About 200 years after the development - of Romanesque architecture, however, Gothic architecture became the preferred style for cathedrals and churches.. Ribbed vaults, or ceilings that
Trang 13 The author discusses increased wealth in , `
(A) exemplify some people’s refusal to acknowledge economics
(B) point out that rational decisions are
not always the best ones (C) argue that rationality is often misinterpreted
(D) show that individuals may not always act rationally
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
mers make certain decisions
: it w was 36 orginally closely tied to 5 the field of _ and attempts to analyze :
“consumer b behavior Behavioral economics acknowledges that ¢ sonsumers are ‘ational in’
their decisions, although those decisions may not be economically =
ae
For example, many people give money to although they do not
benefit materially from it: Also; people make choides based on how certain situations or
products are framed: For instance, companies changed the framing of aspirin once it was ~»
found to ease a variety of , In addition, consumers sometimes make irrational decisions based on misperceptions, such as the belief that making more money Ỉ
increases happiness The reality is that.once a certain level of wealth is reached, the amount of happiness felt from earning more money
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Business ¬
ead the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read
- -_ When running.a business, itis important for managers to understand
" employees’ career goals and attitudes toward their job By understanding
_ psychological phases that erriployees may be experiencing, managers '
can help the business They can pick out particularly able and willing
~ people to benefit the business While it is impossible to generalize an
- individual's ambitions entirely, the Levinson model has been used to
* formulate how people approach their careers at different times in
: their lives
The Levinson model was created by Daniel Levinson It was based
" upon his study of forty men in four different occupational groups
Hourly industry workers, business executives, university biologists,
and novelists were all surveyed extensively Their answers were then used to identify particular periods common among all groups The
resulting Levinson madel then attempted to explain career approaches
Results were placed in the context of five- to seven-year cycles that deour, over the course of an adult's life These cycles represent different
“approaches to one’s personal and professional life, and how those approaches translate into professional behavior
ˆ The Levinson model begins with the seventeen- to twenty -two-
Ba year-old age group, when individuals are trying to establish emotional
and financial independence from their families Some go to college, while others choose to enter the work force directly Over the course
of early adulthood, individuals dabble in a number of different careers
-and experiences Many people associate this period with a process
of self-discovery Since they are.no longer students and are attempting
"nộ ` to find a professional field right for them, there are few facets of their
lives with which they can form an identify
As individuals enter their thirties, they take a step back and evaluate their experiences Feeling pressure to “settle down” and begin a formalized career, individuals will most likely pursue a career in a field they find interesting In their mid-adulthood phase, a career will
be decided upon The individual will then focus on advancing in the workplace Success in the workplace will be his or her primary point
of identification As the products of these efforts become evident and
individuals become financially secure, they may turn inward and re-evaluate their career and goals With financial security established in
the mid-forties, individuals seek to secure friendships and re-establish
contact with old acquaintances Their financial security gives them the
opportunity to focus on their personal lives As they reach the age of
Rhetorical Purpose Questions 93 ——,
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While the Levinson model is helpful for managers, it is only a series
of generalizations Some question its value in the current marketplace
Many social and cultural changes have taken place since Levinson first published his findings in the 1970s For instance, Bill Gates, the famous and very wealthy founder of Microsoft, defied the phases of the Levinson-model He started out at a young age with a single focus
and retained that focus throughout his life Since there are exceptions
to the Levinson: model, managers should get to know all of their
employees personally Managers should not attempt to categorize employees’ goals according to-a narrow, age-based model
94 Chapter 4
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Why does the author mention self-discovery in paragraph 3?
(A) To help explain the changes taking
place in early adulthood
(B) To illustrate how young adults are dissatisfied with their lives
(C) To show that managers need to be aware of employees’ changes
~ (D) To explain why young employees tend to stick to one career
The author discusses financial security in
paragraph 4 in order-to - (A) suggest that the transition from
mid-adulthood to late adulthood is smooth
(B) argue that financial success is the primary motivator for those in late
_ = adulthood 2+(C) show that success in one’s career.is -
"typically associated with one’s ˆ
happiness
“s(D) explain why those in late adulthood
begin to focus on things besides their
career
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary,
By extensively
how they approach their careers throughout their life For example, in early adulthood,
people thirties and forties, people tend to pursue a career they find interesting and renew contact with old
not everyone follows them, like in the case of Bill Gates, who
a number of professionals from different occupations,
Daniel Levinson identified a series of cycles that individuals go through The Levinson
model, while unable to generalize individuals’
in a number of different careers and experiences In their
While the cycles may be somewhat valuable to managers,
3 The author uses Bill Gates as an example of
(A) an exception to the Levinson model
(B) evidence supporting the Levinson
model
(C) how the Levinson model has been
used to foster success:
(D) the cultural and social forces at work
in the Levinson model’
ĐNILIMA
puowaas wast
1831
JDLLDVad
entirely, can describe the
Levinson model by focusing on one thing throughout his life
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| TP
Around the 10" century, a new architectural style was making its debut
across Western Europe Known for its massive quality and thick walls, the
Romanesque style marked the beginning of a period that would:'be known
for its large cathedrals and churches About 200 years after the development
- of Romanesque architecture, however, Gothic architecture became the
preferred style for cathedrals and churches Even today, the structures inspired by Gothic style continue to amaze and dazzle onlookers
Although Gothic architecture would succeed Romanesque architecture
in popularity, it was strongly influenced by the style before it Still,
‘there are also a number of differences between the two styles
The most obvious difference between Romanesque and Gothic
architectural styles.is the construction of archways As the name stone
suggests, Romanesque styles borrowed heavily from Roman architecture In Rome, semi-circular archways were popular, so most Romanesque buildings had semi-circular archways The Gothic style
that followed favored a.pointed archway, where the two sides of an
‘arch curve upward and meet at a-point Pointed arches are more
structurally sound than their semi-circular counterparts They also allow greater-architectural flexibility With its pointed arches, Gothic architecture appears more vertical and almost seems as if itis reaching
to the heavens More than any other feature, the pointed arch became the defining feature of Gothic style It would frame the windows, doors,
and passageways of countless European cathedrals Many, have argued that these early instances of pointed archways are reflective
of an Islamic influence Indeed, pointed archways were popular in the Middle East for some time before they became popuiar in Europe
~The concept of the pointed arch allowed architects to change the
way they approached vaults in churches and cathedrals The ceilings
of Romanesque structures were fairly modest, favoring long halls
topped with a tong, continuous, semi-circular archway These ceilings are known as barrel vaults because they look like a large barrel that has been cut in half vertically and made into a roof Romanesque ceilings also include simple beam structures laid across a span of two walls
Eventually, as pointed archways became more popular and their structural advantages were realized, they began to be incorporated
into the vaults of Gothic structures Ribbed vaults, or ceilings that
span square areas, also became popular in Gothic architecture By
installing a pointed arch along the diagonals of a square and filling in the
area between, ribbed vaults were a versatile alternative to traditional barrel vaults Most importantly, riobed vaults transferred the weight of the ceiling differently than barrel vaults They also allowed for more architectural freedom
—— 96 Chapter 4
: the.way in.which ;.:
- “something is spread out
amofig.an area
mainstream:
: the ideas, actions, and
values that are most widely accepted by a society
Trang 6
._ The construction and use of buttresses also:allows one to easily discern between Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles Since the barrel vaults of Romanesque ceilings required two strong walls for
support, an architect was limited to long halls with minor variations
Ribbed vaults allowed the weight of the ceiling to be distributed between four points along the corners of the vault's expanse Since four points
cannot bear the weight of an entire ceiling, the points were secured using buttresses In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses were preferred for their weight bearing abilities They were constructed outside of the actual
structure along the sides Archways would then be constructed that connected the buttresses to the sides of the building Using this method,
flying buttresses could actually be used to transfer the weight of the
ribbed vault ceiling outside of the building Due to their structural
advantages, flying buttresses became a popular feature in Gothic architecture The architectural advantage of flying buttresses and their weight distribution also allowed for ornate windows Since Romanesque barrel vaults required strong walls, an architect could not insert windows without compromising the integrity of the ceiling As flying buttresses allowed weight to be distributed through a small portion of the wall to
a buttress outside, windows became a possibility "
4 Since Gothic architecture borrowed heavily from the Romanesque
“Style that preceded it, there is no'way to clearly define a point at which
sone style ended and the other began The adoption of Gothic stylistic
glements, however, quickly took hold in Western Europe Gothic elements appeared in Romanesque churches and cathedrals long before Gothic architecture becaine part of the mainstream In spite of their similarities, though; it becarne clear around the 12" or 13” century
that a new style was in place, independent from the Romanesque By
understanding the differences between the two, one can better _ understand how one style contributed to another
ĐNLLIIAA
Differences in Architectural Styles ®
I
I
I
Rhetorical Purpose Questions 97 —
i
1
Trang 7
Why does the author mention the Middle 3 The author discusses windows in
(A) To show that Europeans were open to (A) reveal the availability of glass that influence from around the world came about in the Gothic period (B) To point out that there was contact _(B) explain the goals that drove the
‘between the Middle East and Europe architectural advancements of the
originated in the Islamic world _(C) give an example of Romanesque
(D) To explain a theory regarding the ‘influences in Gothic architecture
origins of pointed arches (D) highlight the architectural
: opportunities flying buttresses made
available
2 ‘The author uses a barrel cut in-half as an
architecture ị
(B) a difference between ribbed and
barrel vaults (C) the general shape of barrel vaults _ (D) the influence of engineering on architecture
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
ˆ_ˆ The passage desoribes differences between Gothic and Romanesque styles of architecture
Gothic architectural style borrowed several elements from the earlier Romanesque style and
became the TT style for the building of cathedrals and churches, The use
of pointed arches makes Gothic architecture appear more , and the
use of ribbed vaults allowed for more architectural freedom when square areas, Flying buttresses in Gothic architecture set it apart from the Romanesque
They were an important architectural advance in that their weight
allowed for the insertion of ornate windows Elements of Gothic architecture appeared in
Romanesque buildings long before it became part of the
98 Chapter 4