TÌM HIỂU ý NGHĨA văn HOÁ của lời tỏ TÌNH TRONG các bài dân CA TIẾNG ANH và TIẾNG VIỆT

CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT I certify my authorship of the Thesis submitted today entitled: AN INVESTIGATION INTO CULTURAL MEANING OF LOVE DECLARATIONS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FOLKLORES in t

CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT

I certify my authorship of the Thesis submitted today entitled:

AN INVESTIGATION INTO CULTURAL MEANING OF LOVE DECLARATIONS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FOLKLORES

in terms of the Statement of Requirement for Theses and Field Study Reports in Masters’ Programmes of English Linguistics issued by the Higher Degree Committee

Luu Thi Thanh Tu

July, 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Nguy n

V n , my supervisor, for his invaluable guidance, comments and corrections during the time I carried out my thesis

I would like to take this chance to thank all the lecturers in the Post Graduate Department for helpful lectures that have helped me in gaining the background knowledge

to work on the thesis

And my gratitude also goes to my beloved family who have supported me during the time I completed the thesis

Hanoi, July 2009

L u Th Thanh Tú

ABSTRACT

The communication of love is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships across cultures But saying “I love you” can be very delicate walk, with much gray area, regarding what can and should be communicated about love, when, by whom and to whom Love is sometimes felt but not expressed, other times, love is expressed only nonverbally; and still other times, it is communicated verbally, with or without nonverbal manifestations

In English and Vietnamese, the way people choose to express love is not the same as

it is affected by cultural values Love declarations include in themselves people’s viewpoints which are presented quite differently in the two languages Hence, what needs

to be carried out in the study entitled “An investigation into the cultural meaning of love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores” will be an investigation of cultural meaning of love declarations in folklores of the two languages in order to find out the similarities and differences between them The thesis also attempts to explain what are behind the differences uncovered in the investigation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part one: Introduction……….5

1.1 Justification……….5

1.2 Aim and objectives of the study……….6

1.3 Scope of the study……… 6

1.4 Methods of the study……… 7

1.5 Design of the study……… 7

Part two: Development……….9

Chapter one: Theoretical background………9

1.1 Introduction……….9

1.2 The relationship between language and culture……… 9

1.2.1 Nature, culture, language………10

1.2.2 Communities and their effects on language users……… 11

1.3 Tropes 13

1.3.1 Simile 13

1.3.2 Metaphor 14

1.4 Folklore as a genre 14

1.4.1 Introduction……… 14

1.4.2 Love declarations in folklore as a genre……… 15

1.5 Summary……….18

Chapter two: Love declarations in English folklores………19

2.1 Introduction……….19

2.2 Nature, Culture and Language used in love declarations………19

2.3 Tropes of love declarations in English folklore……… 25

2.3.1 Simile used in love declarations in English folklore………25

2.3.2 Metaphor used in love declarations in English folklore……… 25

2.4 Summary……….26

Chapter three: Love declarations in Vietnamese folklore………27

3 1 Introduction………27

3 2 Cultural images used in love declarations……….28

3 3 Tropes of love declarations in Vietnamese folklore……… 36

3.3.1 Simile in love declarations in Vietnamese folklore……… 37

3.3.2 Metaphor in love declarations in Vietnamese folklore……….38

3.4 Summary……… 40

Part three: Conclusion……… 41

3.1 Comparison between English and Vietnamese love declarations in folklore……… 41

3.1.1 Similarities……….41

3.1.2 Differences……….42

3.2 Summary of the thesis……… 42

3.3 Implications from the study……… 43

3.4 Suggestions for further study………43

References……… 45

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 JUSTIFICATION

The communication of love is an important aspect of interpersonal relationships across cultures But saying “I love you” can be very delicate walk, with much gray area, regarding what can and should be communicated about love, when, by whom and to whom Love is sometimes felt but not expressed, other times, love is expressed only nonverbally; and still other times, it is communicated verbally, with or without nonverbal manifestations

In English and Vietnamese, the way people choose to express love is not the same as

it is affected by cultural values Love declarations include in themselves people’s viewpoints which are presented quite differently in the two languages Hence, what needs

to be carried out in this study will be an investigation of cultural meaning of love declarations in folklores of the two languages in order to find out the similarities and differences between them The thesis also attempts to explain what are behind the differences uncovered in the investigation

Our thesis is entitled “An investigation into the cultural meaning of love declarations

in English and Vietnamese folklores” The choice of the thesis is generated from two reasons: Firstly, as Swales (1990: 34) stated that “the concept of genre has maintained a central position in folklore studies ever since the pioneering work in the early nineteenth century” The functionalist in folklore would rather stress socio-cultural value For Malinowski (1960, cited in Swales 1990:35) “folklore genres contribute to the maintenance and survival of social groups because they serve social and spiritual needs” Perhaps inevitably, to assign cultural value also requires the investigator to pay attention to how a community views and itself classify genre This idea will lead to the fact that love declaration is a mode of social communication and is only a genre among others, therefore,

we would like to investigate love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores to see the similarities and differences of this genre in the two languages Secondly, love declarations, as mentioned above, reflect human’s ideology, so we wish to see how the ideologies represented in the two languages

We optimistically hope that the thesis will help students of English, and students of culture as it could provide an insight into the similarities and differences of love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

A popularized view of emotion is that it is a physiological process associated with the nervous system Located all the core of the nervous system is a universal and essential set of emotional states One of these could be said to be love Everybody experiences the state of being in love at least once in a life time While the universality of some emotional state may not be in dispute, how person interprets and manifests those emotional experiences will differ across cultures Hence, this paper aims to advance an understanding

of emotion expression as a de-essentialised domain and to view it as “a cultural and interpersonal process of naming, justifying, and persuading by people in relationship to each other” (Lutz, 1998:5) We will take “love declaration” in Vietnamese and English folklores as a point of access into cultural communication systems

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Within cultural meaning, our analytical task was therefore: a) describing the locution

“I love you” in love declaration with reference to its occurrence and non-occurrence, where

it occurs, with whom?, in what language(s) and dialect(s), in which verbal forms, about which topics, as part of what interactional sequences, and with what observable consequences; and b) interpreting the participants understandings of the love declaration given the patterned contingencies under a) above It is through holding the phenomena of emotion expression as a constant that we will search the cultural variability in order to understand the general forces and particular features of emotion expression Our focus here will be on the performance of communication patterns within intimate/personal relationships

Our interest then falls on the expression of love within intimate/personal relationships Our expectation is that the expression of love will be of those communicative activities that give force and meaning to intimate/personal relationships In intercultural relationship it is our hypothesis that love declarations also function to locate and give voice

to cultural identity Put simply, to say or not to say “I love you” can also be communicating much about communal understandings of sociality, of person, and their strategic activities

Within the scope of the thesis, the author investigates 100 love declarations in English folklore and 100 love declarations in Vietnamese folklore

1.4 METHOD OF THE STUDY

To fulfill the aim of the study, the main methods used are descriptive and comparative

The study deals with love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklores, therefore, a great number of love declarations in English and Vietnamese folklore were collected then 50 love declarations in each language have been carefully selected, after that

we try to analyse the love declarations in terms of cultural meanings, genre and tropes and then synthesize the result to find out the similarities and differences of people’s attitudes in the two languages In fulfilling the focuses of the study in comparing the two languages’ love declarations, descriptive method has been applied to present prominent features of love declarations in the two languages, the results achieved, in turn, are then compared and contrasted to see the similarities and differences between the two languages in expressing love

The fundamental theories that are applied in the study is the cultural study of Robert Lado (1960); Claire Kramsch (2000); and the linguistic study of poetry by Leech (1968) and other Vietnamese researchers such as inh Gia Khánh, Chu Xuân Diên and others 1.5 DESIGN OF THE STUDY

The study is divided into three parts

Part I- Introduction- introduces the justification, the aims, the objectives, the method, the scope and the design of the study

Part II- Development- consists of three chapters:

Chapter one presents the theoretical background to the study, the relationship of language and culture and language cultural identity introduced by Claire Kramsch (2000) and Robert Lado (1960) and some Vietnamese researchers such as Vu Ngoc Phan, Lu Huy Nguyen, Dang Van Lung and Tran Thi An It also presents the theoretical background of tropes written by Leech (1969), Dennis Freeborn and some Vietnamese researchers such as Dinh Gia Khanh et.al (2003), Chu Xuan Dien (2003), Le Van Chuong (2004) etc This chapter also consider folklore as a genre based on the idea presented by Swales (1990) Chapter two describes love declarations in English folklore from two perspectives: culture, and versification In terms of culture, the description will be concerned with the

relationship between language used in love declaration and culture/cultural identity And last but not least, in studying the versification, tropes are taken into consideration, and we bring about an insight into the aspects such as metaphor, simile Based on the above perspectives, we try to find out people’s attitudes and feelings lying behind the expression

of love declaration in English folklore

The resources for love declaration in English folklore are taken from traditional ballads, tales, love songs and sayings

Chapter three describes corresponding perspectives of love declaration in Vietnamese Folklore

Part three- Conclusion- compares cultural meanings of love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores to establish the similarities and differences of emotion expressions across the two languages We also summarize the issues studied in the thesis, the implications and suggestions for further study

PART TWO: DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

“Language is the principle means whereby we conduct our social lives When it is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways” (C Kramsch, 2000) As the study deals with love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores, this chapter is concerned with establishing a theoretical framework for the study, as a way to start, we will present some aspects of the theory of language and culture such as the relationship between language and culture/ cultural identity etc Besides, as the thesis deals with love declaration in folklores, it will be better when other aspects of concepts such as genre, cohesion, tropes… are also taken into consideration 1.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

According to Claire Kramsch, language is the principle means we conduct our social lives When language is used in contexts of communication it is bound up with culture Firstly, the words people utter refer to common experience They express facts, ideas, or events that are communicable because they refer to a stock of knowledge about the world that other people share Words also reflect their authors’ attitudes and beliefs, their points of view etc In both cases “language expresses cultural reality” (C.Kramsch, 2000)

But members of a community or social group do not only express experience; they also create experience through language They give meaning to it through the medium they choose to communicate with one another, for example, speaking on the telephone or face

to face, writing a letter or sending an e-mail message… The way in which people use the spoken, written, or visual medium itself creates meanings that are understandable to the group they belong to, for example, through a speaker’s tone of voice, accents, conversational style, gestures and facial expressions Through all as verbal and non-verbal aspects, “language embodies cultural reality” (C Kramsch, 2000)

Finally, language is system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value Speakers identify themselves and other through their use of language; they view their language as a symbol of their social identity The prohibition of its use is often perceived

by its speakers as a rejection of their social group and their culture Thus we can say that

“language symbolizes cultural reality”

We shall deal with these three aspects of language and culture by considering the following poem by Emily Dickinson

Essential oils- are wrung- The attar from the Rose

Be not expected by Suns- alone-

It is the gift of Screws- The General Rose- decay- But this- in Lady’s Drawer Make Summer- When the lady lie

In Ceaseless Rosemary (Adapted from C Kramsch, 2000) 1.2.1 Nature, culture, language

One way of thinking about culture is to contrast it with nature According to C Kramsch “Nature refers to what is born and grows organically; culture refers to what has been grown and groomed”

Emily Dickinson’s poem expresses well the relationship of nature, culture and language A rose in a flower bed, says the poem, a generic rose is a phenomenon of nature Beautiful but faceless and nameless among others of the same species Nature alone cannot reveal nor preserve the particular beauty of a particular rose at a chosen moment in time Powerless to prevent the biological “decay” and the ultimate death of roses and of ladies, nature can only make summer when the season is right

Culture, by contrast, is not bound by biological time Like nature, it is a “gift”, but of different kind Through a sophisticated technological procedure, developed especially to extract the essence of roses, culture forces nature to reveal its “essential” potentialities The word “screws” suggests that this process is not without labour By crushing the petals, a great deal of the rose must be lost in order to get at its essence The technology of the screws constrains the exuberance of nature, in the same manner as the technology of the world Culture makes the rose petals into a rare perfume, purchased at high cost, for the particular, personal use of a particular lady The lady may die, but the fragrance of the rose’s essence can make her immortal, in the same manner as the language of the poem

immortalizes both the rose and the lady, and brings both back to life in the imagination of its readers

The poem itself bears testimony that nature and culture both need each other The poem wouldn’t have been written if there were not natural roses; but it not be understood if

it didn’t share with its readers some common assumptions and expectations about rose gardens, technological achievements, historic associations regarding ladies, roses, and perfumes Similarly, let us consider the poem “Tát n c u ình”, a Vietnamese folklore

to see the relationship between culture, nature and language:

“Hôm qua tát n c u ình

B quên chi c áo trên cành hoa sen

Em c thì cho anh xin Hay là em làm tin trong nhà

áo anh s t ch ng tà

V anh ch a có, m già ch a khâu

áo anh s t ch ã lâu Mai nh cô y v khâu cho cùng

Khâu r i anh s tr công,

n khi l y ch ng, anh s giúp cho, Giúp cho m t gánh xôi vò,

M t con l n béo, m t vò r u t m

Giúp em ôi chi u em n m,

ôi ch n em p, ôi ch m em eo

Giúp em quan tám ti n treo, Quan n m ti n c i l i èo bu ng cau.”

According to Vietnamese culture, “gánh xôi vò”, ‘con l n béo’, ‘vò r u t m’, ‘ ôi chi u’, ‘ ôi ch n’, ‘quan tám ti n treo’, ‘quan n m ti n c i’, ‘bu ng cau’ are symbols of

a wedding Those who share Vietnamese culture may understand that the man in the poem borrows cultural symbols to express his love to his woman

So let us come to the next concept

1.2.2 Communities and their effects on Language Users

According to C Kramsch, “Social conventions, norms of social appropriateness, are the product of communities of language users” As in the Dickinson’s poem, poets and

readers, florists and lovers, horticulturists, rose press manufacturers, perfume-makers and users, create meanings through their words and actions Likewise, the man and the woman

in “Tát n c u ình” use their words and actions to express their meanings

Kramsch said that “people who identify themselves as member of social group (family, neighborhood ) acquire common ways of viewing the world through their interactions with other members of the same group” (C Kramsch, 2000, 6) These views are reinforced through institutions like the family, the school, the workplace through their lives Common attitudes, beliefs and values are reflected in the way members of the group use language - for example, what they choose to say and how they say it (C Kramsch, 2000, 6) Thus, in addition to the notion of speech community - “composed of people who use the same linguistic code” (C Kramsch), we can speak of discourse communities to refer to the common ways in which members of a social group use language to meet their social needs Not only the grammatical, lexical, and phonological features of their language differentiate them from others, but also the topics they choose to talk about, the way they present information, the style with which they interact, in other words, their discourse accent For instance, English people often associate love with blindness:

“Love’s a blind, and those that follow him too often lose their way”

Colley Cibler Or:

“But love is blind, and lovers can not see The pretty follies that themselves commit”

Shakespeare Or:

“If love be blind,

It best agrees with night.”

Shakespeare Whereas, Vietnamese people tend to associate love with the image of “tr u cau” For example:

Yêu nhau tr u v c ng say, Ghét nhau cau u y khay ch ng màng

Or:

Tr u b c kh n tr ng cau t i,

Tr u b c kh n tr ng ãi ng i xinh xinh

n cho nó tho tâm tình,

n cho nó tho s mình s ta

1.3 TROPES

In his book “A linguistic guide to English poetry” Leech (p.74) stated that “tropes have been defined as devices involving alteration of the normal meaning of an expression” and “tropes are foregrounded irregularities of content” Freeborn (1996: 61) also said that

“a trope is a device that involves meaning” The most familiar tropes in literary criticism are simile, metaphor and metonymy However, in this thesis, we will deal with simile and metaphor for these tropes manifest in love declarations

1.3.1 Simile

The Oxford learner’s dictionary (2003: 1526) defines that simile is a figure of speech

in which two things are compared using the word “like”, or “as”, or “as if” Simile is like

a metaphor except that it makes the comparison explicit by using “like”, or “as”, or “as if” In simile the comparison between the two things is made explicit by an indirect relationship where one thing or idea is expressed as being similar to another For example: Love’s like the measles- all the worst when it comes late in life

(Douglas Jerrold) Love is like the measles; we have to go through it

(Jerome K Jerome) Simile, according to Leech (1969; 156) is an overt comparison, simile can specify the ground of comparison Most similes are linked by “like”, “as” Similes may vary from a

short, simple comparison to long, “extended similes” In Vietnamese, the corresponding words such as “nh ”, “nh là”, “nh th ” etc are used in simile For example:

Mi ng c i nh th hoa ngâu, Chi c kh n i u nh th hoa sen

F = “Like L” This implies that, the figurative meaning F is deriving from the literal meaning L in having the sense “like L” However, the simplest kind of metaphor is the use

of “be” in clause structure, for example:

Love is a boy, by poets styled

Then spare the rod, and spoil the child

(Samuel Butler) Love is smoke made with the fume of sights

(Shakespeare)

In studying metaphor, the concept of Tenor and Vehicle should be taken into considerations Tenor of the metaphor is what actually under discussion, Vehicle, on the other hand, is the image or analogue in terms of which the tenor is represented A metaphor

is generally more concise and immediate than the corresponding literal version, because of the superimposition, in the same piece of language, of tenor and vehicle

In the above examples, the vehicle are “boy”, “smoke” meanwhile the tenor is

of discourse and influences and constrains choice of content and style In addition to purpose, the exemplars of a genre exhibit various patterns of similarity in terms of structure, style content and intended audience”

In folklore study, according to Swales (1990: 34) “the concept of genre has maintained a central position in folklore studies ever since the pioneering work in the early nineteenth century” The functionalist in folklore would rather stress socio-cultural value For Malinowski (1960, cited in Swales 1990: 35) “folklore genres contribute to the maintenance and survival of social groups because they serve social and spiritual needs Perhaps inevitably, to assign cultural value also requires the investigator to pay attention to how a community views and itself classify genres” Therefore, many folklore genres are not so labeled according to the form itself but according to how it is received by the community

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defines folklore as a genre and it includes ballad, tales, epic poem, song and saying (proverb and aphorism)

Now we will consider love declaration in folklore as a genre

1.4.2 Love declaration in folklore as a genre

Love declarations, especially love declarations in folklore, are composed to express love between men and women

A love declaration has its diction (words and grammatical constructions used by certain person), rhythm and versification (the principles of verse structure), figurative language (the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, simile etc) Primarily, both English and Vietnamese love declarations are for expressing love, we can find out the love declarations such as:

In Vietnamese:

Qua ình ng nón trông ình, ình bao nhiêu ngói th ng mình b y nhiêu

L i ây p t, tr ng cà v i anh.

In English:

Love imposes impossible tasks, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, But none more than any heart would ask,

I must know you're a true love of mine

Scarborough Fair Or:

Alas, my love, you do me wrong,

To cast me off discourteously

For I have loved you well and long, Delighting in your company

Greensleeves Love declarations in both English and Vietnamese folklores are severed to propose a wedding We can find out the verses that have the functions of proposing a marriage:

In Vietnamese:

Cô kia c t c bên sông,

Có mu"n n nhãn thì l ng sang ây

Sang ây, anh n m c$ tay, Anh h i câu này: Có l y anh không?

In English:

I love you more than anything else in the world Come with me to my father’s castle You shall become my wife

Little Snow-White Or:

Many thanks for redeering me You were the wife of an enchanted prince Now

we can celebrate our wedding properly, for now I am the King of this land

The Bear Prince

In addition to the issue of expressing love and proposing a wedding, love declaration in relation to gender is the subject of the studies For instance, males seem to

express their love more often than females We can find love declarations said by men in both English and Vietnamese folklores easily

In Vietnamese:

Gió a c n bu n ng% lên b Mùng ai có r ng cho ng% nh m t êm

Or:

Tóc ngang l ng v#a ch#ng em búi,

chi dài b"i r"i d anh

In English:

Tell her to make me a cambric shirt, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Without any seam nor needlework, And then she'll be a true love of mine

Tell her to wash it in yonder dry well, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Which never sprung water nor rain ever fell, And then she'll be a true love of mine

Tell her to dry it on yonder thorn, Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme, Which never bore blossom since Adam was born, And then she'll be a true love of mine

it also brings an insight that the proposer is a delicate, polite and intelligent person We can find a lot of indirect love declaration in Vietnamese folklore:

Bây gi m n m i h i ào

V n h ng ã có ai vào hay ch a?

Or:

B chi c ghe sau chèo mau anh i K&o khúc sông này b b'i t"i t m

However, this phenomenon is not universally recognized in English folklores, many

of love declaration in English folklores seem to concentrate on the importance of love for the establishment and maintenance of marriage and general attitudes For example:

I love you more than anything else in the world Come with me to my father’s castle You shall become my wife

Little Snow-White Or:

Many thanks for redeering me You were the wife of an enchanted prince Now

we can celebrate our wedding properly, for now I am the King of this land

The Bear Prince

In a word, from the description of love declaration above, it is suitable to consider love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores as the claims to feel an emotion, and

it is also a study of cultural life of English and Vietnamese people

1.5 SUMMARY

We have gone through chapter one, in this chapter, we have been concerned with the establishing theoretical background for the study What have been presented in this chapter are the concepts of language and culture, language and nature that are given by C Kramsch Moreover, we have taken the concepts of tropes such as simile, metaphor The notion of love declaration as a genre has also been considered Then we have attempted to study the general meaning of love declaration in English and Vietnamese folklores The following chapter will be concerned with love declarations in English folklore with their linguistic features based on the theoretical background we have presented in this chapter

CHAPTER TWO: LOVE DECLARATIONS IN ENGLISH

FOLKLORE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Love declarations are frequently found in relationships of lovers, married couples and respondents of different ages In this chapter, we will study some linguistic features of love declarations of lovers in English folklore We also try to discover cultural meaning of love declarations through cultural images used in love declarations In our study, as mentioned in the methodology section, one hundred love declarations are taken into the investigation

DECLARATIONS

The study of cultural images used in love declarations can help to show the cultural meanings In studying love declaration in folklore, it is necessary to have a small investigation into natural and cultural images used by people in composing the love declarations Within one hundred love declarations investigated, the common cultural and natural images can be found as follow:

When expressing love English people tend to associate love with the strongest power

of nature For example:

Love moves the Sun and the other stars

(Dante) Or:

Love conquers all

(Virgile) Or:

It’s love that makes the world go round Without it human race will go to doomsday

() Or:

Love joined the two in sweet conjunction, death was powerless to sever such a bond (Thomas Mann)

However, love can be seen as a big illusion For example:

Love’s a blind, and those that follow him too often lose their way

(Colley Cibber) Or:

If love be blind

It best agrees with night

(Shakespeare) Or:

But love is blind, and lovers cannot see The pretty follies that themselves commit

(Shakespeare) Or:

Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind

The author has found out that when expressing love, English people often think of life, absence, happiness, relationship between man and woman, beauty, youth, the heart, the kiss, marriage, family, jealousy, hatred and fidelity

When talking about love, people often think of their life beautified with love:

Oh, love will make a dog howl in rhyme

Then I was clean and brave

Or:

If love were what the rose is, And I were like the leaf, Our lives would grow together

In sad or singing weather

I do not love thee!- no! I do not love thee!

And yet when you art absent I am sad

Absence lessens half-hearted passions, and increases great ones, as the wind puts

out the candle and yet stirs up the fire

is what people desire That is the reason why people are aware of affirming that they can bring happiness to their partner Within one hundred investigated love declarations by English people, the author has found out that there are many of them talking about the relationship between love and happiness For example:

There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved

“Woman can’t love man as much as man loves woman, for the love of a woman is in her eyes, and in the nipple of her breast, and in the toe of her foot, but the love of man is

planted in the heart where it can’t escape”