Dunstan claims that this “language is shared by all babies throughout the world.” Yet there is no specific information on how many babies were studied, where they were studied except for
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sleep and reported feeling a closer bond with their babies The
technique for learning Dunstan Baby Language is sold on DVDs
= available for order online This makes it a-source of information that
can be watched at leisure, repeatedly if needed, until parents are
confident in their ability to recognize the sound reflexes
In spite of the supposed benefits, there are several criticisms that have surfaced regarding the claims made by Dunstan One problem
is that there is no methodology given for Dunstan's research, only vague claims of success from caregivers who participated in the research process This does not give the concrete data needed to
~ prove the validity of the theory Dunstan claims that this “language is
shared by all babies throughout the world.” Yet there is no specific information on how many babies were studied, where they were studied (except for a brief mention of three English-speaking countries), what language the babies were commonly exposed to, or how the studies were conducted Also, researchers in the fields of linguistics and early language development question that the sounds Dunstan refers
to as a language can be construed as such They do not consider the sound reflexes to be formal They have not been recorded in the .|nternational Phonetic Alphabet, and it is not clear what the
-Phonemes comprising the five sound reflexes mean It is also unclear
if babies make these sounds inherently or if they are conditioned to Make these sounds For example, if a mother feeds her baby every time the baby utters the sound reflex “neh,” the baby may make the connection after a time The baby may then make the sound to get
If Dunstan Baby Language does what it claims, then it will certainly be
a sought-after technique to aid parents and infants alike If it does not live up to what it promises, then caregivers will just have to go back to the old-fashioned way of baby care, which has worked for centuries
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Dunstan Baby Language
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- indicate a need soÙnd reflexes mean
2 According to the passage, which of the
following is NOT true?
(A) Mothers using Dunstan Baby Language felt less stress
(B) If babies’ needs are not met, they
Start to cry
(C) Sound reflexes are recognized by
linguists as language `
(D) Eight years of research has tested the validity of Dunstan Baby Language
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
The passage discusses Dunstan Baby Language, which operates on the belief that babies make five sound reflexes to indicate their needs Through her
studies, Priscilla Dunstan claimed that these sounds are produced by a baby in response to
a need, such as hunger, tiredness, or However there is no concrete data proving that Dunstan's theory is valid Critics claim that no was given for the research and that the sounds babies make may not be
their caregivers
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| 06 : Psychology
‘Read the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read
PESTER GTR IE Eo an
Heuristics are simple, efficient rules Learned or inherent, they explain how people make decisions, form judgments, and solve problems The fe
that people tend to judge the probability of a situation by how easy it
is to think of its instances or examples through opinion, imagination, or memory In short, the easier a situation comes to mind, the more likely
it seems, The availability heuristic explains that events that come to mind immediately are often judged more likely to occur than they really are
For instance, the odds of being killed in a plane crash have been estimated at one in twenty-two million, while the odds of being killed
in a car crash may be one in 5,000 The statistical information shows that the chances of a person dying in an auto accident are much higher than dying in a plane crash Yet, more people are afraid of air travel
‘ than of getting into a car Though car accidents occur more frequently,
‘plane crashes are given more media coverage on the rare occasions
ý when they do happen Since people easily recall seeing pictures of
ì 3 Ÿ aIpIahe catastrophes, they might believe that flying carries a higher
.- tisk than driving Graphic, tragic i images often stay in people's minds
ụ and are therefore easier to recall
"Similarly, when a group of people were asked which had a higher
incidence of death, strokes or car accidents, the response most given
- was car accidents Strokes is the correct answer, but since there is
never a high rate of media attention on stroke victims, people are more easily able to recall reports of car accident fatalities A picture
of a smashed car on the front page of a newspaper is hard to miss
However, references to death by stroke in the obituary section of the same paper are easily overlooked and are not at the front of people's memories Another example is when a parent may perceive a higher risk of their own children being abducted after seeing a program on television about kidnapped children The likelihood of a child being abducted is very small, but due to media coverage, it can be perceived
as higher than it really is This may lead parents to worry about something that will probably never happen, instead of worrying about more immediate concerns like poor grades or bad eating habits
The availability heuristic may also alter the perceptions of a group
Belonging to a specific group can lead to the.belief that a great number
of the general population is also part of that group When vegetarians were asked to estimate how many people were vegetarians versus non-vegetarians, they commonly responded that the general population contained more vegetarians than non-vegetarians Though statistically this is incorrect, vegetarians perceived that there was a higher number
agreement, situation;
reinstate:
to give someone bar their previous job or
position
|
Negative Fact Questions 59 -——— _
Trang 4of people in their same group This is because most of the people they associate with are part of that group When pondering the question, vegetarians began to think of all the people they knew who were also vegetarians This information was more readily called to their mind than the names of people who were not vegetarians Thus, the group numbers seemed larger than they really were Also, knowledge stored in short- term memory affects decisions and perceptions Thus, having recent contact with other vegetarians would make it seem more likely that
The availability heuristic also claims that the recall of some information may be biased because a person has limited exposure to certain events
A study of employees was done to determine if cases of employment termination were legal It revealed that employees believed they were better protected by labor laws than they really were Most workers do not have any legal training in employment law Therefore, their
own experiences and those of their co-workers If a worker knows of ‘ eae a ` several others that were unfairly terminated and then reinstated, he nà ì
might believe that it is harder to be fired thain it really is Since he is not exposed to: the number of workers who have been permanently released from.employment, he does not immediately call these cases
to mind and incorrectly thinks hé has more rights than he really does
When the availability heuristic is associated with the objective likelihood of an event, it is trustworthy However, the use of the availability heuristic can also lead to errors resulting in poor choices It is extremely useful in inductive reasoning or the ability to make a judgment that supports an outcome However, it can also cause misinformed decisions
if people do not examine their reasoning closely
“Availability Hetiristic -
Definition: , Role 1:
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According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of the availability heuristic?
(A) It can be influenced by media exposure,
(B) Group association can affect perception
`; (C) Recalled information can be biased
(D) It can lead to an increase in
accidents ,
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
(A) There is a higher risk of dying in a car
_ accident than a plane crash
(B) Car accidents have a higher incidence : of mortality than strokes
- (C) It is more important to worry about a
child having poor grades than being + Kidnapped
;¿; (D) Vegetarians tend to think that more than
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
Heuristics are learned or
The author's: description of the availability heuristic mentions all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) Limited exposure can affect reliability
of information
(B) Items stored in short-term memory
are more likely to be influential
(C) Knowledge is sometimes based on assumptions
(D) Instincts are important when predicting an outcome
rules that explain how people make
“- decisions, form judgments, and solve problems The availability heuristic is based on
people’s judgment of a situation’s probability based on what is easily recalled from memory :
believe that flying carries a higher risk than driving Also, parents may that the risk of child abduction is higher than it actually is due to media coverage Another instance is employees who believe that they are more protected against employment
than they really are The recollection of some information may be because people's knowledge is based only on their experiences and those of others they know
ONDIVAdS
|
Negative Fact Questions 6† .j
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Rec)
® Perceiving ideas that are suggested but not directly stated within a passage
® Drawing conclusions based on information given within a statement or section of
© Determining logical implications of the author's words
Example Questions
Which of the following can be inferred about ?
® Based on information in paragraphs X and Y, what can be inferred about
® It is suggested in paragraph X that
Strategies
SAUSAGES RNR TITT LOD OF SATTALITES 8
© Ensure that your answer does not contradict the main idea of the passage
@ Do not choose an answer because it seems important or true The correct answer must be inferable fromthe passage
® Check that you can defend your answer choice by referring to explicitly stated information in the passage that points to the inference you have chosen
Inference Questions 63 —