fin ite verb the gerund m ay be m o d ifie d b y an a dve rb ia l

m o d ifie r.

There can be no o b je c t in your staying in Paris now (Where?

in Paris W hen? now)

T h ey also m anifest the ve rb a l c h a ra cte r o f the gerun d T h ey are

1) the category o f voice fo r tra nsitive verbs and 2) the category o f per­

fect Thus the re are four form s o f th e gerund fo r tra n sitive verbs and

two fo rm s fo r in tra n sitive verbs.

N o n -p e rfe c t seeing being seen

Perfect having seen h aving been seen

having gone —

I The category o f voice o f the gerund has th e sam e m e a n in g

as in th e c o rre s p o n d in g fin ite v e rb form s It show s th e d ire c tio n o f

th e a c tio n fro m the subject o r to th e subject.

2 0

\ The double nature of the gerund the forms of the gerund

C o m p a re :

I a void seeing him I avoid being seen by h im

I'v e heard o f th e w a te r m ill b e in g u se dto w o rk the b e llo w s

in the for,’e and o f you w o rk in g there w ith Tom.

Я слышал, что водяную м ельницу использую т для того,

ч гобы приводить в д виж е н ие меха в кузнице, и что ты ра­

ботаешь там с Томом.

Не is already scared o f b e in g c h a rg e d w ith serving m ino rs

and o f havin g a p o lic e m a n in his pub.

I w ish w e all disco vered the jo y of forgiving

and b e in g forg iven

Author Unidentified

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

A fte r the a d je ctive w o rth (стоящий) and after some verbs the a c­

tive gerund is used in its passive m eaning These are the verbs: to want,

to n eed , to re q u ire in the m eaning o f нужлаться, требоваться, to d e ­

Его поведение заслуж ивает наказания.

Его взгляды н е во зм о ж но о б ­ народовать ( не выдержат повто р ен ия на публике.)

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

"D o c to r," she said lo u d ly in to the room , "I w a n t

yo u to say fra n k ly w h a t's w ro n g w ith m e "

H e surveyed her fro m head to fo o t "M a d a m ,"

he said at length, "I'v e just three things to te ll y o u "

"F irst, y o u r w e ig h t wants re d u c in g by nearly fifty pounds."

"S econd, y o u r beauty w o u ld be im p ro v e d if you used a bo u t o ne te n th as m u ch rouge and lip ­

s tic k "

"A n d th ird , I'm an artist - th e d o c to r lives on

th e next flo o r."

TIGER HUNTING

A m an w h o had tra v e lle d in Bengal w as ask­

ed if he like d tig e r h u n tin g " W e ll!" said th e m an

"I c e rta in ly enjoyed h u n tin g tigers, but I must c o n ­ fess I hated b e in g h u n te d b y a tig e r."

v _

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

II The perfect and non-perfect forms of the gerund d iffe r in that

a non-perfect form denotes an a ctio n simultaneous w ith o r posterior

to th a t o f th e fin ite v e rb fo rm and a perfect gerund denotes an a ctio n

prior to th a t o f the fin ite verb.

An a c tio n s im u lta ­ neous w ith

An a c tio n s im u lta ­ neous w ith

the past, (was)

H e 'll be surprised

at seeing you here.

О н будет удивлен, если у в и д и т тебя здесь.

An a c tio n s im u lta ­ neous w ith

the fu tu re , (w ill be)

An a c tio n p rio r to the fu tu re m o m e n t,

(w ill be)

2 4

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

W e are sure o f the cargoes alw ays a rrivin g on tim e

М ы уверены, что грузы всегда п р и ход ят вовремя.

W e are sure o f the cargoes havin g already a rriv e d

М ы уверены, что грузы уж е пришли.

Н е is u nco n scio us o f h a vin g g iv en her th e slightest g ro u n d

fo r offe n ce and in general o f b e in g in the w ro n g

О н не осознает, что дал ей хоть какой-то повод для обиды,

и вообше, что он не прав.

The perfect gerund a lw ays in dicates p rio rity , w h ile th e m e a n in g

o f th e n o n -p e rfe c t gerun d m ay v a ry and depends to a g reat e x te n t on the c o n te xt, tha t is:

1) on the le xica l m e a n in g o f the fin ite ve rb it refers to , and 2) on the p re p o sitio n it co m b in es w ith

Thus the non-perfect gerund m ay denote priority

a) w h e n used after th e fo llo w in g verbs:

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

H e apologized fo r b rin g in g so m a n y p eo p le w ith him

Н е reproached m e fo r n o t visiting them

О н у п р е к н у л меня в том , что я не навестил их.

b) a fter the p re p o sitio n s o n (u p o n ), after, w ith o u t

She w e n t a w a y w ith o u t se e in g me.

In a ll the abo ve cases th e p rio rity is n o t stressed It is o f no im ­

p orta n ce to e m p h a size it B ut if th e p rio rity is e m p ha size d , the per­ fect gerund is used.

I d o n 't remember h a vin g ever se e n you before.

H e п ом н ю , чтобы когда-нибудь видел вас раньше.

She apologized fo r h a v in g c a u s e d so m u ch tro u b le

О на извинилась за то, что причинила столько беспокойства.

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

After having travelled a ll o ve r the w o rld fo r so m a n y years

he settled d o w n in the suburbs o f London

П ропутеш ествовав столько лет по всему м и р у, он п осе ­ лился в п ригород е Л ондона.

- K E E P SMILING

Soon after A l Smith was elected g o ve rn o r o f N e w York fo r the first tim e he w e n t to Sing Sing to v is it

th e state's prison After being show n the buildings

by the warden the g o ve rn o r w as asked to speak to the inmates He was embarrassed, having never spo­ ken to the inm ates o f a prison before, and d id not

k n o w q u ite h o w to begin F in a lly he said: " M y fe l­

lo w c itiz e n s !" Then he re m e m b ered tha t w h e n one goes to state's prison he is no lo n g e r a c itiz e n So the gove rn o r was even m ore em barrassed, and said:

" M y fe llo w c o n v ic ts !" That d id n o t sound ju st right,

so Al said: "W e ll, a n yh o w , I'm glad to see so m any

a w a y -, " the o ld g entlem an said to little Bobby.

"B u t," said Bobby, "la st year you to ld me there

w e re e ig h t ca n n ib a ls "

"Y es," said the o ld g e n tle m a n , "b u t you w e re

to o yo u n g then to k n o w the w h o le h o rrib le tru th "

Y : _

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

The non-perfect gerund can a lso d e n o te an a c tio n re fe rrin g

to suggest

преллагать

to think

полу мать, прилумать, прелставить себе

W e intend tra v ellin g ro u n d Europe in June.

I suggest w ritin g h im a letter.

Я предлагаю н аписать ем у письм о.

W e 're not planning taking o u r exam s in May.

М ы не планируем сдавать экзамены в мае.

b) after the nouns (in te n tio n , p la n , h o p e )

I have no intention o f visiting the m an again in the near fu ­ ture.

У меня нет нам ерения (Я не со б ира ю сь) снова навешать этого человека в б лиж айш ем будущем.

2 8

There's no hope o f s e e in g h im again

Н е т надежды увидеть е го снова.

I The d o u b le nature o f the gerund the form s o f the gerund

c) after the adjective s (keen - сильно желаюшии чего-либо, стремяшийся к чему-либо)

М у m o th e r is keen on m y m a rry in g a goo d m an.

М ам а очень хочет, чтобы я вышла зам уж за хо р о ш е го ч е ­ ловека.

d) after the p re p o sitio n b e fo re

You m ust have some rest before takingexam s.

П еред экзаменам и тебе надо отдохнуть.

A non-perfect gerund m ay also have no tim e reference o r m ay

refer to no particular time.

There's (It's) no use c ry in go ver sp ilt m ilk *

A sh ort-tem pered o ld gen tle m a n lost his

stick and in a fit o f te m p e r accused his ser­

va nt o f h a vin g sto le n it H is frie n d , w h o kn ew

the old man's absent-mindedness, tried to prove

his servant's innocence "W h y , you kn o w that

th e stick c o u ld n 't have w a lk e d o ff b y its e lf,"

retorted the o w n e r o f the stick "M o s t ce rtainly

it c o u ld n 't," said the frie n d w ith a sm ile, "u n ­

less it w as a w a lk in g -s tic k !"

I _

/ Exercises the forms o f the gerund

Smoking is a single gerund used in the function of the subject The use

of the gerund in this function demonstrates its nominal feature as this

function is typical of the noun.

1 T ra ve llin g is m y fa v o u rite o c c u p a tio n w h e n on h olid ay.

2 W h a t I like best is tra v e llin g

3 I lik e tra v e llin g a ll o ve r th e w o rld

4 Seeing h im is a lw ays a pleasure.

5 I re m e m b e r seeing h im at his place.

6 M y dream is seeing h im again.

7 H is d u ty w as g iv in g th e fu tu re som e stability.

8 The w o rs t p art was k n o w in g you w o u ld n 't com e.

9 Seeing the m an like th a t was e nough revenge fo r her.

10 D riv in g w ith M a ggie w as a lw a ys a silen t business.

11 Esther c o u ld n 't help th in k in g w is tfu lly o f her b e d tim e cu p

o f tea.

12 That w o m a n likes s tickin g needles in to me.

In exercise 1 find the words referring to the gerund and define their syntactical functions.

In what way does this combinability characterize

the gerund?

Point out separately the com binability typical

of the noun and that of the verb.

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

MODEL -Your painting the house now is a waste o f tim e

Your painting th e house n o w is a gerundial construction used in the func­ tion of the subject In this construction the gerund has the combinability

of both the noun and the verb Like a noun it combines w ith a posses­ sive pronoun used as an attribute to the gerund and like a verb it takes

a direct object (the house) and is m odified by an adverbial m odifier

of time (now).

Comment on the verbal and nominal features of the ge­ runds.

Translate the sentences into Russian.

I'm sorry for having ca u sed you so much trouble < yesterday.

М н е жаль, что я д оставил вам столько б е с п о ­ койства вчера.

The pointed out gerundial phrase is used in the function of a pre­

positional object which manifests the nominal features of the gerund

as this function is typical of the noun Having caused is a perfect ge­ rund, the category of perfect is a verbal category, besides that the verbal

features of the gerund are manifested by the fact that the gerund in this

phrase takes tw o objects - the direct object trouble and the indirect object you And one more verbal feature of the gerund in this case is that it is modified by an adverbial modifier of time yesterday.

1 O h , I s im p ly love riding

2 H e insisted on going alone.

3 H e lo o ked at M r M u rd s to n e as if to m ake sure o f his not being displeased.

4 W o u ld you m in d g o in g there now?

5 I d id n 't bear th in k in g o f o u r fate at th is tim e o f th e night.

6 S orry fo r p h o n in g you so early.

7 I 'll lo o k fo rw a rd to seeing you again.

8 You w o u ld insist on a lw a ys a rguing w ith y o u r father.

9 I d o n 't o b je c t to being alw ays seen w ith you anyw here.

/ Exercises the forms o f the gerund

10 She a llo w e d h im to p ro v o k e her in to losing her te m p e r a l­

m ost at once.

11 She was g e ttin g a w a y w ith this w ith o u t su ffe rin g th e u n ­ pleasant consequences.

12 Instead o f shaking her hand o r w a v in g a careless g o o d -b ye

he startled h er b y liftin g her back on to the p la tfo rm

1 having done 1 shaving 1 having been driven

2 m o vin g 2 having b urnt 2 being offered

3 being closed 3 having been planned 3 helping

4 h aving been read 4 being treated 4 h aving draw n

5 th in k in g 5 listening 5 being m ade

6 being taken 6 having jo in e d 6 reaching

7 te llin g 7 being used 7 h aving heard

8 being interrupted 8 having been m entioned 8 selling

Choose the right form of the gerund according to the de­ fin itio n given below.

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

The N o n -P e rfe ct P a ssive G e r u n d

s m ilin g being

p ainte d having suggested being

Give ail the possible gerundial forms o f the follow ing verbs.

A Transitive verbs B Intransitive verbs

test

spend

finish

ch eck type

m ake

skate

sw im speak

th in k ski

sm ile

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

Supply all the missing gerundial forms o f the follow ing verbs.

Pay attention to the verb being transitive or intransitive.

eat: eating, . dance: dancing, .

jum p: having ju m p e d , . cook: co o kin g , .

buy: h a vin g been bought, arrive: having arrived,

Give the non-perfect active or passive form o f the fo l­ low ing gerunds:

h a vin g co o ke d paying

h a vin g cleaned

in ve stiga tin g

3 4

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

h aving been analysed being exam ined having been w o u n d e d being booked

h a vin g been cut being pressed having been fixed

h aving su rrounded

d ustin g having p o lish e d

w ritin g

h a vin g p ainted pushing having taught

A Find and correct mistakes in the definition o f the form

6 being frig h ten e d

7 h aving been o ffended

-8 h aving b u rn t

a n o n -p e rfe c t a ctive gerund

a p erfe ct a ctive gerund

a n on- p erfe ct passive gerund

a p erfect a ctive gerund

a n o n -p e rfe ct passive gerund

a p erfe ct passive gerund

a n o n -p e rfe c t a ctive gerund

a p erfe ct passive gerund

B Find and c o rre c t mistakes in the name o f each group

o f the gerunds.

The N o n -P e rfe c t A c tiv e G e r u n d The N o n -P e rfe c t P a ssive G e r u n d

1 h a vin g been w ashed 1 w a tc h in g

2 h a vin g been found 2 laughing

3 h a vin g been shut 3 understanding

4 h a v in g been read 4 h e lp in g

5 h a vin g been w ritte n 5 p ro m ising

T he P e r fe c t A c tiv e G e r u n d T he P e rfe c t P a ssive G e r u n d

1 b e in g saved 1 h aving changed

2 being left 2 h aving eaten

3 b e in g held 3 h aving decorated

4 being helped 4 h aving heard

5 b e in g fetched 5 h aving gone

35

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

C Give the proper name to each group o f the gerunds and find the form that does not belong to the group.

1 being u n lo c k e d 1 having been b ro u g h t

2 being used 2 having been tau g h t

3 being plastered 3 h aving been stolen

4 being fin e 4 h aving been discussed

5 being covered 5 h aving d ra w n

6 b e in g fix e d 6 having been cle a ne d

She liked visiting her friends.

The gerund visiting denotes an action simultaneous with the action ex­

pressed by the finite verb liked.

I Exercises the form s o f the gerund

Put the numbers o f the sentences you have chosen in the cor­ responding box.

1

1 She like d riding a horse.

2 I feel b etter after being operated on.

3 I regret b e in g rude to y o u r sister.

4 She was tire d o f w a sh in g up.

5 T ravelling to w o rk b y tra in takes m e an hour.

6 She hates being treated lik e a c h ild

7 The b o y d e n ie d h a vin g lost the m oney.

8 Your parents w ill m in d y o u r h a vin g m a rrie d Jane.

9 M y b ro th e r w ill help you in d e c o ra tin g the flat.

10 H e d is lik e d g o in g out.

11 He was accused o f having changed his p o s itio n

12 Talking to E m ily is a great pleasure.

13 I am th in k in g o f h e lp in g him

14 You w ill regret having left y o u r w ife

15 They b la m e d yo u fo r using th e ir p h o n e so often.

16 The w in d o w o pe n ed w ith o u t h a vin g been kn o cke d at

1 7 They thanked h im fo r c a llin g the m

Choose the sentences where the non-perfect gerund de­ notes an action

1) preceding or

2) follow ing the action denoted by the fin ite verb What are the facts determining the meaning of the non­ perfect gerund?

M O D EL 1

-He w ill never forget taking this exam

The gerundial phrase taking this exam is used after the finite verb of re­

collection forget The gerund taking indicates priority.

I Exercises the forms o f the gerund

O n hearing his words she tu rn e d back.

The preposition on introducing the gerundial phrase on hearing his

words suggests immediate priority expressed by the gerund hearing.

1 O n b e in g re m in d e d o f his p ro m is e he p h o n e d th e m im ­

m e d ia te ly.

2 H is m o th e r tha n ked us fo r h e lp in g her.

3 W e re m e m b e r m issing the tra in once.

4 O n hearing the d o o r b ell she ran dow nstairs to open the door.

5 H e sh o u ld be re w arded fo r c o m in g to the b o y 's rescue.

6 O n te llin g h im th e tru th , I gave h im a hug.

7 A fte r th in k in g a little he sighed w ith re lief.

8 H e re p roached her fath e r fo r n o t b e in g n ic e e nough to her.

9 I d o n 't feel like p la y in g fo r this team to m o rro w

10 O n seeing us he rushed fo rw a rd

11 I am a ll fo r m a kin g the rig h t d e c is io n

12 A fte r g etting rid o f th is bad h a b it he fe lt m u ch better.

13 O u r neigh b ou rs b la m e d us fo r n o t w a rn in g them a bo u t it.

14 M y frie n d to ld m e a b o u t p u b lis h in g the d ic tio n a ry n ext year.

15 There is some hope o f g ettin g th is best-seller.

3 8

/ Exercises the forms o f the gerund

Translate the sentences where the non-perfect gerund ex­ presses an action follow in g that o f the finite verb.

W hat are the verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions which im ply reference to a future event?

She is looking forward to going to London in the sum ­ mer.

1 W e in tended staying there longer.

2 She insists on going sightseeing to m o rro w

3 They agreed to ask fo r his a d vice before m a kin g some decis­ ion.

4 H e had no in te n tio n o f sp en d in g th e rest o f his life w o rk in g

as a ta xi-d rive r.

5 There was little prospect o f ta k in g the c h ild re n to th e sea­ side.

6 H is parents o b je cte d to sp en d in g so m u ch m oney.

7 M y classmates suggested b u y in g flo w e rs fo r the teacher.

8 Sid w as keen on p la y in g chess.

9 Before going to bed you sh o u ld take a w a rm show er.

10 There was little hope o f c a tc h in g th e tra in

11 W e had no plan o f b u y in g a n ew flat.

12 The students w e re lo o k in g fo rw a rd to starting the a cad e m ic year.

^ 1 A Use the gerund in different forms in the Active Voice.

1 C harles is n ot used to (to travel) alone.

2 H e p ho n ed her w ith o u t (to ask for som eone's perm ission).

3 M y b ro th e r is fo n d o f (to p la y a trick) on me.

4 I am against (to invite) them to th e party.

5 D o n 't you rem em ber (to see) h im before?