Đọc tiếng anh 6 (EN40)

Đáp án Đọc Tiếng Anh 6 EN40 Đại học Mở Hà Nội Đào tạo từ xa Ehou Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội (Trường) được đổi tên từ Viện Đại học Mở Hà Nội được thành lập theo quyết định số 535TTg ngày 03 tháng 11 năm 1993 của Thủ tướng Chính phủ. Trường là cơ sở giáo dục đại học công lập hoạt động trong hệ thống các trường đại học quốc dân do Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo trực tiếp quản lý. Là cơ sở đào tạo đại học và nghiên cứu với các loại hình đào tạo từ xa, đào tạo tại chỗ nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu học tập đa dạng của xã hội, góp phần tăng tiềm lực cán bộ khoa học kỹ thuật cho đất nước. (Trích Quyết định 535TTg của Thủ tướng Chính phủ).

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Đọc Tiếng Anh 6 (EN40)

Read the text and choose the best answer

Art De Vany is 62, but physical fitness tests three years ago showed he had the body of a old Although De Vany is sceptical of such assessments, he knows he's in good shape His former career as a professional baseball player may have something to do with it, but he attributes his physical prowess to an, exercise regime inspired by the lifestyles of our Palaeolithic ancestors

32-year-What do you learn about Art De Vany in the paragraph?

Chọn một câu trả lời:

a He believes he has inherited a strong body

b He is older than he appears to be

c He frequently tests his health

d He works as a professional sports player

Mô tả câu hỏi

Read the text and choose the best answer

There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references

to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century

The expression " a blue moon" has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given calendar month A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any different

in hue from the first full moon of the month Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so rare- The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon Because every month except Febmary has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of January and another full moon at the very beginning of March) It is or the occasion when a given calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs This does not happen very often, only three or four times in a decade

The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their colon however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth The eruption of the

Krakatao volcano in 1883 left dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the moon a bluish tint This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the

expression that we use today Another example occurred more than a century later When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1991, the moon again took on a blue tint

The word “hue" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

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a size

b shape

c color

d date

Mô tả câu hỏi

This new science, which De Vany calls evolutionary fitness, is part of growing efforts to understand how the human body has been shaped by evolution, and to use this knowledge to improve our health and fitness Proponents believe the key lies in the lifestyle of our hunter-gatherer ancestors because, they say, the vast majority of the human genome is still adapted to an ancient rhythm of life which swung between intense periods of activity and long stretches of inertia

Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and

travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip Women may have gathered food every two or three days There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as skinning animals and tool making, and probably dancing

Which one of the following does the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our Palaeolithic ancestors

a their size compared to that of modern man

b the predictable frequency of physical activity

c the long distances between neighbours’ homes

d the fact that life was equally energetic for both sexes

The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].'

Of course, people vary De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates Cordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to

different physical strengths East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations And because

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our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman?

The importance of genetic differences in deciding on an exercise programme is minimal

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

Mô tả câu hỏi

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular

tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the

173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province

of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls

Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a

spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would

inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the

area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could

be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area

The word “jurisdiction" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

Mô tả câu hỏi

Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks

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home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and

Our ancestors must have evolved cardiovascular, metabolic and thermoregulatory systems capable

of sustaining high-level aerobic exertion under the hot African sun, according to Loren Cordain of the Human Performance Laboratory at Colorado State University And given that the Palaeolithic era ended only an evolutionary blink of an eye ago, we ignore its legacy at our peril Cordain and his colleagues point out that in today's developed societies, inactivity is associated with disease

Contemporary hunter- gatherer societies rarely experience these modern killers, they say

This is where De Vany's exercise ideas come in 'The primary objectives for any exercise and diet programme must be to counter hyper-insulinaemia (chronically elevated insulin) and hypoexertion (wasting of the body's lean mass through inactivity),' he writes in his forthcoming book about

evolutionary exercise Exercise and diet are linked For example, says De Vany, our appetite control mechanisms work best when our activity mimics that of our ancestors But he feels that most

modern exercise regimes are not hitting the mark

Cordain compares modern hunter-gatherer societies to Paleolithic societies in terms of their…

a healthy mix of work and leisure activities

b refusal to change their way of life

c ability to withstand high temperatures

d resistance to certain fatal illnesses

Mô tả câu hỏi

De Vany's advice to the modern exercise freak is to cut duration and frequency, and increase

intensity 'Our muscle fibre composition reveals that we are adapted to extreme intensity of effort,' says De Vany, a professor of economics at the Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, Irvine His approach to fitness combines Darwinian thinking with his interest

in chaos theory and complex systems

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b exercise harder but for less time

c give their muscles more time to recover from exercise

d learn more about how the human body reacts to exercise

Mô tả câu hỏi

The expression “right up” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

a all the way up

b follow correct procedures

c turn to the right

d travel upstream

CLASSIC TOURS - coach break information

Luggage

We ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized suitcase per person, but a small holdall can also be taken on board the coach

Seat Allocation

Requests for particular seats can be made on most coach breaks when booking, but since

allocations are made on a first come first served basis, early booking is advisable When bookings are made with us you will be offered the best seats that are available on the coach at that time

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Travel Documents

When you have paid your deposit we will send to you all the necessary documents and labels, so that you receive them in good time before the coach break departure date Certain documents, for example air or boat tickets, may have to be retained and your driver or courier will then issue them to you at the relevant point

Special Diets

If you require a special diet you must inform us at the time of booking with a copy of the diet This will be notified to the hotel or hotels on your coach break, but on certain coach breaks the hotels used are tourist class and whilst offering value for money within the price range, they may not have the full facilities to cope with special diets Any extra costs incurred must be paid to the hotel by yourself before departure from the hotel

Accommodation

Many of our coach breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of booking the supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account

On any coach break there are only a limited number of single rooms When a single room is

available it may be subject to a supplementary charge and this will be shown on the brochure page

Entertainment

Some of our hotels arrange additional entertainment which could include music, dancing, film shows, etc The nature and frequency of the entertainment presented is at the discretion of the hotel and therefore not guaranteed and could be withdrawn if there is a lack of demand or insufficient numbers

in the hotel

Your air tickets……

a may be held by your coach driver

b must be collected before leaving

c will be enclosed with other documents

d will be sent to your departure point

Mô tả câu hỏi

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A "steamer” in paragraph 2 is probably

Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of the brain are generally conducted in an autopsy One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic children suffer from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points When reading, for example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end This theory could explain why dyslexics have difficulty reading Many dyslexic children read letters and words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw These reversals are normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early elementary grades Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias and microgyria These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for connecting visual and audio processing Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies, shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families

People with dyslexia often read in reverse

a TRUE

b NOT GIVEN

c FALSE

There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a

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great while This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references

The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their color however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual

circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth The eruption of the

The expression "given rise to” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

a created a need for

b brightened the color of

c spurred the creation of

d elevated the level of

Read the text and complete the sentence below

COURSE GUIDELINES

Assignments

Coursework assignments will involve the production of an artefact (something shaped by human beings rather than by nature) OR an investigation of some kind followed by a report This is to demonstrate the relevance of your study to society today If you opt to produce an artefact, (e.g a working model or piece of machinery) you will also be expected to provide some written explanation

of how and why you produced it

There are………types of assignment to choose from

a 4

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You need to follow these steps:

•Find out precisely what is expected of you Talk to your tutor and refer to the syllabus document

•Be aware of what skills and abilities you must demonstrate

•Always plan a project thoroughly before you begin it but be realistic about how much time you can seriously devote to it

Choosing a topic

Remember that this course is essentially concerned with the achievement of desired ends So first identify a real-life problem, then consider it in detail, specify a precise need and then define your design task As you plan, wherever possible, consider using new materials, techniques and

technology such as computer-aided design (CAD)

There is nothing wrong with talking to knowledgeable people about your project; in fact, this shows initiative However, the project is yours so you must do the work yourself

You will need a fairly flexible plan because sometimes resources, apparatus and consumables may not be available when you need them It is a good idea to work backwards when planning so you know you will meet your final deadline Finally, when you plan the various stages of your project give due regard to safety and costs

Topics must be based on………

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The expression “right up” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

a travel upstream

b all the way up

c turn to the right

d follow correct procedures

Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale

environmental pollution Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialised countries which encourage a minority of the world’s population to squander the majority of its natural resources

In the paragraph, the writer argues that pollution…

a results from poor relations between nations

b is caused by human self-interest

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c is at its worst in industrialised countries

d has increased since the eighties

Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the alone As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a

lightning bolt’s most inviting target And there is damage to property too Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens

to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate The technique survives to this day at a test site in run by the of , with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the ’ power grid from lightning strikes ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI The rocket site is providing precise measurements

of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up

EPRI receives financial support from

a Japan

b the University of Florida

c the United States

d power companies

These stories of killer bees in the news in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as bees have made their way from South America to North America Killer bees are reputed to be extremely aggressive in nature, although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhatinflated

The killer bee is a hybrid—or combination- of the very mild European strain of honeybee and the considerably more aggressive African bee, which was created when African strain was imported into Brazil in 1955 The African bees were brought into Brazil because their aggression was considered an advantage: they were far more productive than their European counterparts in that they spent a higher percentage of their time working and continued working longer in inclement weather than did the European bees

These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at all as aggressive as the pure

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African bee They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim In the vicera attached to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting The new sting create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim Killer bees tend to travel in largeclusteror swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate

While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly By constricting blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches—even migraines—and can help counter the drowsiness caused by antihistamines

Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks

Caffeine is used to treat……

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Use a variety of relevant background texts, refer to your lecture notes and heed any advice given by your lecturer When you collect material, always ask yourself what questions need to be answered and then take good notes in your own words Begin notes on each source on a new page and do not forget to record details of the author, title of the book and date of publication Remember that

copying words from another writer's work without acknowledging the source constitutes the serious crime of plagiarism

a Types of essay and their purpose

b Gathering source material

c Open-ended essays

d The importance of focusing on the task

Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks

People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly Fortunately, these

symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups

of coffee a day does not harm healthy people There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet

Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal……

a may last as long as a week

b can become an ongoing problem

c lasts 1 month

d are usually short-lived

Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north

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from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not

quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction

A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and

protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May

through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away

to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely

The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for

an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed

of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks

What aspect of broad-tailed hummingbird behavior does the passage mainly discuss?

a Migration routes

b Selection of nest sites

c Mating habits

d Caring for the young

By 870, the Vikings were settling Iceland In 980, an Icelandic assembly found a man named Eric

“the Red” Ericson guilty of murder and sent him into exile Eric the Red responded by sailing to a large island to the west, which he called “Greenland.” An Icelandic saga mentions that people would

be attracted to go to Greenland if it had a favorable2 name Around 998, Eric the Red’s son, Leif “the Lucky” Ericson, and a small Viking fleet sailed west to North America There they established the first European settlement in the New World, called “Vinland.”

Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France In 866, a Viking

“Great Army” landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east They forced the English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so-called Danelaw To the west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in 841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city, but originally a Viking fort The Vikings remained a major power in Ireland until the early eleventh century

When was Eric the Red convicted of a crime?

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a 980

b 841

c 998

d 866

Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and

Our Palaeolithic ancestors were constantly active

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A working model must be accompanied by………of some sort

De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos 'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which

is essential to health,' he says Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too timeconsuming He gives his own workout a chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and trekking with a grandson on his shoulders

Which type of exercise does De Vany practise on a regular basis?

Luggage

Seat Allocation

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Special Diets

Accommodation

Many of our coach breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of booking

the supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account

Entertainment

d for an additional cost

These stories of killer bees in the news in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as bees have made their way from South America to North America Killer bees are reputed to be extremely aggressive in nature, although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhat inflated

These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at all as aggressive as the pure

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African bee They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim In the vicera attached to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting The new sting create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim Killer bees tend to travel in large cluster or swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate

Why were African bees considered beneficial?

a They were very aggressive

b They spent their time traveling

c They hid from inclement weather

d They produced an unusual type of honey

Luggage

Seat Allocation

Special Diets

Accommodation

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Many of our coach breaks now include, within the price, accommodation with private facilities, and this will be indicated on the coach break page Other coach breaks have a limited number of rooms with private facilities which, subject to availability, can be reserved and guaranteed at the time of booking

the supplementary charge shown in the price panel will be added to your account

Entertainment

in the hotel

If you need a special diet you should……

If you need a special diet you should

a pay extra with the booking

b book tourist class

c tell the coach company

d inform the hotel when you arrive

Read the text and decide that the statement is TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN

When you think about it, it's amazing that anyone gets away with a carefree holiday It seems there

is limitless potential for things to go wrong, from flight delays and lost luggage to poor

accommodation

A recent questionnaire showed that a third of people who replied had a complaint about their holiday last year And when these unhappy holidaymakers discussed the problem with their tour company nearly half said it involved time and effort on their part to resolve things

When asked exactly what the reasons were for their dissatisfaction top of the list was flight delays and 20 per cent of holiday-makers to Europe said they had to wait up to an hour

More worrying is the fact that almost a third of holiday-makers who had complained said it was about the apartment or hotel room they had been allocated There is an enormous variety of holiday accommodation and we recommend that consumers look for places that have been inspected by the Tourist Boards; this way they can have the confidence that they will get the type of accommodation they are looking for It seems that tour companies now offer more honest accurate brochures

though Eight-five per cent of holiday-makers who responded to our questionnaire said the

description offered by the company matched the place they visited and the facilities provided

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This is good news for the industry and for holiday-makers A holiday is a major purchase - yet it's one we can't try before we pay All we have to go on is the brochure and it's a credit to tour

operators that they now contain more detail

OUR ADVICE

DO be realistic No one should be palmed off with a poor standard of service, food or

accommodation even if you paid a rock- bottom price for a last- minute break However, be

reasonable - you won't get a room with the best view in town if you've paid a budget price

DO complain to the right person Moaning to the waiter about a week's worth of appalling food, then writing an indignant letter when you get back home won't have the same impact as airing your grievances at the time

DO get evidence for a serious problem such as having a building site instead of the promised

swimming pool below your window Take a photo to back up your case

DON'T write and complain for the sake of it Letters can be powerful as long as they're about

something you have a good reason to complain about

DON'T lose your temper Easier said than done, but you're more likely to get results if you state your case firmly, explain why you think there's a problem then suggest a reasonable solution

Tour companies provide a satisfactory level of information to holiday-makers

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

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The most common problem for holiday-makers is crowded airports

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

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DO get evidence for a serious problem such as having a building site instead of the promised swimming pool below your window Take a photo to back up your case

Solving problems can be hard work for the holiday-maker

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to

understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife

management in Australia’s forests

A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process

To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below

A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists

a NOT GIVEN

b TRUE Sai

c FALSE

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the

extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph

A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an

individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these

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chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing

B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a

very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction

C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic

variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or

to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction

D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand

The haphazard nature of reproduction

a Paragraph C

b Paragraph D

c Paragraph A

Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not

quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction

A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and

protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May

through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away

to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely

The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for

an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed

of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks

According to the passage, which of the following is true of the male broad-tailed

hummingbird?

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a It finds food for the female and the chicks

b It shares nesting duties equally with the female

c It protects the nest while the female searches for food

d It is not involved in caring for the chicks

Bees do not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted

to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen

Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia)

Most grain crops are pollinated by insects

a TRUE

b FALSE

c NOT GIVEN

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The word "flock” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

a come in large numbers

b come without knowing what they will see

c come out of boredom

In order to understand the purpose of the assignment, students are advised to

Trang 26

d written explanation

The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].'

Of course, people vary De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates Cordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to different physical strengths East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations And because our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman?

Geographical features have played a role inhumanphysical development

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

Read the text and choose the the most suitable heading

It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger, among other things But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from

Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse Prof Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse did not produce a hitherto unknown hormone called leptin Manufactured by the fat cells, leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite Previously, the fat cells were thought to be responsible simply for storing fat Prof Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin and it lost 30% of its body weight in two weeks

What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?

a A very uncommon complaint

b Lifestyle change required despite new findings

c Nature or nurture

d Rodent research leads the way

The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear But before worrying about the problems caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and welcome international debate about this Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next

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month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem Perhaps unwisely, the meeting is being held indoors

Regarding the dangers of pollution, the writer believes that…

a industrial pollution causes specific diseases

b indoor pollution is a recent phenomenon

c people should worry most about their work environment

d there is a need for rational discussion

Read the text and match the car-hire websites to the statement

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Online car hire promises to be cheap, quick and convenient But is it? Neil McDougall revs up his mouse

Cash.com.uk

One to consider if you’re going to the States, although, after I'd worked through half the booking process, it returned an error message without telling me which element of the procedure needed adjusting I got there in the end There is an inspirational section with detailed directions for some of the great drives of America

Expeed.org.uk

Book a flight with Expeed and when you continue on to the car-hire section, the software already knows where you are going and when However, you seem to be restricted to cities with airports for your car hire, and additional taxes are presented in travel- agent speak

Cutprice.com

Is currently offering an aggressive lowest rates guarantee, an extra discount for former Holtravel clients and a package of free gifts to sweeten the deal It also commits to no insurance excess on any of their rentals anywhere

Hot.org

Straightforward to navigate, with plenty of information on rental requirements and rules of operation There are photographs of the types of vehicles available, leaving no doubt what a 'premium' or 'compact' car is It took me just seconds to start reserving a car but then the whole thing ground to a halt and refused all attempts to access the reservation system

Assistance is provided with some holiday routes

a Cash.com.uk

b Hot.org

c Expeed.org.uk

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d Cutprice.com

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

A low-cost holiday should still offer some high-quality services

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accommodation

OUR ADVICE

Overall, holiday accommodation poses few problems

a FALSE

b NOT GIVEN

c TRUE

Read the text and choose the most suitable heading

It is important to keep the essay relevant and to provide some examples, quotations, illustrations, diagrams or maps wherever appropriate However, it is equally important to avoid the temptation to pad your essay with unwanted information: this wastes your time and undermines the relevant parts

of the essay In coursework and assessment essays not written under examination conditions, do not forget to acknowledge your sources in a bibliography

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a Making the support material relevant

b Learning from the essay

c Allocating your personal resources

d Open-ended essays

Hiring a Car Online

Cash.com.uk

Expeed.org.uk

Cutprice.com

Hot.org

You will get cheaper car hire if you have used the company before

Trang 31

To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to

understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife

management in Australia’s forests

A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process

To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below

PVA has been used in Australia for many years

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and

10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip Women may have gathered food every two or three days There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as skinning animals and tool making, and probably dancing

Which one of the following does the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our Palaeolithic ancestors?

a the fact that life was equally energetic for both sexes

b the aggressive nature of their negotiations with others

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c the difficulties involved in finding food

d their size compared to that of modem man

Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph

An intellectual breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the transition is made from theory to practice Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilisation until the twentieth century Prodigious efforts, accelerated during two world wars, were required before the technology

of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts It is strange that the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the thirteenth century The reason is that nobody associated the reaction principle with the idea of travelling through space to a neighbouring world

a How the reaction principle

b The first use of steam

c Writers’ theories of the reaction principle

d The impact of the reaction principle

These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at all as aggressive as the pure African bee They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim In the vicera attached to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting The new sting create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim Killer bees tend to travel in large cluster or swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate

It is stated in the passage that killer bees

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a never attack animals

b are less aggressive than African bees

c are more deadly than African bees

d always attack African bees

Read the text and choose the the most suitable heading

On the other side of the Atlantic, Prof O'Rahilly read about this research with great excitement For many months two blood samples had lain in the bottom of his freezer, taken from two extremely obese young cousins He hired a doctor to develop a test for leptin in human blood, which eventually resulted in the discovery that neither of the children's blood contained the hormone When one cousin was given leptin, she lost a stone in weight and Prof O'Rahilly made medical history Here was the first proof that a genetic defect could cause obesity in humans But leptin deficiency turned out to be an extremely rare condition and there is a lot more research to be done before the 'magic' cure for obesity is ever found

What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?

a Hidden dangers

b Lifestyle change required despite new findings

c A very uncommon complaint

d New perspective on the horizon

Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the alone As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a

lightning bolt’s most inviting target And there is damage to property too Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year

But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens

to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike

The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate The technique survives to this day at a test site in run by the of , with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the ’ power grid from lightning strikes ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI The rocket site is providing precise measurements

of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up

The main topic discussed in the text is……

Trang 34

a the damage caused to US golf courses and golf playersbylightning strikes

b a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes

c the effect of lightning on power supplies in the and in

d a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes

Phản hồi

Đáp án đúng: a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

Trang 35

If you are not good at writing letters, find someone to help you

a TRUE

b NOT GIVEN

c FALSE

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

Hotel staff can advise you on who you should complain to

Trang 36

a TRUE

b NOT GIVEN

c FALSE

Hiring a Car Online

Cash.com.uk

Expeed.org.uk

Cutprice.com

Hot.org

Attempts made by the writer to book a car were unsuccessful

Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers

Trang 37

that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar

Certain flowers have evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds

a FALSE

b TRUE

c NOT GIVEN

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the

extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph

A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an

individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing

B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a

very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction

C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic

variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or

to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction

D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand

‘People still tell me, “Children don’t read nowadays”,’ says David Almond, the award-winning author

of children’s books such as Skellig The truth is that they are skilled, creative readers When I do classroom visits, they ask me very sophisticated questions about use of language, story structure, chapters and dialogue.’ No one is denying that books are competing with other forms of

Trang 38

entertainment for children’s attention but it seems as though children find a special kind of mental nourishment within the printed page

What is the main idea of this paragraph?

a Children will read many books by an author that they like

b Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book

c the undervaluing of children’s society

d the fact that children are able to identify and discuss the important elements of fiction

There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references

The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their color however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual

circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth The eruption of the

How many blue moons would there most likely be in a century?

Trang 39

While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl continue to receive high media exposure, as do acts of environmental sabotage, it must be

remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale A large proportion of the world’s pollution has its source much closer to home The recent spillage of crude oil from an oil tanker accidentally discharging its cargo straight into Sydney Harbour not only caused serious damage to the harbour foreshores but also created severely toxic fumes which hung over the suburbs for days and left the angry residents wondering how such a disaster could have been allowed to happen

The Sydney Harbour oil spill was the result of a…

a deliberate act of sabotage

b tanker pumping oil into the sea

c collision between two oil tankers

d ship refuelling in the harbour

These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have occurred Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at all as aggressive as the pure African bee They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause A killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature However, after a disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim In the vicera attached to the embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing other bees and causing them to sting The new sting create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate, which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim Killer bees tend to travel in large cluster or swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate

The main idea of this passage is that killer bees

a have been moving unexpectedly rapidly through the Americas

b have been in the news a lot recently

c are not as aggressive as their reputation suggests

d are a hybrid rather than a pure breed

Trang 40

accommodation

OUR ADVICE

Photographs may help to support an argument about a holiday problem

a TRUE

b FALSE

c NOT GIVEN

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