Tài liệu Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 26 doc

In an adjective clause with a relative pronoun as the subject of the clause See 2.10, the verb agrees with the noun referred to by the relative pronoun.. ° A Cc 2 Cc aw m In the above

Plural verbs are used with plural nouns, compound subjects, and certain pronouns

Use a plural verb with compound subjects joined by and or both and:

Both Spain and France were major colonial powers of the Americas

Use a plural verb when certain words are used as pronouns:

have as much open space as Montana

Of all the states, fe

Sometimes other parts of the sentence determine whether the verb is singular or plural

In an adjective clause with a relative pronoun as the subject of the clause (See 2.10), the verb

agrees with the noun referred to by the relative pronoun

A hiker can go to places in Sequoia National Park that are far from any road

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In the above sentence, the verb in the adjective clause, are, agrees with the noun referred to by

that The verb agrees with the noun places

Some pronouns take either a singular or a plural verb, depending on the noun that comes after

them:

Some of the news on television distorts the truth (singular)

Some of the endangered species are disappearing rapidly (plural)

In sentences with the “false” subject there, the verb agrees with the true subject, which comes

after the verb:

Until 1977, there was no Department of Energy at the federal level (singular)

There were creatures who were living on earth long before humans (plural)

With compound subjects joined by the following expressions, the verb agrees with the subject

that it is closer to:

Either work references or a school certificate ig necessary to get a job (singular)

Not only the grizzly bear but also many birds are becoming endangered (plural)

A number of (meaning several) is plural and needs a plural verb The number of is singular

and needs a singular verb

A number of department stores are developing a specialty—store look (plural)

The number of people who go to college has been increasing steadily (singular)

244

Some structures that show importance or necessity have special rules for subject~verb agreement

Following certain verbs of importance, noun clauses with that + subject + verb take the base form

of the verb, even when the subject is third person singular:

Doctors recommend that a young adult have at least seven hours of sleep every night

Note: For the passive voice, use the base form of be:

The company requires that each employee be evaluated once a year

With certain adjectives of importance, noun clauses that come after /t is + adjective + that take

the base form of the verb, even when the subject is third person singular:

It is necessary that the mining industry have safety regulations that are enforced

A TOEFL item may test you by:

*s using a singular subject with a plural verb

“~« using a plural subject with a singular verb

® making the subject and verb difficult to find one using an expression that has special subject—verb agreement rules

A test item may try to trick you by making the words that must agree—the subject and verb—

difficult to find Sometimes they are separated by other words, phrases or clauses Look at this

example:

A minnow, which is usually small and drab, is a member of the family

of freshwater fish that include brightly colored carp and goldfish

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

include, you were correct because it is the verb of an adjective clause and must agree with the

noun referred to by that That refers to the family of freshwater fish, or simply family, a singular

noun, Correction: includes

The sentence should read: A minnow, which is usually small and drab, is a member of the family

of freshwater fish that includes brightly colored carp and goldfish

Look at another example:

In a capitalist economy, what will be produced are determined by the marketplace, which is considered the center of the system

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

are, you were correct because the subject of this verb is what will be produced, which is a noun

clause (See 2.9) Noun clauses are singular and need singular verbs Correction: is

Detta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Test

Look at another example:

Strip mining and quarrying both start from the earth’s surface and maintains exposure to it

This sentence has a compound subject, Strip mining and quarrying, which needs a plural verb

However, the verb is also compound (two verbs joined by and): start and maintains One is

Which verb must be changed so that there is subject-verb agreement? If you chose maintains,

you were correct because both verbs in a compound verb phrase must agree with the subject

Correction: maintain

10 A test item may try to trick you by using an expression that has special subject-verb agreement

rules Look at this example:

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It is essential that each hiker carries a flashlight, matches, and extra food and clothing, even though only a day hike is planned

Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose

carries, you were correct This sentence has an /t is + adjective-of-importance structure It must

be followed by a noun clause with a base-form verb, even though the subject is third person sin-

gular Correction: carry

Yes PRACTICE

Exercise 2.14.4

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 Ocean currents, moisture~bearing winds, and air temperature all contributes to rainfall, which is

one of the primary factors of climate

2 A few months after they are born, babies start looking into the eyes of adults, and adult facial

expressions—very basic ones such as smiling—draws responses from the infants

3 Macroeconomics deal with the behavior of the economy as a whole, the overall level of a nation’s

output, employment, and prices

D

Deta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Tesr 245

4 Adding extra passengers cause a boat to settle deeper in the water, but the boat must not be loaded

so that the water marks on its side go below the surface of the water

D

5 Archaeologists have found records over two thousand years old that shows the amount of precious

metal people deposited in a temple in Babylon

D

6 A number of important services for individuals and corporations is provided by a bank, which is

more than just a safe place to store money

7, An association of producers or manufacturers are called a “cartel” if it is formed to regulate prices

and production in some field of business

D

Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

8 The Book of Changes, a classic Chinese book 9 Everyone who reads the newspaper or watches

of wisdom, - eight trigrams that correspond the news - American health care is changing

to the powers of nature

CA who knows

©) consisting

10 The physical environment in which educational activities take place -

CAD learning is affected

to affect leaning affect learning

©

(> affects learning

Exercise 2.14.B

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 Much information about cross—cultural facial expressions have been published recently in

psychological journals

2 The best known of the mimosas are the sensitive plant, whose leaves fold up and collapse under

such stimuli as touch, darkness, or drought

D

3 Ifyou want to start an exercise program, remember that either swimming or cycling are excellent

for aerobic conditioning and muscle strengthening

246 Detta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Tesr

10,

MA)

The 1892 trial of Lizzie Borden for the murder of her parents have become legendary, and this case 5

MI

The number of women who enter nontraditional fields such as engineering have been increasing

steadily since the 1970s

D Forensic scientists, who work in crime laboratories, carry out testing that help law enforcement

agencies solve crimes

D Many health care specialists recommend that an adult consumes no more than twenty percent of

In an escalator, the descending half of the stairs act as a counterweight to the ascending half, and the

motor moves only the weight of the people who are riding

In the early 1900s, there were experimentation among painters who were attempting to express ideas

that could not be explained through conventional methods

D

A college graduate who is trained in one of the natural sciences or mathematics usually qualify for a

beginning-level engineering job

D

Answers to Exercises 2.14.A through 2.14.B are on pages 645 and 646

2.14 EXTENSION

1 For each sentence in Exercises 2.14.A and 2.14.B, students cross out any words, phrases,

or clauses that separate the subject and verb and make them difficult to find

2 In reading done outside class, students look for sentences where the subject includes a

word such as both, few, many, several, all, any, most, none, or some Bring examples to

share in class Are the subjects singular or plural? Are the verbs singular or plural?

3 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of subject—

verb agreement Students write their own sentences or use sentences they find in print

In some but not all of the sentences, change the verb so that it does not agree with the

subject Keep some of the sentences correct Write either on the board or on cards

Classmates must determine whether there is an error in subject-verb agreement If there

is an error, classmates make the correction

Detta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 247

2.15 Checking Pronoun Agreement

Q Focus

What is wrong with this sentence?

Retailers use a strategy called “one-stop shopping” to draw in busy consumers, and many supermarkets now have its own restaurants and delicatessens

Whose restaurants and delicatessens are mentioned? Many supermarkets have restaurants and

delicatessens Because many supermarkets is plural, the possessive word referring to it must also

be plural The singular its before own restaurants is incorrect It should be changed so that the

clause reads: many supermarkets now have their own restaurants and delicatessens

What is wrong with this sentence?

If you are planning to travel in a foreign country, one should learn to use the tools of nonverbal communication of that culture

The first part of this sentence has a second person pronoun, you The second part of the sentence

shifts to third person with the pronoun one Which is correct? Either would be correct, but the two

parts of the sentence must match One of the pronouns must be changed

The sentence could say either /f you are planning to travel , you should learn to use or If one

is planning to travel , one should learn to use Both are correct Which seems more formal?

What is wrong with this sentence?

Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first Americans which achieved flight

in a mechanically propelled plane

This sentence has an incorrect relative pronoun, which Which refers only to things or animals and

never refers to people (See 2.10) The pronoun in this sentence refers to the first Americans Which

should be changed to who, the correct relative pronoun for people

Ý DO YOU KNOW ?

1 Approximately two items on the TOEFL will test your ability to check the agreement of pronouns

and their noun referents You must be able to recognize errors in pronoun agreement

2 Pronouns agree in form, person, number, and gender with the nouns they refer to or replace

® form: subject, object, possessive, reflexive

Omg person: first, second, third

“ss number: singular, plural

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Because they are honest, some people are able to examine their own faults

If you asked them to speak honestly, some people would be uncomfortable

Some people find your mistakes more forgivable than theirs

Some people are able to view themselves honestly, and others are not

Pronouns referring to things are neuter gender The neuter pronouns are if (singular) and they

(plural) They also refers to people, but it never refers to people

First person refers to the person or persons who are speaking (/, we) Second person is the per-

son or persons spoken to (you) Third person is the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about (he, she,

one, it, they)

Note: On the TOEFL, most of the sentences are third person, but occasionally you will see first or

second person

In the following sentences, underline the pronouns and circle the nouns they refer to What per-

son, number, and gender are expressed by the pronouns?

a Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska, where she placed many of her novels

b The cat keeps itself clean with its paws and barbed tongue

c Although songbirds have no commercial value, they freely give us their music

(Answers: a she (Willa Cather): third person, singular, feminine; her (Willa Cather): third per-

son, singular, feminine; b itself (the cat): third person, singular, neuter; its (the cat): third person,

singular, neuter; c they (songbirds): third person, plural, neuter; us (humans): first person, plural,

masculine and feminine; their (songbirds): third person, plural, neuter) DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 249

3 Relative pronouns in adjective clauses agree with the nouns that the adjective clauses modify (See

2.10) The relative pronouns are:

Ee ng 2 ae ees

ae ie cleans Bb

omen

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Different relative pronouns are used for people and things

Who and whom refer only to people

Archimedes, who first defined the principle of levers, also developed the pulley

Judges are professionals in whom fairness is an essential quality

Which refers only to animals and things

The thyroid gland, which is part of the endocrine system, regulates the body’s metabolic rate

That can refer to people, animals, and things

Workers that are analytical, confident, and sociable often make good supervisors

Constrictors are snakes that wrap and squeeze their prey

Whose, the possessive form, can refer to people, animals, and things

Sonja Henie was a figure skater whose skill brought her three Olympic medals

Electrons, whose movement causes electricity, are the smallest atomic particles

4 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives agree in number with the nouns they refer to, replace, or

modify The demonstratives are:

: : ea toe _ Se hee SỐ Soe ae

eaters ei

a pene

1m

mẽ

E i Siebe eect testa Sooner ee ences

Demonstrative Pronoun:

=

Western maples do not turn as red in autumn as those in eastern North America

Demonstrative Adjective:

These parts of your car need to be checked regularly: oil, fluids, brakes, and tires

Note: Demonstrative adjectives are the only adjectives that agree in number with their nouns

In the following sentences, underline the demonstrative pronouns Are they singular or plural?

What nouns do they refer to?

a, Linking a store’s computer to that of the supplier helps automate the processes of ordering,

shipping, and billing

b Eugene O’Neill’s plays have been compared to those of the ancient Greeks

c Driving while intoxicated is illegal, but this is not the only reason to avoid doing it

(Answers: a that: singular; refers to computer; b those: plural; refers to plays; c this: singular:

refers to the illegality of driving while intoxicated)

5 A TOEFL item may test you by:

Se using an incorrect form of pronoun

“~« mixing up pronouns for people and things

*s having a pronoun that does not agree with its noun in person, number, or gender

6 A test item may try to trick you by using an incorrect form of pronoun Look at this example:

We laugh during moments of anxiety because we feel a loss of control, and our laughter reassures ours that we can cope with the situation

Which underlined word must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose ours, you

were correct Ours is the possessive form, but the object form is needed because it is the object

of the verb reassures Correction: us

7 A test item may try to trick you by having a pronoun that does not agree with its noun in person,

number, or gender Look at this example:

Sy

TAN

c

Q

Cc

a

n

There is little evidence that men who are more successful in their careers are

a great deal happier or better adjusted than that who are less successful

Which underlined word must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose that, you

were correct That does not agree in number with the noun it replaces

This sentence discusses two kinds of men: men who are more successful and men who are less

successful in their careers The demonstrative that is used to avoid repetition of men Since men

is a plural noun, the demonstrative must also be plural Correction: those

Exercise 2.15.4

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1 Memory begins to diminish in some people as early as their forties, but this does not mean their

will develop Alzheimer’s disease

2 Gutzon Borglum, whose first work was a statue of Abraham Lincoln, is famous for the figures

he carved on mountainsides, especially that on Mount Rushmore

3 In 1609 Galileo constructed the first telescope, whom he used to discover the four largest satellites

4, When applying for admission to_a university, one generally must submit an application form and

transcripts of all of your previous college-level work

D

5 A hurricane is a tropical storm who is formed over the North Atlantic Ocean in which the winds

reach speeds of greater than 75 miles per hour

6 When a chimpanzee is frightened, it touches another chimpanzee, just like a child who is watching

a scary movie takes their mother’s hand

D

7 A galaxy is held together by the gravitational attraction between its parts, and its rotational motion

prevents them from collapsing on itself

8 Mary Pickford, an actress known as “America’s Sweetheart,” was most famous for his roles in

films such as The Poor Little Rich Girl and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm

9 The Hurons, who numbered about twenty thousand in the 1600s, were a confederation of Native

American groups whom spoke Wyandot, which was an Iroquoian language

10 Although the two are similar in size and behavior, the red squirrel can be identified by its coat,

A

which is brighter and redder than those of its cousin, the Douglas squirrel

Exercise 2.15.B

Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct

1, In 1290 the government at Delhi, which was made up of ex—slaves, was replaced by that of the Turks,

it ruled for the next thirty years

D

2 If one wants to observe the planets Venus and Mars together, you should look in the southwestern sky

just after sunset during the month of December

D

3 Political theorists Thomas Hobbes and John Locke thought of society as a compact among people,

A

in which the state’s primary duty was to protect the interests of their citizens

252 De.ta’s KEY To THE TOEFL® Tesr