Measure carbon footprint through human behavioral perspective towards using environment’s essential reserve of selected residents in thai nguyen, vietnam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY DEGAYO, GINIELLA APRIL PERAZ MEASURE CARBON FOOTPRINT THROUGH HUMAN BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS USING ENVIRONMENT’S ESS

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

DEGAYO, GINIELLA APRIL PERAZ

MEASURE CARBON FOOTPRINT THROUGH HUMAN BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS USING ENVIRONMENT’S ESSENTIAL RESERVE OF SELECTED RESIDENTS IN THAI NGUYEN, VIETNAM

Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office

Batch : 2015-2018

Thai Nguyen, October 2019

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Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Degayo, Giniella April Peraz

Student ID DTN1454290096

Thesis Title

Measure carbon footprint through human behavioral perspective towards using environment’s essential reserve

of selected residents in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam

Supervisor (s) Dr Do Xuan Luan

of use in environmental reserve in order to supply their needs This problem causes resource depletion which burdens our environment causing slow regeneration and preventing fast reproduction This is because a major barrier preventing humans in achieving sustainable lifestyle is due to lack of information

in resource consumption causing a huge amount of environmental footprint The study focused on the carbon footprint of selected residents in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam with the help of an instrument which helps to calculate the carbon footprint of a person The design of this study is that researcher will use Descriptive Research Method in collecting and recording answers from the respondents The researcher will ask questions using interviews and surveys in order to gather valuable information associated with study A carbon footprint test was conducted using scores were that was thoroughly analyzed to know if the bad consumption lifestyle habit of residents in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam has a big effect on the way they use their essential resources The major cause of

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carbon footprint is carbon emission and other greenhouse gases which are caused

by the burning of fossil fuels affecting the environment The best example is the electricity that human use are mostly made from fossil fuels (such as coal, natural gas and oil) that requires energy to fulfill the requirements of human’s daily activities and needs The carbon footprint of the respondents showed that the majority or 69% of them are taking effort into becoming full pledge eco-friendly citizen So therefore, it simply means that there is a good connection between using the environment’s essential reserve It should be a continuous habit in order

to make spaces for improvements and to come up with more solutions in saving both our people and our Earth

Keywords Carbon footprint, carbon footprint analysis, resources,

sustainable development, eco-friendly, awareness

Number of pages 61 pages

Date of submission September 23, 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and give my gratitude to our Loving God for showering His blessings and His never failing love for always give what’s best for me, for always answering my prayers and guiding me to the right path where success is waiting for me

To my parents, Niel and Ginalyn Degayo and to my one and only younger sister Lindsay Joy, thank you for your unconditional love and support

Thank you for providing all my needs and your never failing encouraging words and trust that I should keep going and never give up until I achieve my dreams

To all my Aunts, Uncles and Cousins who never forget to give support

financially and spiritually Living far from home makes me feel lonely and you always make sure to always message or call me I am really grateful to all of you

I’m giving my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Dr Do Xuan Luan for

supporting, guiding and helping me in doing my research thesis despite the difference with your major and the topic that I have chosen

Special thanks to Anh Cuong, Anh Tuan and Chi Nga for helping me

arrange, translate my questionnaire and goes with me while doing survey for my research thesis

To the Advance Education Program, University of Thai Nguyen of Agriculture and Forestry together with the tie up with the University of California Davis, teachers and staffs, thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to be part of your program

To the batch of K46 A and B AEP, thank you so much for the

unforgettable and memorable memories and experiences that I have shared with

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you I want to give my special thanks to our mga Ate’s and Kuya’s Anh’s and

Chi oi’s from the batch of K43, K44 and K45 for always helping me especially

in times of our problems and troubles And to the new Filipino Batch of K49

and K50, good luck and enjoy your days here in Vietnam

To all the Filipinos and International Students that I’ve met, especially

Lea , Nina, Charm, Lyka, Aly, Mark, Kuya Ponce, Kuya Jelo, Jess, Pau

,Gio, Naf, Ate Rosette and Myra, I will never forget all our memories here in

Vietnam I’ve had so much fun and I’ve learned so many things that I will

forever keep in my heart and mind Thank you so much for being my friend and

my family

And lastly to all the people that I’ve met and become friends here in

Vietnam, to the people in the Philippines who never failed to encourage and

support me, Thank you very much for never forgetting to send greetings and

love!

I am so blessed and happy for all the never expected opportunities that

keep coming to my life and my family My journey in life is just starting and I

know my experience here in Vietnam will give me strength and courage to try

more new things to experience for future plans

The Researcher,

Giniella April P Degayo

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgement……… iii

Table of Contents………v

List of Figures……… vii

List of Tables……… ………viii

PART I INTRODUCTION … 1

1.1 Research Rational……… 1

1.2 Research’s Objectives……….……3

1.3 Research Questions……….……3

1.4 Significance of the Study……….… 4

1.5 Hypothesis … 4

1.5.1 Hypothesis 1……….4

1.5.2 Hypothesis 2 … 4

1.6 Scope and Limitations………5

1.7 Definition of Terms…… ……….6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW……… ………7

2.1 Carbon Footprint……….7

2.1.2 Biological Capacity and Its relation to Carbon Footprint……… 10

2.2 Carbon Footprint Analysis……… 13

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2.3 Worldwide Carbon Footprint Issues ……… ……16

2.4 Eco-Friendly Awareness for Sustainable Developmentand Its relation to Carbon Footprint……… 20

PART III METHODS……… ………25

3.1 Research Location and Time ……… 25

3.2 Resources and Materials……… 26

3.2.1 Personnel………26

3.2 2 Budget Resources ……….26

3.3 Research Design……….26

3.4 Sampling Technique……… ……….27

3.5 Data Collection……… 28

3.6 Data Analysis……… 28

3.6.1 Carbon Footprint Test Scoring………… ……….…….……….28

3.6.2 Score Guide for Carbon Footprint Testing……… …….30

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……… 31

4.1 Main Characteristics of Respondents……… 31

4.2 Difference in Carbon Footprint Score between Groups of Respondents 31

PART V CONCLUSION … ……….….37

REFRERENCES ………42

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Source of Carbon Footprint Emission……… 8

Figure 2 Personal Carbon Footprint: t CO2e/capita (2014) ……… 9

Figure 3.Vietnam’s Carbon Footprint Emission per Capita……….10

Figure 4 World Emission per Capita (1990-2017)……… 18

Figure 5 Growing Worldwide Footprint (1961-2009)……….19

Figure 6 Location of Thai Nguyen within Vietnam………25

Figure 7 Score Interpretation Guide……… ……….……31

Figure 8.Carbon Footprint Dimension Comparison for Vertical Axis… ….….34

Figure 9 Correspondence Analysis for Axis 1 and Axis 2……… 34

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Vietnam Biocapacity Global Hectares per Person (2012-2016)…… 12

Table 2 Respondent’s Characteristics Data Information……….32

Table 3 Respondent’s Carbon Footprint Ranges Score Distribution………… 33

1.1 Research background

our environment keep on increasing leading to resource depletion source that becomes

a barrier preventing humans to achieve a sustainable life Lack of food production and resource production is one of the main problems in today’s generation The everyday needs, supply and requirements for humans to live is about to go exhaust One of the main causes is the continuously human growth population which burdens our environment causing slow regeneration and preventing fast reproduction

Questions why measuring one’s carbon footprints are important and why lend time and attention promoting and supporting eco-friendly awareness towards using environmental resources for sustainable development? It would allow you to see whether your current lifestyle needs alterations when it comes to using our resources and affecting our environment The world’s everyday activities cause’s emissions from the energy we use daily like maneuvering of vehicles, industrial purposes (for business and building purposes), products or services from raw materials and manufacturing to meet the daily necessities of human for living Conserving is one of today’s top priorities involving the use of electricity; natural gas, what and how much you recycle household waste can make small steps to accomplish a sustainable and greener lifestyle

According to Carbon Trust (2009), carbon footprint defines total emissions caused by certain events, activities, actions and products expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent The carbon footprint originates from the word ecological footprint which

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was developed by William E Rees and Mathis Wackernagel in the 1990’s which estimates the number of “earths” which theoretically requires everyone on the planet consuming resources with the same level as a person calculating their ecological footprint However in 2007, according to Anindita, M (CREA, Seattle) by choosing a more easily calculated “carbon footprint “can also easily measure carbon usage as an indicator of unsustainable use energy In most cases, carbon footprint cannot be exactly calculated due to inadequate data and knowledge of process in releasing and storing carbon dioxide For this reason, according to Wright, L.; Kemp, S.; Williams,

I (2011) suggested that carbon footprint means calculating its equivalent simply means using the relevant 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) A total amount of measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions defines all relevant resources from population, system or activity within the temporal and spatial boundary

Assessing carbon impact by doing carbon footprint analysis from a broad perspective can provide valuable insights Measuring using carbon footprint analysis helps gauge absolute and relative efficiency that can serve as a tool to engage on managing control and assesses awareness on over-consumption and dilemmas on too much GHG emission Implementing best practices helps minimize environmental footprint and enhances social license to operate within their communities

The World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) is aiming to ensure the conservation of nature and its ecological processes in order to preserve biodiversity, to efficient use the natural resources, to promote the reduction of pollution and the proper use of energy resources to ensure in achieving sustainable development According to Alan, C and Jamie, B (2007) “WWF” based in United

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Kingdom, created a footprint calculator to know how big and how much percentage does people living in UK emits and conducts helping their people to be aware and gives tips on how they can reduce their carbon footprint by switching it into green energy (p.14)

This research will help residence of Thai Nguyen, Vietnam be aware and gain knowledge between the relationship of humans and the environment More importantly, this study will also give them ideas on protecting and for them to know the importance of environmental reserve’s role in achieving sustainable development

1.2 Research’s objectives

General objective

The general objective of this research is to know the carbon footprint and behavioral perspectives of the selected Thai Nguyen residents of Vietnam towards using their environmental essential reserve

Specific objectives

The other goals of the study are the following:

• To see if the selected residents of Thai Nguyen, Vietnam lifestyle habit consumption behavior affects their carbon

• To provide information and spread awareness to the selected residents of Thai Nguyen, Vietnam in order to change their bad consumption lifestyle habits to promote sustainable development

• To share knowledge to readers regarding this topic

1.3 Research Questions

These are the research question that needs to be answered:

1.4 Significance of the study

The significance of this research is to help people gain awareness and understanding of how important it is to measure and to monitor the amount of carbon footprint they emit from their daily activities This research study will focus on giving the residents of Thai Nguyen, Vietnam information and wisdom on why they should give time and attention to help in promoting and supporting eco-friendly awareness towards using environmental resources for sustainable development from the current

to the future batch

1.5 Hypothesis

1.5.1 Hypothesis 1

 Ho (Null hypothesis): Lifestyle habit consumption of the residents has a significant effect on their everyday carbon footprint emission

 Ha (Alternative hypothesis): Lifestyle habit consumption of the residents

has no significant effect on their everyday carbon footprint emission

1.5.2 Hypothesis 2

1.6 Scope and limitations

The scope of this research will focus on the carbon footprint and environment’s essential reserve of the residents living in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam

The limitations in this research are the following:

• Honesty of the Respondents The researcher doesn’t know whether the respondents are giving their best and honest answers That’s why the researcher had conducted the survey personally to interact with the respondents make them feel while

answering the questionnaire

• Language Barrier The researcher had a lot of difficulties in communicating due to the fact that not all respondents can speak English So in order to communicate, the questionnaire was translated into Vietnamese But due to this limitation, the researcher had to limit the number of questions and didn’t ask more than the given

questions in the questionnaire

• Respondent’s willingness to participate and cooperate There are two

additional questions that were in the questionnaire that 70% of the respondents didn’t answer but there is no missing data from the main questions in order to acquire the

final result of this study

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1.7 Definition of terms

Here are the important terminologies that are frequently used in this study:

Carbon footprint. It is the measurement of all greenhouse gases which is caused humans from burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heating, transportation, etc Sustainable development Its goal is to meet the needs of the present without affecting the future generations in meeting their own demands

Resources Where people get or depend to provide their needs order for them to

get materials, energy, money and management which help them to survive in life Consumption The means of people to use or to consume resources as their

provider of food and necessities in order to live

Eco-friendly Awareness Promoting going-green awareness gives ideas on how

a human affects the nature especially on how they use its natural resources

of impact(s), management and mitigation In these time, both organization in the public and private sectors carbon footprint are increasingly being use which formulated numbers and of questions and challenges that needs to be addressed The term universally accepted definition for carbon footprint should be consistent, accurate, comparable and transferable in order to develop a clearer understanding According to them, the only account for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions would result

in the omission of almost a third of GHG’s (greenhouse gases) and a significant gap in their global management, which is the inclusion of all GHG (greenhouse gases) that is very time consuming and expensive and should be considered only in system-specific life cycle based assessment They also say that carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) should be carbon-based gases used in determining carbon footprint that needs to

be cost-effective, practical and repeatable metric that can be adapted to all types of organizations across the globe as a “baseline” indicator

As you can see, Figure 1 demonstrates source of carbon footprint emission When talking about climate change, the word footprint is involved Footprint is a metaphor for something that has a total impact while carbon is a shorter term for all different greenhouse gases that contributes and triggers global warming So therefore

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the term carbon footprint estimates the full climate change impact of something we can experience and that something could involve and affects anything such as our lifestyle, daily activities, business, a company, a company or even the world Carbon Footprint measures CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions that associates the use of fossil fuel In Ecological Footprint accounts, these amounts are converted into biologically productive areas that absorb CO2 Carbon Footprint is also added to the Ecological Footprint because it completes the use for bio productive space, since the increasing of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere represents a build-up ecological debt In addition carbon footprint assessments results in tones being released per year, without the amount being translated into area to sequester it

The Carbon Footprint

Figure 1 Source of carbon footprint emission

(Source: World Culture Network, 2019)

According to the glossary of Global Footprint Network (2003-2009),

“biological capacities available per person (or per capita) were about 12 billion hectares of biological land and water productivity on Earth in 2013 Dividing by the number of people alive in that year (7 billion) gives 1.72 global hectares per person” The area also needs to accommodate wild species that compete for the same needs of

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biological materials and spaces as human The biological area of land and water productivity provides and gives humans supports for living and services which is one

of the main source of carbon footprint emissions such as use of transportation, burning

of fossil fuels for gas and fuel, electricity usage and offsets plus the continuous increase waste and in order to lessen these waste we do recycling practices

Figure 2 Personal carbon footprint: t CO 2 e/capita (2004)

(Source: EUREAPA, excludes government and construction)

In figure 2, it states “Personal Carbon Footprint: t CO2e/capita” in 2004 that US (United States) with the percentage of 21.2 has the largest proportion of carbon footprint consumption in terms of using services , products foods , foods and housing Followed by the countries in the middle range are Canada, UK (United Kingdom), France, Mexico and China while India with the percentage of 1.4 has the least carbon footprint consumption

According to World Data Atlas (2016), Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.In 2016, a CO2 emission per capita for Viet Nam was 2.18 metric tons

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CO2 emissions per capita of Viet Nam increased from 0.56 metric tons in 1997 to 2.18 metric tons in 2016 growing at an average annual rate of 7.53 %

Figure 3 Vietnam’s Carbon Footprint Emission per Capita

(Source: World Data Atlas, 2016)

2.1.2 Biological capacity and its relation to carbon footprint

According to Global Footprint Network (2003-2019), Biological capacity or biocapacity is ecosystems capacity to regenerate to what people demand from life including life on surface and those who compete for space The biocapacity of a particular surface represents the ability to renew to meet the demand of people Therefore, it is the ecosystems capacity to produce biological materials used by people, to absorb waste material generated by humans, under current management schemes and extraction technologies Biological capacity can change from year to year due to climate change, management and portions considered to be useful inputs to human economy In the National Footprint Accounts, a biocapacity of an area are

to Global Footprint Network (2003-2019) the total biologically productive areas on land and water in 2013 were approximately 12 billion hectares

Table 1, represents the biological capacity global hectares per person of croplands, grazing lands, forest, fish grounds and built-up land from year 2012-2016 The highest total global hectare per person is in the year of 2016 especially in the sector of cropland (0.69 gha per person) The high level of biocapacity of Vietnam for fishing grounds is mainly because it is located near the coastlines of ocean bodies which have a high productivity of marine biodiversity for fishing grounds While cropland with (0.68 gha per person) in the year 2015 holds the second highest biocapacity gha per person got (0.1gha per person) increased for 1year This shows that the use of cropland for agricultural trades, plantations and necessities are in high demand to supply and to meet the needs of people for living and business purposes In terms of capacity for forest, it has a value of (0.35 gha per person).The forest land fields in Vietnam can be divided into two types of trees, the evergreen forest including the conifers and the deciduous forest

(Sources: Global Footprint Network, National Footprint Account 2019)

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The country is rich of woody plants that have around 1,500 different species such as hardwoods like ebony and teak, palms mangroves and bamboos use for housing, commercial products and daily supply the people which would cause a depletion of material capacity to sustain from their forest areas Forest products has continually keeps on increasing and decreasing from 0.19 gha to 0.17 gha (vice versa) per person from 2012 until 2016 In the same year of 2015, Grazing lands (0.07 gha per person) in provincial areas is used for raising cattle’s, poultry and meat production and Built-up lands from 0.11 (2012-2013) to 0.1 (2014-2016) gha per person has dramatically decreased through a period of years is used for structure buildings for business and trading purposes which are mostly located at the urban areas for finding job and earning money for living Based from the information in table1 above, it is safe to say that Vietnam is still giving time in terms of monitoring their usage of biocapacity for sustainability

2.2 Carbon footprint analysis

The carbon footprints Is the overall amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associating from products from supply chains from the use of products that highly contains carbon It has three main parts: the organizational carbon footprint, value chain carbon footprint and products carbon footprint That’s why according to William, E.R., Mathis, W (1990), define

“ecological footprint “ as an accounting tool used in measuring resource consumption and waste assimilation requirements of human population and economy in regards to using productive land area Which where the term “ carbon footprint” is originated from the word ecological footprint but in recent years it has evolve and created its own concept

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The carbon footprint method gives useful information about the environment’s status whether products that are made of beneficial use causes CO2 emissions (e.g through an emissions trading system) It helps develop low carbon services being calculated for a large quantity of products to choose green business options for services like making cements, paper, plastic, glass cans, gadgets, tires and other materials used for building buildings, roads and packages foods and other necessities for living

Carbon Footprint Analysis also known as Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment helps analyze greenhouse gases emissions from the production activities

of products causing global warming The first step in assessing the carbon emission is through sulfurhexaflouride and methane After finding the emission results are found, three core standards are possible to be used for analyzing are GHG Protocol, ISO DS

14067 and PAS 2050 But, GHG Protocol is the most commonly used tool in measuring internationally especially by the business leaders and government officials

to comprehend, quantifying and controlling GHG emissions

Remember, every materials we use, everything around us has a carbon footprint Carbon footprint is seen in products, productions, organizations and especially in business matters That’s why before businesses or an organization opens

up, they need to get assessments whether their plans would harm or wouldn’t harm our environment

Also, Carbon Footprint Analysis must determine a greenhouse gas emission value and present proof documents that details the data and method to calculate value

It should be a suitable all-encompassing direct and indirect emission determining the exclusive global amount of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases being accustomed to

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a lifecycle assessment used for products and services The benefits in conducting may include: increased in awareness of environmental impacts, the ability to formulate realistic and future goals which focuses in aiming at reducing environmental harm and damage that may occur

These issues are link to the methodology used to measure Carbon Footprint Emissions from travelling, buying things, the food to buy and eat are only some examples that help measures the carbon footprint of the respondents In tabulating carbon footprint analysis are by checking through,

• Emissions generated during transporting raw materials, products or waste from one place to another

• Process emissions which are chemically or physically transformed materials that are produced or came from variety of industrial and structural activities

• Fugitive emissions that release pollutants that leaks into the airs which are from pipelines, chimneys, chemical toxic and etc

• The use of electric, heat or steam power especially houses, factories, industrial buildings and etc

• Emissions generated from using refrigerators or air conditioning appliances for cooling purposes

• Emissions from business travelers, commuting employees and car owners cause a big amount of carbon being released in the air which one of the main reasons

of global warming

What factors should be considered into a Carbon Footprint Analysis?

• A carbon footprint is typically expressed in kilograms or tons CO2 equivalent when being measured

The EFA (Ecological Footprint Analysis) becomes one of the most widely used instruments to measure humanity effect on the environment It measures the demand

of a single or group of person on global natural resources It measures the requirements for productive areas (croplands, grazing lands, forest areas, wood and mine productions, fisheries, built-up lands and etc.) The EF is estimately measured in global hectares or the so called (gha) Environmental educators and activists have used the EF to raise awareness of wider structural forces driving patterns The calculator allows people to calculate their personal EF and to make comparisons with the available biocapacity or people’s footprint on local or global scale

2.3 Worldwide carbon footprint issues

According to the Global Footprint Network (2003-2019) the carbon footprint is currently 60% of humanity overall Ecological footprint is rapidly growing being emitted by an activities or organization Humanity’s carbon footprint has increased since 1961 That’s reducing human’s carbon footprint is the most important step we

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need to make in order to overshoot and live with the means of the planet Since carbon footprint is an important component of ecological footprint, it should be biologically

productive on space since one is competing for demand Since carbon emissions

comes from burning of fossil fuels accumulate in the atmosphere but there isn’t enough biological capacity in order to absorb these emissions that’s why tonnes of these carbon dioxide emissions are expressed as the amount of reproductive land area that required to sequester carbon dioxide emissions which tells how much biocapacity

is necessary in order to neutralize these emissions from burning of fossil fuels By measuring carbon footprint through land area does not imply that carbon sequestration

is the sole solution to carbon dilemma but it shows how much biocapacity is needed to

be treat carbon waste and causing more carbon into the atmosphere It enables climate change in a way that doesn’t simply shift the burden from one system to another That’s why climate problems occur because there is no enough biological capacity to neutralize carbon dioxide from fossil fuels to provide for other demands

Humanity is simply demanding too much than Earth can provide So as time passed by, it shows that carbon threats we face today are causes from climate change, overgrazing, deforestation, and fisheries collapse, lack of food security and continuous and rapid extinction of species Now that people are aware of the causes, it’s better to focus in these issues, so it’s easier to find solutions rather than causing more problems According to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factsheet: Vietnam (2012) , it states it has

251 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e).The energy sector is at

66 percent while agricultural sector is at 23% followed by industrial process at 12% and waste sector at 4 percent and land-use change and forestry at 5 percent That’s why, Vietnam has developed several policies including “National Target Program on

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Energy Efficiency” and the Law on “Economical and Efficient use of Energy” It aims

to reduce GHG emissions by 8% below the Business as Usual (BAU) by 2030 in order

to strengthen the international support

Figure 4 World Emission per Capita (1990-2017)

(Source: Global Carbon Atlas 2018)

In Figure 4, the world emission per capita since 1990-2017 showed that there several changes of percentage emissions throughout the following years It has been going up(0.9%) and down(0.5%) movement until in year 2017 The main sources are from transportation, electricity and heat productions, constructions of residential and commercial buildings, manufacturing industries for public services and other sectors The emission of carbon footprint is unavoidable because it is an essential component in order to improve the living standards and development Although the global challenge is to reduce emissions, still some world’s poorest countries may still remain to give sign of progress in changing their living status and poverty problems from overpopulation without enough resource supply

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Figure 5 Growing Worldwide Footprint (1961-2009)

(Source: Global Footprint Network, 2013)

Today most countries around the globe experiences growing worldwide footprint which can be seen in figure 5 Ecological Footprint accounts and quantifies both annual availability of biological capacity and human demand (Wackernagel et al 2002; Borucke et al 2013) On the other hand, it measures ecological assets from a population’s consumption from the natural resources which produces or generates carbon emissions

Humanities ecological footprint was 7.0 billion since 1961 that the total footprint has tremendously increased by 150 percent (which is now 2.5 times much larger) As of figure 4 (above) shows that as years pass by, footprint and population are growing faster than the Earth’s biological capacity which is because continuous growing of populations requires a higher food production and the requirements for food leads to expansion of agricultural land and intensification farm practices from forest areas which needs to perform deforestation that causes release CO2 stored in soil and trees The world’s biological capacity had been slowly regenerating since 1961-

2009 that it cannot even support the continuous growth of the world’s population

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which caused an overlapping growth of world’s ecological footprint and if these continuous, there will be a time that the natural resources can no longer keep up with the daily needs of the people

According to the most recent National Accounts (2012), the total Earth’s biocapacity is estimated at 12 billion gha (or 1.8 gha per person) but humanity’s Ecological Footprint has reached 17.6 billion gha (or 2.6 gha per person) Correspondingly, the number of planets demanded by all humans has increased to 1.47 planets, which represents an increment of 2.4 times the demand for nature’s renewable resources since 1961

2.4 Eco-friendly awareness for sustainable development and its relation to

carbon footprint

As our world continuously facing changes, most of the government’s countries are concerned about environmental crisis The environment plays a big role in sustaining the needs of people for life Environmental Sustainable Development becomes a key factor that meets the demands on the environment without lessening the amount of capacity to sustain people’s needs today until the future The concept of sustainability relies on sustainable development which can be explained in various ways and is considered as the government in order to manage human activities involving social, environmental, political, economic sustainability It was widely

defined the Brundtland Commission in 1987 as: “Sustainable development is

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

In 2015, the United Nations Sustainable Development world leaders adopted a

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Developments which includes a set of 17 Sustainable

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Development Goals (SDGs) Its aim is to end poverty, fight inequality and justice tackling climate change in 2030 These sustainable goals are:

1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

3 Ensure health lives and promote well- being for all at all ages

4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

5 Achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment

6 Ensure availability and sustainable development of water and sanitation for all

7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable and sustainable and modern energy for all

8 Promote sustained ,inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

10 Reduce inequality within and among countries

11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and it’s impacts

14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable development use of terrestrial ecosystem, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity lost

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16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development; provide access to justice for all a build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions t all levels

17 Strengthens the means of implementations and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

As debates continues about how the impacts of human activities affects the environment, a lot of firms are now providing consumers the eco or green products and helping them adopt to some green practices That’s why Green marketing is one the firm’s strategies in adopting changes

Green Marketing refers to the process of selling products and or services based

on their environmental benefits It may be products or services that are eco-friendly

itself or produced in an eco-friendly way The word “Green” is very popular

nowadays due to us of Green Marketing that has defined by AMA (American

Marketing Association) as “The study of the positive and negative aspects of

marketing activities on pollution, energy depletion and non-energy resource depletion”. A few examples of green products are hybrid automobiles, eco-friendly paint, organic food, recycled cop paper, use of power wind and other practices in order

to minimize the harmful impacts of the people on the environment Environmentally friendly products should be balance with the environments compatibility claiming that

it should be less harmful They should be durable, non-toxic and made with materials that are recyclable and decomposable that is embodied with low environmental energy impact

Being environmentally friendly y is very important The first step is to begin to understand the basics of each part of life can do to become more environmentally

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friendly The next step is to learn how to make different choices starting to change your awareness on personal level in consuming resources There are lots of ways to begin practice conservation Here are 15 ways to become more environmentally friendly:

1 Become More Aware of Resources Start by paying attention on how you use

and choose resources with great awareness in your daily life

2 Practice Conservation With your new awareness you can now practice

conservation on how to use natural resources in your life even by doing simple things

3 Plant Trees Trees are necessary for our survival They give oxygen, food,

clean air and provide shelter

4 Conserve Water Water needs to be conserved in order to save energy for filter

and also our water resources is only limited

5 Change your Travel Habits Choose your fuel efficiently Practice riding a

bicycle instead of cars Avoid travelling by driving and flying to save energy

6 Use less Fossil Fuel Based Products. Use less or change to a more efficient and ecofriendly based fuel products

7 Buy Locally Grown Products Instead of buying shipped foods from far

places, try to reduce your carbon by buying local grown products

8 Reduce Use of Harmful Chemicals Hazardous chemicals like ammonium, oil,

paints when disposing openly without any knowledge can cause serious pollution to air and water

9 Composting It is an easy process from remains of plants and kitchen waste into

rich nutrients as composts for your plants

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10 3R’s of Waste Hierarchy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Order of priority of

action to reduce the amount of waste generated in improving waste management

11 Bur Recycled Products When you go shopping, try to buy products from

market that are made up of recycled materials for minimal packaging

12 Join Environment Groups You may find environmental groups that you can

join hands in protecting and making the earth clean

13 Stop Littering Throw your garbage in the proper waste disposal Stop

littering the roads and practice picking up seen trash

14 Protect Wildlife Prevent killing and illegal poaching of animals Human

activities can lead to animal extinction and endangerment of species

15 Educate Others After applying this yourself, try to educate others The more

people are aware, the more together can conserve and protect the environment

It is known that resources on earth are limited and human wants are limited Therefore, it is important for consumers to utilize resources efficiently without wasting and most importantly, achieving the main objective which is to using the earth’s natural resources without causing resource exhaustion