Ngữ pháp và bài tập chương trình Tiếng anh lớp 12 Tạ Thanh Hiền7558

T có 3 ơm ti t tr lên: tr c nó th ng nh n tr ng âm Ex: eco’nomic, intel’lectual, mathema’tician, poli’tician, eco’nomical, uni’versity, ge’ography, mathe’matics soci’ology Ex: ‘moderni

NG PHỄP VÀ BÀI T P CH NG TRỊNH

TI NG ANH L P 12

I Ng ơm:

1 Cách phát ơm ậed:

* đ c thành âm /id/ v i nh ng t có âm cu i là / t, d /

* đ c thành âm /t/ v i nh ng t có âm cu i là /p, f, k, s, ∫, t∫, /

* đ c thành âm /d/ v i nh ng tr ng h p còn l i

Ex:

- dedicated - stopped - opened

- devoted - laughed - arrived

- pretended - liked - discovered

- needed - washed - interviewed

2 Cách phát ơm c a ậs / -es

* đ c thành âm /s/ v i nh ng t có âm cu i là / p, f, k, t, /

* đ c thành âm /iz/ v i nh ng t có âm cu i là / s, z, ∫, t∫, d /

* đ c thành âm /z/ v i nh ng tr ng h p còn l i

Ex:

- laughs - washes - swallows

- likes - watches - schoolyards

3 Cách đánh d u tr ng ơm:

a T có 2 ơm ti t: Tr ng âm có th r i vào âm ti t đ u ho c âm ti t th hai

- Danh t vƠ tính t :

Ex: ‘table, ‘happy, ‘lucky, ‘weather……

- M t s danh t có tr ng âm t g c

Ex: de’sign, be’lief, ac’cept, de’mand………

Ex: after’noon, bam’boo, bal’loon……

- ng t :

Ex: ‘follow, ‘finish, ‘carry, ‘suffer, ‘harden, ‘answer………

Ex: trans’late, cre’ate……

- T hai v n v a lƠ danh t v a lƠ đ ng t :

+ Tr ng ơm đ c đ t v n th nh t khi chúng lƠ danh t

Ex: ‘record, ‘object……

+ Tr ng ơm đ c đ t v n th hai khi chúng lƠ đ ng t

Ex: re’cord, ob’ject……

Note: Không ph i t t c các t hai v n v a là danh t v là đ ng t đ u theo qui t t này

- Gi i t : tr ng ơm đ c đ t t g c

Ex: be’hind, be’fore, a’bove……

- T ghép:

Ex: ‘baseball, ‘schoolbag, ‘drugstore…

Ex: good-‘looking, bad-‘tempered, old-‘fashioned

- i t ph n thơn: tr ng ơm đ t v n “self / selves”

Ex: my’self, him’self, them’selves

b T có 3 ơm ti t:

ơm ti t đó

Ex: lemo’nade, ciga’rette, Vietna’mese, enter’tain …

Ex:, trans’lation

Ex: ‘generate, cer’tificate, cong’ratulate

c T có 3 ơm ti t tr lên:

tr c nó th ng nh n tr ng âm

Ex: eco’nomic, intel’lectual, mathema’tician, poli’tician, eco’nomical, uni’versity, ge’ography, mathe’matics soci’ology

Ex: ‘modernize, ‘dictionary, i’maginary

EXERCISE

Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others

1 A interviewed B performed C finished D delivered

2 A adopted B appealed C dedicated D wounded

3 A endangered B threatened C recovered D advanced

4 A protected B developed C balanced D established

5 A carried B organized C impressed D involved

6 A misses B goes C leaves D potatoes

7 A grows B tends C roars D sweeps

8 A elephants B decades C poachers D actions

9 A earthquakes B countries C epidemics D delegates

10 A politics B beliefs C rights D pioneers

Choose the word which has different stress from the others.

11 A biologist B conservation C competition D economical

12 A tsunami B comfortable C precision D involvement

13 A curriculum B certificate C nursery D intelligence

14 A independent B intellectual C interesting D economic

15 A confident B compulsory C dangerous D secondary

II T v ng:

1 Cách nh n bi t t lo i:

a Cánh nh n bi t danh t : danh t th ng có các h u t sau:

-TION/ -ATION prevention, invention, preservation, conservation, information

-ENCE/-ANCE existence, difference, importance

-ER (ch ng i) teacher, speaker, worker, writer, singer

-OR (ch ng i) sailor, inventor, visitor, actor, editor

-IST (ch ng i) physicist, typist, biologist, chemist, guitarist

-AR/-ANT/-EE (ch ng i) beggar, assistant, employee, interviewee

-ISM (ch ngh a) pessimism, optimism, criticism, idealism (ch ngh a duy tâm)

-(I)TY possibility, responsibility, reality, beauty, safety, variety

-TH width, warmth, strength, youth, truth, depth

b Cánh nh n bi t tính t : tính t th ng có các h u t sau:

-LESS (ngh a ph đ nh) homeless, careless, treeless

(noun)-Y (có nhi u) rainy, snowy, sandy, windy

(noun)-LY (có v , hàng ngày gi ngày ) manly, friendly, motherly, yearly, hourly, daily

(noun)-AL (thu c v ) industrial, natural, agricultural, musical

-IVE active, expensive, attractive, progressive

-ABLE countable, fashionable, comfortable, acceptable

c Cánh nh n bi t đ ng t : đ ng t th ng có ti n t ho c h u t sau:

Ti n t EN- endanger, enlarge, enrich (làm giàu), encourage (đ ng viên)

-IZE, -ISE socialize, modernize, industrialize

-EN widen, frighten, brighten, sharpen

-ATE considerate, translate, nominate

d Cánh nh n bi t tr ng t : tr ng t th ng có h u t -LY Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly,

carelessly, recently

L u ý: M t s tr ng t đ c bi t c n ghi nh :

- good (a) well (adv): gi i, t t

- late (a) late / lately (adv): tr , ch m

- ill (a) ill (adv): x u, t i, kém

- fast (a) fast (adv): nhanh

- hard (a) hard (adv): tích c c, v t v , ch m ch hardly (adv): h u nh không

2 Ch c n ng c a m t s t lo i:

a Danh t (Noun)

Sau tính t (adj + N) They are interesting books

Sau

He is a student

These flowers are beautiful

She needs some water

Sau ngo i đ ng t (V c n O) She buys books

She meets a lot of people

Sau gi i t (prep + N) He talked about the story yesterday

He is interested in music

T r c V chia thì (N làm ch t ) The main has just arrived

Sau enough (enough + N) I don’t have enough money to buy that

house

b Tính t (Adj)

Tr c N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books

Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem … It becomes hot

She feels sad

Sau tr ng t (adv + adj) It is extremely cold

I’m terribly sorry

She is very beautiful

Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small

Tr c enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough

Trong c u trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak

A, an, the, this, th at, his, her, their, my, … + (Adj)

+ Noun

My new car is blue

Trong cơu c m thán:

- How + adj + S + V

- Wht + (a / an) + adj + N

How beautiful the girl is!

What an interesting film!

c Tr ng t (Adv)

u cơu ho c tr c d u ph y Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party

Sau too V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus

Trong c u trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident

Tr c enough V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough for every body to

read

EXERCISE: Choose the best answer:

A biology B biological C biologist D biologically

A act B active C action D activity

A diverse B diversity C diversify D diversification

A confide B confident C confidently D confidence

A appropriate B appropriately C appropriation D appropriating

A apply B application C applicant D applying

A science B scientist C scientific D scientifically

A Employment B Unemployment C Employ D Unemployed

setbacks

A constant B constantly C constants D constancy

A expected B unexpected C expectedly D unexpectedly

III Ng pháp:

1 TENSES (Thì)

HI N T I N

- V to be:

S + am / is / are

S + am / is / are + not

Am / Is / Are + S + …?

V th ng:

S + V1 / V(s/es)

S + don’t/ doesn’t + V1

- always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, every, normally, regularly, occasionally, as a rule, once / twice a week …

Do / Does + S + V1 …?

HI N T I TI P DI N

S + am/is/are + V-ing

S + am/ is/ are + not + V-ing

Am / Is /Are + S + V-ing?

- at the moment, now, right now,

at present

- Look!

- Listen!

- Be quiet!

- Keep silence!

không dùng v i thì ti p di n:

like, dislike, hate, love, want, prefer, admire, believe, understand, remember, forget, know, belong, have, taste, smell,

…

HI N T I HOÀN THÀNH

S + has / have + V3/-ed

S + has / have + not + V3/-ed

Has / Have + S + V3/-ed?

- so far, up to now, up to the

present (cho t i bây gi )

- in the past (ten) years (trong

m i n m qua)

g n đây)

- already, ever, never, just, yet, for, since

- this is the first time/second

time…

HI N T I HOÀN THÀNH

TI P DI N

S + has / have + been + V-ing

S + has / have + not + been + V-ing

two hours now, for three years

now …)

Has / Have + S + been + V- ing …?

V to be:

S + was / were + O

S + wasn’t / weren’t + O Was / Were + S + O …?

V th ng:

S + V2 / V-ed

S + didn’t + V1 Did + S + V1 ….?

- yesterday, last (last week, last month, last year …), ago, in

1990, in the past, in 19th century,

in 18th century, …

QUỄ KH TI P DI N

S + was / were + V-ing

S + was / were + not + V-ing

Was / Were + S + V- ing…?

- at that time, at (9 o’clock) last night, at this time (last week),

in the summer, during the summer, all day, all week, all month, …

QUỄ KH HOÀN THÀNH

S + had + V3/-ed

S + hadn’t + V3/-ed Had + S + V3/- ed …?

- already, ever, never, before, by,

by the time, after, until, when,

…

S + will / shall + V1

S + will / shall + not + V1 (won’t / shan’t + V1) Will / Shall + S + V1 …?

- I think / guess

- I am sure / I am not sure

T NG LAI TI P DI N

S + will / shall + be + V-ing

S + will / shall + be + V-ing

Will / Shall + S + be + V- ing…?

tomorrow, all this afternoon,

evening, morning, …

S + will /shall + have + V3/-ed - when, before, by, by the time,

by the end of next month, next

T NG LAI HOÀN

THÀNH

S + won’t / shan’t + have + V3/-ed Will / Shall + S + have + V3/- ed ….?

year …

Note: M t s cách hòa h p thì gi a m nh đ chính vƠ m nh đ tr ng ng th i gian:

3. QK + while / when / as + QKTD (hành đ ng ng n – dài)

It started to rain while the boys were playing football

4. QKTD + while + QKTD (hai hành đ ng song song)

Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games

He had left by the time I came

EXERCISE:

A were learning B are learning C was learning D learnt

5 I will contact you as soon as I _the information

A will get B get C got D had got

6 When we arrived, the film for five minutes

A has started B had started C started D was starting

8 We exam at 8 o’clock next Monday

A will take B will be taking C take D would take

9 By the end of next year, my son _ English for six months

A will learn B will have learned C has learned D had learned

10 “ How long have you been with the company?”

A will work B was working C will be working D will have worked

2 REPORTED SPEECH (Cơu t ng thu t)

Khi đ ng t gi i thi u quá kh ho c quá kh hoƠn thƠnh :

I/.Statement : D ng cơu nói : Mu n đ i sang gián ti p , ngoƠi vi c đ i đ i t ta còn

ph i lùi thì :

S + said to+O “ S + V + O”

 S + told O that S (đ i) + V(lùi thì ) + O(đ i :n u là đ i t )

EX : She said “ I’m a pupil”

 She said that ……….…………

* Cách đ i đ i t trong d u ngo c kép:

- Khi đ i t trong d u ngo c kép ngôi th nh t (I-me- my-we-us- our) ta đ i d a vào ch t

đ ng tr c đ ng t gi i thi u ( said/ told) và đ i thành ngôi th ba

EX : S + say/ said to +O “I _ me _ my” “ we”  they

He  He _ him _ his “ us”  them

She  She _ her _ her “ our”  their

- Khi đ i t trong d u ngo c kép ngôi th hai (you _ you_ your) khi đ i ta d a vào túc t đ ng

sau đ ng t gi i thi u (said/ told)

S + say to + O “ you _ you _ your”

me  I me my

us  we us our

them  they them their

him  he him his

her  she her her

EX : He says to her “ I miss you very much”

 He tells her that………

* Cách lùi thì : am , is , are  was , were ,  had been

V1/Vs/es  V2/Ved  had V3/ed

Don’t , doesn’t + V1  didn’t + V1  hadn’t + V3/ed

Has , have + V3/ed  had + V3/ed

Must  had to may  might

Will  would can  could

Shall  should

 Cách đ i m t s tr ng t trong cơu gián ti p:

this  that yesterday  the day before

these  those  the previous day

now  then last + N  the N + before

 the previous + N

today  that day tomorrow  the next day

tonight  that night  the following day

 the day after

ago  before next + N  the + N + after

II/ D ng cơu M nh l nh :

1/.M nh l nh kh ng đ nh :

S + (tell / told ) + O “ V + O !” EX : She told him “ open your book”

 S +( tell , told O to V + O (đ i )  She told him ………

b M nh l nh ph đ nh :

S +( tell / told) + O “ Don’t + V + O”

 S +( told , tell) O not to V + O (đ i: n u là đ i t )

EX : She told them “ Don’t open your book”

 She told them ………

III/.D ng cơu h i :

N u không có t đ h i ta dùng “ if / wheather” còn có t đ h i ta dùng l i

t đ h i Sau đó đ a cơu h i v d ng cơu nói , r i đ i nh cách đ i d ng cơu nói

1/.Yes _ No question :

asked + O

S + wanted to know + if/ whether + S + V

wondered

EX : She asked him “ Do you know me ?”

 She asked him ………

2/.Wh_ question :

asked + O

S + wanted to know + Wh -word + S + V

wondered

EX : She asked him “what do you want ?”

 She asks him ………

IV/ Reported speech with to V :

1/ KHỌNG Cị TÚC T :

S + V + TO V + ………

promise (h a)

agree ( đ ng ý)

Ex1 : “ We’ll come back again”

 They promised to come back again

2/ Cị TÚC T

S + V + O + TO V

advise (khuyên)

warn (c nh báo)

remind ( nh c nh )

invite ( m i)

encourage ( khuy n khích)

ask (yêu c u)

Ex2: He said to me “You’d better get up early”

 He advised me to get up early

V/ Reported speech with Gerund :

1/ KHỌNG KỆM THEO GI I T :

S + V + V- ing ………

deny (ch i c i)

suggest (đ ngh )

admit (th a nh n , thú nh n)

Ex1: “ I didn’t break your window”he said

 He denied breaking my window

2/ Cị KỆM THEO GI I T :

S + V + (O) + Prep + V ậing

accuse sb of + V-ing ( bu c t i)

apologize for + V-ing ( xin l i)

thank for + V-ing ( c m n)

blame sb for V-ing ( đ th a)

congratulate sb on + V-ing ( chúc m ng)

insist on + V-ing ( kh ng kh ng)

warn sb against V-ing (khuy n cáo ai đ ng làm gì)

prevent/ stop sb from + V-ing ( ng n c n ai không đ c làm gì)

Ex2: “You stole my watch” the man said

 The man accused me of stealing his watch

3 PASSIVE VOICE ( BE (chia theo thì) + V3/ed )

1 Simple present : (always, sometimes,

often, every…… )

S + V1/Vs/es + O

EX 1: Nam buys two books in that shop

1/ Simple present :

………

2/ Simple past: (yesterday, last,

ago… )

EX 2: Mary bought two books

2/ Simple past:

3/.Simple future:( tomorrow, next,…)

EX 3: Mary will send this letter

3/.Simple future :

4/ Present perfect: (just, since, for, so far 4/ Present perfect :