Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 27 pptx

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.14 through 2.15 Quiz 7 Time - 10 minutes Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.. Quiz 7 Choose the one

2.15 PRONOUN AGREEMENT

Many employers are unable to express any opinion about which local schools prepare they students

best or about what changes they would make in educational programs

During the Civil War, the North’s population, industrial capacity, and financial resources were much

greater than that of the South

Ernest Hemingway, whose many people consider ío be among the great storytellers, wrote novels

about people who lived essential and dangerous lives

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In ancient times there were people who exchanged coins from different cities and traded coins for

gold and silver, and each time they made an exchange, it charged a fee

The black rosy finch builds its nest in a place predators cannot reach, such as a rocky crevice or

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hidden ledge, similar to these often chosen by the other types of finches

Answers to Exercises 2.15.A through 2.15.B are on page 646

2.15 EXTENSION

er ETE TE EE

1, In reading done outside class, students look for sentences with pronouns and

demonstratives Bring examples to share in class

2 Card game for groups of 2 to 5 Teachers or students prepare two sets of cards: one

with sentences, one with pronouns On each card of the first set, write a sentence that

uses a pronoun, but omit the pronoun and leave a blank space where it should be On

each card of the second set, write one of the missing pronouns Combine the sets and

mix up the cards Divide the class into several teams of 2 to 5 people Deal the cards

so that each team has the same number of cards (at least 8 per team) The object is

to see how quickly the teams can match all of their sentence cards with pronoun

cards Pronoun agreement is essential! A team can trade with another team The first

team to correctly match all of their cards wins the game

3 Discuss why some nonliving things are often referred to by masculine or feminine

pronouns For example, some people refer to their car or boat as she Also, why do

you think animals are sometimes referred to by it or which, and sometimes by he,

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ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.14 through 2.15

Quiz 7 (Time - 10 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1,

Despite the differences between the speaking styles of boys and girls, there is some similarities in their

styles and concerns

Benjamin Franklin, who was an author, scientist, and statesman, built an international reputation which

made his the most valuable American diplomat during the Revolution

Periods of currency overvaluation and recession is when countries are likely to establish protective tariffs

Some research suggests that personality differences are more strongly related to social role than it is to age

It is important that a corporate trainer obtains the input of both managers and workers when developing

training for new employees

The National Geographic Society’s lectures have offered its members the opportunity to meet explorers

and scientists, and in the past they were the only means of presenting his work to the public

Since the 1980s, several studies in the Netherlands have reported that there is a lower risk of heart

disease among fish eaters than among people which eat no fish

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Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

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254

Employing fourteen million workers in 9 A demonstration of the link between long

the U S., - the largest employment life and health practices - a study that

sector in marketing and one of the nation’s took place in California

largest industries

CA) from

(B) retail sales are Ce) comes from

Ce) are retail sales @)> are coming from

Co) retail sales being

Detta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test

Quiz 7

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

10 If one wants to keep up with the rapid advances in workplace technology, they must plan to take

frequent refresher courses

11 A pair of binoculars are basically two small telescopes that produce a stereoscopic view which the

brain perceives as an image with depth

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12 The U S social security system, which provides unemployment compensation and retirement KV

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insurance, was established much later than those of Great Britain a

13 Role changes, such as marriage, the birth of a child, and a change in job, causes the stress that all 5

adults experience in their lives

14 Enforcing minimum wages are the economic responsibility of the government, which also has the

duty to regulate business and protect the environment

D

15 The first studio to train architects was founded by Richard Morris Hunt, most of whom work

imitated styles that had been popular in earlier periods

D

Answers to Structure Quiz 7 are on page 646,

Quiz &

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 2.1 through 2.15

Quiz & — Review (Time — 15 minutes)

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 There are several good reasons for to include a lot of fruits and vegetables in your diet—

especially those that are rich in beta carotene

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2 When Halley’s Comet appeared in 1986, they could be seen clearly only by people in the southern

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half of the United States

3 Most of the Kenyan coffee crop goes to European dealers, who pay the top price, but a small

share available for Americans who are particular about their coffee

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

4 The greatest weather disaster in American

history occurred on the Great Plains in the

1930s, - the Dust Bow] Days

it was known as a period

C5) that period was

Ce) to know a period of

CB a period known as

5 A female leopard is an extremely good

hunter, and -

CA) a lioness is

CB) so is a lioness

Ce) does a lioness

@) so be a lioness

6, - of the three primary colors of light,

it is possible to produce all other colors

Combine the light sources

C8) The light sources combining

Cc) Combining the light sources

Cbd) It is combining the light sources

7 Recent linguistic research has shed light on the role played by - , regardless of their gender

Ca) how people speak

CB) how people were spoken Cc) how do people speak Cp) people are speaking The westerly flow of the North American air

is - by local storm circulation over the United States and southern Canada

CA) regular interruption

regularly interrupted interrupting regularly

@) interrupted regular

Quiz 8

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

9 When planning workplace policies, it is necessary that a manager considers the politics of the

organization, such as how decisions are made and who makes them

10 The French and Indian War was the final phase of a long struggle between France and England

A

to win control of North America, and its was also a part of the greater war taking place in Europe

11 The beads on the stem of the ice plant are swollen with a water and give the plant a moist feel ¬

12 It is when the ratio of angry exchanges compared to more positive expressions gets high that 3

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence,

13 Autoimmune disease is a general term for 16 Any of a variety of unconscious reactions

several disorders - the body produces — ——— to satisfy emotional needs is called a

antibodies against its own substances “defense mechanism.”

CA) in which CA) to use by individuals

@) how (> individuals using

14 It is - rather than shortfalls of precipitation 17 - both a fluid core and rapid rotation were

alone that cause water shortages necessary to generate a planetary magnetic field

CAD deficits in the net amount of water CA) It was formerly believed that

because deficits in the net amount of water CB) To be believed that formerly

Ce) with deficits in the net amount of water Ce) Formerly believing that

(@®) deficits in the net amount of water are (o> That formerly

15 If the subduction zone along the coast were 18 Among George Gershwin’s best-known pieces

to break, the inhabitants of that area - eae “Summertime” and “I Got Rhythm.”

CA) felt an earthquake CA) of the songs

an earthquake had been felt the songs are

Ce) will feel an earthquake Ce) to be the songs

@) would feel an earthquake (>) are the songs

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Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

19, In October 1962, President Kennedy announced in a special television broadcast that the Soviet

Union had building nuclear missile bases in Cuba

20 The two standard procedures have been replaced, and instruction in these classical techniques

occupy a very small part of today’s chemistry curriculum

21 If a million electrons were lined up, they will scarcely reach across the head of a pin

22 Swimming is becoming the sport of choice because it not only tones every muscle in the body, it

also requires fewer equipment than skiing, cycling, or tennis

23 The octopus does most of its hunting at night, when it emerges from its rocky lair to seek crabs,

crayfish, and mollusks, which its favorite foods

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24, Silver, one of the first metal used by humans, is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity

25, In face-to-face communication, it is the expression in the eyes that do the most important

communicating

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Answers to Structure Quiz 8 are on page 647

2.16 Ap.ecrivE WOKD OKDEK

216 Checking Adjective Word Order

Q Focus

What is wrong with this sentence?

A steppe is a grassland temperate of Eurasia, but sometimes the term is

applied to the pampas of South America and the high veld of South Africa

This sentence has incorrect word order in the phrase grassland temperate Single-word

adjectives, such as temperate, come before the nouns they modify In this sentence, the

word order should be changed so that the adjective comes before the noun: A steppe is a

temperate grassland of Eurasia

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What is wrong with this sentence?

When examining biological specimens, it is necessary to stain the material

and cut it into samples enough thin for a light beam to penetrate them

This sentence has incorrect word order in the phrase samples enough thin When enough is

used with an adjective, it means sufficiently and comes after the adjective Here, the word

order should be changed so that enough comes after the adjective thin: it is necessary to

stain the material and cut it into samples thin enough for a light beam to penetrate them

Why does thin enough come after samples in the above example? This is a situation where

an adjective clause has been reduced (See 2.10) Samples is modified by a clause, that are

thin enough, which has been reduced to thin enough Reduced adjective clauses come after

the nouns they modify

DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 259

216 ADJECTIVE WorD ORDER

260

©) DO YOU KNOW ?

At least one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to check the word order of adjectives and

the words around them

The standard word order of adjectives and nouns is: adjective + noun An article comes before the

adjective

Floods claim an annual toll of two hundred lives

More than one adjective can come before a noun:

The warbler lays its eggs in a loose, shallow, grass—lined nest in a small tree

Note: When an adjective comes after the verb be, it is not always followed by a noun When there

is no noun, the adjective modifies the subject:

The fruit of the eggplant is purple, white, or striped

Adjective phrases and clauses come after the nouns they modify (See 2.10)

The winds blowing around mountain ridges are a form of dust devil

Adjectives can be modified by adverbs The standard word order is: adverb + adjective + noun

An article comes before the adverb

Electronically controlled robots are a fairly recent invention

Note: When an adverb + adjective structure comes after the verb be, it is not always followed by

a noun When there is no noun, the adjective modifies the subject:

The jack rabbit’s ears are characteristically long

A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize the correct word order of adjectives, adverbs,

and nouns Look at this example:

Caracas is -~ , major industrial center, and capital of Venezuela

C> an extremely cosmopolitan city extreme city cosmopolitan

= a cosmopolitan city extremely

This sentence describes Caracas as major industrial center and capital of Venezuela, which are

both noun phrases The missing part is also a noun phrase

DELtA’s Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test

2.16 ADJECTIVE WORD ORDER

The first answer choice, an extremely cosmopolitan city, has the correct word order for a noun

phrase: article + adverb + adjective + noun Therefore, it is the choice that best completes the

sentence

Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?

There are special rules for the word order of adjectives used with enough or foo and an infinitive

(See 2.7) When enough and too are used with infinitives, there is a cause—result relationship

Adjective + enough + infinitive:

The water must be hot enough to steep the tea leaves

In the above sentence, hot enough is the cause, and to steep the tea leaves is the result

Note: Sometimes for + noun comes after enough and before the infinitive:

The specimens must be thin enough for a light beam to penetrate them

Too + adjective + infinitive:

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Some systems for checking blood glucose levels are too inaccurate to be reliable

In the above sentence, too inaccurate is the cause To be reliable is the result

Note: When too is used with an adjective, it means excessively or more than necessary

A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize the correct word order of an adjective with

enough or too and an infinitive Look at this example:

On moonless nights, it is - without some form of artificial light

very dark to see

= too dark to see

C_) seeing too dark

You can see that all of the answer choices have an adjective, dark, and three choices have an

infinitive, to see Which is the correct answer?

This sentence expresses a cause-result relationship between dark and to see The first choice,

very dark to see, is incorrect because very is not used with infinitive phrases that show result In

the second choice, foo stresses the cause—result relationship between dark and to see without

some form of artificial light

The second choice best completes the sentence, which should read: On moonless nights, it is too

dark to see without some form of artificial light

Why are the third and fourth answer choices incorrect?

2.16 ADJECTIVE WorD ORDER

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Ve PRACTICE

Exercise 2.16.A

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

1 The novels of Truman Capote often 3 Spray cans produce an aerosol, which is -

CAD spraying of very fine CA) innocence people strangely a spray very fine

strangely innocent people Ce> very a fine spray

Ce) strange innocently people (> avery fine spray

(©) strange people innocent

4 Kites come in all shapes and sizes, some

2 When transplanting a rhododendron, make sure = -= - a person

the hole is - for the roots to spread out

(A> large enough carrying

CB enough wider than

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

5 When the sun is setting in Shanghai, on the directly side opposite of the earth New York

is just emerging into sunlight

6 The early tall masonry buildings of the nineteenth century required walls very thick in the

lower stories, limiting floor space

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7 Water particles carried to a great height freeze into ice particles and are swept upward and refrozen

repeatedly until enough heavy to fall as hail

8 The tremendously popular entertainment known as vaudeville consisted of songs unrelated, dances,

acrobatic and magic acts, and humorous skits

D

262 De.ta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test