Tài liệu Assignment on historical of English language_lịch sử ngôn ngữ ppt

TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Title “English slang” Reasonable Development  Definite of slang  Defining slang  Extent and origins of slang  Varieties of slang  Definitions Conclusi

TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction

Title

“English slang”

Reasonable

Development

 Definite of slang

 Defining slang

 Extent and origins of slang

 Varieties of slang

 Definitions

Conclusion

References

Title

“English slang”

Reasonable

Like other languages all over the world, English has changed greatly, albeit

imperceptibly People use english more comfortable and easier ways than before they did In English speaking countries or others, people especially young people usally use slang Because slang is a modern language, very changeable, which is, in the most cases, made and used by the young generations During the past years every generation had its own slang That was their language, their own mark People use it

in order not to be different from their society That characteristic, being a part of the environment, is in human nature and I’m afraid that it is quite hard to resist it Slang easily becomes a part of your life and you just become a person who can not even remember when the changing of vocabulary started

But, years will pass and they will bring a new language shape Maybe some day

“cool” will be completely expelled from modern language, or…it will be replaced with some new popular word with two “o”s You never know…

I’m a students of faculty of English, so I’m very keen on exploring English And I think that slang is a fascinating field in English I want to find out how people in Britain use slang, where they use it, if they change original words in to totally

difference words or not, ect…

This study is to help people understand slang It applied for the people who wants to explore about how British use slang and for student who are learning English

This study concentrates on the differences of usage slang in Britain and USA

To finish this research, I collect and select information in internet Because by

internet Ijust sit at a place and search many useful informations from every wedsite

Definite of slang

Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language

Defining slang

Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang.Attempting

to remedy this, Bethany K Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:

 It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing";

in other words, it is likely to be seen in such contexts as a "glaring misuse of

register."

 Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term

 "It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status

or greater responsibility."

 It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to avoid "the discomfort caused by the conventional item [or by] further

elaboration

An example would be "getting a pop, meaning getting a haircut, or buying threads as

in buying clothes." Slang should be distinguished from jargon, which is the technical vocabulary of a particular profession Jargon, like many examples of slang, may be used to exclude non–group members from the conversation, but in general has the function of allowing its users to talk precisely about technical issues in a given field

Extent and origins of slang

Slang can be regional, in that it is used only in a particular territory, but slang terms often are particular to a certain subculture, such as music Nevertheless, slang

expressions can spread outside their original areas to become commonly used, like

"cool" and "jive." While some words eventually lose their status as slang (the word

"mob", for example, began as a slang shortening of Latin mobile vulgus), others

continue to be considered as such by most speakers When slang spreads beyond the group or subculture that originally uses it, its original users often replace it with other, less-recognized terms to maintain group identity One use of slang is to

circumvent social taboos, as mainstream language tends to shy away from evoking certain realities For this reason, slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain domains, such as violence, crime, drugs, and sex Alternatively, slang can grow out

of mere familiarity with the things described Among Californian wine connoisseurs,

for example, Cabernet Sauvignon is often known as "Cab Sav," Chardonnay as

"Chard" and so on; this means that naming the different wines expends less

superfluous effort

Even within a single language community, slang tends to vary widely across social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata Slang may fall into disuse over time;

sometimes, however, it grows more and more common until it becomes the

dominant way of saying something, at which time it usually comes to be regarded as

mainstream, acceptable language (e.g the Spanish word caballo), although in the

case of taboo words there may be no expression that is considered mainstream or acceptable Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and

sometimes into formal speech, though this may involve a change in meaning or usage

Slang very often involves the creation of novel meanings for existing words It is common for such novel meanings to diverge significantly from the standard

meaning Thus, "cool" and "hot" can both mean "very good," "impressive," or

"good-looking"

Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup For example, Leet ("Leetspeak" or "1337") originally was popular only among certain Internet

subcultures, such as crackers (malicious "hackers") and online videogamers During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more commonplace on the Internet, and it has spread outside Internet-based

communication and into spoken languages Other types of slang include SMS

language used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak," (e.g., "LOL," an acronym

meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or ROFL, rolling on the floor laughing), which is widely used in instant messaging on the Internet

Varieties of slang

 Rhyming slang

Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney#Cockney speech spoken in the East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the word, for example, plates of meat for "feet", or twist and twirl for "girl" Often only the first word is used, so plates and twist by themselves become the colloquialisms for "feet" and "girl"

 Back slang

Back slang is simply the practice of using words spelled in reverse, e.g yob for

"boy" or ecilop for "police"

 Polari

Polari is a variety of slang used by gay men and lesbians in Britain and the United Kingdom, which has a history going back at least a hundred years.

Definitions

arse bandit, bender, bent, bum bandit, fairy, marmite miner, pillow biter,

poof/poofter, ring raider, shirtlifter, shit stabber, turd burglar, uphill gardner

homosexual (offensive, derogatory)

barney/in barney

trouble/in trouble (from Barney Rubble, Cockney rhyming slang for trouble)

bell/bell-end

glans of the penis or fool

berk

idiot, irritating person (from Berkeley Hunt, Cockney rhyming slang for cunt)

Billy

amphetamines (From Billy Whizz, a British comic strip character.) friendless (Billy No-Mates)

Bobby, Old Bill, Plod, 5-Oh, Rozzers, Bizzie (Scouse),Dibbles (as in Officer Dibble from Top Cat), The Scum, The Filth

police, police officer

blagger

Liar or Robber Also 'Blag' is 'lie to' or 'rob' someone Also somebody who boasts a lot

bloke, chap, geezer

Man (informal)

blooming

euphemism for bloody

bog

toilet

bog off

Go away

bog roll

Toilet paper

bird

girl

brown bread

dead

Bugger

Anal sex, an exclamation of dissatisfaction ("OH BUGGER!"), in a dire situation ("Well, we're buggered now"), acute surprise

Bum

The Buttocks, The Anus or Both

chav, ned, bam, scally

A person who dresses in a certain style, typically badly or in sports clothing Often used as a form of derogation

Cheers

Thank you or goodbye

Cock

An idiot

Duff

Doesn't work "these batteries are duff" or beat "let's duff him up"

Fag

Cigarette

Fanny

Female external genitalia

Fit

Sexually Attractive

gaff

house

gash

derogatory term used for females or the female genitalia

gay

bad e.g "It was 'gay' being mugged"

git, bell-end, knob-end

incompetent, stupid, annoying, or childish person

Gob

Mouth; to spit

Gobsmacked

Flabbergasted, dumbfounded, astounded, speechless

Half-Inch

To Steal

Helmet

'Glans of the Penis' or 'fool'

handbags

a harmless fight

Ickle

Small

I('ll) say

expression of surprise, amazement (quaint)

Jack, Raise

Steal

jammy

lucky (also 'spawny')

Jizz

Semen

Kip

Sleep, Nap

knackered

exhausted, tired

Knob head

a stupid, irritating person

Knob jockey

homosexual (to ride the penis like a jockey rides a horse)

Fruitbat, Spazmo

idiot

Loo

Lavatory

Manc

someone from Manchester

Manky

Dirty, filthy

Mashed

Drunk

Meat and Two Veg

male external genitalia

Minge

Vagina

Minger

Ugly or filthy-minded person

Minted

Wealthy

Munter

Ugly person

Nick

Steal or Police Station "He's in the 'Nick'"

Nicked

Arrested or Stolen i.e "He got 'Nicked' after he'd 'Nicked' that Car"

Nonce

Paedophile or idiot

Nutter

Insane person

pig pen

police station

pikey

is a pejorative slang term used, mainly in England to refer to travellers, gypsies or people of low social class

Pillock

Someone who is stupid

Pinch

Steal

Pissed

Drunk

ponce

pimp; a posh, effeminate man

Ring, ring piece

Anal Sphincter

Safe

Good, Agreed

See A Man About A Dog

Attend a secret deal or meeting or to go to the toilet

Scouser

Someone from Liverpool

Scrote

Scrotum or pestilent child or teenager

Shag

Have sex with

Shiner

Black Eye or Erection

Skint

without money

Skanked

Ripped-off, daylight robbery, expensive

Skanky

vile

Slag, Slapper, Tart, Scrubber

Prostitute, Loose woman

Slash

urinate, urination

snog

French kiss

Sod

idiot, moron, or annoying person (from sodomite)

Sod off

go away, i.e fuck off

Steaming

Extremely Drunk

Stuffed

sexual intercourse (e.g "Get Stuffed") or to have had too much to eat ("I'm

stuffed")

spawny

lucky

spunk

semen, ejaculate

Take the piss (out of)

To mock, "Are you taking the piss?"

Tosser

Literally someone who masturbates (to toss off), but generally means an idiot

or someone whom the speaker doesn't like

twat

Female genitalia or an idiot

wank

masturbation

wanker

Literally someone who masturbates (verb - to wank), but generally means an idiot or someone whom the speaker doesn't like

Whizz

Amphetamines See also 'Billy' or the need to urinate i.e "i'm just off for a quick whizz"

To sum up, slang is widespread phenomenon in english, but, despite its

pervasiveness, it has been marginalized or neglected in linguistics It exhabit the same word-formation mechannismsas the standard language In others words, its the result of well-established grammatical rules and out side regular grammar In slang interally organized in the terms of semantic relation anh lexical fields, it is rather disorganized, complex lexicon made up of vague words and polysemous expression

In to attemp to describe slang There is a general tendency to streat it as a merely social concept reinfocing cohesiveness within a group ,or as a lever of usage

stylistically neutral language

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2581-1

http://sites.epals.com/englishwithfun/node/188

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_slang

http://books.google.com/books?id=5KXdKLDym2QC&pg=PA51#PPT1,M1