There are two types of bat: micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats.. Like mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the environment.. transition G animal b
Trang 1ETS recycles the same testing methods throughout the speaking and
writing sections Because ETS recycles the same testing methods, they are predictable Because they are predictable, you can apply G+3TiC=C and its variations (G+TiC, G+TiC=C, G+2TiC=C) to all six speaking tasks and to both writing tasks By doing so, you will demonstrate OPDUL=C for all eight tasks
When developing and delivering a response for this task, use G+3TiC=C and the following five steps to demonstrate OPDUL=C in your response
First, the narrator will give instructions
As the narrator gives instructions, make a note map Because time is limited, simply number each body paragraph instead of writing TiC
Use transitions of addition when connecting each body paragraph
when you speak
G
1 first
2 next
3 also
C
Narrator: For this task, you will listen to a lecture on an academic topic After you listen to the lecture, you will summarize the main points You will have 20
seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds
to speak
Remember!
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step
Make a G+3TiC=C note map
Step #1
Remember!
Trang 2When the narrator is finished, you will listen to the lecture
Read along as you listen to a sample lecture
Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an
animal is active Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active during the day and rest at night Those animals active at dawn and dusk are said to be crepuscular Beetles, skunks and rabbits fall into this category The third group are those animals that sleep during the day and are active at night They are called nocturnal A good example is the bat Bats have highly developed eyesight, hearing and smell This helps them avoid predators and locate food Being nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the day,
especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well over one hundred degrees Fahrenheit There are two types of bat: micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats Let’s start with mega bats
Size wise, mega bats range from two to sixteen inches in length Mega bats have extremely sensitive sight and smell This helps them locate the flowers and fruit upon which they feed It is while eating that mega bats play an important role in the distribution of plants Like bees, mega bats serve as pollinators When they lick nectar or eat flowers, their bodies become
covered in pollen which they, in turn, carry to other trees and plants
thereby acting as pollinators In fact, many of the fruits and vegetables on our tables, such as bananas and peaches, would not be there if mega bats did not pollinate plants and trees
Next are micro bats As the name implies, micro bats are quite small, about the size of a mouse To find food, micro bats use echolocation, high
frequency sounds they bounce off insects The most common micro bat is the vesper or evening bat Like mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the environment The average vesper bat, for example, can eat one thousand mosquitoes in one night By doing so, they control the mosquito population
CD Track
31 Listen to the lecture (2-3 minutes)
Step #2
Trang 3Identifying and summarizing the premise is your first task The premise will be stated in the topic sentence The premise will be expressed using a rhetorical
strategy For example, a date in the premise will signal the rhetorical strategy of narration Narration, in turn, will signal the start of a general description of an historical person or event, for example:
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and revolutionized the cotton industry in the American south
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of process
Extracting DNA from old bones is a complicated and time-consuming process First, you must…
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of description
The biggest great white shark ever caught was 21.3 feet long and
weighed over 7,000 pounds
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of cause-and-effect
Exercising reduces stress
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of compare-and-contrast
In the mid-nineteenth century, two diametrically opposite art movements emerged: Impressionism in France and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of definition
The TOEFL iBT is an English language proficiency test
The premise might also employ the rhetorical strategy of classification, as does the premise in the topic sentence in the sample lecture
After you identify the main topic, summarize it on your note map To summarize means to identify and generally describe the main points The main points are the
premise and, in this example, a general description of each animal classification
Animal behavior can be classified according to the time
of day an animal is active Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because…
Identifying the Main Topic
Trang 4
The premise (general) will be followed by supporting illustrations (specific)
identified by transitional signal words or topic nouns
transition
G animal behavior classified according to time of day
day is diurnal – eat during day, sleep at night, humans horses, elephants
twilight is crepuscular – active dawn and dusk, beetles, rabbits, skunks
night is nocturnal – sleep during day, active at night
Animal behavior can be classified according to the time of day an animal is active Animals, such as horses, elephants and most birds, are said to be diurnal because they are active during the day and rest at night Those animals active at dawn and dusk are said to be crepuscular Beetles, skunks and rabbits fall into this category The third group are those animals that sleep during the day and are active
at night They are called nocturnal A good example is the bat Bats have highly developed eyesight, hearing and smell This helps them avoid predators and locate food
Being nocturnal also helps them avoid high temperatures during the day, especially in deserts where temperatures can reach well over one hundred degrees Fahrenheit
There are two types of bat: micro bats, or true bats, and mega bats, also called fruit bats Let’s start with mega bats
Size wise, mega bats range from two to sixteen inches in length Mega bats have extremely sensitive sight and smell This helps them locate the flowers and fruit upon which they feed It is while eating that mega bats play a important role in the distribution of plants Like bees, mega bats serve as pollinators When they lick nectar or eat flowers, their bodies become covered in pollen which they,
in turn, carry to other trees and plants thereby acting as pollinators In fact, many of the fruits and vegetables on our tables, such as bananas and peaches, would not be there if mega bats did not pollinate plants and trees
(continued on the next page)
General to Specific
Trang 5In this lecture, notice how the general “nocturnal animal” transitions into the specific “the bat”, which is divided (classified) into two specific sub groups The sub groups are the supporting illustrations (2TiC) They, in turn, develop the topic
“nocturnal animal.” This demonstrates organization (OPDUL=C), progression
(OPDUL=C), topical unity-synthesis (OPDUL=C), and coherence (OPDUL=C)
Next, summarize the supporting illustrations and conclusion Notice the transitions
of contrast ( TiC) and the cause-and-effect relationship (TiC) in each body
paragraph
1 first mega bats, 2 - 16 inches
good eyesight and smell, helps bat find food = flowers and fruit
like bees mega bats pollinate plants + tree good for
environment, we get peaches, bananas
2 next micro bats, size of mouse
use echolocation to find food = insects micro bats eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night good for
controlling mosquitoes
3 also
C These examples add to and support the reading
nocturnal animal
micro bat
the bat mega bat
Next are micro bats As the name implies, micro bats are quite small, about the size of a mouse To find food, micro bats use echolocation, high frequency sounds they bounce off insects The most common micro bat is the vesper or evening bat Like mega bats, micro bats play an important role in the
environment The average vesper bat, for example, can eat one thousand mosquitoes in one night By doing so, they control the mosquito population
Trang 6Does the lecture always develop the premise with two supporting
illustrations?
The number of supporting illustrations depends on the premise of the lecture, and the rhetorical strategy used to define and develop the premise That said, there could be one, two, or three supporting illustrations A lecture that might use three examples might define the premise using the rhetorical strategy of description, for example:
Early in his career, Picasso moved through three stylistic periods: Blue, Rose, and African
In this example, each of Picasso’s three artistic periods can be developed into
a body paragraph
A lecture that uses process to define the premise could also give three
supporting examples (3TiC), for example:
The traditional way to write an essay is a three-step process:
brainstorming, writing, revising
In this example, each step in the writing process would be a supporting
illustration
In the next example, the premise is defined by the rhetorical strategies of classification, illustration, process, and cause-and-effect
The psychologist Abraham Maslow believed that humans are motivated
by unsatisfied needs According to Maslow, we all have general needs, such as physiological, survival and love As we satisfy each need, Maslow claims we are moving toward greater self-actualization
In this example, you might be asked to summarize how each need
(classification-illustration) helps us move (process) “toward greater self-
actualization” (cause-effect)
The structure of the lecture progresses from general to specific regardless of the topic or the number of supporting illustrations
add to + support
Q
A
Remember!
general = premise specific = examples
Trang 7When the lecture ends, it will leave your screen You cannot replay it The lecture will be replaced by the prompt The narrator will read it
The prompt for this task can be phrased many different ways, for
example:
Translated, these three prompts all mean:
After the narrator reads the prompt, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response The countdown clock will countdown (20, 19, 18…)
Prompt The lecture illustrates how animal behavior is
classified Show how the information in the lecture supports this classification
Prompt According to the lecture, bats are a critical part of
the environment How do the examples in the lecture develop and illustrate this point?
Prompt Identify and summarize the main topic in the lecture
and show how that topic is developed and supported
by specific examples
Read the prompt; prepare your response (20 seconds)
Step #3
Remember!
Prompt Summarize the main points in the lecture and show
how bats are an important part of the environment
Prepare your response (20 seconds)
Step #4
Trang 8When the countdown clock reaches zero, you will hear a “Beep!” Look at your note map Start speaking
general
summary
transition
specific
summary
specific
summary
conclusion
The reading classifies animal behavior three ways Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night
Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat
The lecture says there are two kinds of bats: mega bats and micro bats
First are mega bats They eat fruit and flowers As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor This is good for the environment because new trees grow Mega bats also pollinate When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers The lecture says without mega bats pollinating,
we would not have peaches or bananas
Next are micro bats They use echolocation to find insects A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night This controls mosquitoes and is good for the environment
These examples illustrate how bats are an important part of the environment
Speak (60 seconds)
Step #5
Prompt Summarize the main points in the lecture and show
how bats are an important part of the environment
Trang 9Mapped out, you can see how G+2TiC=C gives the speaking raters what they are trained to listen for: a coherent integrated spoken response that demonstrates OPDUL=C Note: Transitions (T) are in bold, the supporting illustration (i) in italics, the premise (G) and the conclusions (C) underlined
G = general = The reading classifies animal behavior three ways Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep
at night Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat
general = The lecture says there are two kinds of bats:
mega bats and micro bats
TiC = specific = First are mega bats They eat fruit and flowers As
they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor This is good for the environment because new trees grow Mega bats also pollinate When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers The
lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would not have peaches or bananas
TiC = specific = Next are micro bats They use echolocation to find
insects A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night
This controls mosquitoes and is good for the
C = general = These examples illustrate how bats are an
important part of the environment
The following map illustrates approximate time divisions for each step of this task Remember: You are reading the example On test day, you will pause and hesitate when you speak thus use more time
G 15 seconds The reading classifies animal behavior three
ways Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk Nocturnal animals hunt at night and rest during the day An example of a nocturnal animal is the bat The lecture says there are two kinds of bats: mega bats and micro bats
How Long Should My Response Be?
Trang 10TiC 40 seconds First are mega bats They eat fruit and flowers
As they eat, seeds fall to the forest floor This is good for the environment because new trees grow Mega bats also pollinate When they eat, their bodies get covered with pollen which they carry to other flowers The lecture says without mega bats pollinating, we would not have peaches or bananas
TiC Next are micro bats They use echolocation to
find insects A micro bat can eat 1,000 mosquitoes a night This controls mosquitoes and is good for the environment
C 5 seconds These examples illustrate how bats are an
Next, check the sample response for OPDUL=C
Does the response demonstrate organization?
The speaker uses deduction as a method of summarizing the main points
in the lecture This demonstrates organization Yes √ No _
Does the response demonstrate progression?
Because the speaker is using deduction, the response progresses from
general to specific This demonstrates progression Yes √ No _
a Does the introduction demonstrate development-summarization?
The speaker has summarized the general classification of animal behavior, and under which classifications bats fall This demonstrates introduction development-summarization Yes √ No _
b Does the body demonstrate development-summarization?
The speaker has summarized two specific types of bat and illustrated how they are good for the environment This demonstrates body development-
summarization Yes √ No _
c Does the conclusion demonstrate development-summarization?
The speaker concludes by summarizing how bats are good for the environment
Yes √ No _
a Does the response demonstrate topical unity-synthesis?
The speaker focuses on animal classification in general and two types of
bat in specific with no topic digressions This demonstrates topical
unity-synthesis Yes √ No _
O
P
D
U