Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 28 pptx

The correct adjective form is contaminated, which is called a participial adjective because it comes from the past participle of a verb.. An —ing adjective is needed, An —ing adjective i

9 During the Spanish-American War, the U, S realized the strategic importance of Hawaii and

made it a territory in 1900, with Sanford Dole as the governor territorial

10 Trenches in the ocean floor are of great interest because they are lines where the earth’s crust often

is so weak to resist the impact of frequent earthquakes

Answers to Exercise 2.16.A are on page 647

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2.16 EXTENSION

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1 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of adjective

word order Students write their own sentences, or use sentences they find in print

Each sentence should have an (a) adjective + noun or (b) adverb + adjective structure

Change the order of the adjectives, nouns, and adverbs so that the word order is

incorrect Write the sentences either on the board or on cards Classmates must

identify the error and make the correction

2 Students practice speaking and writing sentences with adjective + enough + infinitive

structures Example: J feel hungry enough to eat a bear

3 Nariation on #2 Students practice speaking and writing sentences with enough +

noun + infinitive structures Example: There is not enough bear to satisfy me

Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 263

217 Checking Participial Adjectives

Q Focus

What is wrong with this sentence?

The main sources of typhoid fever are contaminate water and milk and food handlers who are carriers of the bacteria

This sentence has an incorrect adjective form—contaminate—describing the nouns water and milk

Contaminate is a verb, but verbs do not usually modify nouns

Think of the meaning of the sentence First, water and milk are contaminated by typhoid bacteria

Then, people get the disease by drinking the contaminated water and milk

The correct adjective form is contaminated, which is called a participial adjective because it comes

from the past participle of a verb

What is wrong with this sentence?

The exterior of Hagia Sophia is not elaborately decorating, and so nothing distracts from the mosque’s basic form

This sentence discusses a mosque, a building But can the exterior of a building perform an action such

as decorating? Of course, it cannot! However, people can decorate (or not decorate) Hagia Sophia was

decorated by people

The sentence should read: The exterior of Hagia Sophia is not elaborately decorated, and so nothing

distracts from the mosques basic form

What is wrong with this sentence?

Sam Cooke’s pure, clear vocals were widely imitated, and his appealed image influenced the style of soul singing for the next two decades

The phrase appealed image is incorrect An —ed adjective conveys a passive meaning, but Sam Cooke’s

image was not passive His image was active because it influenced other singers An —ing adjective is

needed,

An —ing adjective is a participial adjective that comes from the present participle of a verb In the

above sentence, Sam Cooke’s appealing image influenced the style of soul singing

v DO YOU KNOW ?

Approximately one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to check participial adjectives You

must be able to recognize both correct and incorrect usage of these adjectives

2 Participial adjectives are formed from verbs They are extreme reductions of adjective clauses

(See 2.10) Look at these examples:

Toes that are frozen by sub-~zero temperatures sometimes must be amputated

Adjective Phrase:

Toes frozen by sub~zero temperatures sometimes must be amputated

Participial Adjective:

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Participial adjectives come before the nouns they modify

Freezing temperatures cause a lot of damage to fingers, toes, and orange trees

Note: When a participial adjective comes after the verb be, it is not always followed by a noun

The adjective modifies the subject

Most of China is ideally suited for growing tea

Note: Participial adjectives can be modified by adverbs In the above sentence, the adverb ideally

modifies the adjective suited

3 Active participial adjectives describe the doer of an action Active participial adjectives come

from active—voice verbs (See 2.6) and take the —ing form (present participle) of the verb

Active Participial Adjective:

A magnifying glass makes objects appear larger than they really are

In the above sentence, a glass performs the action: a glass magnifies objects

4, Passive participial adjectives describe the receiver of an action Passive participial adjectives

come from passive—voice verbs (See 2.6) and take the —eđ form (past participle) of the verb

Passive Participial Adjective:

The U S Constitution is required reading for American high school students

In the above sentence, reading does not perform the action; it receives the action Reading the

Constitution is required by teachers and school officials

Note: Adjectives that come from irregular verbs have irregular past participles Look at some

examples:

5 ATOEFL item may test your ability to choose the correct form of an adjective Look at this example:

The toga worn by the Etruscan kings was decorated with embroidered

Of - designs

sew

to sew

sewing

Two adjectives modify the noun designs The first is embroidered, a passive participial adjective

You can see that the missing adjective probably is also a passive adjective Which answer choice

is a passive adjective? If you chose sewn, you were correct Sewn is the past participle of sew, an

irregular verb

Ye PRACTICE

Exercise 2.17.A

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1, Nine out of ten Americans recognized a man’s expression in a photograph as fear, yet six out of ten

Japanese thought the man was sad or surprise

D

2 One of the best publicized and lavishly praising architectural projects of the twentieth century

was Habitat, the experimental housing complex created for Expo 67 in Montreal

3 Tragic actors in ancient times were respected citizens, and the more gift ones were in great demand,

being paid well to travel to distant places for festivals

D

4 If one lives in a disorganized, pollution, crime-ridden world, one’s energies will be directed at

simple survival,

5 Lipids, one of the principle components of living cells, have a specialize role as the

main structural component of membranes

D

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

6 Preparations for the potlatch ceremony required 9 The belief that a man in his early twenties

the accumulation of blankets, animal skins, fish ought to have a firm occupational choice

oil, - , and berries reflects - that development is complete

by the end of adolescence

dried fish

@®) dry the fish Ce> the view prevailed

(>) this view is prevailing

concept in modern biology 10 Henri Rousseau was the first - painter ¬

to enter the history of painting a CA) living material

Co) self-taught

8 In 1851 Isaac Singer received a patent for the

first continuous—stitch -

CA) machine it sewed

sew machine

Ce) sewing machine

(@) machine sewing

Answers to Exercise 2.17.A are on page 648

2.17 EXTENSION

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1 Discuss whether the participial adjectives in Exercise 2.17.A are active or passive Who

or what is the doer of the adjective’s action?

2 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of participial adjectives Bring

examples to share in class Are the adjectives active or passive?

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of participial

adjectives Students write their own sentences with participial adjectives, or use sentences

they find in print In some but not all of the sentences, change the adjective so that it is

the incorrect participle (change —ing to —ed, and vice versa) Keep some of the adjectives

correct Write the sentences either on the board or on cards Classmates must determine

whether there is an error in the participial adjective If there is an error, classmates make

218 Checking Negative Modifiers

Q Focus

Read the following TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

Most people seem to think - form of home heating is as convenient

as electricity

nothing

not never

This sentence needs a modifier before the noun phrase form of home heating Nouns are modified by

adjectives Which answer choice is an adjective?

The fourth choice, no, best completes this sentence because it can be used as an adjective The sentence

should read: Most people seem to think no form of home heating is as convenient as electricity

Now, read another TOEFL item What does this sentence need?

Insurance agents may work for ~ one company or may act as independent agents

only not only the only

This sentence needs a modifier before the noun phrase one company

The first answer choice, only, would be correct in this context The sentence should read: Insurance

agents may work for only one company or may act as independent agents

The above examples are similar to the types of sentences you will see on the TOEFL

©) DO YOU KNOW ?

1 Approximately one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to check negative modifiers You

must be able to recognize correct and incorrect usage of these modifiers

2 The following negative expressions are used to modify nouns:

No smoking is allowed in government buildings

There are not any poisonous snakes that are native to New Zealand

Not many members of the Republican Party call themselves “liberals.”

Note: When no is used as an adjective, it means not any

Note: In the above sentences, not is an adverb Any and many are adjectives These sentences

have standard word order: adverb + adjective + noun

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The following “almost negative” expressions also modify nouns:

Women in the United States had barely any civil rights until the 1860s

Note: Barely, hardly, and scarcely are adverbs that modify the adjective any

3 The modifier only can be either an adjective or an adverb Only comes immediately before the

word or structure it modifies:

The bat is the only mammal that can fly (modifies the noun mammal)

Of all the mammals, only the bat can fly (modifies the noun phrase the bat) Most bears hunt only at night (modifies the prepositional phrase at night)

4 The following negative expressions are adverbs:

Some people think we may never discover evidence of life on other planets

Adverbs modify verbs or adjectives In the following sentence, not modifies an adjective:

Not all clouds produce rain or snow

Beware! Not and never sometimes appear as incorrect answers on TOEFL items where adjectives

are needed You must be careful to check how these words are being used

The following negative expressions are nouns or pronouns:

Neither of the proposals will satisfy the requirements of the contract

There is nothing that can be done to prevent an earthquake

Note: Nouns and pronouns function as subjects and objects They are usually not modifiers

However, sometimes neither functions as an adjective modifying a singular noun:

Neither proposal will satisfy the requirements of the contract

When used as a conjunction, neither is usually accompanied by nor Not only is usually

accompanied by but also

Neither Millard Fillmore nor Franklin Pierce is a well-known ex—president

Rats are not only agricultural pests but also carriers of disease

Note: Conjunctions are not modifiers; they are connecting words (See 2.20) Neither and not

only sometimes appear as incorrect answers on TOEFL items where adjectives are needed

‘You must be careful to check how these words are being used

5 A test item may try to trick you by using the incorrect word form of a negative modifier Look

at this example:

No every reduction in visibility is necessarily man-made, and natural haze

is known to have been present centuries ago in humid regions

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

No, you were correct No is an adjective that is used to modify nouns, but here an adverb is

needed to modify the adjective every Correction: Not

In the above example, not every modifies reduction Remember the standard word order: adverb

+ adjective + noun

Look at another example:

Why a person has - friendships is something that cannot be adequately determined by a survey

not

none neither

The first choice is incorrect because not is an adverb, which does not modify a noun The second

choice, none, is a pronoun, which does not modify a noun The third choice is incorrect in this

context because neither is used as an adjective only with singular nouns, but friendships is plural

The fourth choice is correct No is an adjective that modifies friendships

6 Some of the answer choices will try to trick you by having modifiers with incorrect word order

Look at this example:

People who work in an office in their home spend - on transportation and work clothing

money hardly any hardly any money hardly money

This sentence needs a direct object for the verb spend The direct object must be a noun structure

Which answer choice is a noun structure with correct word order?

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The second choice, hardly any money, is a noun phrase with adverb + adjective + noun word

order It is the choice that best completes the sentence

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

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Yes PRACTICE

Exercise 2.18.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 Of all the planets of the solar system, 3 se-=- types of investments go up or down

nonce known to support life in value at the same time

Ce) the only one is Earth Ce) Not all

2 The first steam engine was invented 4 Of all the poisonous snakes of the Americas,

by Hero, an engineer of ancient Greece, = is as deadly as the brightly—colored

Cc) not only the practical use Cc) not only

5 Although sometimes there is not - 7 In fourth gear, - are engaged, and

before an avalanche, there are some basic transmission goes directly from the

signs of avalanche danger clutch to the differential

6 The chewable substance called chicle had 8 Of every one hundred new U S residents

Tee=ee until Thomas Adams added licorice in 1997, - sixty—four were born in

Ce) flavor hardly not Ce) not only

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

9 In a capitalist system, not person or group of persons can control the marketplace, which means

that power cannot be monopolized by a party or a clique

10 In sixteenth-century Europe, it was none accident that witchcraft came into increasing prominence

along with protests against social and economic inequities

D Answers to Exercise 2.18.A are on page 648

1 In reading done outside class, students look for examples of negative modifiers Bring

examples to share in class

2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of negative

expressions Students write sentences, using expressions from this list: no, not all, not

any, not every, not many, not much, hardly any, only, not, never, neither, none, nothing

Omit the negative expression, and leave a blank space where it should be Write the

sentences either on the board or on cards Classmates must complete the sentences with

an appropriate word or phrase from the list

3 Discuss how the meanings of the following sentences are similar or different:

Not all students carry a backpack

Not any students carry a backpack

Not every student carries a backpack

Not many students carry a backpack