Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 30 pdf

not...but connects prepositional phrases in its bite, in the sting of its tail th vas c a jee aw ny Two other types of conjunctions appear on the TOEFL: subordinating conjunctions

Note: Not but excludes the structure after not (makes it not true) and includes the structure after

but (makes it true) In the following sentence, it is true that a groundhog is a large rodent:

A groundhog is actually not a hog but a large rodent

Note: Also can be omitted from not only but also and as well used instead

Astronomers are beginning to understand not only the physical make-up of stars, but

their origins and life cycles as well

In the following sentences, identify the conjunctions What types of structures do the conjunctions

connect?

a Neither the cat’s teeth nor its digestive system is suited for anything but an all-meat diet

b The poetry of Emily Dickinson was focused on both material and spiritual values

c The scorpion’s poison is not in its bite but in the sting of its tail

(Answers: a Neither nor connects noun phrases (the cat’s teeth, its digestive system), but connects

noun phrases (anything, an all-meat diet); b both and connects adjectives (material, spiritual);

c not but connects prepositional phrases (in its bite, in the sting of its tail)

th vas

c

a jee

aw

ny

Two other types of conjunctions appear on the TOEFL: subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive

adverbs These types of conjunctions join clauses

Subordinating conjunctions connect a main clause and a subordinate clause and express a

relationship between the ideas in the clauses (See 2.11 and the list of subordinating conjunctions

on page 222.)

Contrast:

Some artists are just beginning to work with computers, while others have

Cause/Result:

The disk plate is exposed to the air so that heat generated by braking is released

Conjunctive adverbs connect main clauses and express a relationship between the ideas in the clauses

Computer graphics contributes to productivity and creativity; moreover, it is a

vital part of the computer—human interface

A black pigment absorbs all three primary colors; therefore, it appears black

Detta’s Key To tHe TOEFL® Test 283

2.20 CONJUNCTIONS

Note: On the one hand is a conjunctive adverb that must be paired with on the other hand:

On the one hand, the majority of Americans take their main vacation in July or August; on the other hand, a number of people prefer taking a winter vacation

Note: Notice the use of semicolons (;) and commas (,) with conjunctive adverbs in the above sen-

tences

5 ATOEFL item may test your ability to recognize where a conjunction is needed Look at this example:

~merer Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King, Jr., won the Nobel peace prize

Either

As Both

This sentence needs a conjunction that agrees with and, which joins the two subjects The first

answer choice, either, cannot be paired with and The second choice, as, would make the sentence

incomplete

The third choice best completes the sentence Both and is a paired expression

Why is the fourth choice incorrect?

6 A test item may try to trick you by incorrectly pairing the different parts of a two—part conjunction

Look at this example:

Not only are rhododendrons known for their dramatic, colorful flowers,

and they are also very valuable as landscape plants

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose and

they, you were correct because it does not agree with the first part of the conjunction, not only

Correction: but they

Look at another example:

On the one hand, earth was lifeless for its first two billion years;

on the contrary, it was a seething mass of volcanic and geologic activity

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose on

the contrary, you were correct because on the one hand must be paired with on the other hand

Change on the contrary to on the other hand

284 De.ta’s Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test

"Yes PRACTICE

Exercise 2.20.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 Combustion produces - heat 4 Anew kind of civilization came into

being around 3,000 B C., based not CAD light and of on superior agricultural lands -

2 In the early 1980s, some economists calied based on having ¬ for a return to the gold standard, - others @) having (ond

5 Two-thirds of Australia is - Ly

or

(®) either desert and semiarid

3 Birds not only bring song, color, and activity to

a garden - are vitally needed by plants

CA) but also

as well as

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

6 Many astronomers agreed with Harlow Shapley’s big galaxy hypothesis; therefore, others disputed

the idea that there was nothing beyond the Milky Way

7 Columbia University includes not only the Teachers College but also schools of journalism, mining,

and international affairs, as well a geological laboratory

8 In summer, the tiger shark may follow warm water currents as far south as New Zealand, or north

to Japan nor the northern United States

Cc D

Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Tesr 285

2.20 CONJUNCTIONS

9, Examples of minimal art are the structures of such sculptors as Carl Andre and Donald Judd,

as well the hard-edge paintings of such artists as Frank Stella

10 Unlike early capitalism, modern capitalism is dependent on the state, and the government

is expected to take measures to fight either unemployment and inflation

Answers to Exercise 2.20.A are on page 649

1 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of different kinds of

conjunctions Bring examples to share in class Identify the types of structures joined

by the conjunctions

2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of correlative

conjunctions (paired expressions) Students write sentences with: and as weil as,

both and, not only but also, either or, neither nor, and not but Write the

sentences either on the board or on cards Omit both parts of the conjunction, and

leave blank spaces where they should be Classmates must complete the sentences

with appropriate conjunctions

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of

conjunctive adverbs Students write sentences with the conjunctive adverbs from

the list on page 283 In each sentence, omit the conjunctive adverb, and leave a blank

space where it should be Classmates must complete the sentences with appropriate

expressions

2.21 Checking Prepositions

Q Focus

What is wrong with this sentence?

Supermarkets depend high volume and low overhead to keep prices below

the average for stores

This sentence has a missing preposition Certain prepositions follow some verbs The verb depend

is usually followed by on Depend on is one of many common verb + preposition structures The

sentence should read: Supermarkets depend on high volume and low overhead to keep prices below

the average for stores

What is wrong with this sentence?

Alchemy, which aimed to change base metals into gold, arrived to Europe

through Sicily and Spain between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries

This sentence has an incorrect preposition between arrived and Europe The verb arrive is never

followed by Zo In this context, alchemy arrived in Europe To should be changed to in

There are several other prepositions in the above sentences Can you identify them? Hint: preposi-

tions are always followed by noun structures

The prepositions are: below, for, into, through, and between

Detta’s Key 10 THE TOEFL® Tesr

CY

TAN

ons

Q

c

“a

|

287

2.21 PREPOSITIONS

288

Y DO YOU KNOW ?

At least two items on the TOEFL will test your ability to check usage of prepositions and preposi-

tional phrases

A preposition is a word that shows how a noun structure is related to another word in a sentence

Prepositions can express relationships of space, time, direction, and position

A prepositional phrase is a preposition joined with a noun structure The noun is the object of the

preposition The object of a preposition can be one of the following noun structures:

Noun:

The cause of malnutrition is a lack of essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins

Noun Phrase:

Civil conflict characterized much of Asia in the mid-twentieth century

Pronoun:

Most energy waves pass by us or through us without having any harmful effect on us

Gerund:

Bank tellers are responsible for recording all of the transactions they perform

Noun Clause:

Physical health has a definite effect on how people cope with emotional crises

Note: Infinitives cannot be objects of prepositions In infinitives, such as to plan and to control,

to is not a preposition; it is part of the infinitive structure (See 2.7)

Prepositional phrases are modifiers They can function as adjectives or adverbs

Prepositional phrases used as adjectives come after the nouns they modify:

The rise of science challenged the authority of the old order

Prepositional phrases used as adverbs modify verbs or clauses These prepositional phrases can

come at different places in a sentence:

Many of the institutions of capitalism existed in ancient times

Due to rapid deforestation, timber towns have experienced economic depression

DELTA'e Key 10 THE TOEFL® Tesr

4 Words that are commonly used as prepositions are:

Several compound prepositions are made up of two or more words:

ma

| according ee ee to «aside in

peek - ede

See reas eens with te 3380360 HH cha

Bs

Headey OL

fe aes ae

Note: Some prepositions resemble words that perform other functions:

Immunization for measles is recommended because of the possibility of secondary infection

Measles is a serious disease because it can lead to secondary infection

In the first sentence above, the preposition because of is followed by a noun object, the possibility

of secondary infection In the second sentence, the subordinating conjunction because is followed

by a clause, it can lead to secondary infection

Remember, you can identify a preposition by looking for its noun object If some structure other

than a noun follows a word, then that word is probably not a preposition

Certain verb + preposition combinations are commonly used Sometimes they are called phrasal

verbs or two-word verbs A verb + preposition structure sometimes has a meaning that is different

from the verb alone Such structures are idiomatic (See 1.2)

The Steller’s jay differs from the eastern bluejay mainly in appearance

2

a

= ñ

°

3

im

2.21 PREPOSITIONS

Certain adjectives are commonly followed by prepositions:

Diabetes is associated with high blood sugar and altered protein metabolism

6 Certain structures with prepositions may appear on the TOEFL:

by + -ing (gerund):

A primary color cannot be formed by mixing other colors

—ed + by (passive):

The common cold is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare around 1595 (irregular passive) from to (paired expression):

Shoppers can have funds transferred automatically from their bank account to that of a store

between and (paired expression):

Between 1940 and 1945, scientists in Britain developed radar

7 ATOEFL item may test you by having:

®~a no preposition where one is needed

a preposition where one is not needed

“se an incorrect preposition

8 A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize where a preposition is needed Look at this

example:

Research into the chemical complexities of the human body may reveal new insights - variety of diseases

into a

a

€ 3 but

This sentence needs a preposition to show the relationship between variety of diseases and

insights Only the first answer choice, into a, would make a prepositional phrase The

prepositional phrase into a variety of diseases modifies insights

290 DELTA'2 Key To THE TOEFL® Test

10

The second choice, a, does not show any relationship The third choice, but, is a conjunction that

does not make sense in this context The fourth choice, that a, would introduce a noun clause

(See 2.9), but variety of diseases is not a clause

Look at another example:

Aman of twenty is - his bodily vigor and is ready to take his place

as a man in the society of adults

C that the height C) at the height of

C 5 heighi of

This sentence needs a preposition before his bodily vigor Only the second and third answer

choices have a preposition in that position Which is correct?

The second choice, at the height of, best completes the sentence It makes two prepositional

phrases: at the height of his bodily vigor The third choice does not make sense in this context

SY

aw

am

3

a

Ln

The wrong answer choices do not make sense This shows how important prepositions are They

are little words that make meaningful connections between nouns and other words

A test item may try to trick you by having a preposition where one is not needed Look at this

example:

The law outlines the requirements for operating under each of the three

main for ways of organizing a business

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

Jor, you were correct because a preposition is not needed here How do you know this? Main is

an adjective that modifies ways Prepositions do not come between adjectives and the nouns they

modify Correction: omit for

A TOEFL item may test you by having an incorrect preposition Look at this example:

The first animals that lived on land were amphibians, which lived part of

their lives of water and part on land

Which underlined word must-be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose of, you were

correct because it is the incorrect preposition before water in this context Amphibians live part of

their lives in water and part on land Correction: in

Deita’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test 291

2.21 PREPOSITIONS

U2 PRACTICE

Exercise 2.21.4

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 Earthquakes cause vibrations to pass -

around the earth in wave form

CA) through

through the

Cc) through an

(> through and

Psychologists believe that women are not

very - men and that they have the same

desires and can develop the same skills as men

CAD different

differ from

to differ

4 Arange manager helps ranchers improve and increase livestock production - of animals to raise

CA) determine the kind for determine the kind

Ce) when is the kind determined

CD by determining the kind

5 Sensory cells - impulses by producing electrical signals

CA) responding

to respond

respond to

Ce

3 Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly

across the Atlantic and the first person to

fly alone - to California

CAD Hawaii

from Hawaii

Ce) of Hawaii

(©) that Hawaii

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

6 The edelweiss is found at high altitudes in the mountains for Europe, Asia, and South America

7 An exponent is a number or algebraic expression written above and to the right another number

or algebraic expression called the base

D

8 Because fingerprints have ridges that form a pattern that is unique to each person, fingerprint

identification is used extensively to criminal investigation and banking

9 Immanuel Kant never left the town of his birth and taught at the university of there, where he

became professor of logic and metaphysics in 1770

D

10 The term nightmare is used by dreams in which a series of events is associated with anxiety

292 DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test