Oxford handbook of psychiatry 1st edition

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Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Editors

Editors

David Semple

Consultant Psychiatrist

Hairmyres Hospital,

East Kilbride

and Honorary Fellow,

Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK

Roger Smyth

Consultant Psychiatrist

St John's Hospital at Howden, West Lothian, UK

Jonathan Burns

Community Psychiatrist

Nelson Mandela School of Medicine,

University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Rajan Darjee

Lecturer in Forensic Psychiatry Division of Psychiatry,

University of Edinburgh, UK

Andrew McIntosh

Lecturer in Psychiatry

Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition

Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Dedication

Dedication

To Fiona

(DMS)

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Disclaimer

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical

procedures with the most up-to date published

product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of

conduct and safety regulations The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal

liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse

or misapplication of material in this work.

Except where otherwise stated, drug doses and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breastfeeding.

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Preface

Every medical student and doctor is familiar with that strange mixture of panic and perplexity which occurs when, despite having spent what seems like endless hours studying, one is completely at a loss

as to what to do when confronted with a real patient with real problems For doctors of our generation that sense of panic was eased somewhat by the

reassuring presence in the white coat pocket of the original Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine A

quick glance at one of its pages before approaching the patient served to refresh factual knowledge,

guide initial assessment, and highlight ‘not to be missed’ areas, allowing one to enter the room with

a sense of at least initial confidence which would otherwise have been lacking.

The initial months of psychiatric practice are a time

of particular anxiety, when familiar medical

knowledge seems of no use and the patients and their symptoms appear baffling and strange Every new psychiatrist is familiar with the strange sense

of relief when a ‘medical’ problem arises in one of their patients’—‘finally something I know about’ At this time, for us, the absence of a similar volume to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine for

psychiatrists was keenly felt This volume attempts

to fulfil the same function for medical students and doctors beginning psychiatric training or practice The white coat pocket will have gone, but we hope that it can provide that same portable reassurance 2004

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Acknowledgements

In preparing this Handbook , we have benefited from the help and advice of a number of our more senior colleagues, and we would specifically like to thank Prof E.C Johnstone, Prof K.P Ebmeier, Prof D.C.O Cunningham-Owens, Prof M Sharpe, Dr S Gaur, Dr

S Lawrie, Dr J Crichton, Dr L Thomson, Dr H.

Kennedy, Dr F Browne, Dr C Faulkner, and Dr A.

Pelosi for giving us the benefit of their experience and knowledge Also our SpR colleagues: Dr G.

Ijomah, Dr D Steele, Dr J Steele, Dr J Smith, and

Dr C McIntosh, who helped keep us on the right

track.

We ‘piloted’ early versions of various sections with the SHOs attending the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for teaching of the MPhil course in Psychiatry (now

reborn as the MRCPsych course) In a sense they are all contributors, through the discussions generated, but particular thanks go to Dr J Patrick, Dr A.

Stanfield, Dr A Morris, Dr R Scally, Dr J Hall, Dr L Brown, and Dr J Stoddart.

Other key reviewers have been the Edinburgh

medical students who were enthusiastic in reading various drafts for us: Peh Sun Loo, Claire Tordoff, Nadia Amin, Stephen Boag, Candice Chan, Nancy

Colchester, Victoria Sutherland, Ben Waterson,

Simon Barton, Anna Hayes, Sam Murray, Yaw Nyadu, Joanna Willis, Ahsan-Ul-Haq Akram, Elizabeth Elliot, and Kave Shams.

Finally, we would also like to thank the staff of OUP for their patience, help, and support.

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Symbols and abbreviations

Symbols and abbreviations

Other abbreviations are given on pages where they occur.

Abbreviations can be a useful form of shorthand in both verbal and written communication They

should be used with care however, as there is the potential for misinterpretation when people have different understandings of what is meant by the abbreviation (e.g PD may mean personality

disorder or Parkinson's disease; SAD may mean

seasonal affective disorder or schizoaffective

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea; post-natal depression

Respiratory tract infection

Symbol “Don't Dawdle”

Symbol “Therefore”

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st

Edition Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Front of Book > Oxford Handbook List

Oxford Handbook List

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 6/e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 6/e

Oxford Handbook of Accident and Emergency Medicine 2/e

Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 2/e

Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia

Oxford Handbook of Applied Dental Sciences Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry 3/e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Genetics

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology 2/e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Immunology Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery 2/e

Oxford Handbook of Critical Care

Oxford Handbook of Dental Patient Care

Oxford Handbook of Dialysis 2/e

Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes

Oxford Handbook of General Practice

Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Oxford Handbook of Oncology

Oxford Handbook of Operative Surgery

Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care

Oxford Handbook of Patients' Welfare

Oxford Handbook of Practical Drug Therapy

Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry

Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine

Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology

Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine 2/e

Editors: Semple, David; Smyth, Roger; Burns, Jonathan; Darjee, Rajan; McIntosh, Andrew

Title: Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry, 1st Edition

Copyright ©2005 Oxford University Press

> Table of Contents > Chapter 1 - Thinking about psychiatry

Chapter 1

Thinking about psychiatry

First thoughts

In the stanzas opposite, satirist Alexander Pope

captured the essence of the then ongoing European

enlightenment, inspiring his readers to use their sense

of reason to replace irrationality in their exploration ofthe world This period also saw the re-emergence of

attempts to use the same method of thinking to studymental illness, whose sufferers had then spent morethan a thousand years as objects of fear and

superstition Pope's words resonate even today, 250

years later, when—confronted with patients thinking

‘too little or too much’ or in ‘chaos of thought and

passion all confused’—we are still struggling to use

science to guide the exploration of this ‘riddle of theworld’

Psychiatry has often been derided as the ‘Cinderella’specialty: poorly funded, exiled to outside hospitals, avictim of rushed political experiments, castigated byanti-psychiatrists, its intellectual basis ridiculed, andthe self confidence of its practitioners lowered As a

trainee psychiatrist you will have to cope with questionslike ‘are you a real doctor?’ In addition, the general

public (and sometimes other medical professionals)

frequently misunderstand the types and severity of

illnesses that you deal with Either they picture you

spending all of your time tending to ‘Woody Allen’-likeself-obsessed, befuddled neurotics, or guarding

‘Hannibal Lecter’-like murdering psychopaths The

reality is that psychiatrists deal with the most common

human disorders which cause the greatest morbidityworldwide.

Psychiatry considers all aspects of human experienceover the whole of the life span: elation, grief, anxieties,flights of fancy, confusion, despair, perception and

misperception, and memory and its loss We see themother with a healthy baby, perplexed and frightened

by her tearfulness and inability to cope, and terrified byher thoughts of harming her child We see the family of

a young man who have watched him become a stranger,muttering wild accusations about conspiracies And weaim to be the doctors who know what best to do in

these circumstances The specialty of psychiatry is (orshould be) the most ‘human’ specialty—devoted to theunderstanding of the whole person in health and illness.Indeed, it is the only medical specialty without a

scientists ‘stand on the shoulders of giants’, and in

psychiatry we have no fewer and no shorter giants, just

a higher wall to peer over

The proper study of mankind

Know then thyself, presume not God to scan

The proper study of mankind

Born but to die, and

reasoning but to err

Alike in ignorance, his reason such

Whether he thinks too little,

or too much

Chaos of thought and

passion, all confused

Still by himself abuse, or

Sole judge of truth, in

endless error hurled

The glory, jest, and riddle of the world

Go, wondrous creature!

Mount where Science guides

Go, measure earth, weigh air and state the tides

Instruct the planets in what orbs to run

Correct old time, and

regulate the sun

Go, soar with Plato to the empyreal sphere

To the first good, first

perfect, and first fair

Or tread the mazy round his followers trod

And quitting sense call

imitating God

As Eastern priests in giddy circles run

And turn their heads to

imitate the Sun

Go, teach Eternal Wisdom how to rule

Then drop into thyself, and

Admired such wisdom in an earthly shape

And showed a Newton as we show an Ape

Could he, whose rules the rapid comet bind

Describe or fix one

movement of his mind

Who saw its fires here rise, and there descend,

Explain his own beginning, or his end?

Alas what wonder! Man's

superior part

Unchecked may rise, and

climb from art to art

But when his own great work

is but begun

What reason weaves, by

passion is undone

Trace science then, with

modesty thy guide

First strip off all her

Or tricks to show the stretch

of human brain

Mere curious pleasure,

ingenious pain

Expunge the whole, or lop

the excrescent parts

Of all, our vices have created

arts

Then see how little the

remaining sum

Which served the past, and

must the times to come!

From Alexander Pope (1688–

1744) An Essay on Man

As reproduced in Poetical Works,

ed Cary HF (London: Routledge,

1870), 225–6

What is disease?

Most mental diagnoses have had their validity

questioned at several points in their history Diagnosed

by doctors on the basis of symptoms alone, some

people find their ‘presence’ difficult to accept in a fieldwhich has been almost universally successful in findingdemonstrable physical pathology or infection

Disease in medicine as a whole was not always based onpathology The microscope was developed long after

doctors began to make disease attributions Thomas

Sydenham developed the medico-pathological modelbased on symptoms, but it has grown to incorporate

information obtained from post-mortem and tissue

examination This model of disease has become

synonymous in many peoples’ mind with a model basedsolely on demonstrably abnormal structure Thomas

Szasz (p 19) has criticised psychiatry in general by

suggesting that its diseases fail when this model is

applied

This argument that psychiatric diagnoses are invalid

still strikes a chord with many doctors and non-medicalacademics The BMJ conducted a recent survey of non-disease1 (see opposite) Many people thought

depression to be a non-disease, although schizophreniaand alcoholism fared somewhat better It is clear fromthe graph that many conditions rated as real diseaseshave a characteristic pathology, although some do not(alcoholism, epilepsy) Similarly, many people regardhead injury and duodenal ulcer as non-disease, althoughtheir pathology is well described

There are several models of disease in existence (seetable below) No single model is adequate by itself anddiseases may move from one group to another Modelsbased on aetiology or pathology have been found to bethe most useful, but the reality may be that ‘disease’ is

a concept which will tend to change over time and has

no real existence in itself

a necessary cause (e.g.

bacterial infection) or have a

replicable morbid anatomy.

Biological

disadvantage

(Scadding 1972)

Assumes that sufferers from

a disease have

a common characteristic

to place them

at a biological disadvantage.

Plan of action

(Linder 1965)

Assumes disease labels are

justifications for treatments and further investigations.

distinguished from others by

a bimodal distribution of scores on a discriminant function.

deviations from

a desirable norm.

Disease as

‘concept’

(Aristotle)

Assumes diseases are man-made

abstractions with no

independent existence.

Percentage of respondents classifying a

condition as a disease Figure appears in BMJ(1;2); reproduced with permission of BMJ PublishingGroup

The role of the psychiatrist

What is illness?

Doctors, being generally practical people, busy

themselves with the diagnosis and treatment of varioustypes of illness They rarely ask ‘what is illness?’ or

‘what is health?’ For several reasons this type of

questioning is more germane for psychiatrists:

While all illnesses have subjective components,

psychiatric disorders are usually completely

diagnosed by the patient's subjective experiencesrather than objective abnormalities

There is a non-absolute, value judgement involved inthe diagnosis of mental disorder—e.g wheeze anddyspnoea are abnormal and a sign of disease, butsome degree of anxiety at times is a common

experience and the point at which it is pathological

is debatable

Mental illnesses have legal consequences

It is important that psychiatrists are clear in

themselves about which behaviours and

abnormalities are their province Psychiatrists havebeen involved in human rights abuses in states

around the world when the definitions of mental

illness were expanded to take in political

insubordination